#1: Payback period of investment within 4 years!

[sunveerasolarjalgaon]

Solar Services in Parbhani

[lowarapump]

Energy Efficiency in Lowara End Suction Pumps: Reducing Operational Costs

In today’s energy-conscious world, businesses and industries are increasingly focusing on reducing operational costs and minimizing their environmental impact. Pumps, which are integral to many systems, can account for a significant portion of energy consumption in industrial and commercial operations. Lowara end suction pumps, known for their efficiency and reliability, offer a range of features designed to enhance energy efficiency, thereby reducing operational costs. In this blog, we’ll explore how Lowara end suction pumps contribute to energy savings and how investing in these pumps can benefit your operation in the long run.

1. The Importance of Energy Efficiency in Pump Systems

Why Energy Efficiency Matters: Pumps account for a significant portion of energy consumption in industrial and commercial applications. By choosing energy-efficient pumps, businesses can reduce their energy bills, decrease their carbon footprint, and comply with increasingly stringent environmental regulations.

Operational Cost Savings: Energy-efficient pumps reduce power consumption, leading to lower operational costs. Over time, these savings can be substantial, especially in systems where pumps operate continuously.

2. Lowara’s Commitment to Energy Efficiency

Innovative Design: Lowara end suction pumps are designed with advanced hydraulic components that minimize energy loss and maximize performance. The streamlined design reduces friction and turbulence, allowing the pump to operate more efficiently.

High-Efficiency Motors: Many Lowara end suction pumps are equipped with IE3 or IE4 motors, which are among the most energy-efficient in the market. These motors reduce energy consumption without compromising the pump’s performance, leading to significant cost savings.

3. Key Energy-Efficient Features of Lowara End Suction Pumps

Optimized Hydraulics: The hydraulic design of Lowara end suction pumps is optimized to reduce energy consumption. By minimizing internal losses and ensuring smooth fluid flow, these pumps achieve high efficiency even under varying operating conditions.

Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs): Lowara pumps can be paired with VFDs to adjust the pump’s speed according to the system’s demand. This not only reduces energy consumption during low-demand periods but also extends the lifespan of the pump by reducing wear and tear.

Lowara Smart Pump Technology: Some Lowara models are equipped with integrated control systems that monitor and optimize pump performance in real-time. These smart features ensure that the pump operates at peak efficiency, automatically adjusting to changing conditions to minimize energy use.

4. Real-World Energy Savings with Lowara Pumps

Case Study: Industrial Water Circulation System

Scenario: A manufacturing plant was experiencing high energy costs due to outdated and inefficient pumps in its water circulation system. The pumps were running continuously at full speed, even during periods of low demand.

Solution: The plant upgraded to Lowara e-NSC end suction pumps with integrated VFDs. The new pumps adjusted their speed based on real-time system requirements, reducing energy consumption during off-peak hours.

Outcome: The plant saw a 25% reduction in energy costs within the first year of operation, with a payback period of less than two years. The pumps also required less maintenance, further reducing operational expenses.

5. Environmental Benefits of Lowara End Suction Pumps

Reducing Carbon Footprint: By consuming less energy, Lowara end suction pumps contribute to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. This not only helps businesses meet environmental regulations but also supports global efforts to combat climate change.

Sustainable Operations: The combination of energy efficiency and durable construction ensures that Lowara pumps have a longer operational life, reducing the need for frequent replacements and minimizing waste.

6. Tips for Maximizing Energy Efficiency with Lowara Pumps

Proper Sizing: Ensure that the pump is correctly sized for your application. An oversized pump can lead to inefficiencies and higher energy consumption, while an undersized pump may struggle to meet system demands, leading to increased wear and tear.

Regular Maintenance: Routine maintenance is essential to keep the pump operating at peak efficiency. Regularly check for signs of wear, leaks, or other issues that could impact performance.

Monitor Performance: Use smart monitoring systems to track the pump’s performance and energy consumption. This allows for early detection of inefficiencies and enables timely adjustments to optimize operation.

Consider Upgrading: If your system is running on older pumps, consider upgrading to more modern, energy-efficient models like those in the Lowara e-NSC or e-SH series. The initial investment can be offset by long-term energy savings and reduced maintenance costs.

7. The Economic Case for Energy-Efficient Pumps

Return on Investment (ROI): Although energy-efficient pumps may have a higher upfront cost, the long-term savings in energy and maintenance costs result in a positive ROI. Many businesses find that the savings achieved through energy efficiency pay for the pump within a few years.

Incentives and Rebates: In many regions, governments and utility companies offer incentives or rebates for installing energy-efficient equipment. These programs can further reduce the initial investment cost and improve the ROI of Lowara pumps.

Investing in energy-efficient Lowara end suction pumps is a smart decision for businesses looking to reduce operational costs and enhance sustainability. With advanced features like optimized hydraulics, high-efficiency motors, and smart control systems, Lowara pumps deliver exceptional performance while minimizing energy consumption. By choosing Lowara, you not only save money but also contribute to a greener future. For more info contact Lowara Pump Supplier in UAE or call us at +971 4 2522966.

[viperallc]

Bitmain’s New Antminer DR7 SCP Miner 127T — Revolutionizing SCPrime Mining

Introduction to SCPrime and SCP Miners

Bitmain recently launched the Antminer DR7, a top-tier mining machine that’s making waves in the SCP series. Featuring a staggering 127 TH/s hash rate, a power consumption of 2,730 watts, and an efficiency of 21.5 J/TH, this miner is designed to support the SCPrime network with unparalleled performance.

Overview of SCPrime

SCPrime is a decentralized cloud storage network leveraging blockchain technology to offer secure, scalable, and cost-effective data storage solutions. By distributing encrypted data chunks across multiple nodes, SCPrime mitigates the risks associated with centralized data centers. The network uses its native SCP cryptocurrency for transactions and to incentivize storage and bandwidth contributions.

SCP Tokens and Market Data

SCP tokens are integral to the SCPrime ecosystem, facilitating transactions and rewarding storage providers. Currently, SCP tokens are valued at around $0.1618, with a market cap of approximately $7,782,289 and a circulating supply of 48,096,625 SCP. These tokens are crucial for maintaining the network’s functionality and encouraging participation from storage providers.

SCP Miners

SCP miners are specialized hardware designed to support the SCPrime network by providing essential storage space. These devices ensure efficient data storage and retrieval, maintaining data integrity and availability by distributing encrypted data chunks across the network to prevent single points of failure.

How SCP Miners Work

When data is uploaded to the SCPrime network, it is encrypted, divided into chunks, and distributed to multiple SCP miners. This decentralized approach ensures that no single miner holds a complete copy of the data, enhancing security. Miners earn SCP tokens based on their storage capacity and performance, fostering a competitive environment that benefits the network’s stability and efficiency.

Benefits of Using SCP Miners

Security and Privacy: Encrypted and distributed data guarantees high levels of security and privacy.

Redundancy and Availability: Distributed data remains accessible even if some miners go offline.

Cost-Effectiveness: Utilizing unused storage space offers lower storage costs.

Incentives for Miners: SCP tokens reward miners, encouraging more participation and increasing network capacity.

Future Prospects of SCPrime

SCPrime aims to transform cloud storage with its decentralized, secure, and cost-effective solutions. The project plans to enhance its technology further, focusing on improved encryption, storage management, and integration with other blockchain applications. As more users and providers join, SCPrime’s capacity and reliability will continue to grow, positioning it as a leader in the cloud storage market.

Detailed Specifications of the Antminer DR7

Bitmain’s Antminer DR7 is not just about high performance; it’s packed with features that cater to the specific needs of SCPrime miners:

Manufacturer: Bitmain

Model: Antminer DR7 (127Th)

Also Known As: Antminer DR7 127Th SCP

Release Date: June 2024

Hash Rate: 127 TH/s

Power Consumption: 2,730 watts

Efficiency: 21.5 J/TH

Noise Level: 75 dB

Cooling: Air-cooled with 4 fans

Interface: Ethernet 10/100M

Operating Temperature: 5–45 °C

Operating Humidity: 5–95%

Power Cord: Not included

Warranty: 1-year manufacturer parts or repair

Orders for the Antminer DR7 ship within 10 days of payment, with all sales being final. For bulk inquiries, customers can consult a live chat agent or call the toll-free number.

SCP Miner Earnings

At a current SCP token price of around $0.1618, the Bitmain DR7 miner generates approximately $70 daily in earnings after accounting for electricity costs. With an official price of $1,470, the payback period is around 21 days. However, potential investors should note that investing in smaller market cap coins carries risks, so thorough research is essential before making any financial commitments.

Conclusion

Bitmain’s Antminer DR7 is a game-changer for the SCPrime network, combining high performance with innovative technology. As SCPrime continues to expand, the DR7 offers miners an efficient and rewarding way to participate in this decentralized cloud storage revolution. With its advanced specifications and the potential for substantial earnings, the Antminer DR7 is set to make a significant impact on the market.

Muhammad Hussnain  Visit us on social media: Facebook | Twitter | LinkedIn | Instagram | YouTube TikTok

[ecosolarenergies]

Most Common Myths About Solar Energy In India

Mythology is common in Indian societies, so over time many stories and belief systems have found a place in our lives. These act as foundational blocks of entire nations, especially India. Yet along with these great mythologies, some myths about solar energy have also been passed along. It’s about time that we address them.

#1 Myth: All solar systems keep working even when the power goes out

In the event of a power outage, buildings powered by the grid-connected solar system will lose power. Buildings that are completely off-grid (off-grid) and/or operate on a hybrid system will continue to use solar power during daytime power outages.

The backup battery can be integrated with the grid-connected system to achieve 100% uptime. By installing a backup battery, power can be supplied even during a power outage. In the case of off-grid and hybrid systems, the battery stores the solar energy produced by the solar panels.

#2 Myth: Warmer climates are better for solar power generation

Solar panels use sunlight instead of heat. High temperatures will reduce the efficiency of the solar panels. Also, on cloudy days or rainy seasons, the solar panels will not turn off completely. They continue to operate at 50% efficiency. Also, the excess energy generated during the summer months can be obtained in the form of energy credits/currency to use when not generating too much solar energy. Therefore, cities with moderate annual temperatures such as Punjab are better suited for solar than warmer cities like Kerala.

#3 Myth: Solar panels are prone to damage from wind, birds, animals, and more

India’s densely populated birds have caused concern about the impact of bird droppings on solar panels. The only way bird droppings can affect solar panels is by reducing their efficiency. To avoid this, try installing a scarecrow to keep poultry out and install a panel with enough maintenance space. This will allow you to easily clean the panel.

It is recommended to clean the panel every 15 to 30 days to get the most out of the coating. In other words, the monkey standing or even jumping will not cause any harm to the body. Although solar panels may not be bulletproof, they can withstand strong winds and storms. The quality of the workmanship (installation structure, pipes, cables) determines the durability of the solar system in all weather.

#4 Myth: Most Indians cannot afford to own a solar power system

Many of us believe that switching to solar energy is a luxury and only an option for the wealthy. It is not true that the falling cost of solar energy and financing methods such as available loans and government subsidies make solar a viable option for all homeowners. Homeowners can take advantage of incentives based on solar power generation. If your solar installation can meet 100% of your electricity needs, and your monthly solar rental rate/loan is lower than a typical electric bill, then you can save money right from the start. What are ROI (return on investment) and payback period? Most consumers will see a return on their investment in solar energy within 5-7 years. Once the investment is recovered, the electricity generated by your system for the next 18 to 20 years will be free.

#5 Myth: Making solar panels is bad for the environment as they require more energy to be manufactured than they produce

The energy used to extract, refine, transport, and manufacture products are called embodied energy. Many previous studies have found that solar panels generally generate energy to repay the embodied energy in 3-4 years. However, panel efficiency and manufacturing processes have evolved significantly in recent years, thus reducing the time required to compensate for embedded energy. Therefore, assuming that a panel can produce energy effectively for 20-25 years, it will easily repay the embodied energy several times over and offset thousands of tons of emissions over its life cycle.

#6 Myth: Solar panels damage your roof

On the contrary, solar panels can protect and protect the roof area it covers from external factors such as birds and weather. The weight of the panel itself is not large enough or insufficient to damage the roof of the house. Besides, solar installers are well trained to work under roof conditions to provide the best cooperation in terms of practicality and aesthetics.

#7 Myth: You need to own a building to go solar

Don’t own real estate yet? Not a problem! There are many other innovative ways to go solar. We have covered

#8 Myth: You can’t run heavy loads like heating appliances (air conditioner or heater) on solar power

Absolutely. Companies like Eco Solar Energies can help you calculate your daily energy needs and help you determine the number of solar panels needed to meet that demand. 1 kW (3 solar panels) can provide approximately 4 units of energy per day. Therefore Every building’s requirement is different as per their area or electricity use so we Eco Solar Energies solar contractors in Punjab have to visit your space to know how many solar panels are required to get consultation Contact us to get a consultation.

#9 Myth: All solar panels are imported from China

There are many well-known solar manufacturers in India as well.

Indian mythology is a means for people to share stories and share a sense of belonging. However, encouraging false claims about climate change, renewable energy, and clean technology will prevent us from achieving sustainable development. This article is not trying to ignore the facts about solar energy. We recognize the weaknesses of the technology. It is really necessary to improve the efficiency of the team, the quality of the available products, the reliable enterprises and other areas of cooperation. However, this does not eliminate the fact that India has the right geographical conditions to use solar energy, so the next time you hear or read about solar energy take a few minutes to do questions. Eco Solar Energies Expert Solar Panel Installation in Punjab Team will answer all your queries pave the way for a better future.

[mr-entj]

Mr. ENTJ can you break down how to interpret the compensation from an offer letter such as salary and bonuses for someone with multiple offers trying to weigh options? What to look for? Thank you and all the best to Princess Mango and INTJ!

Related answer:

Hi Mr Entj, if you’re comfortable, could you provide tips on how to negotiate salary? Many thanks for your amazing blog!

What other qualities do you look for in a job before you accept? What should we be aware of before we accept an offer?

Sure, let’s talk money.

Understanding your offer letter

1. Base Salary: Your bread and butter, your annual income that’s typically paid in bi-weekly paychecks. A quick way to ballpark your take-home pay after taxes is this: $20,000 in annual income = $500 per bi-weekly paycheck. For example:

$20,000 annual salary = $500 per paycheck (or $1000 per month)

$40,000 annual salary = $1000 per paycheck (or $2000 per month)

$60,000 annual salary = $1500 per paycheck (or $3000 per month)

$80,000 annual salary = $2000 per paycheck (or $4000 per month)

$100,000 annual salary = $2500 per paycheck (or $5000 per month)

These are very rough estimates for a single person in California without any dependents. Paycheck City has a good paycheck calculator by punching in your numbers and location.

This is the hardest number to negotiate an increase because it commits the company to paying a higher salary for the entire year and any subsequent raises.

2. Signing Bonus: This is a one-time payment for joining the company. Bonuses are typically paid out within 90 days of joining and folded directly into your paycheck with taxes already taken out. To avoid people stealing signing bonuses, quitting immediately, and jumping to the next job, signing bonuses have conditions to stay a minimum amount of time at the company (example: 1 year) or to pay back a prorated amount.

Example: Receiving a $12,000 signing bonus ($1000 per month) but quitting after 4 months on the job would result in a $8000 payback amount to the company for the 8 months you didn’t work.

Bonuses are taxed before they’re paid out so calculate approximately 50% off the number given (a $10,000 bonus will pay about $5000).

This is the easiest number to negotiate an increase because it’s a one-time payment.

3. Stocks: Stocks are basically pieces of a company; the more valuable the company becomes, the more valuable your pieces of it are.

For public companies and especially in Silicon Valley, stocks are a huge part of compensation because they make the person heavily invested in the company’s success. A cashier at McDonalds doesn’t need to care about providing great customer service because he/she gets a fixed salary independent of how the company does, but when you’re awarded stocks, your net worth is linked to the company’s performance and it’s in your best interest to go above and beyond in your role to make the company successful.

Stocks are awarded at the time of signing and are called stock grants. A granted stock isn’t yours yet– it can’t be sold for cash until it’s vested. A vesting cycle is basically a waiting period so people don’t join companies for a ton of stocks, quit immediately, and then move on to the next company to repeat the cycle.

Example: A $400,000 stock grant vested over 4 years means that I need to stay at the company 4 years to receive the entire $400,000 amount. My company vests 25% per year so I’m given $100,000 of my $400,000 stock grant every year. If joined the company in 2017, I must stay until 2021 to get the full $400,000.

More stocks are granted every year with the same 4-year vesting cycle. If you quit the company, you forfeit any stock grants that haven’t vested. This is why stocks are referred to as “golden handcuffs”– people can feel chained to companies to avoid leaving behind and losing any unvested stocks. Always ask about the company’s vesting cycle to understand what percentage vests when.

This is easier than the salary but more difficult than the signing bonus to negotiate an increase because of the vesting cycle. If you leave before your stocks vest, shares are forfeited and the company doesn’t pay you anything.

4. Relocation bonus: One-time cash payment for moving expenses like renting a truck, plane tickets to bring your family across the country, fees to ship belongings, and money for a deposit to a new apartment. This is a cash lump sum and it’s taxed approximately 50%.

This number is negotiable depending on how far you’re moving for the job. If you’re moving out of state, you’ll get more money than if you were moving to a different city in the same state.

5. Insurance: This refers to health insurance, dental insurance, vision insurance, life insurance, etc. Understand how much (or how little) the company covers to calculate how much money will be deducted from your paycheck on a bi-weekly basis. This varies wildly from company to company but as a general rule of thumb ask about: deductibles, premiums, co-pays, maximums, coverage (network), and waiting periods.

Health insurance is expensive in America so understand the insurance coverage because companies can lure you in with a high salary but with bad benefits that will cost you more money in the long run than if you had stayed at your old job and at your old salary. 

6. Paid time off (PTO): The number of paid time off, sick days, and official holidays the company has. This varies from company to company and it factors into total compensation because it affects how many days in a year you have to work.

7. Retirement: This refers to 401k, Roth, IRAs, etc. Retirement is an entirely separate discussion we won’t get into right now but ask about company matching.

[bitcoinminershasrate]

Radeon RX 580: Review 2021 | Testing| Specs | Profit ( Good and Bad Side)

Radeon RX 580 Cryptocurrency Mining: Review 2021 | Testing: Specs | Profit | Hashrate | Settings | Setup| Configuration | CPU Performance: Rx 580 mining - Check out the specification, hashrate, profitability and the payback period of this miner as well as other critical information before buying. After the release of the Radeon RX 580 video card, the entire five hundredth series became one of the most profitable options, not only for gamers, but also for mining. Cards bought up immediately after their appearance in the store and the resulting shortage significantly influenced their price.  The cost of the RX 580 even from the “cheapest” vendors has grown by at least 30-40%. This greatly increased the payback period of the video card and shaken the leading position of the video card. Please note- The Review was done earlier than 2021 so their will be variation inters of the rate would earn when currency exchange is taken into consideration. Is the RX 580 the best and most promising choice for miners in 2018, and is it worth paying attention to this video card today when building a farm from scratch? In this article we will look at all the features, calculations and potential of the card for mining today and the future. People Also Ask: Common Questions Radeon RX 580 Specifications and power Radeon RX 580 First, let's briefly review the technical characteristics of the card, which will help to understand its relevance for mining and a place in the top. There are two versions of the RX 580, 4 and 8 gigabytes of memory. For the rest of the characteristics, there are almost no differences between the cards, and the relevance of the “extra” 4 GB of memory will be considered in the following blocks. - Graphic Engine: AMD Radeon RX 580 - Bus Standard: PCI Express 3.0 - Video Memory: 8GB GDDR5 - Engine Clock:  - 1380 MHz (OC Mode) - 1360 MHz (Gaming Mode) - Stream Processors: 2304 - Memory Speed: 8 Gbps - Memory Interface: 192-bit - Resolution: Digital Max RTop 10 Questions Asked on Amazon Before Buying - Geforce GTX 1060esolution:7680x4320 - Interface: - 1 x DVI-D - 2 x HDMI 2.0b - 2 x DisplayPort 1.4 - HDCP Support: Yes - Maximum Display Support: 4 - Software:ASUS GPU Tweak II  - Dimensions: 9.53 " x 5.07 " x 1.49 " Inch - Recommended PSU: 500W - Power Connectors: 1 x 8-pin - Slot: 2 Slot If you take the most reference version of the RX 580 NITRO from Sapphire, then the characteristics will be as follows: - The core frequency is 1340 MHz for silent mode and 1411 MHz for maximum boost. - Memory - 8,192 GB with a 255-bit bus and a frequency of 2 MHz. - 225 watts peak power. However, this is the most powerful map, which is dispersed from the factory to the maximum. Solutions from other vendors will have lower frequencies, and not only their overclocking potential will be important here, but also some of the manipulations associated with the firmware. The cornerstone of mining is overclocking. In terms of importance, this criterion is second only to the price of the video card itself, which determines the payback and the ratio of income and investment. As is the case with other video cards, everything will depend on the memory manufacturer. In 2018, it was almost impossible to find even the top NITRO and Limited Edition solutions with Samsung memory. Most of the cards come with Hynix memory, whose overclocking potential is significantly inferior, which will certainly affect the overall profit of the farm in mining. This indicator is not critical, but in the case of a possible choice, you should always give preference to Samsung video cards. Top 10 Questions Asked on Amazon Before Buying - Radeon RX 580 XFX Radeon RX 580 GTS Edition 1386MHz OC+, 8GB GDDR5, VR Ready, Dual BIOS, 3xDP HDMI DVI, AMD Graphics Card (RX-580P8DFD6) Question 1: What would this equal to a GeForce card? Answer: Between 1060 and 1070 Question 2: Is this one could build in a mini case? Answer: No, it barely fit in my mid-size NZXT with no modification needed Question 3: Is it with upgrading my nvidia gtx 1050ti 4 gb gddr5 direct 12 graphics card you this one?? Answer: Yes, that's what i had before too gtx 1050ti replaced with this XFX RX 580 GTS Question 4: Will the Radeon RX 580 card work with an msi h110m atx gaming motherboard? Answer: Yes, all you need is a PCI-Express 3.0 x16 Slot, and be sure your PC case is big enough to support a GPU of this size. Question 5: Can I play rainbow six siege with 8gb or 4gb? Answer: That is something you need to find out. Look at the system requirements for the game. Easy Google search. Question 6: It shows that this gpu needs 500 watt. I have a sonnet egfx breakaway box 550w with 80% efficient. it means it only have 440w. so can i use this gpu? Answer: Yes. ( Customer Answered: I have a 750W PSU, the card causes random reboots, it is a terrible design that overloads the 8-pin rail. Check the internet for issues with this particular manufacturer.) Question 7: Does this card come with free games? Answer: It did, when purchased it Question 8: Hey I am just worried , so I ordered nzxt mid tower and will this video card fit in?? Answer: It, Should. Question 9: The Radeon RX 580, is this card compatible with a dell xps 8700? Answer: Sure it does, as long as you have a case that will fit the card. Question 10: I have a ryzen 5 2400g will the rx 580 8gb be better than the gtx 1060 ti 3gb or 6gb for gaming? Answer: I average 120 - 150 fps in rainbow 6 siege if that helps? that on 144hz monitor: ( Customer had this to says as well - The 580 would be a better match because it is around the gtx 1070 in performance.) Best Review Posted on Amazon Before Buying - Radeon RX 580 Best Review Posted on Amazon Before Buying - Radeon RX 580 Customer Review 1 of Radeon RX 580: This card can handle games(destiny, fortnite, Pubg...etc) at high FPS with no issues. The card does use more power than an nvidia card with similar specs and also creates more heat. But at the same time value for the spec is great. As a product I would give it 4 stars however, XFX's warranty service is surprisingly easy and fast. My card broke after a year of use, so I registered the product on their site, I received a response within 24 hours. They troubleshooted and determined the card needs to be RMAed, I sent the card back and I received a new one within a week after they received the defective card. They didn't even require the receipt(required by most companies) even though I had it. It's amazing service compare to my PNY nvidia experience which was like pulling teeth. I will definitely buy more XFX products in the future. Customer Review 2 of Radeon RX 580: Used to be a big Nvidia fan. Then, I started encountering problems with their drivers. Fine, rolled back my driver to an older version. Then, my GTX 970 stopped working after only 1 year of use. Fine, sent it in and received a refurbished one. The refurbished one now has the same issue. Bought the XFX GTS RX 580 8GB DDR5. 0 driver issues. Card still works after a few months and puts out a better picture then my 970. I'll update my review if something goes wrong but, for now, I'm extremely pleased with this card both in terms of performance and price. I'll be all to happy to continue buying AMD in future. Customer Review 3 of Radeon RX 580: Shipping arrive on time and before I got home, which is a first. A few things to note: 1: This is a fairly large GPU, if you don't have a Full Tower, or an opened-air mobo, your mileage with fitting this thing in a Mid Tower WILL differ 2: My old GPU require two 6-pin, while this GPU required one 8-pin, you will either need an 8-pin or a 6+2 pin to connect your power supply to your GPU, if you don't have a powersupply that you modify, well you will need a new one. 3: For the price, this GPU is very strong, even if it is only a rehash of the 480... and being a year old. It can still run newer titles like Monster Hunter: World without too many problems. 4: Price-wise, having to compete with cryto-miners may increase the price of this GPU from time to time... very annoying. 5: This is a major update from my old HD 7950 (which still works for many games that are moderately intense and are new.) Worst Review Posted on Amazon Before Buying - Radeon RX 580 Bad Customer Review of the Radeon RX 580 on Amazon: After about 2 months of having this card, it had fried itself. I was playing fallout when my computer crashed and upon trying to start it up, my USB keyboard and mouse would get power for their LED's but the computer would not start, no fans would spin. A few days later I tried it again to which sparks shot out of my video card. It would have likely fried my whole computer if I hadn't unplugged my power strip from the wall. I later tried another video card that a friend gave me to which I downloaded the drivers for and it worked pretty much fine. Very disappointed in this product as it nearly ruined my entire computer. Bad Customer Review 2 of the Radeon RX 580 on Amazon: When playing intensive full screen games or benchmarks two of the three display ports have issues with intermittent black screens. Confirmed on TWO copies of this card (I bought one, it started doing it, exchanged the card for another, same exact issues). Have spent a decent amount of time doing all the normal troubleshooting (fresh install of Windows, clean and re-installation of AMD drivers, manually playing with the voltage and frequency of the card, etc). Please note: In spite of the bad review by a few customers, we experience no such issues (not saying you won't) but We would comfortably recommend this product for mining cryptocurrency based on our testing that will be continue below. How to increase the potential of the Radeon RX 580 in mining Even in the case of good versions of the RX 580 (Pulse and others), the potential of the card out of the box can hardly be called incredible. If you look at the average power of the video card, excluding the top solutions with good factory overclocking, you can count on the following indicators: - Equihash - 302-310 SOL / s. - X11gost - 8.4-8.6 MH / s. - Daggerhashimoto - 26.1-26.8 MH / s. - Pascal - 0.85 GH / s. The best solution for current maps from Radeon is Ethereum mining. It is during its mining that the maximum potential of the cards is revealed, therefore any trusses with the RX 500 series are usually collected for this critical currency. Mine others is impractical, it is a direct loss of profit. Initially, most of the 580s give from 18 to 22.5 MH / s without overclocking. Against the background of the possible 30-31 MH / s, which are sought by the owners of Radeon farms with the older model of the 500th series, the card mining capacity in the factory settings is not too high. However, a prerequisite for obtaining a better result is the BIOS firmware flashing. This can be called one of the conditional minuses of AMD cards, due to which some miners choose NVidia. However, with a successful acceleration and reduction of energy consumption, the yield of the RX 580 will be quite high, especially with price increases and the overall attractiveness of Ethereum. Therefore, in the absence of sufficient knowledge, it is better to entrust the firmware to specialists. They will make it quickly and without risk to get the so-called “brick”, that is, a “dead” card without the possibility of returning it under warranty. After flashing, the average potential of video cards will increase from 18-22 MH / s to minimum 26.5 MH / s. And in the case of good memory and successful overclocking, it is quite possible to get 28-30 MH / s, in which the RX 580 becomes one of the best in terms of return on video cards. On average, experts recommend focusing on 10-15% acceleration on average. This is the best indicator in terms of temperature, energy consumption and output power in the production of cryptocurrency. Choosing the best OS - Radeon Rx 580 The correct choice of operating system can significantly simplify work with the farm and even reduce costs. In the confrontation of Windows and Linux for farms on the RX 580 usually choose the latest OS. Hive OS has several important advantages over Windows, the most significant of which are: - There is no limit on 8 video cards. - No need to face the difficult process of choosing the right drivers. - The OS was originally developed and adapted for mining. - Ability to work without monitors (using emulators). - No need to have an SSD or HDD, a regular 8-16 GB flash drive is sufficient. - WatchDog is built into the system, you do not need to pay extra for it (as is the case with Windows). - Easy setup and functional remote monitoring. - No need to buy an expensive license. - Telegram notifications in real time. You also need to consider that in case of installation of pirated copies of Windows, the farm can be confiscated, as it is stipulated by law. With Linux, there will be no such problems, which is another important advantage. One of the few advantages of Windows, namely the ability to use a video card for tasks other than mining, is irrelevant, because 99% of the farms are originally created specifically for mining cryptocurrency. This is the main task. Farm payback with RX 580 One of the most important criteria when choosing a video card for mining is their payback. It depends on many conditions. Some of them have variable values, that is, they can constantly change. This concerns the recession or growth of the cryptocurrency rate. Taking into account the relevance of Ethereum, the total payback period for the RX 580 can be 7-9 months, in case of a good time (accumulation of currency on the wallet and sale after peak rises), and 12-15 months. This period is influenced by the following factors (in descending order from the most significant): - The course of the ether. - Firmware (that is, the disclosure of the potential of a particular card in terms of overclocking, power consumption, etc.). - The original cost of cards. - Total investment in the farm (any savings, for example, on the HDD, reduces costs and accelerates payback a little). Experienced miners recommend not to display a fixed broadcast systematically. This is best done only at times when there is a strong growth rate. In general, even under adverse conditions, the return on video card in 2018 is approximately 15-18 months. Given the current conditions for mining and farm profitability, this is not the worst time. The choice between the 4 GB and 8 GB versions for the Radeon RX 580 is almost always unambiguous. If for the GTX 1060 it is possible to consider the 3 GB version as very promising, then for AMD, on which usually the broadcast is mined, only the 8 GB version would be preferable. Of course, after the miner exceeds the allowable amount in the 4 GB version, you can switch to mining other cryptocurrencies, but this is not the best option. In such conditions, it will not be possible to extract the air on 4GB cards after February 6, 2021. Taking into account the not so big difference in prices between 4 and 8 GB, in most cases it is better to take a video card with a large amount of memory for the long term. As far as vendors are concerned, there is not much difference. Buying top solutions, for example, NITRO, is not always profitable. Despite the fact that they provide good cooling and increased power, their cost is much higher than that of the "regular" versions. It is much better to buy Asus Dual or other cards in the same price category. The difference between them, in comparison with the NITRO and LE versions, is about $ 150, but it is almost completely leveled by the correct firmware, pushing all the cards to approximately the same hashrate (+ - 3-4%). Conclusion Despite the fact that the Radeon RX 580 is no longer a top-notch solution, the positions of the video card are still preserved. This is one of the most sensible choices for mining in the medium and long term. With the right approach to buying cards for the farm and selling the naming ether, you can reduce the payback by almost half, making the RX 580 a leader in this criterion. The only significant drawback may be mandatory BIOS firmware. But this issue is easily solved with the help of specialists, because this deficiency can be considered conditional. HOW TO is the best main RX 580 graphics card... XFX Radeon RX 580 GTS Edition 1386MHz OC+, 8GB GDDR5, VR Ready, Dual BIOS, 3xDP HDMI DVI, AMD Graphics Card (RX-580P8DFD6) RX 580 8GB Test in 25 Games in 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Je2BWKkkRK0 RX 580 series graphics card AMD and profitable mining - compatible? For lovers of cryptocurrency production, one performance at an exponential speed or another video card with a priority is increasingly an issue in our country. In addition to paying electricity bills and law enforcement officers, who are increasingly asking the president and the government to introduce cryptocurrency on the part of the state monopoly may not be legitimate. Although the mining system is systematically efficient in the process of revenge (this is the longer the time, the longer the "production" of a unit cryptocurrency), the Russian miners are still committed to the same, if in the yard of 2012. Performance RX 580 Series AMD's products are firmly in the leadership of mining fans for many years in a continuous circle. Although their main competitor, Nvidia, has significantly improved the compatibility of mining cards during the five-year period, the company's main support is still the gaming industry and other media. The RX series of 8Gb 580 is updated with the Radeon RX 570 and put into production in 2017 and has picked up a large number of manufacturers. The most popular versions are the models released by "Sapphire" and "EM-ES-AJ". The most popular model series - Features At the end of the summer of 2017, the main mode of this line proved the sapphire NITRO. In Western Europe, the player miner offended all the last tilted copies as the AMD Radeon RX 580, so this card snatched pereproyti "Witcher 3" from the store for the first time with a good frame rate per second. What can please our RX5808 g: -  a clock frequency of 1450 MHz for the possibility of diffusion; -  The impressive number of stream processors - 2304; -  GDDR5 memory is 8192 megaGB, with a frequency of 2000 MHz. In the numerous tests conducted by independent publications of computer hardware, we did not see the special adaptation of this graphics card mining. Many experts even suspect that the commercial success of the card may be caused by "popular rumors" than any actual benefit. When digging "Ether" (Vendetta, ETH for short), with the current version of the miner Claymore double ETH (firmware 9.2), our "Radeon" I give all 22, 5 MHS. It is interfered with the factory settings without a memory or mining calculator. Of course, the result is unqualified. Obviously, memory timing is a high clock frequency that may have to be kept visible by production attenuating. We don't even dare to imagine - it will be 4GB of RAM in this one more budget RX 580. And for the RX 580 Nitro and Western and Russian experts agree that the main news sapphire Radeon revenge enough speed. Perhaps the so-called sapphire pulse is expected to update the model to change the situation of the Meining Ç580. What is the competition? From a little more known to us, the quotation of the MSI RX 580 has appeared on our new version of the "Sapphire". Only when the temperature reaches 60 ° C ventilation system and armor technology in the performance of the company's lead blade cooler it can not be more than those who buy cards to revenge or not. Maintaining a good and strong air supply cycle keeps the investment in the field. In contrast, whether it is the "Sapphire" and "ASUS" versions, this card is able to switch memory modes. What, again, it is more important for gamers and office workers. Read the full article

[solarsecure]

5 Reasons a Solar PV System is The Solution You Need

Solar energy is the need of the hour – not just keeping in mind the numerous monetary benefits it brings, but also the obvious environmental sustainability factor. A significantly huge number of Australian households and businesses are switching to renewable energy sources like solar, even as you read this. As of 31st December 2020, Australia has seen over 2.66 million solar system installations.

Evidently, solar power is a pretty big deal in Australia. Let’s find out why, exactly–

1. Increased savings

One of the primary reasons solar energy is gaining popularity is that it helps save money. While going green and contributing to the preservation of the environment is a driving factor, it isn’t very compelling in itself, i.e. without the monetary aspect. While demanding a considerable initial investment, the feed-in tariffs, combined with the liberal state and federal government incentives, make it a rewarding one.

2. Renewable Energy Target & other incentives/subsidies

An initiative of the Australian government, the Renewable Energy Target, helps reduce the cost of each watt of installed capacity by 60-70 cents (for systems under 100kW). To put this into perspective, a 5kW solar system in Brisbane would warrant an incentive of roughly $3,000. This definitely makes solar panels worth it.

3. Rapidly falling prices of solar

The consistently falling costs of installing a solar PV system have also played a part in the rapid adoption of solar energy across Australia. For example, the cost of installing a solar panel system in 2021 is nearly half of what it was back in 2016. Moreover, the cost benefits only get better over the system's lifespan (25 years, on average). A suitable, efficient solar PV system, installed with adherence to installation guidelines, and maintained well will cover the cost of installation within as little as 4 years.

4. Energy independence

While the prices for solar have been plummeting, retail electricity prices are at an all-time high, causing countless Australian households and businesses to struggle financially. Installation of a solar PV system offers an easy way out, albeit at a considerable initial investment. However, its benefits along with the 4-year payback period more than makeup for the initial cost of installation. Throw in a home solar battery and you’re truly independent from the grid. Does investing in a solar battery make economic sense for you? Read this to find out.

5. Abundance of sunlight

Australia is home to abundant sunlight, making solar power the perfect choice for those looking for green alternatives. A 1kW in Brisbane, Australia generates approximately twice as much energy as an identical system installed in the UK or Germany. This also means that fewer solar panels need to be installed in Australia to generate the same amount of energy, compared to the latter. Better and better, right? It’s no wonder Australia is one of the fastest-growing nations when it comes to conquering solar energy.

Still, wondering if solar energy is worth it? If yes, drop us a ‘Hello’ at www.solar-secure.com.au and we bet we can convince you that it is!

[juniperpublishers-ttsr]

New Source of Financing and Assessment of Efficiency of Nature Protection Activity

Keywords:   Environmental management system; Institutional framework for development; Financial sources; payments for ecosystem services; Environmental activities; Management, registration; Use of PES funds

    Short Communication

Environmental activities are characterized by high risk, capital intensity, non-commercial nature and longer payback period, which require improvement of information and analytical management tools. Environmental activity is a set of specialized engineering, technological, control, analytical, production, economic and management operations that form an independent process of creating the ecological utility of a commercial product. There are non-traditional for modern practice factors which have simultaneously stimulating and retarding influence: territory, assimilation potential, market of best technologies, urbanization, global natural processes, business and investment climate, social and economic globalization, public administration and internal corporate resources [1].

The main fundamental principles of environmental management are the principle of legality and civil responsibility, the principle of universal significance of created values, the principle of balancing environmental and economic interests, constant measurement and analysis, delegation of authority and responsibility, regulation and adaptive management [2]. Analysis of environmental activities of enterprises is a thematic, scientifically based economic research, which is crucial for solution of sustainable development challenges, preservation of existing potential of natural resources, balance of the economy development and introduction of innovations. The system of state economic regulation of environmental management contributes to the achievement of such level when the end results of enterprises are closely linked to the effectiveness of environmental measures and their interest in complying of environmental requirements [3]. By transition to the principles of sustainable development, therole of economic analysis in solving of issues related to the effectiveness of environmental activities in all management cycles becomes supremely important. Without detailed analysis of environmental measures, required expenses and results of their implementation, it is impossible to make appropriate management decisions.

Nowadays, the imperfect environmental protection system of the Republic of Tajikistan operates on the principle of “identification and correction” instead of “averting and prevention”. By analyzing of environmental issues, it is very important to carry out a thorough assessment of how harmonized legislative and regulatory acts are, how interconnected and mutually conditioned are the adopted strategic and program documents, and how much planned measures are provided with resources. Understanding of these issues is necessary as for minimization of irrational use of natural resources, so for reduction of negative anthropogenic impact on the environment and its preservation for future generations. Environmental issues presented in socio-economic strategies and programs are not always priorities and, as a result, are funded insufficiently (Table 1). The Committee on Environment Protection within the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan (CEP RT) is the main environmental state body, which activities are funded by both public funds and special funds. Special funds of the CEP RT are formed mainly from inputs of enterprises, institutions, residents and non-residents, physical and juridical persons, in the form of mandatory ecological payments for environmental pollution, waste disposal, use of natural resources (animals and plants, included to the Red Book and other environmental documents) and for excessive use ofnature resources. As the Figure 1 shows, despite improvement of environmental activities, the facts of violation of environmentallegislation by citizens are still taking place, leading to increase of ecological penalties and fines.

Source: Committee on environmental protection. Special Committee’s funds are used for rehabilitation of natural resources, implementation of environmental protection measures and improvement of ecological situation accordingly to the requirements of current legislation. The major portion of budget financing and alternative sources is spent for implementation of biotechnical measures. Accordingly, to the data of Figure 2, the total amount of funding for biotechnical measures over the past 10 years has increased sevenfold, indicating an improvement in the work on environmental protection and stabilization of ecological condition. Also, the funds are allocated for the construction and restoration of environmental entities. For these purposes, in 2018, 1396,2 thousand Tajik somoni were allocated from the budget, that is 1.6 times more than in 2008. In 2018, the total amount of 5524,1 thousand Tajik somoni wasallocated from special funds for construction and restoration of environmental entities, that is 64.1 times higher in comparison with 2008 (Figure 3). The central state executive body responsible for environmental policy implementation is the CEP RT. Its competence includes such important functions as environment protection, forestry development, hydrometeorology, coordination of implementation of environmental measures by ministries, departments, enterprises and institutions, observation of ecological safety standards, protection and reproduction of natural resources and coordination of activities in fulfillment of international agreements by the Republic of Tajikistan as well as establishment of collaboration with international partners in the field of environment protection (Figure 4).

Over the past 7 years, the CEP RT has undergone reorganization four times: Ministry of Nature Protection (2003), State Committee on Environment Protection and Forestry (2004), Ministry of Agriculture and Nature Protection (2006), Committee on Environment Protection (2008), which indicates the instability of its activities and undermines the executive capacity of its subdivisions leading to high turnover of highly qualified personnel. In this regard, to date, the existing structure of CEP RT remains functionally unsustainable and the potential of state environmental management cannot fully implement its assigned objectives, identified in numerous legislative, strategic and program documents. First, this is stipulated by absence of special body in the structure of the CEP RT on strategic planning, which would deal with self-assessment and assessment of existing and required capacity for both implementation of environmental activities and development of measures to strengthen this capacity. Secondly, the activities of the CEP RT structural subdivisions are focused mainly on control of implementation environmental legislation and normative acts by enterprises, which use natural resources, and to a lesser extent on organization of regular work on management and interdepartmental coordination of environmental protection, improvement and harmonization of environmental legislation, monitoring of environment condition, realization of adopted decisions, advocacy of rational nature resources use, training/retraining and certification of personnel and all involved partners, whose activities are connected to both environmental management and human impact on the environment at all levels of central and local authorities.

CEP RT established its administrative offices in regions, cities and districts all over the country to control observation of environmental legislation and regulatory requirements to assure prevention of environmental pollution. In general, the organizational structure of regional departments on environment protection is like its parent organization, the CEP RT. In accordance with the Laws of the Republic of Tajikistan “On Local Government Authorities”, “On Self-Government Bodies”, “On Nature Protection”, “On Ecological Expertise”, “On Natural Protected Areas” and etc., the key role in coordination of environmental activities and decision-making is given to the local authorities. Local authorities are empowered to coordinate environmental issues on their administrative areas, such as environment protection, use of natural resources, including allocation and withdraw of land plots, monitoring of their purposive use, water use, etc. [4].

However, in the structure of local territorial administration there is no special body responsible for the coordination of environmental measures. This is probably stipulated by the fact that environmental issues are functionally related to the activities of municipal, industrial and agricultural sectors, water and land administrations, etc. In addition, the local departments of environmental protection of the CEP, which in turn do not have the authority to coordinate the environmental activities of Khukumats’ economic sectors, are accountable to the Khukumats. This institutional structure was established in the Soviet period and did not undergo any changes, despite of market transformations and national development processes in the country. The existing duplication of functions, dual subordination between the state authorities at all levels and between specially empowered state and local authorities requires thorough analysis and streamlining of functions in environmental protection activities, and primarily at the legislative level.

Local governments, in accordance with their powers, carry out the regulation of some issues connected to land and water use by farms and population [5]. Nowadays, legislative regulation of environmental activities of local governments is not legally fixed and is limited to certain issues concerning disposal of solid waste, landscaping and gardening. The general norms of the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan concerning powers of local authorities are reflected in the Law of the Republic of Tajikistan “On the self-government bodies of settlements and villages”. The place and role of the local authorities in addressing environmental issues are not clearly formulated in the existing legislation. These legislative acts do not contain clear differentiations of competence between central and local governments, as well as between specially authorized bodies, although formally some issues are specified. The concept of powers/functions of local self-government is completely absent in environmental legislation and, consequently, the competence and place of local authorities in solving of environmental issues are not defined. Thus, the interaction of local and central authorities is the most important condition for ensuring the effectiveness of environmental management in general [5]. Today, one of the most important tasks in the reform of local self-government is to develop the effective interaction mechanism.

The system of environmental management and regulation in Tajikistan operated based on laws and regulations developed inthe former Soviet Union. To date, a relatively well-developed national environmental legislation has been created. However, the current legislation has certain weaknesses, and namely:

a) it is somewhat declarative, due to the lack of mechanisms and resources for the implementation of the citizens’ rights on favorable environmental conditions

b) its clauses are not sufficiently interconnected; and mechanisms of monitoring the effectiveness of its implementation are not developed

c) the mechanisms of its clauses interrelation with other regulatory documents of economic sectors are not worked out, and the functions and responsibilities of ministries and departments to solve environmental problems and issues of nature resources use are not clearly defined.

The existing regulatory framework requires a review as well as inclusion of executable requirements; it should clearly reflect the mechanisms of implementation of main clauses of adopted legislation. In the current legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan, the environmental protection activity is defined as “the activity of state authorities represented by the Government and specially empowered state bodies, local authorities, public and other non-profit associations, juridical and physical persons intended on conservation and rehabilitation of environment, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, prevention of negative impact on the environment caused by economic or other activities”.

The national environmental legislation is based on the principle of two-level system of legal regulation of relations in environmental sphere, including state legislation and corresponding regulatory acts, along with the acts adopted at the local level. At the same time, the legislative acts do not quite clearly define the powers of the bodies responsible for environmental policy implementation; also, these acts are not sufficiently coordinated with each other and often are duplicated. Insufficiency and often the lack of financial resources as well as low level of qualification of personnel does not allow carrying out the assigned functions at all levels of state and local regulation of environmental issues. Tajikistan is a party of 9 International Environmental Conventions and two related Protocols; currently, 5 National Action Plans are developed and implemented in order to fulfill the correspondent commitments of the country. This was stipulated by active integration of the country into international politics, the need to preserve unique ecosystems and resources, stability of species habitats, conservation of biodiversity etc. Success in achieving of adequate results depends undoubtedly on development of mechanisms for international and interdepartmental interaction, attracting significant financial and economic material resources, as well as the availability and stable growth of highly qualified personnel.

The effectiveness of implementation Conventions by the RepublicRepublic of Tajikistan depends largely on creation of appropriate conditions, development of institutional capacity and interagency cooperation. Coordination functions on implementation of these Conventions are assigned to the leading persons of CEP RT, who are responsible for supervision of relevant activities and corresponding sectoral subdivisions. The formerly established centers for direct cooperation with Secretariats of Conventions on realization of National Action Plans (programs, strategies etc.) and fulfillment of country obligations accordingly to Conventions’ requirements, are now abrogated. At the same time, the development of international environmental policy and implementation of corresponding strategies require improvement of management structure of CEP RT. The basic strategic document on national development is “National Development Strategy of the Republic of Tajikistan for the period until 2030” where the following clauses are specified: (Goal 7): “Achievement of environmental sustainability” and (Task 9): “Inclusion of sustainable development principles to the national strategies and programs for prevention of natural resources loss.” Tajikistan is one of Central Asian countries having relatively small area of arable land. Provision of irrigated land per capita is only 0.116 ha and 0.006 ha of irrigated arable land, including 0.09 ha of ploughlands. Lands, which are suitable for cultivation of agricultural crops, occupy only 8% of the territory. Low natural soils fertility causes significant costs for agrotechnical and reclamation works. At the same time, the current tendency of agricultural sector development and financial incentives from government sector and international organizations have helped to ensure food provision in the country through a consistent and steady growth of agricultural production, increase of income and employment of population.

In Tajikistan, the economic mechanisms for integration of environmental protection and rational nature management are based on general methods of payment for natural resources use. These include taxes on land and subsoil use, payment for services for collection, removal and disposal of waste, use of sewage system, water supply, penalty for violation of water legislation, air pollution, damages caused to forestry due to illegal felling, damage by plucking of plant resources, destruction and illegal collection of plants and hunting of animals listed in the Red Book. The main sources of environmental activities funding are:

a) Budget financing, which includes financing of the managerial office and staff, monitoring and research activities, partial funding of targeted programs on protected areas maintenance, reforestation, programs for sanitary cleaning of cities and other settlements.

b) Internal funds of enterprises, which are deducted directly from the company’s profits for the construction and rehabilitation of environmental facilities, for modernization of technological processes, as well as payment for depreciation in order to restore the fixed assets of environmental entities.

c) Ecological funds, which are formed out of payments for environmental pollution and other fines, collected both in cities and districts, are distributed as the following: 60% remain in disposal of these cities/districts, 30% are transferred to the regional fund and 10% - to the state environmental fund.

Out of all in payments to the environmental fund, which were collected in cities and districts of the republican subordination, which then should be transferred to the state environmental funds, 30% are reserved for ecological activities in the region from where these in payments are. All in payments are imposed the 10% tax, which in transferred to the state budget. In recent years, the in payments to the funds are gradually increased, which is essential factor for implementation of planned environmental activities. The main expenses from the funds include financing of costs for forest planting, land improvement, development of local action plans, ecological education etc. Inadequate transparency in allocation of these funds makes it impossible for enterprises and public to understand which activities are chosen for financing [6]. Thus, the results of deep analysis of effectiveness of environmental protection system and its financial sources, showed the necessity of revision of the entire environmental- economic policy of taxation and payments as well as finding of new sources of financing for solution of such essential issues as continuing degradation of the environment due to absence of effective economic incentives for implementation of preventive measures, compensation for environmental damage due to irrational natural resources use, and prevention of environmental pollution.

Introduction of best practices on rational nature resources use and corresponding payment for it can ensure the finding of additional financing sources for improvement of environmental measures [7]. One of such efficient technologies is payment for ecosystem services (PES). Payment for ecosystem services is the compensation paid to the “supplier” of ecosystem services by their “consumer”. Suppliers of ecosystem services are economic entities (factually, it may be any physical or juridical persons), in whose activities certain ecosystem services are “produced” or maintained at the existing level. Ecosystem services are not “produced” by man in the literal sense of the word. However, certain actions of individual people or organizations (in particular, protected areas) are aimed at preserving the ecosystems and their properties, which are necessary for production of ecosystem services. For example, taking into consideration of the country specifics, an important type of ecosystem services is to maintain high quality of fresh water in the rivers. The service providers will be land and water users whose plots are located in the upper reaches of the river; the methods they use for farming (including the extent of their consumption of fertilizers and pesticides, deforestation or, conversely, reforestation, normalized consumption and pollution of water resources, etc.) impact directly on quality and quantity of water downstream. If this quality is kept on fixed level because of certain actions of upstream land users,it is considered as provision of ecosystem services by the service providers.

Users of ecosystem services are the economic entities that benefit economically from using the service and ready to pay for it. In the legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan, an ecosystem is defined as a dynamically developing complex of plants, animals, microorganisms and their habitat, functioning as a single unit. There is no direct definition of ecosystem services in the legislation, but they are indirectly defined as the benefits that people receive from ecosystems. All ecosystem services are conditionally divided as: supplying (food, water, forest, raw materials), regulating (impact on climate, control over floods, natural disasters, quality of water resources, etc.), cultural (recreational resources, aesthetic and spiritual values of nature) and supporting services (soil formation, photosynthesis, nitrogen cycle, etc.).

Thus, payments for ecosystem services (PES) provide incentives for owners of natural resources, such as farmers and forestry owners, to manage resources in such a way as to provide ecosystem services. PES is the additional source of replenishment for ecosystem service providers, which can be used to perform their planned activities and achievement of their tasks that have a beneficial effect on improvement of both nature resources use and environmental condition. The mandatory audit is an appropriate prerequisite for use of PES funds purposively, including prevention of negligence and assurance of effectiveness of their spending. In these cases, it is advisable to conduct the audit of ecosystem providers not by audit firms or individual auditors with general competence but by the certified auditing companies, which are qualified in environmental issues. Only such auditing companies can make appropriate assessment of effectiveness and completeness of PES funds use for environmental activities and rationalization of nature resources use in frame of PES agreements. In Tajikistan, this type of audit is conducted by the CEP Environmental Audit Service within the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan. Audit of PES funds is relatively new sphere because the PES is recently introduced technology and, consequently, is not widely spread due to undeveloped normative- legal base, low awareness of the population in general and farmers about its essence etc.

In future, in the context of PES development and full-scale application, it is necessary to conduct researches intended to improvement of accounting methods and auditing of revenues from PES, to introduce the control over PES rational use, as well as elaboration and introduction of special reporting forms on PES funds use for ecosystem service providers. Annotation. This article reflects the issues of effective management of environmental protection system, condition of regulatory framework that allows development of environmental activities, analysis of funding sources, possibilities of finding new sources of environmental activities financing, which also include payments for ecosystem services. Also, the concept of environmental activitiesis clarified; non-traditional approaches and modern practice, which simultaneously have a stimulating and disabling effect on environmental activities, are identified; and fundamental management principles are defined. Organizational structure of main environmental authority is analyzed in detail, and the forms of environmental management are reviewed. The institutional framework of environmental activities development as well as advantages and disadvantages of environmental legislation are described in detail.

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[nepalighar12-blog]

5 Customer Success Metrics You Can’t Do Without

Customer success is a crucial consideration for businesses that provide solutions through a SaaS model. When customers use your service and derive measurable value, they remain as customers and present opportunities for additional revenue. Businesses can best measure through customer success metrics.

Several metrics provide insight into the many factors that determine customer success. These metrics help understand and explain how a customer uses your solution, the number of customers you retain, the value of retained customers and those lost to attrition, and more. Many organizations find that they need to use several methods of measuring customer success, and also that metric needs can change during the customer life cycle. We’ve highlighted five essential customer success metrics that provide insight and transparency for most SaaS companies and their customers.

Churn rate — how many customers are you losing? Churn rate, or attrition rate, is the rate at which customers unsubscribe or otherwise cancel. Think of your SaaS business as a bucket. Your goals are to fill the bucket in an efficient and balanced manner, but in almost all cases, you want the bucket’s contents to grow. Success, then, means you have to build a bigger bucket. Churn is like the holes in a leaky bucket.

Churn is represented as a percentage of existing customers who do not renew. Churn rate can be monthly or annual. It’s essential to know whether or not the figure is over a year or per month, because a five percent yearly churn rate may be acceptable, but can signal a massive problem if the rate occurs monthly.

Churn rate is expressed through the following formula:

Churn rate = number of churned customers / total number of customers Determining an ideal churn rate can be difficult, and often requires a more in-depth probe into the reasons behind the churn, and whether those renewing are poised to continue renewing. Ultimately, it’s paramount that your customers not only use your service but use it for their benefit.

Churn Rate By the Numbers There will be a churn rate within any industry. Finding out what the usual churn rate is within your industry will help you assess whether the churn rate within your company is higher or lower than it should be. It can be a measurement of the health of your company culture, as well as other elements.

The following are some customer success metrics regarding the churn rate in a few industries within the United States that have a high churn rate, according to Statistica.

Cable – 28% Retail – 27% Financial – 25% Online Retail – 22% Telecom – 21% Travel – 18% Less than ideal customer service has become the dominant reason why customer churn occurs, in every industry. Currently, nearly three-quarters of all customers who stop conducting business with a company do so because they were getting poor customer service. This should be a wake-up call to you if you are lacking in providing good customer service and see high levels of customer churn. You can have the best product in the industry, but if your customer service is mediocre, you are going to lose customers.

One of the most important reasons for reducing the churn rate is the reality that you will find it is more expensive to get new customers than it is to retain the ones you already have. You have up to a 70% chance of selling more products or services to a customer you already have than selling to a new one. Your chances of selling something to a new customer drop down to being as low as 5%. Your current customers are already satisfied with you and trust you. New prospective customers need to be convinced that they should spend their money on what you are selling. This is why you will always have a better chance at selling to a current customer over a prospective one.

Speaking of gaining more sales from current customers, keeping those customers is significantly less expensive than it is to acquire new ones. It could cost as much as five times as much to get a new customer than it does to hold onto a current one. This is why you should maintain an ongoing relationship with your current customers and make them feel like they matter. Consistency is key here.

Existing customers can be a boon for your business. They are five times as likely to make additional purchases from you in the future. They are also four times as likely to promote your business to others. Finally, they are seven times more likely to try out a new product or service you may be offering. You can start taking advantage of the loyalty that your current customers are providing you. It will be much easier than persuading new prospects to become paying customers. What’s more, you can upsell to your current customer’s ten times more easily than it would be to get new customers to buy something in the first place.

You can significantly reduce customer churn if you know that some of your current customers are unhappy with the service they are getting. How do you do that? You ask them. There are many ways to do this. A popular method is sending customer feedback surveys. You can eliminate over 10% of customer churn just by reaching out to your customers, to see if they are satisfied. Only 1 in 26 customers who are unsatisfied will actually complain. Think about the 25 others who did not take the initiative to let you know why they decided to leave. When you reach out to your customers first, you can salvage the relationships you have with them. You can potentially even strengthen them.

The more you reduce your customer churn rate, the greater your profits will be. For every 5% reduction in your churn rate, you stand to gain between 25% and 125% in profits. That is a massive gain for your profit margin, showing you just how important it is to reduce the churn rate.

These churn rate statistics paint a very clear picture of just how important reducing the customer churn rate for your business is. It is clearly more valuable and less expensive to hold onto existing customers. Now that you understand a little bit about the churn rate and its importance in the continued success of your business, you will need to become familiar with another turn: the average revenue per account.

Average revenue per account — what’s the ongoing value of each of your customers? Recurring revenue businesses find it useful to know the average revenue per account, or ARPA, as it helps them refine the analysis of revenue capabilities at the customer level. This figure can be used to compare with the competing SaaS companies, and to help in the forecasting of future revenues.

ARPA is also helpful because it fuels other metrics, which, in turn, provide deeper insight into your company’s future revenues. Understanding ARPA requires knowing your monthly recurring revenue and your total active customer amount. The monthly ARPA formula is:

ARPA = monthly recurring revenue (MRR) / total number of customers LTV — what is the lifetime value of your customers? Some of the most informative metrics use a combination of others, as is the case with Lifetime Value (LTV). LTV is an estimate of the value of a customer over their expected total customer lifecycle. It’s a valuable metric that assesses the health of a SaaS-based business by providing an average revenue figure of a customer before they churn. LTV is forward-looking and can be difficult to pinpoint in some businesses. It’s important to know the LTV as accurately as possible because it gives businesses a water level. Once you know LTV, you know how much you can spend to acquire customers. You can also determine the payback period for acquisition costs.

The LTV rate formula is:

LTV = ARPA / Customer Churn Rate LTV: Customer Acquisition Cost Ratio — insight into your company’s performance over time While it’s crucial to know churn rate, the average value of your customers and their lifetime value of your customers, the metric that is most essential for measuring growth is the ratio between your customers’ LTV and the cost to acquire new customers (CAC). It’s crucial because it gives SaaS businesses an idea of a general rate of return.

The LTV/CAC ratio formula is:

LTV : CAC Ratio = LTV / CAC Too low of a ratio, such as lower than a ratio of 3, means that you are likely spending too much to get new customers. A ratio of 4, for example, means that for every dollar spent, you get four dollars in lifetime value. But, too high of a ratio may not be a sign of higher profit; it could signal too low of an investment in prospecting and a hindrance to future growth.

NPS — customer success as a tool for new business A final crucial metric is not specifically about churn or value. Instead, it is all about how your customers feel about working with your solution and whether or not they would refer your company to others. Net Promoter Score (NPS) is a metric derived from asking a simple question: “how likely are you to refer others to us?” Customers are requested to answer on a scale from zero to 10, with zero being highly unlikely and ten indicating highly likely. Those that respond with a nine or 10 are your promoters. Don’t take them for granted. Incentivize their role as a promoter and realize one of the best and least expensive lead sources.

The formula for NPS is:

NPS = percentage of promoters / percentage of detractors Those who answer with a seven or an eight are passives. You might want to spend some time turning them into promoters, but you first should look at the bucket of customers that fall between zero and six. These are your detractors and can keep you from achieving success. Work to find out why they are dissatisfied, not just to win back their favor, but also to fix what’s broken.

Wrapping Up There are five customer success metrics that are key to your business being more profitable. While the churn rate is especially important to understand and keep low, you also need to look at the average revenue per account, lifetime value of your customers (as well as its customer acquisition cost ratio), and net promoter score. When you get a good handle on these metrics, you will help your business become well-positioned to be as successful as possible within your industry.

[andreagillmer]

Explorer with Fiji Gold Project Added to Investment Firm’s Watch List

Source: Streetwise Reports   10/30/2019

The highlights of this Canadian company’s cornerstone asset are outlined in an Echelon Wealth Partners report.

In an Oct. 23 research note, analyst Ryan Walker reported that his firm Echelon Wealth Partners added Lion One Metals Ltd. (LIO:TSX.V; LOMLF:OTCQX) to its Watch List after meeting with the company’s management at the recent Precious Metals Summit.

Lion One’s flagship asset is Tuvatu, the alkaline high-grade gold project on Fiji’s Viti Levu island. The current existing resource consists of diluted Indicated resources of 1.1 million tons at 8.46 grams per ton (8.46 g/t) gold, based on a 3 g/t cutoff grade. The Inferred resource totals 1.5 million tons at 9.7 g/t, or 468,000 ounces.

“Importantly,” Walker pointed out, “about 80% of the existing resource is within just 200 meters (200m) of surface. Yet past drilling was done primarily within 300m from surface and only a small fraction went below 400m down.

Accordingly, the Canadian exploration company, earlier this year, launched a four-hole drill program to test for deep feeders to Tuvatu’s existing high-grade resource.

Also noteworthy is that a preliminary economic assessment of Tuvatu, completed in 2015, showed robust economics, noted Walker. The report outlined an underground mine producing a total of 352,931 ounces of 11.31 g/t gold over the first seven years. The payback period was estimated to be 1.1 years.

This scenario would result in a post-tax net present value 5% of US$150 million and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 79% at a US$1,500 per ounce gold price. “We note the still robust 33% after-tax IRR even at $1,000 per ounce gold,” Walker commented.

Further, Tuvatu is fully permitted for development, construction and mining by the Fiji government, and Lion One has a 21-year surface lease agreement at the project with local landowners and the iTaukei Land Trust.

Lion One’s stock is currently trading at CA$0.90 per share.

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Lion One Metals Ltd.

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Disclosure: 1) Doresa Banning compiled this article for Streetwise Reports LLC and provides services to Streetwise Reports as an independent contractor. She or members of her household own securities of the following companies mentioned in the article: None. She or members of her household are paid by the following companies mentioned in this article: None. 2) The following companies mentioned in this article are billboard sponsors of Streetwise Reports: Lion One. Click here for important disclosures about sponsor fees. 3) Comments and opinions expressed are those of the specific experts and not of Streetwise Reports or its officers. The information provided above is for informational purposes only and is not a recommendation to buy or sell any security. 4) The article does not constitute investment advice. Each reader is encouraged to consult with his or her individual financial professional and any action a reader takes as a result of information presented here is his or her own responsibility. By opening this page, each reader accepts and agrees to Streetwise Reports’ terms of use and full legal disclaimer. This article is not a solicitation for investment. Streetwise Reports does not render general or specific investment advice and the information on Streetwise Reports should not be considered a recommendation to buy or sell any security. Streetwise Reports does not endorse or recommend the business, products, services or securities of any company mentioned on Streetwise Reports. 5) From time to time, Streetwise Reports LLC and its directors, officers, employees or members of their families, as well as persons interviewed for articles and interviews on the site, may have a long or short position in securities mentioned. Directors, officers, employees or members of their immediate families are prohibited from making purchases and/or sales of those securities in the open market or otherwise from the time of the interview or the decision to write an article until three business days after the publication of the interview or article. The foregoing prohibition does not apply to articles that in substance only restate previously published company releases.

Disclosures from Echelon Wealth Partners, Lion One, October 23, 2019

Echelon Wealth Partners compensates its Research Analysts from a variety of sources. The Research Department is a cost centre and is funded by the business activities of Echelon Wealth Partners including, Institutional Equity Sales and Trading, Retail Sales and Corporate and Investment Banking.

I, Ryan Walker, hereby certify that the views expressed in this report accurately reflect my personal views about the subject securities or issuers. I also certify that I have not, am not, and will not receive, directly or indirectly, compensation in exchange for expressing the specific recommendations or views in this report.

Important Disclosures: Is this an issuer related or industry related publication? Issuer.

Does the Analyst or any member of the Analyst’s household have a financial interest in the securities of the subject issuer? No

The name of any partner, director, officer, employee or agent of the Dealer Member who is an officer, director or employee of the issuer, or who serves in any advisory capacity to the issuer. No

Does Echelon Wealth Partners Inc. or the Analyst have any actual material conflicts of interest with the issuer? No

Does Echelon Wealth Partners Inc. and/or one or more entities affiliated with Echelon Wealth Partners Inc. beneficially own common shares (or any other class of common equity securities) of this issuer which constitutes more than 1% of the presently issued and outstanding shares of the issuer? No

During the last 12 months, has Echelon Wealth Partners Inc. provided financial advice to and/or, either on its own or as a syndicate member, participated in a public offering, or private placement of securities of this issuer? No

During the last 12 months, has Echelon Wealth Partners Inc. received compensation for having provided investment banking or related services to this Issuer? No

Has the Analyst had an onsite visit with the Issuer within the last 12 months? No

Has the Analyst or any Partner, Director or Officer been compensated for travel expenses incurred as a result of an onsite visit with the Issuer within the last 12 months? No

Has the Analyst received any compensation from the subject company in the past 12 months? No

Is Echelon Wealth Partners Inc. a market maker in the issuer’s securities at the date of this report? No

( Companies Mentioned: LIO:TSX.V; LOMLF:OTCQX, )

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[bitcoinminershasrate]

AMD Radeon RX 570: Review 2021 | Test| Specs| Hashrate | Profit (Bad and Good)

AMD Radeon RX 570 in mining: Best Review 2021 | Testing| Hashrate | Profitability | Specs | Best Coins (Ethereum) - The RX 570 video cards have shown good performance in mining and have proven themselves in the field of ether mining. On the AMD RX 570, mining can bring good profit, but for this you need to carefully study the range of products from various manufacturers and properly overclock the video card. The article will describe the overclocking of the RX 570 8gb video card, for mining, which card model is more suitable and how you can reduce the power consumption of the RX 570 in mining. Please note About The AMD Radeon RX 570 Review - The Review was done earlier than 2021 so their will be variation interms of the rate would earn when currency exchange is taken into consideration. AMD RX 570 in mining, characteristics and relevance (2021) The profit that a coin mining farm can bring to the owner depends on the power of the video card. Therefore, the need for new products among video cards arises more from miners than from gamers. Miners, at the earliest opportunity, evaluate and give recommendations on new video cards, give them performance ratings and describe the possibility of overclocking the memory and processor of the device. After the release, RX 570 attracted the interest of farm owners, and those who were just about to start mining. In order to somehow cover the shortage of video cards, various manufacturers have released their own models of cards based on this chip. This ensured the popularity of RX 570 cards among miners and the demand in the computer hardware market. They gradually began to take leadership positions in this area and stood alongside their predecessor, the RX series. On the RX 570 video card  , Ethereum mining performed well and thanks to this, it became the main device that mines coins on algorithms that do not use ASIC architecture . But, even the arrival of the first ASIKs on the air did not put an end to gpu mining. Cheap and hardy RX graphics cards have remained profitable. However, everything flows, everything changes. Several years ago, the powerful and relatively inexpensive 570 ousted not only the bulky and energy-consuming R9 series cards from the cryptoasset mining market, but also its closest relatives, the RX 470. And now this model is being replaced by the Navi series graphics adapters. However, it cannot be said that the RX 570 is no longer relevant for mining. Many crypto-miners have cards of this line and still mine Ether. Of course, this primarily concerns gpu devices with 8GB memory, but with the current Ethereum rate, it’s too early to write off four gigabytes, because there is also Ethereum classic, which can be mined on the RX 570 for at least a couple of years, and if its modernized algorithm does not break through ASIK and more. Ravencoin also brings good profit, so it's too early to write off this model and let's get acquainted with its technical parameters. People Also Asked: Common Questions about Radeon RX 570 Related Search: Recommend Articles For You To Read (Easy) People Also Search DetailsArticle To ReadRX 570 HashrateHashrate for RX 570 is outlined below:On different algorithms in this sense, the video card has the following characteristics:* Lbry – 0,15 GH/s.*CryptoNight – 0,63 кч/s.*Decred - 1.24 GH / s.*DaggerHashimoto – 23,61 MH/s.*X11Ghost – 7,4 MH/s.*Pascal – 0,73 GH/s.*Equihash – 311,58 Sol/s.*The same rule applies for the XFX RaAMD Radeon RX 570: Review | Benchmark| Overclocking| Hashrate | Profit (Bad and Good)RX 570 Hashrate EthereumA profitable dual mining technique on the RX 570 and other AMD Radeon models is the simultaneous mining of two popular "coins" - Ethereum and Decret. The hash rate for the first (after overclocking the graphics adapter) is at the level of 30-31 MH / s, for the second - within 800 MH /Contain Within ArticleRX 570 mining profitabilityAMD products are respected by miners. Both its old and new models are profitable, although the miners are not happy with some developments. Today we will talk about how profitable mining of popular cryptocurrencies is on AMD RX 570 4gb.Contain Within ArticleRX 570 hashrate Bitcoins.Installing new drivers for graphics adapters allows you to mine Ethereum on a Gigabyte Radeon RX 570 with a hash rate of up to 24 MH / s. By overclocking the device with firmware timings, the miner can achieve an increase in speed up to 29-30 MH / s. The exact values ​​depend on the specific card and the manufacturer (for example, the RX 570 Nitro + has 31 MH / s after overclocking, the products of other brands get lower values). Contain Within Article RX 570 4GB miningRadeon RX 570 is a video card, device that is used for direct mining of cryptocurrency. But the power consumption parameters have not yet been finally confirmed. It is not clear what level of income this type of equipment provides. And many do not understand how to flash video cards for mining. Contain Within Article RX 570 4GB what to mineWith The RX 570 one of the most profitable options for mining cryptocurrency is dual mining of the ETH / DCR pair, then video cards are most often configured for Ethereum. Overclocking for mining allows you to increase the Ethereum hashrate to 28-30 MH / s, while the Decred is at the level of 800-900 MH / s Contain Within Article RX 570 4gb mining settingsThese video adapters differ in both technical performance and price. In addition, memory from different manufacturers is installed in different models: Hynix (the best option), Micron (average, although a debatable question) or Elpida (the worst option).Within ArticleRX 570 overclock settings miningThe main danger of the overclocking process is that after it the user loses the warranty from the factory. If the user still decides, then he will need to download and install the following set with applications..... AMD Radeon RX 570: Review | Benchmark| Overclocking| Hashrate | Profit (Bad and Good) RX 570 4GB hashrate ravencoinCan somone tell me what the expected hashrate is for mining ravencoin on RX 570 4GB? Like many others I am repurposing RX 570 4GBs from mining ethereum to mining ravencoin. Right now I am getting like 10Mh/s on each. Is this normal or can this be improved quite a bit? If so are there any good guides one can recommend for tweaking with the settings.Expected hashrate for RX 570 4GBs?RX 570 4GB mining hashrateChoose the appropriate currency and algorithm for mining with the Radeon RX 570 8GB. Depending on the type of memory, the mining speed varies. GDDR5 from Samsung, installed on top-end cards, shows a hash rate of 1–2 MH / s higher than other options.Contain Within This ArticleNiceHash RX 570 4GBNiceHash offers a unique way to test mining. You can try mining with  QuickMiner Tryout through your web browser. It takes about 10 seconds to start mining and earn real bitcoins!Why should I start mining with NiceHash?RX 570 4GB mining profitability Profitability of the RX570. The payback period is usually long. This is due to both the high cost of the equipment and the situation in the market. RX 560 or RX 460 cards are preferred by users. They are cheaper, and the result is about the same. The user decides whether to invest in new CPUs, hope for further growth of the Ethereum coin. The user will figure out how to overclock the RX 580, mining after that will be easy.Contain Within ArticleXFX RX 570 4GB hashrateThe process of mining cryptocurrencies is constantly becoming more complicated. And the productivity of the farms needs to be constantly improved in order to obtain the required level of income. Soon it will no longer be profitable to invest in the purchase of video cards with a hash rate of less than 30 MH / s. The Radeon RX 570 is hardly suitable for full-fledged mining 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Like the MSI Radeon RX 570 armor 4G OC.Contain Within This ArticleRX 570 power consumptionThe video card has an average hash rate and low power consumption, so this is a promising option for mining, more profitable compared to other AMD and NVIDIA models.Within ArticleBest Coin for Ming Rx 570 (4gb &8gb)The best type of currency mined with the RX 570 is considered to be Ethereum , a “coin” that appeared on the cryptocurrency market about three years ago and continues to remain on the leaderboard even after the drop in rates in early 2018.Within ArticleRelated Search: Recommend Articles For your To Read Best Articles To reach Before Buying DetailsSourceRX 570 4GB Used Its always recommendable to buy any Electronics brand new from the manufacturer. This would precisely Be our Recommendation. AmazonBest Price for RX 570 4GB The declared price for the sale of cards is in the range of $300.00- $500.00 This cost is higher than common budget options, but not much. Any additional cost will have to be paid for those who are interested in modifying MSI. But the characteristics and quality of the products fully justify the expenses at the initial stage.  This applies to the 4 GB version.AMD Radeon RX 570: Review 2021 | Test| Specs| Hashrate | Profit (Bad and Good) RX 570 4GB price - (Ebay, Newegg, Amazon)Best Review on Amazon: This product is great. It's quite loud when the computer turns on but it's otherwise quiet. But beware of buying it from Amazon. There is an issue with Amazon fulfillment (as outlined by others). The item arrived without an external box or cushioning. I returned it in fear of it being damaged by bumps and the cold. Amazon Best Articles To reach Before Buying Radeon RX 570 - Still Enough for 1080p in 2021? The standard features of the RX 570 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5kideA_roE - number of processors - 2048 pcs. ; - interface - PCI-E ; - number of texture units - 128 pcs. ; - core frequency - 1255 MHz. ; - memory frequency - 7000 MHz. ; - memory capacity - 256 bits ; - maximum power consumption - 150 watts . Which RX 570 is the best for mining, model selection The RX 570 video card was produced in two variations:  4 GB and 8 GB of memory . Buying this model for mining in 2018, you can ignore the amount of video memory. Indeed, this option has practically no effect on the speed of mining coins of the Ethash (DaggerHashimoto) algorithm. Last spring, everyone was ready for the fact that for another  month or two and 4 GB will not be able to mine ETH and ETC , but for the RX 570 these are the most profitable coins. Of course, many other coins and tokens have been created on the basis of Dagger Hashimoto, but the profitability of mining will drop significantly. As a result, it turned out, how it happened. A very interesting story happened to the classic. The miners using AMD products were predicted to fail, but they continue to work safely. As of February 3, 2021, a mining farm of six RX 570 cards brings on Ether about $ 15 per day (without deducting the cost of electricity). Where to mine Ethereum Classic is practically irrelevant. The hashrate on both Windows and Linux is almost the same. By mining the ETC token, you can earn 3 USD in 24 hours. The profit on other Ethash coins is even smaller. On Equihash, the reds lag behind the greens, except for the Beam crypto coin. On kryptonite, after the departure of Monero, there were no profitable alts for a long time, but then Haven went up in price. The market is going up now, in the cold season you can successfully mine RVN. and other tokens can become more profitable. Perhaps not today, that by tomorrow someone will launch a new, profitable for mining, the project and the situation will improve. In addition, it should be borne in mind that Ethereum is switching to PoS mining, and the Ethereum classic project, according to Vitalik Buterin, will merge with large ether in the near future, and then these coins will become inaccessible for traditional mining. But still, 8 GB cards have more opportunities, for example, they can be used to mine a very promising Grin coin and other altcoins Cuckatoo31. Once, miners, due to indicators that do not change depending on the amount of memory, when mining with the  DaggerHashimoto  and  Equihash algorithms,  chose the one that was  cheaper , that is, the version with  4 GB . When the exchange rate began to change, many had to think about buying a version with a large amount of memory. Therefore, it is better to immediately overpay a little and take the 8 GB version . This applies not only to the RX  570, in a year and a half the turn of the six-gig 1660 S and 5600 XT will come . Get new models with 8 GB or higher memory. Even if the rate does not change for the worse, at any time a new algorithm may appear or the existing one may change, which will require more RAM to increase the hash rate. RAM sticks from Elpida and Hynix have pretty good overclocking potential and are found in RX 570 cards from most manufacturers. But there are also video cards with memory from Samsung, after the timing firmware they can provide a very high hash rate. Such memory chips are installed in Gigabyte RX 570 ( mainly AORUS) and in Sapphire Nitro + RX 570 . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmsxM-gGles Also, a good cooling system is an important parameter when choosing a card. This is exactly what the PowerColor RX 570 Red Devil has . There are as many as 3 fans installed on this card, due to which it remains as cold as possible. Radeon RX 570 - Mining Hashrate For Optimal Performance On different algorithms in this sense, the video card has the following characteristics: - Lbry – 0,15 GH/s. - CryptoNight – 0,63 кч/s. - Decred - 1.24 GH / s. - DaggerHashimoto – 23,61 MH/s. - X11Ghost – 7,4 MH/s. - Pascal – 0,73 GH/s. - Equihash – 311,58 Sol/s. The same rule applies for the XFX Radeon RX 570. Existing prospects Based on the results of practical tests RX 570 vs GTX 1060, three leaders can be distinguished, the use of which will be relevant for all areas of production: - Radeon RX 570 from Sapphire. - Asus. - Original from AMD. But the cards in this series can be called ambiguous anyway. The hash rate is far from the highest among the existing analogues. But due to the low power consumption, one can hope for a more or less passive stable income. Cards pay off quickly. The reason is low prices when compared with competitors. The Powercolor Radeon RX 570 has the advantage. There are more advantages to video cards than negative sides. And in many cases, it is permissible to purchase them for mining. But you need to take into account the existing pitfall. Then the user can easily flash any card. The process of mining cryptocurrencies is constantly becoming more complicated. And the productivity of the farms needs to be constantly improved in order to obtain the required level of income. Soon it will no longer be profitable to invest in the purchase of video cards with a hash rate of less than 30 MH / s. The Radeon RX 570 is hardly suitable for full-fledged mining 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Like the MSI Radeon RX 570 armor 4G OC. But this equipment can become a universal solution for many. For example, when a powerful computer is assembled, equipped with 2-3 slats. This version of the Radeon RX 580 4 GB is used for work and games, mining virtual currency. Top 10 Question Asked About The AMD Radeon RX 570 By Customer Before they Buy Top 10 Question Asked About The AMD Radeon RX 570 By Customer Before they BUY Question 1: Does The RX 570 card works for a power supply thermaltake tr2-600nl2nc 600w (not certified)??? Answer: Yes Question 2: Does the RX 570 works with a msi z97 motherboard lga1150 ddr3 Answer: Yes! but got to have the 500watt PSU. Question 3: The AMD Radeon 570, Is this the same as an amd rx 580 8gb? Answer: No, the RX 580 has more compute units and usually a faster GPU core clock speed. The RX 580 is a better performing graphics card. Question 4: Has anyone installed this on an older fm2+ mobo? i have the msi a88x g45 board with the a10-7800. pcpartpicker said it should. anyone done this? Answer: This card is perfect for bottom of line motherboards. To make sure, go to userbenchmark and see if anyone else is running it. I have mine on an Asus 320m, which is absolutely bottom tier. Answer 2: I would say this will run well. I recently had to upgrade to another board and cpu, BUT I had the rx580 8gb on my fm2a75m-dgs. I loved it, but couldn’t get the full power from the card. Turning off shadows and any graphics that utilize more cpu power helps things for playing on a 4K tv. Question 5: So i got all my parts not to long ago. when built everything turned on but i got a no singal screen. the gpu light turns too. what should i do? Answer: Sorry you are having issues with the card. My install went without a hitch and I am pleased with the card overall. Your symptoms sound kinda vague and diagnosing the issue without hands on examination would be a fruitless task to take on. It could be many so things from something so simple as plugging into motherboard video ports instead of the ports on the video card all the way to a defective GPU. If you'er a Prime member I would suggest sending it back if it's within the Amazon Prime return period. I would then get another unit or a different RX 570 brand name (suggest MSI or Sapphire brands both are very good and not much more expensive). The Power Color 8GB version is even less expensive than the XFX but it's on par with XFX in quality. If that doesn't resolve the issue you may have problems with other parts of your system. Something to check is to see if the GPU is on your motherboard's compatibility list for GPU's. I think it's unlikely that that is the problem, but if all else fails perhaps it may be a contributing issue. Good Luck. Question 6: Is it normal for the fans not spinning at start up? Answer: no Answer from other Customer: This card waits until the temps get high enough before it brings the fans on (usually like 50c or so) Question 7: Can the blue LED above the power connector be disabled? Answer: You could put some paint, tape, or glue on it, but no light means no power. Question 8: What is the warranty on this card? Answer: The XFX website says the warranty is 3 years for manufacturers defects. Question 9: Is The Radeon RX 570 a 16 pcie? Answer: Yes Question 10: Will this card work with dell optiplex 9020 & 4 monitors plus run well on x-plane 11 and ms2020? i would like to buy two to run 6 or 7 monitors? Answer: This card is pretty bad on its own so id say if you wanna run alot of monitors id get a different gpu ( From a customer Point of View) Top 3 Best Reviews of the Radeon RX 570 by Customer on Amazon XFX Radeon RX 570 RS Edition 1286MHz, 8gb GDDR5, DX12 VR Ready, Dual BIOS, 3xDP HDMI DVI, AMD Graphics Card (RX-570P8DFD6) Amazon Customer Review 1: I have this paired with a GIGABYTE B360M DS3H Mobo, 8GB 2400 DDR4 ram, and believe it or not a pentium gold g5400, And a Samsung Evo 850 512gb SSD, alongside 2 1TB HDDs. This card does not disappoint it's f****** awesome, Fornite at 1920X1080 100 FPS in performance mode without overclocking. Apex legends in the menu 150 FPS in game highest 112 FPS when things get crowded about 70 it has dipped as low as 58 FPS but that's impressive with this buget GPU and Budget CPU. Dolphin emulator all GameCube games play perfect Mario sunshine in at 50 FPS other games look great like HD remasters!! such as Mario's brothers mansion. Brawl for Wii locked at 60 FPS in fullscreen. No errors in N64 or Wii/GC emulators. My favorite part with the software from amd it's super simple to keep track of CPU,GPU,RAM usage and load. The fans on this GPU may not spin at all unless the temp is at 60C or above so don't freak if the fans are not spinning with the AMD software in the performance section you can override 0 RPM and have fans spin at desired speed. Hope this helped! Read the full article

[goldcoins0]

Explorer with Fiji Gold Project Added to Investment Firm's Watch List

Source: Streetwise Reports   10/30/2019

The highlights of this Canadian company's cornerstone asset are outlined in an Echelon Wealth Partners report.

In an Oct. 23 research note, analyst Ryan Walker reported that his firm Echelon Wealth Partners added Lion One Metals Ltd. (LIO:TSX.V; LOMLF:OTCQX) to its Watch List after meeting with the company's management at the recent Precious Metals Summit.

Lion One's flagship asset is Tuvatu, the alkaline high-grade gold project on Fiji's Viti Levu island. The current existing resource consists of diluted Indicated resources of 1.1 million tons at 8.46 grams per ton (8.46 g/t) gold, based on a 3 g/t cutoff grade. The Inferred resource totals 1.5 million tons at 9.7 g/t, or 468,000 ounces.

"Importantly," Walker pointed out, "about 80% of the existing resource is within just 200 meters (200m) of surface. Yet past drilling was done primarily within 300m from surface and only a small fraction went below 400m down.

Accordingly, the Canadian exploration company, earlier this year, launched a four-hole drill program to test for deep feeders to Tuvatu's existing high-grade resource.

Also noteworthy is that a preliminary economic assessment of Tuvatu, completed in 2015, showed robust economics, noted Walker. The report outlined an underground mine producing a total of 352,931 ounces of 11.31 g/t gold over the first seven years. The payback period was estimated to be 1.1 years.

This scenario would result in a post-tax net present value 5% of US$150 million and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 79% at a US$1,500 per ounce gold price. "We note the still robust 33% after-tax IRR even at $1,000 per ounce gold," Walker commented.

Further, Tuvatu is fully permitted for development, construction and mining by the Fiji government, and Lion One has a 21-year surface lease agreement at the project with local landowners and the iTaukei Land Trust.

Lion One's stock is currently trading at CA$0.90 per share.

Read what other experts are saying about:

Lion One Metals Ltd.

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Disclosure: 1) Doresa Banning compiled this article for Streetwise Reports LLC and provides services to Streetwise Reports as an independent contractor. She or members of her household own securities of the following companies mentioned in the article: None. She or members of her household are paid by the following companies mentioned in this article: None. 2) The following companies mentioned in this article are billboard sponsors of Streetwise Reports: Lion One. Click here for important disclosures about sponsor fees. 3) Comments and opinions expressed are those of the specific experts and not of Streetwise Reports or its officers. The information provided above is for informational purposes only and is not a recommendation to buy or sell any security. 4) The article does not constitute investment advice. Each reader is encouraged to consult with his or her individual financial professional and any action a reader takes as a result of information presented here is his or her own responsibility. By opening this page, each reader accepts and agrees to Streetwise Reports' terms of use and full legal disclaimer. This article is not a solicitation for investment. Streetwise Reports does not render general or specific investment advice and the information on Streetwise Reports should not be considered a recommendation to buy or sell any security. Streetwise Reports does not endorse or recommend the business, products, services or securities of any company mentioned on Streetwise Reports. 5) From time to time, Streetwise Reports LLC and its directors, officers, employees or members of their families, as well as persons interviewed for articles and interviews on the site, may have a long or short position in securities mentioned. Directors, officers, employees or members of their immediate families are prohibited from making purchases and/or sales of those securities in the open market or otherwise from the time of the interview or the decision to write an article until three business days after the publication of the interview or article. The foregoing prohibition does not apply to articles that in substance only restate previously published company releases.

Disclosures from Echelon Wealth Partners, Lion One, October 23, 2019

Echelon Wealth Partners compensates its Research Analysts from a variety of sources. The Research Department is a cost centre and is funded by the business activities of Echelon Wealth Partners including, Institutional Equity Sales and Trading, Retail Sales and Corporate and Investment Banking.

I, Ryan Walker, hereby certify that the views expressed in this report accurately reflect my personal views about the subject securities or issuers. I also certify that I have not, am not, and will not receive, directly or indirectly, compensation in exchange for expressing the specific recommendations or views in this report.

Important Disclosures: Is this an issuer related or industry related publication? Issuer.

Does the Analyst or any member of the Analyst’s household have a financial interest in the securities of the subject issuer? No

The name of any partner, director, officer, employee or agent of the Dealer Member who is an officer, director or employee of the issuer, or who serves in any advisory capacity to the issuer. No

Does Echelon Wealth Partners Inc. or the Analyst have any actual material conflicts of interest with the issuer? No

Does Echelon Wealth Partners Inc. and/or one or more entities affiliated with Echelon Wealth Partners Inc. beneficially own common shares (or any other class of common equity securities) of this issuer which constitutes more than 1% of the presently issued and outstanding shares of the issuer? No

During the last 12 months, has Echelon Wealth Partners Inc. provided financial advice to and/or, either on its own or as a syndicate member, participated in a public offering, or private placement of securities of this issuer? No

During the last 12 months, has Echelon Wealth Partners Inc. received compensation for having provided investment banking or related services to this Issuer? No

Has the Analyst had an onsite visit with the Issuer within the last 12 months? No

Has the Analyst or any Partner, Director or Officer been compensated for travel expenses incurred as a result of an onsite visit with the Issuer within the last 12 months? No

Has the Analyst received any compensation from the subject company in the past 12 months? No

Is Echelon Wealth Partners Inc. a market maker in the issuer’s securities at the date of this report? No

( Companies Mentioned: LIO:TSX.V; LOMLF:OTCQX, )

from https://www.streetwisereports.com/article/2019/10/30/explorer-with-fiji-gold-project-added-to-investment-firms-watch-list.html

[financingideas-blog]

How To Pay For College: The Best Order Of Operations

New Post has been published on https://financeqia.com/awesome/how-to-pay-for-college-the-best-order-of-operations/

How To Pay For College: The Best Order Of Operations

Mountains of student loans are what most people think of when it comes to paying for college.

Student loans are a source of funding for most students but they should actually be your last option. Student loans accrue a lot of interest and take years to pay off. In fact, a study from the OneWisconsin Institute finds that it takes alumnus of Wisconsin universities 19.7 years to pay off a bachelor’s degree and 23 years to pay off a graduate degree.

Knowing that students loans will likely be a source of funding, there is still an order of operations to follow when seeking out funding sources for college. After reviewing your financial aid award notification, you’ll have to think about how you’re going to pay for school.

In this article, we’ve the main groups of funding sources. Start with the top group and work your style down to the last( i.e ., worse) alternative, which is student loans. By following this guide, there’s a chance you can reduce the amount of student loans needed to finance college. For a luck few, they may find student loans are not even necessary.

Here’s our take on the “best’ order of operations to pay for college. It’s important to note that this is more like a “pie” than a strict order. The more you can contribute from the “earlier” slices, the less you’ll have to borrow. And there is no “strict” rules here – but you should definitely use free fund before other funds.

How To Pay For College[ Order of Operations] 1. Scholarships and Grants2. Your Own Savings( as a student )3. Your Earnings( as a student )4. Parents Savings For College5. Parents Current Income6. Fellowships and Assistantships7. Aid Through School Work-Related Programs8. Federal Student Loans9. Private Student LoansFinal Thoughts

1. Scholarships and Grants

Gift aid is part of your financial aid award. This is money that does not have to be paid back. It includes grants, scholarships, and any source of private funding that doesn’t require you to pay it back.

Of course, it depends on getting your FAFSA submitted on time.

Some students might realize a large amount of scholarships and awards. Others might not be able to get as much.

Don’t forget to apply for private scholarships and grants as well – don’t simply depend on your school. This sounds crazy, but I recommend high schoolers apply to at least 50 scholarships.

Check out these guides :P TAGENDHow To Find Scholarships To Pay For CollegeHow To Find Grants To Pay For College2. Your Own Savings( as a student)

Saving for college involves scheming. If you’re one of a small group who has accumulated money for college, it’s time to put it to work.

Maybe you’ve been saving your graduation fund, or you’ve received birthday funds over day. Maybe grandma even left you some money to pay for college when you were younger.

If you have your own student savings, use it to pay for college is a great first step.

3. Your Earnings( as a student)

Additionally, employing your current income will help cut down on any loans you might need. If you don’t have any savings, use what you can from current income to help fund college.

A lot of people forget that they can earn money before going to school( i.e. the best summer jobs for college students ), or even run full hour during school.

I personally ran full period while going to university. I worked five days per week – Monday, Wednesday, and Friday nights, and during the day on Saturdays and Sundays. I tried to schedule my class for Tuesday and Thursday, or if necessary, before work on the other days.

Don’t know about ways to earn as a student? Check out our 100+ Ways To Make Money In College.

4. Mothers Savings For College

Next on the list is any money your mothers may have put aside for school. This could be in the form of a 529 college savings account, or other savings vehicle.

Many mothers have started saving for college for their students at a young age. Leveraging money in a tax deferred plan like a 529 savings account can be a great way to pay for the majority of school( if the money is there ).

Parents might also have other savings set aside for their child. It’s important to have dialogues about parental contributions early, so that everyone involved in the “paying for college” debate knows what to expect.

5. Mothers Current Income

Along with a student’s income, a parent’s income is also a primary source of paying for college. Even if parent’s have saved very much, they may be able to contribute a little bit towards the cost of college every year simply through their current salary.

Some parents may be able to contribute much more than others, but every little bit that can be sent in to avoid borrowing for school is a huge win.

6. Fellowships and Assistantships

If you are attending graduate school, a fellowship is a great source of funding. It is awarded to graduate students based on merit. It allows the graduate student to focus on their studies rather than having to work or teach. Fellowships do not have to be paid back. They also look great on CVs and carry a certain cachet.

“It’s basically the Harry Potter scar on your forehead indicating you’re an amazing intellectual, ” stated Meredith Drake Reitan, associate dean for graduate fellowships at the USC Graduate School.

“The fellowship program is about research potential, ” she said. “Faculty members might say,’ They’re not ready to apply to for the NSF Fellowship because their research hasn’t quite jelled.’ But that’s actually right where the NSF wants them — it’s designed to be an early career accelerator.”

The takeaway: don’t think you aren’t qualified for a fellowship. They are certainly worth is applicable for. Speak with your educational counselor or advisor about how and which ones may have the highest potential for successful acceptance.

7. Aid Through School Work-Related Programs

We continue down the list and come to work-related programs that are meant to provide a flexible schedule around your classes. At this phase, you’ve depleted all forms of funding that don’t require work exchange or loans. We’re now moving into funding sources that will require some sort of payback.

Work examines are common on college campuses. These programs are usually tied into your financial aid award. They allow you to work on campus within a flexible schedule. Pay is usually minimum wage, but you can’t beat the flexible schedule provided by these programs. While it is a smaller source of funding, depending on your class schedule, it might be the only type of job you can take on.

Assistantships are usually reserved for graduate students. These programs are similar to work examines except they are teaching positions. Often the student will teach lower-level classes in areas they are very familiar with.

8. Federal Student Loans

We’ve come to one of the last option as a source for funding college. This is money that must be paid back, will accrue interest and often has some type of origination fee. For many students, it’s difficult to avoid taking on loans.

Federal loans have a fairly low interest rate, which often does not surpassed the single digits. As reported by StudentAid.ed.gov, loans first disbursed on or after 7/1/ 18 and before 7/1/ 19 have the following interest rates :P TAGENDDirect Subsidized( undergraduate ): 5.05% Direct Unsubsidized( undergraduate ): 5.05% Direct Unsubsidized( alumnu or professional ): 6.60% Direct PLUS:( parents and graduate or professional students ): 7.60%

In regards to loans for college, you aren’t likely to find a better deal anywhere else.

Don’t believe us? Check out the Best Student Loan Rates here.

9. Private Student Loans

Private loans are another and final option. These may be loans from banks or other lenders that are non-government. They will have higher interest rates than government loans and won’t offer the same advantages such as hardship, forbearance, and fixed interest rates.

Private student loans should really be a last resort, and before borrowing, you should really do a full Return On Investment Calculation of your college expenditures to even see if college is worth it.

We recommend students shop and compare private loan options before taking them out. Credible is an excellent option because you can compare about 10 different lenders in 2 minutes and consider what you qualify for. Check out Credible here.

You can also consider the full list of private student loan options here: Best Private Student Loans.

Final Thoughts

Paying for college can be a challenge. It’s a huge sum of money, and there are a lot of different ways to go about it.

I like to think about it as a pie – each one of the steps above is a slice, and you can try to attain some bigger to minimize others.

The bottom line here is that you don’t need to borrow the entire amount for school. There are many different ways to pay for college if you work at it.

The post How To Pay For College: The Best Order Of Operations seemed first on The College Investor.

Read more: thecollegeinvestor.com

[solarsecure]

Invest in assets that add value to your business

We are always on the lookout for investments that will turn into rewarding assets – a car, a house, technology, and more. What if there was a way that your investment could not only save you thousands of dollars every year, but could also contribute to a greener, better world?

Yes,

So, We’re talking about solar energy. After all, investing in solar means investing in your future.

While commercial solar panels ensure sustainable and independent supply of energy to your workplace, their benefits go beyond simply minimising your business’s operation costs. In addition to having environmental and direct financial benefits, investing in commercial solar power can potentially drive your business better than ever. It is no news that businesses with solar energy are considered amongst the more reputable businesses in Australia. Consequently, an increasing number of businesses in Australia are making the switch to solar every year.

Here are some reasons why investing in commercial solar can facilitate growth and add value to your business –

1. Cost-effectiveness

This one is fairly obvious and among the top reasons the world is adapting readily to solar energy. Investing in commercial solar panels translates to immunity against the rapidly rising electricity prices, besides leading to considerable reduction in your monthly energy bills. Not to mention, the payback period of 5-10 years on commercial solar panels (which means your business can recover the cost of installation within 5-10 years)

Furthermore, if you opt for net metering, your business can actually EARN money by selling any excess back to the grid.

2. Tax benefits

The tax incentives and rebates offered by the Australian government make solar a smarter, more financially sound investment decision than ever before.

3. Sustainability & environmental impact

The most effective way to persuade others to adopt sustainable choices is to set a precedent. Making the switch to solar not only brings down the carbon footprint of your business, but also means that you are no longer perpetuating serious health conditions and diseases like asthma.

4. Business growth

Going solar also cements the trust and loyalty of your clients / consumers in your business. Businesses powered by solar energy are viewed as responsible and generally enjoy a high reputation in the industry. It shows that you have strong morals and are making conscious efforts to contribute towards a greener future.

5. Increased commercial value of property

Another reason why commercial solar is a wise investment decision is that it significantly increases the value of your property. Having commercial solar panels installed on your property could fetch you a rewarding profit in the future, when you decide to sell it.

There are many ways in which going solar can make your business shine, these are just some of the top ones.

Planning to switch to solar but feeling overwhelmed? our Solar Experts will be happy to assist you. Get a free quote today!

Let’s meet our happy customers on productreview.com.au

[energysolutions]

Detailed guide: Combined Heat and Power Incentives has been published on Energy Solutions News

New Post has been published on https://www.energybrokers.co.uk/news/beis/detailed-guide-combined-heat-and-power-incentives

Detailed guide: Combined Heat and Power Incentives

Installing a CHP plant can lead to significant fuel, cost and emissions savings over conventional, separate forms of power generation and heat-only boilers. However, capital costs are high and payback periods can be long. The UK Government has introduced a number of fiscal and financial support mechanisms designed to improve the economics of developing and operating CHP plants certified, either fully or partly, as “Good Quality” by the CHP Quality Assurance programme. The CHPQA is consistent with the EU definition of high-efficiency CHP/cogeneration.

Support so received is in addition to the commercial value of any heat and power generated. The following pages describe existing relevant government policies and measures that are supporting the greater deployment of Good Quality CHP. As a result of the devolution of powers within the UK to the Devolved Administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, there are some variations in treatment across the countries of the UK.

Climate Change Levy Exemption

The Climate Change Levy was introduced by the UK Government in 2001 and is charged on most non-domestic supplies of energy used as fuel for lighting, heating and power. The CCL is designed to promote energy efficiency and encourage investment in energy saving equipment, thereby reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. CHP schemes that are fully or partially certified as Good Quality CHP under CHPQA and have obtained a Secretary of State (CHP) Exemption Certificate are exempt from the main rates of CCL on:

the fuel they utilise (assuming they meet a power efficiency threshold of 20% otherwise this exemption is scaled back)

the direct and self-supplies of the power output generated (assuming the QI is met, otherwise the qualifying power output (QPO) is scaled back).

Indirect supplies (that is, supplies to the final consumer made by electricity utilities) of QPO electricity are only exempt from the main rates of CCL where the electricity was generated before 1 April 2013 (as evidenced by CHP LECs). Following closure of the CHP LEC scheme, March 2013 was the last month of generation eligible for CHP LECs.

For Further Information

Carbon Price Support Tax Exemption

In April 2013, a Carbon Price Floor was introduced on fossil fuels used to generate electricity. The CPF is made up of the EU ETS carbon price and a UK-only tax known as the Carbon Price Support. Supplies of coal, gas and LPG used in most forms of electricity generation are liable for the CPS tax. The CPS tax does not apply in Northern Ireland due to the common electricity market with the Republic of Ireland. Operators of CHP schemes above 2MWe were initially liable to account for the CPS rates of CCL on the proportion of coal, gas or LPG they used to generate electricity. However, with effect from the 1 April 2015, the Government introduced an exemption from the CPF for fuels that are used in CHPs to generate Good Quality electricity for self-supply or use ‘on site’.

Electricity is used on-site if it is self-supplied or supplied to a consumer by an exempt unlicensed electricity supplier.

Electricity is self-supplied where the producer makes no supply of it to another person, but causes it to be consumed in the UK. This will include the parasitic load of the CHP scheme.

A CHP scheme can be exempt unlicensed electricity supplier if it qualifies under Class A or Class C of Schedule 4 of The Electricity (Class Exemptions from the Requirement for a License) Order 2001.

For further information

See worked examples for calculating CPS exemption for CHPQA certified schemes.

PDF, 485KB, 11 pages

Enhanced Capital Allowances

The Enhanced Capital Allowances scheme allows businesses to write-off 100% of their investment in those energy saving technologies that are listed in the Energy Technology Criteria List against the taxable profits of the period during which they make the investment. ECAs are claimed in the same way as other capital allowances on the Corporation Tax Return for companies and the Income Tax Return for individuals and partnerships.

One of the qualifying technologies is good quality CHP. In order to qualify for ECAs, a CHP plant must be certificated under the CHPQA programme and have a Secretary of State Certificate of Energy Efficiency.

For further information

Be aware that:

The main intended business of the CHP should be to provide heat and power for clearly identified users on site or to known third parties, and not to generate power for sale to or via unspecified third parties.

ECAs will be available for all companies except for companies whose core business is electricity production, insofar as they use the CHP system to produce electricity to be sold to unknown end users.

Note 1: From April 2008, loss making companies have also been able to realise the tax benefit of their investment in ETL qualifying technologies through claiming first-year tax credits (also referred to as payable ECAs). Contact HMRC for further details.

Note 2: a renewable CHP plant claiming RHI (or FiTs) may not claim support under the ECA, ECAs may still be claimed (subject to the other conditions of the ECA scheme) from April 2014 onwards in respect of expenditure on such equipment as long as no tariffs are paid. Any ECAs given, in respect of expenditure incurred from April 2014 for CHP installations, will be withdrawn if FiTs or RHI tariffs are paid subsequently.

Ending enhanced allowances for energy and water efficient plant and machinery – Budget 2018 Announcement

The updates to the ETL and WTL will come into effect on the date set by the statutory instrument. The schemes will both end with effect from 1 April 2020 for companies and 6 April 2020 for unincorporated businesses. Capital allowances: Ending enhanced allowances for energy and water efficient plant and machinery

Business Rating Exemption

The business rating exemption applies to specified plant and machinery contained within CHP Schemes that are fully or partially certified as “Good Quality CHP” under the CHPQA scheme and have obtained a Secretary of State (CHP) Exemption Certificate. The exemption extends to accessories associated with the power generating plant and machinery (these items may be rateable in their own right elsewhere in the P & M Schedule) but not to heat recovery plants and machinery

The valuation for business rating is calculated differently for stand-alone CHP generators than for embedded CHP plant. The ratings for the former use a ‘receipts and expenditure (R&E)’ valuation methodology, based on a ‘landlord’ and ‘tenant’ approach, whilst CHP plants which form part of a larger site are assessed as part of that ‘hereditament’.

The nearest Valuation Office to any hereditament can be found on the website of the Valuation Office Agency or in their telephone directory.

In Scotland, applications should be directed to the Assessor for the local Council or Valuation Joint Board. Contact information for Assessors is available from the local Council. In Northern Ireland the business rating exemption is restricted to micro-CHP on or attached to an existing building. Micro-CHP means a maximum electrical capacity of 50kWe and/or a maximum heat capacity of 45kW.

For further information

CHPQA Guidance Note 43 which covers the use of CHPQA to Obtain Exemption from Business Rating of CHP Plant and Machinery.

Renewables Obligation (ROCs are Closed for new CHP Schemes)

The Renewables Obligation was introduced to support electricity generation from renewable sources. The RO came into effect in 2002 in England and Wales, and Scotland, followed by Northern Ireland in 2005. It places a mandatory requirement on UK electricity suppliers to source a growing percentage of electricity from eligible renewable generation capacity. Suppliers are required to produce evidence of their compliance with this obligation via certificates, referred to as Renewables Obligation Certificates. Each ROC represents 1MWe of electricity generated from eligible renewable sources.

A new Renewables Obligation Order came into effect on 1st April 2009. Key features were:

Introduction of the concept of “banding” which provides varying levels of support (ROCs/MWh) for different types of renewable generation

Enhanced support for schemes fuelled by energy crops

Increased level of support to Good Quality (GQ) CHP over power-only schemes (Dedicated biomass, Energy from Waste, and co-firing of biomass & energy crops)

Continued support for GQ CHP fuelled by waste

For CHP schemes that are fully or partly certified as Good Quality under the CHPQA scheme, the power output eligible for the award of ROCs is determined by Ofgem using the relationship: Eligible Power Output = Net Power Output X Biomass Content (%) X Qualifying Power Output/Total Power Output

In 2012 DECC undertook a review of the Renewables Obligation. The Government response to the consultation on proposals for the levels of banded support under the Renewables Obligation for the period 2013-17 and the Renewable Obligation Order 2012 was published in July 2012.

ROC Banding

The detailed rules for support levels under the RO are set out in the Renewables Obligation Orders. In general terms the level of support for renewable electricity generated by Good Quality CHP is (for stations accrediting under the RO before 1 April 2015):

2.0 ROCs/MWh for schemes fuelled wholly by biomass (includes the CHP 0.5 ROC uplift)

1.0 ROCs/MWh for schemes fuelled by waste

To qualify for these ROC allowances, an additional CHPQA Certificate (GN44’ROC Eligible’ Certificate) is required based on a separate assessment to that used to access other benefits available to Good Quality CHP. See CHPQA GN44 (issue 4) for more details.

The Good Quality CHP uplift is grandfathered for all CHP stations accredited prior to 1 April 2013 which have at any time claimed the Good Quality CHP uplift.

A transition period ran between 1 April 2013 and 31 March 2015 where developers of new accreditations and new additional capacity had a one off choice between the GQCHP uplift or Renewable Heat Incentive support. All new CHP stations accredited during the transition period that chose the Good Quality CHP uplift are also grandfathered.

Where a CHPQA GN44 ‘ROC eligible’ certificate has been issued (thus able to claim the CHP ‘ROC Uplift’), participants are ineligible to claim support on the heat output under the RHI.

CHP accredited (or adding additional capacity) by or after 1 April 2015 are only able to claim the Good Quality CHP uplift where the heat produced is from a technology and/or fuel source which has never met the RHI eligibility criteria. Thus all new/upgraded solid biomass CHP accredited from this date onwards will instead receive support from a combination of the RO (but no ‘Good Quality CHP uplift’) and RHI. However, as RHI support is not available to bioliquid CHP schemes, these schemes, if certified as Good Quality CHP by CHPQA, would receive 1.9 or 1.8 ROCs/MWh if accredited in 2015/16 and 2016/17 respectively. This is a ‘ROC Uplift’ of 0.4MWh over that received by dedicated biomass schemes without CHP.

The Northern Ireland Renewables Obligation works in conjunction and is consistent with the ROs in GB. The 2015 banding review to link RO and RHI was replicated in Northern Ireland but didn’t come in until October 2015.

For further information

Renewable Heat Incentive

The Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI), launched in November 2011, is UK Government initiative designed to provide support to renewable heat technologies in order to increase deployment and aid market development with the ultimate aim of reducing cost of installation. The RHI supports heat where that heat is used in a building for ‘eligible purposes’: heating a space, heating water, or for carrying out a process where the heat is used. Heat utilised to produce or process the renewable fuel, or used for electricity generation, does not qualify for RHI.

Qualifying useful heat must be measured by correctly installed heat metering equipment. Solid biomass CHP installations (excluding solid biomass contained in waste) are eligible for the solid biomass CHP tariff on their eligible heat output if:

the installation/relevant combustion unit(s)/conversion from power only generation was commissioned on or after 4 December 2013.

the relevant combustion unit(s) are new at the time of installation

the installation is certified under the CHPQA scheme. Applicants will have to provide evidence of current CHPQA certification as part of the accreditation process in order to be awarded this tariff

the relevant combustion unit(s) are designed and installed to burn solid biomass only (not including solid biomass contained in waste)

the relevant combustion unit(s) comply with the air quality requirements Thus to qualify for the RHI tariff, the scheme has to have a CHPQA certificate but does not have to fully qualify as Good Quality CHP. However, the CHP tariff will be eligible only for heat generated by the engine or extracted from the turbine, and Ofgem will require that heat so generated is separately metered.

Accredited, participants in receipt of the solid biomass CHP tariff have to continue to be CHPQA certified each year in order to retain the solid biomass CHP tariff. Where Ofgem establish an installation is not certified under the CHPQA for any year, they will be assigned the relevant solid biomass (non-CHP) tariff for the period of non-certification. The rate at which RHI is paid to other renewable CHP plants eligible for support is dependent on their thermal output capacity and fuel type.

For Further Information:

Northern Ireland has its own Renewable Heat Incentive, both domestic and non-domestic, and makes its own regulations for the schemes and sets its own tariffs and technologies. Changes have recently been introduced to the Northern Ireland RHI and include two new tariffs for CHP to coincide with the changes in the NIRO.

Contracts for Difference

The Contracts for Difference regulations came into force in Great Britain on 1 August 2014; CfDs will replace the RO for new projects targeting commissioning from 1 April 2017 (RO grace periods allow certain slippage to commissioning beyond 31st March 2017). A final decision has still to be taken by Northern Ireland as to its inclusion in the CfD mechanism. CfDs are awarded competitively to the best value projects via an allocation round process.

A generator party to a CfD is paid the difference between the ‘strike price’ (a price for electricity reflecting the cost of investing in a particular low carbon technology), and the ‘reference price’ (a measure of the average market price for electricity). In the event that the reference price exceeds the strike price the generator pays the difference to the Low Carbon Contracts Company, a Government-owned but arms-length company.

Biomass CHP and energy from waste (but not bio liquid fuelled) CHP are eligible to compete for support in CfD allocation rounds, but biomass and energy from waste power-only projects are not eligible for CfD support. Support under the CfD will be paid only on the proportion of metered electrical output assessed by CHPQA scheme to be “Good Quality”.

Energy from waste CHP (EfW CHP) schemes are ineligible to apply for CfDs if they have also applied for support under the RHI, as the CFD strike prices for EfW CHP are based on both the power and heat component supplied (unlike those for biomass CHP schemes that are based on ‘power only’).

To be eligible for CHP specific CfDs, the operator will need to provide a CHPQA GN44 certificate, confirming that the scheme either partially or fully qualifies as Good Quality under the CHPQA criteria.

Support under the CfD will be paid only on the proportion of metered electrical output assessed by CHPQA to be Qualifying Power Output. This is applied in the CfD contract by applying a CHP Qualifying Multiplier (in normal circumstances the Qualifying Power Output / Total Power Output ratio) to the total electrical output of the plant.

For CfD purposes, the validity of the CHPQA GN44 certificate will continue on, and not cease on its expiry date, until such time as a new GN44 certificate is obtained – but the continued validity of a GN44 certificate after its expiry date will apply only in respect of electricity generated during periods when the reference price is above the strike price and the term of the CfD has not expired.

For Further Information

See following CHPQA Guidance Notes for more details. Whilst policy responsibility for the CfD policy lies with BEIS, a CfD is a private law contract between the generator and the Low Carbon Contracts Company, a Government-owned company.

Guidance Note Summary GUIDANCE NOTE 44 Issue 5 Use Of CHPQA To Qualify For Contracts For Difference Support – for Renewable Obligation Schemes certified prior to 1 January 2016, that were not operational before 26 July 2012 and for Contracts for Difference contracts entered into before the publication of Issue 6 of this Guidance Note GUIDANCE NOTE 44 Issue 6 Use of CHPQA in respect of the Renewables Obligation and Contracts for Difference – for Renewable Obligation Schemes not certified prior to 1 January 2016 and Contracts for Difference contracts entered into after the publication of this Guidance Note GUIDANCE NOTE 44 Issue 7 Use of CHPQA in respect of the Renewables Obligation and Contracts for Difference – for Renewable Obligation Schemes not certified prior to 1 January 2016 and Contracts for Difference contracts entered into after the publication of this Guidance Note

Feed-in Tariff

The Feed-in Tariff (FiT) was introduced by the UK Government in order to support renewable electricity generating technologies installed up to 5 MWe in capacity.

On 18 December 2018 legislation was laid before government which closes the FIT scheme to new applicants from 1 April 2019, barring some exceptions. See Government Guidance on closure of this scheme: https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/publications-and-updates/draft-feed-tariffs-essential-guide-closure-scheme

The only renewable fuel CHP technology that was supported by the FiT scheme was anaerobic digestion (excluding sewage gas). Solid biomass, sewage gas and landfill gas CHP were specifically excluded from the FiT scheme on the grounds that it is considered there is adequate support available through the RO scheme. The FiT scheme also includes a pilot which provides support to domestic scale micro CHP installations. Micro CHP units are normally fuelled by natural gas and must have an installed capacity of 2 kWe or less. To be eligible for support from FiTs, qualifying micro CHP units must be installed and certified in accordance with the Microgeneration Certification Scheme (MCS). Any other technology and scale of project must be accredited through a process based on the existing Renewable Obligation process, known as the RO-FIT process. Note that the FiT micro CHP pilot will support up to 30,000 installations, with a review to start once 12,000 installations are complete.

Further information

The Feed-in Tariff does not apply in Northern Ireland and there is no alternative policy in place.

Hydrocarbon Oil Duty Relief

CHP schemes that are fully or partially certified as “Good Quality CHP” under the CHPQA programme and have obtained a Secretary of State (CHP) Exemption Certificate are able to claim a refund of Hydrocarbon Oils duty on oil used to generate electricity in respect of an annual operation (assuming they meet a power efficiency threshold of 20% otherwise this exemption is scaled back to the same relevant fraction as entitlement to relief from CCL).

Further information

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New Source of Financing and Assessment of Efficiency of Nature Protection Activity

Short Communication

Environmental activities are characterized by high risk, capital intensity, non-commercial nature and longer payback period, which require improvement of information and analytical management tools. Environmental activity is a set of specialized engineering, technological, control, analytical, production, economic and management operations that form an independent process of creating the ecological utility of a commercial product. There are non-traditional for modern practice factors which have simultaneously stimulating and retarding influence: territory, assimilation potential, market of best technologies, urbanization, global natural processes, business and investment climate, social and economic globalization, public administration and internal corporate resources [1].

The main fundamental principles of environmental management are the principle of legality and civil responsibility, the principle of universal significance of created values, the principle of balancing environmental and economic interests, constant measurement and analysis, delegation of authority and responsibility, regulation and adaptive management [2]. Analysis of environmental activities of enterprises is a thematic, scientifically based economic research, which is crucial for solution of sustainable development challenges, preservation of existing potential of natural resources, balance of the economy development and introduction of innovations. The system of state economic regulation of environmental management contributes to the achievement of such level when the end results of enterprises are closely linked to the effectiveness of environmental measures and their interest in complying of environmental requirements [3]. By transition to the principles of sustainable development, therole of economic analysis in solving of issues related to the effectiveness of environmental activities in all management cycles becomes supremely important. Without detailed analysis of environmental measures, required expenses and results of their implementation, it is impossible to make appropriate management decisions.

Nowadays, the imperfect environmental protection system of the Republic of Tajikistan operates on the principle of “identification and correction” instead of “averting and prevention”. By analyzing of environmental issues, it is very important to carry out a thorough assessment of how harmonized legislative and regulatory acts are, how interconnected and mutually conditioned are the adopted strategic and program documents, and how much planned measures are provided with resources. Understanding of these issues is necessary as for minimization of irrational use of natural resources, so for reduction of negative anthropogenic impact on the environment and its preservation for future generations. Environmental issues presented in socio-economic strategies and programs are not always priorities and, as a result, are funded insufficiently (Table 1). The Committee on Environment Protection within the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan (CEP RT) is the main environmental state body, which activities are funded by both public funds and special funds. Special funds of the CEP RT are formed mainly from inputs of enterprises, institutions, residents and non-residents, physical and juridical persons, in the form of mandatory ecological payments for environmental pollution, waste disposal, use of natural resources (animals and plants, included to the Red Book and other environmental documents) and for excessive use ofnature resources. As the Figure 1 shows, despite improvement of environmental activities, the facts of violation of environmentallegislation by citizens are still taking place, leading to increase of ecological penalties and fines.

Source: Committee on environmental protection. Special Committee’s funds are used for rehabilitation of natural resources, implementation of environmental protection measures and improvement of ecological situation accordingly to the requirements of current legislation. The major portion of budget financing and alternative sources is spent for implementation of biotechnical measures. Accordingly, to the data of Figure 2, the total amount of funding for biotechnical measures over the past 10 years has increased sevenfold, indicating an improvement in the work on environmental protection and stabilization of ecological condition. Also, the funds are allocated for the construction and restoration of environmental entities. For these purposes, in 2018, 1396,2 thousand Tajik somoni were allocated from the budget, that is 1.6 times more than in 2008. In 2018, the total amount of 5524,1 thousand Tajik somoni wasallocated from special funds for construction and restoration of environmental entities, that is 64.1 times higher in comparison with 2008 (Figure 3). The central state executive body responsible for environmental policy implementation is the CEP RT. Its competence includes such important functions as environment protection, forestry development, hydrometeorology, coordination of implementation of environmental measures by ministries, departments, enterprises and institutions, observation of ecological safety standards, protection and reproduction of natural resources and coordination of activities in fulfillment of international agreements by the Republic of Tajikistan as well as establishment of collaboration with international partners in the field of environment protection (Figure 4).

Over the past 7 years, the CEP RT has undergone reorganization four times: Ministry of Nature Protection (2003), State Committee on Environment Protection and Forestry (2004), Ministry of Agriculture and Nature Protection (2006), Committee on Environment Protection (2008), which indicates the instability of its activities and undermines the executive capacity of its subdivisions leading to high turnover of highly qualified personnel. In this regard, to date, the existing structure of CEP RT remains functionally unsustainable and the potential of state environmental management cannot fully implement its assigned objectives, identified in numerous legislative, strategic and program documents. First, this is stipulated by absence of special body in the structure of the CEP RT on strategic planning, which would deal with self-assessment and assessment of existing and required capacity for both implementation of environmental activities and development of measures to strengthen this capacity. Secondly, the activities of the CEP RT structural subdivisions are focused mainly on control of implementation environmental legislation and normative acts by enterprises, which use natural resources, and to a lesser extent on organization of regular work on management and interdepartmental coordination of environmental protection, improvement and harmonization of environmental legislation, monitoring of environment condition, realization of adopted decisions, advocacy of rational nature resources use, training/retraining and certification of personnel and all involved partners, whose activities are connected to both environmental management and human impact on the environment at all levels of central and local authorities.

CEP RT established its administrative offices in regions, cities and districts all over the country to control observation of environmental legislation and regulatory requirements to assure prevention of environmental pollution. In general, the organizational structure of regional departments on environment protection is like its parent organization, the CEP RT. In accordance with the Laws of the Republic of Tajikistan “On Local Government Authorities”, “On Self-Government Bodies”, “On Nature Protection”, “On Ecological Expertise”, “On Natural Protected Areas” and etc., the key role in coordination of environmental activities and decision-making is given to the local authorities. Local authorities are empowered to coordinate environmental issues on their administrative areas, such as environment protection, use of natural resources, including allocation and withdraw of land plots, monitoring of their purposive use, water use, etc. [4].

However, in the structure of local territorial administration there is no special body responsible for the coordination of environmental measures. This is probably stipulated by the fact that environmental issues are functionally related to the activities of municipal, industrial and agricultural sectors, water and land administrations, etc. In addition, the local departments of environmental protection of the CEP, which in turn do not have the authority to coordinate the environmental activities of Khukumats’ economic sectors, are accountable to the Khukumats. This institutional structure was established in the Soviet period and did not undergo any changes, despite of market transformations and national development processes in the country. The existing duplication of functions, dual subordination between the state authorities at all levels and between specially empowered state and local authorities requires thorough analysis and streamlining of functions in environmental protection activities, and primarily at the legislative level.

Local governments, in accordance with their powers, carry out the regulation of some issues connected to land and water use by farms and population [5]. Nowadays, legislative regulation of environmental activities of local governments is not legally fixed and is limited to certain issues concerning disposal of solid waste, landscaping and gardening. The general norms of the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan concerning powers of local authorities are reflected in the Law of the Republic of Tajikistan “On the self-government bodies of settlements and villages”. The place and role of the local authorities in addressing environmental issues are not clearly formulated in the existing legislation. These legislative acts do not contain clear differentiations of competence between central and local governments, as well as between specially authorized bodies, although formally some issues are specified. The concept of powers/functions of local self-government is completely absent in environmental legislation and, consequently, the competence and place of local authorities in solving of environmental issues are not defined. Thus, the interaction of local and central authorities is the most important condition for ensuring the effectiveness of environmental management in general [5]. Today, one of the most important tasks in the reform of local self-government is to develop the effective interaction mechanism.

The system of environmental management and regulation in Tajikistan operated based on laws and regulations developed inthe former Soviet Union. To date, a relatively well-developed national environmental legislation has been created. However, the current legislation has certain weaknesses, and namely:

a) it is somewhat declarative, due to the lack of mechanisms and resources for the implementation of the citizens’ rights on favorable environmental conditions

b) its clauses are not sufficiently interconnected; and mechanisms of monitoring the effectiveness of its implementation are not developed

c) the mechanisms of its clauses interrelation with other regulatory documents of economic sectors are not worked out, and the functions and responsibilities of ministries and departments to solve environmental problems and issues of nature resources use are not clearly defined.

The existing regulatory framework requires a review as well as inclusion of executable requirements; it should clearly reflect the mechanisms of implementation of main clauses of adopted legislation. In the current legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan, the environmental protection activity is defined as “the activity of state authorities represented by the Government and specially empowered state bodies, local authorities, public and other non-profit associations, juridical and physical persons intended on conservation and rehabilitation of environment, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, prevention of negative impact on the environment caused by economic or other activities”.

The national environmental legislation is based on the principle of two-level system of legal regulation of relations in environmental sphere, including state legislation and corresponding regulatory acts, along with the acts adopted at the local level. At the same time, the legislative acts do not quite clearly define the powers of the bodies responsible for environmental policy implementation; also, these acts are not sufficiently coordinated with each other and often are duplicated. Insufficiency and often the lack of financial resources as well as low level of qualification of personnel does not allow carrying out the assigned functions at all levels of state and local regulation of environmental issues. Tajikistan is a party of 9 International Environmental Conventions and two related Protocols; currently, 5 National Action Plans are developed and implemented in order to fulfill the correspondent commitments of the country. This was stipulated by active integration of the country into international politics, the need to preserve unique ecosystems and resources, stability of species habitats, conservation of biodiversity etc. Success in achieving of adequate results depends undoubtedly on development of mechanisms for international and interdepartmental interaction, attracting significant financial and economic material resources, as well as the availability and stable growth of highly qualified personnel.

The effectiveness of implementation Conventions by the RepublicRepublic of Tajikistan depends largely on creation of appropriate conditions, development of institutional capacity and interagency cooperation. Coordination functions on implementation of these Conventions are assigned to the leading persons of CEP RT, who are responsible for supervision of relevant activities and corresponding sectoral subdivisions. The formerly established centers for direct cooperation with Secretariats of Conventions on realization of National Action Plans (programs, strategies etc.) and fulfillment of country obligations accordingly to Conventions’ requirements, are now abrogated. At the same time, the development of international environmental policy and implementation of corresponding strategies require improvement of management structure of CEP RT. The basic strategic document on national development is “National Development Strategy of the Republic of Tajikistan for the period until 2030” where the following clauses are specified: (Goal 7): “Achievement of environmental sustainability” and (Task 9): “Inclusion of sustainable development principles to the national strategies and programs for prevention of natural resources loss.” Tajikistan is one of Central Asian countries having relatively small area of arable land. Provision of irrigated land per capita is only 0.116 ha and 0.006 ha of irrigated arable land, including 0.09 ha of ploughlands. Lands, which are suitable for cultivation of agricultural crops, occupy only 8% of the territory. Low natural soils fertility causes significant costs for agrotechnical and reclamation works. At the same time, the current tendency of agricultural sector development and financial incentives from government sector and international organizations have helped to ensure food provision in the country through a consistent and steady growth of agricultural production, increase of income and employment of population.

In Tajikistan, the economic mechanisms for integration of environmental protection and rational nature management are based on general methods of payment for natural resources use. These include taxes on land and subsoil use, payment for services for collection, removal and disposal of waste, use of sewage system, water supply, penalty for violation of water legislation, air pollution, damages caused to forestry due to illegal felling, damage by plucking of plant resources, destruction and illegal collection of plants and hunting of animals listed in the Red Book. The main sources of environmental activities funding are:

a) Budget financing, which includes financing of the managerial office and staff, monitoring and research activities, partial funding of targeted programs on protected areas maintenance, reforestation, programs for sanitary cleaning of cities and other settlements.

b) Internal funds of enterprises, which are deducted directly from the company’s profits for the construction and rehabilitation of environmental facilities, for modernization of technological processes, as well as payment for depreciation in order to restore the fixed assets of environmental entities.

c) Ecological funds, which are formed out of payments for environmental pollution and other fines, collected both in cities and districts, are distributed as the following: 60% remain in disposal of these cities/districts, 30% are transferred to the regional fund and 10% - to the state environmental fund.

Out of all in payments to the environmental fund, which were collected in cities and districts of the republican subordination, which then should be transferred to the state environmental funds, 30% are reserved for ecological activities in the region from where these in payments are. All in payments are imposed the 10% tax, which in transferred to the state budget. In recent years, the in payments to the funds are gradually increased, which is essential factor for implementation of planned environmental activities. The main expenses from the funds include financing of costs for forest planting, land improvement, development of local action plans, ecological education etc. Inadequate transparency in allocation of these funds makes it impossible for enterprises and public to understand which activities are chosen for financing [6]. Thus, the results of deep analysis of effectiveness of environmental protection system and its financial sources, showed the necessity of revision of the entire environmental- economic policy of taxation and payments as well as finding of new sources of financing for solution of such essential issues as continuing degradation of the environment due to absence of effective economic incentives for implementation of preventive measures, compensation for environmental damage due to irrational natural resources use, and prevention of environmental pollution.

Introduction of best practices on rational nature resources use and corresponding payment for it can ensure the finding of additional financing sources for improvement of environmental measures [7]. One of such efficient technologies is payment for ecosystem services (PES). Payment for ecosystem services is the compensation paid to the “supplier” of ecosystem services by their “consumer”. Suppliers of ecosystem services are economic entities (factually, it may be any physical or juridical persons), in whose activities certain ecosystem services are “produced” or maintained at the existing level. Ecosystem services are not “produced” by man in the literal sense of the word. However, certain actions of individual people or organizations (in particular, protected areas) are aimed at preserving the ecosystems and their properties, which are necessary for production of ecosystem services. For example, taking into consideration of the country specifics, an important type of ecosystem services is to maintain high quality of fresh water in the rivers. The service providers will be land and water users whose plots are located in the upper reaches of the river; the methods they use for farming (including the extent of their consumption of fertilizers and pesticides, deforestation or, conversely, reforestation, normalized consumption and pollution of water resources, etc.) impact directly on quality and quantity of water downstream. If this quality is kept on fixed level because of certain actions of upstream land users,it is considered as provision of ecosystem services by the service providers.

Users of ecosystem services are the economic entities that benefit economically from using the service and ready to pay for it. In the legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan, an ecosystem is defined as a dynamically developing complex of plants, animals, microorganisms and their habitat, functioning as a single unit. There is no direct definition of ecosystem services in the legislation, but they are indirectly defined as the benefits that people receive from ecosystems. All ecosystem services are conditionally divided as: supplying (food, water, forest, raw materials), regulating (impact on climate, control over floods, natural disasters, quality of water resources, etc.), cultural (recreational resources, aesthetic and spiritual values of nature) and supporting services (soil formation, photosynthesis, nitrogen cycle, etc.).

Thus, payments for ecosystem services (PES) provide incentives for owners of natural resources, such as farmers and forestry owners, to manage resources in such a way as to provide ecosystem services. PES is the additional source of replenishment for ecosystem service providers, which can be used to perform their planned activities and achievement of their tasks that have a beneficial effect on improvement of both nature resources use and environmental condition. The mandatory audit is an appropriate prerequisite for use of PES funds purposively, including prevention of negligence and assurance of effectiveness of their spending. In these cases, it is advisable to conduct the audit of ecosystem providers not by audit firms or individual auditors with general competence but by the certified auditing companies, which are qualified in environmental issues. Only such auditing companies can make appropriate assessment of effectiveness and completeness of PES funds use for environmental activities and rationalization of nature resources use in frame of PES agreements. In Tajikistan, this type of audit is conducted by the CEP Environmental Audit Service within the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan. Audit of PES funds is relatively new sphere because the PES is recently introduced technology and, consequently, is not widely spread due to undeveloped normative- legal base, low awareness of the population in general and farmers about its essence etc.

In future, in the context of PES development and full-scale application, it is necessary to conduct researches intended to improvement of accounting methods and auditing of revenues from PES, to introduce the control over PES rational use, as well as elaboration and introduction of special reporting forms on PES funds use for ecosystem service providers. Annotation. This article reflects the issues of effective management of environmental protection system, condition of regulatory framework that allows development of environmental activities, analysis of funding sources, possibilities of finding new sources of environmental activities financing, which also include payments for ecosystem services. Also, the concept of environmental activitiesis clarified; non-traditional approaches and modern practice, which simultaneously have a stimulating and disabling effect on environmental activities, are identified; and fundamental management principles are defined. Organizational structure of main environmental authority is analyzed in detail, and the forms of environmental management are reviewed. The institutional framework of environmental activities development as well as advantages and disadvantages of environmental legislation are described in detail.

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