#-few diff biomes)

[honkowo]

hrng.. tryna draw angel plantlife but i can seem to get it to look right augh

[puphoods]

YEAS i got one of the new eggs

[yewstronaut]

if ddisability mechanic definitely a spoons mechanic though I think a diff name than spoons, maybe something in-universe-ish?

disabled pokemon, pokemon wheelchairs, pokemon anxiety meds, pokemon braces, seeing-eye guides for pokemon, deaf pokemon, pokemon missing limbs, pokemon who injured whatever gland is responsible for its moves and now it can't do anything other than bite and scratch, pokemon with PTSD, just yeah disabled pokemon

dream version: online/local* multiplayer where you can connect your shelters and they become partnered shelters so you can send pokemon to eachother (got a fire type that is Not doing well in your tundra biome shelter? send them to your friends shelter over on Melé Melé Island) Maybe also send gifts of equipable items, room decorations, herbs, etc.

pokemon trainer/battle mechanic where you can go to the local pokemon fight clubs/tourneys which are for the more causal trainer and whilest they have prizes (poke coins or rarer items) they're largely for fun and keeping a battling pokemon skills sharp. maybe they're also the intro-level competitions for the big leagues (so like theyre not weak sauce but they're not crazy hard). potential to earn ribbons, medals, or trophies?

pokemon fashion contests too or instead of battles? same kind idea as above

pokemon trivia nights at the local tavern (do they have tsverns/bars in pokemon games? no right?)

local multiplayer where you co-own the shelter and run it together (best on a console/pc)

ability to build a fossil revitaliser machine? maybe? if so maybe mechanic where you can go dig somewhere?

habitat restoration mechanic? like maybe you get called to someone's house/land/whatever and give advice on how to make the area either better suited to the pokemon type (houses and private residences) or how to restore the habitat to its more natural state (ie reccomened natural predators for pokemon "pests" thta have had out of control population growth, reccomened different plants to attract the local bug-type pollinators) I think this mechanic would have stages so like you'd start as an amateur/beginner/apprentice(chance for mentor npc?) level and as you complete related missions/quests your level goes up (and as does your knowledge as you'll learn what mons are indigenous to the region, which are invasive, which are not indigenous but not harmful/actively beneficial as well as with the plants) and you can unlock higher certifications (testing process mini-game?) and more complicated problems

if doing the shelter-pokemon center building combo have a mechanic where you switch between the shelter owner and nurse joy where you diagnose and treat mons as nurse joy (and chansey) before sending them to the shelter side once they're deemed in good health. if done this way then the shelter owner over sees just the healthy** mons and can add the like habitat consualtion and other mechanics to the SO (shelter owner)

maybe if above instead of it being a nurse joy and pokemon center it's the in-house doctor/vet/surgeon, either an npc (no diagnostic/heal mini-game/mechanic?) or a customisable, playable character, could also be a combination (not customisable but not nurse joy keeping mini-game) also could level up the Dr's skills so that they will start to auto-diagnose and treat the more milder/common ailments without needing your input

shelter capacity management, can only care for so many mons so maybe if you start to get too full you can hold 'adoption days' where you go into town/somewhere and bring some mons to try to adopt out on the spot? maybe a fliers mechanic?

I wouldn't want it to feel like a tycoon/idol simulator. the idea would be that the pokemon can keep coming if you keep playing but at some point you'll finish the npc story lines and the main plot line and the side story quests. I also wouldn't want it to be so big that it's overehelmingly prohibitive (so maybe only a few regions to chose from and maybe some repeat NPCs like one or two that show up/live where ever you choose no matter what (but with slightly diff dialogue depending)

maybe also a pokedex mechanic? actually definitely a pokedex mechanic but maybe also a like tracker for various alliments identified and cured?

a record book of all the pokemon you've had through the shelter complete with name, image, size, weight, type, intake date, adoption date (either in game calendar or real-world not sure which?), person who adopted?, adoption fee (do people care about that stuff)

cool-down mechanic? some stuff I feel like for sure like if eggs then an incubation periods but maybe also for injuries/illness or even a minimum amount of (in-game) time the animal has to be at the shelter before their "profile" (the mechanic that lists like what their likes/dislikes, habitat requirements, care requirements, and temperament are) is finished and they can be adopted out. for sure the mon would need a clean bill of health before they can be adopted out

locally synced time, date, and weather (option to manually input location and date/time)

oh! maybe instead of a "patrol" mechanic it's a 'pokemon watching' mechanic where you can go out to spot pokemon to add their data to your Dex (how much info based on what is observed/number of encounters maybe) and whiles out you have a chance of running into a lost, injured, rabid/feral(? rabies mechanic??), or otherwise-in-need-of-assistance pokemon which will have varying interaction mechanics depending on what's up with the mon including the ability to take the pokemon back to the shelter for care/to find its trainer(word for pokemon "owners" that doesn't imply they use them to battle please)

CUSTOMISABLE POKEBALLS!!!! (plain text: customisable pokeballs) like how some (real life) shelters do custome harnesses or bandanas or something to send home with the animal on adoption or give out at events? like that but it's the pokeball the pokemon goes home in. Customisation feature, I'm thinking dslite era, ms-paint can auto fill neón Colors and write in crappy handwriting with clashing colors kind of mechanic as well as some maybe present decals/base textures. maybe also a couple of options for the like rim/clasp colors/designs. ability unlock new designs through leveling up skills or winning completions maybe?

oh we're stuttering again brb

I want a pokemon shelter game, where you run a pokemon rescue shelter

[frillshark-fr]

earlier today i was gonna make a petty post about how I think a lot of “ocean-themed” dragons are often reductive and boring and the ocean is Not Just Blue and there’s A Lot Of Stuff In There Actually and then I thought “what is more fun: complaining about this or just being cooler than everyone else” and i have decided to be cool as hell

[scriptstructure]

From Naomi Davis (@NaomisLitPix on twitter):

SFF worldbuilding has as many layers as the characters w/in it. You can’t sacrifice one for the other. It’s easy to duplicate a world that’s familiar in landscape &society, but coming up w/something original&immersive is another art altogether.

Start with broad location. On Earth? Not on Earth? Space station? What kind of age? Does your story require a city? A mountain? A forest? A river? A tower? A volcano? A cave? Okay, cool. So take your required familiar element and see what you can do to make it different.

If a city: How do the buildings look? Are there streets? Tunnels? What materials are common—glass, stone, brick, sand, etc? What is energy here? How do families dwell? Are there families? Use 5 senses to develop a list to draw from later when writing or revising.

If a mountain: How tall? Shape? What surrounds it? What is it made of? What creatures lurk on the sides? Is there a path? Why or why not? What can you see from afar in the different stages of ascent?

If a forest cool/ How thick is the canopy? Is it green? Are there leaves, or feathers, or needles or…? How does the clothing interact with this landscape? Is it suitable or do they need to improvise? What noises are constant here?

If a space station: what is currency here? Any permits needed? Fuel? Food? Temptations? Someone in charge? What’s the floor made of? Is there a floor? Is there a ceiling? What is in the air? How do these things challenge your MC?

Whatever landscape you choose, think about what entering this landscape does to the mental state of your characters. Again, use 5 senses, and attach emotions to each—and each character may process these things differently. This is immersion and authenticity.

But few worlds have just one landscape. And you don’t have to chose between standard Minecraft biomes when developing these. Maybe there’s a biome that’s all rivers and cliffs. Maybe there’s a desert with spires of crystal for shelter.

Maybe there are trees that only bear leaves for a day&the rest of the year you’re walking on a maddening crunch of crispy dry leaves. Maybe there’s no such thing as trees. Maybe your MC has never encountered a bird b4. Maybe sand mets into glass if you stand on it too long.

Maybe the jungle smells like chocolate. Maybe the trees scream if you peel off the bark. Maybe there are lizards who try to climb under your toenails. Maybe there is grass so soft it’s tempting to rub on your skin, but is highly toxic and must be avoided at all costs.

Maybe each level of ascent up a mountain triggers a diff uncontrollable emotion. Maybe there are rocks that sing when you step on them. Maybe fire can’t ignight on found wood, only harvested wood, but harvesting it causes the trees to swing at you in self defense.

The possibilities are truely endless. The originality of your landscape is truly what allows your readers to dive into the pages and forget they even have another life to participate in at all. This is a good thing.

Also, as characters enter a new landscape, what happens to the emotions&power dynamic of the group? Fear changes everything. So does hunger. And cold, and heat, and humidity, and getting lost. Keep these things in mind.

So a broad landscape is selected&fleshed out. Let’s expand further. Weather! is it consistent? Does it change based on season or location? Are there standard days, or long stretches of dark and light? How does the setting compensate for weather problems?

What about food? Alcohol? Drugs? How many kinds are there? Who is in charge of supplying this? Do nuts/berries exist? Is cooking a thing? Is there one standard food animal and everything else is sacred?

From there: religion! What IS sacred? What do characters fear will happen if they don’t uphold beliefs? What are the gestures/ words/tools they use to communicate moments of spirituality? How does society deal with different/opposing faiths? Is the faith’s realness in question?

Now let’s talk clothing! It’s easy to plunge into a story with a battery of standard clothing items: a dress, trousers, belts. These work well for most humanoid characters. How can they be made different? How do they decide what to wear? Who controls this?

Consider material. Is the belt made of woven fronds? Leather? Cord? Hair? Does the shirt clasp or tie closed? What is armor? Why is it effective in this world? Is there only one place to get a certain replacement? Great way to drive your MC to new location.

Also consider political/ authority structure. I see so. Many. Monarchies. In SFF queries. Does there need to be a King? What about democracy? What about anarchy? Who controls whom? Why? WHat do others think of the authority structure? Play with these things.

Backstory is part of worldbuilding. Why do characters live/ scatter the way they do? Was there a war? A fire? A drought? A disease? Did it impact all locations or just one? How does this history influence attitudes& religions&power dynamics? Fear of recurrence?

Getting closer to your character lens, what in your MC’s history chapes the way they interpret the landscape? Did they lose family once&develop cynical/fearful attitude to one or more culture/system/structure/location? Is there racism? How is this navigated?

Is education encouraged/required/forbidden? What forms of education are available&to whom? Consider social/financial class structures in this. Consider what things are available to higher classes&where your MC sits in this structure.

Medicine: How is it accessed? How does it work? Is any of it extinct? Is it viewed as a useful tool or a form of witchcraft? Or reserved for the elite? Oral/topical/suppository (maybe avoid that last one.)

Is travel permitted/ forbidden? Why? Fear shapes societies in powerful ways. If you doubt that, look at atrocities happening in the real world today. Fear, used to manipulate those who are vulnerable to it, particularly levied with false promises of prosperity, is a powerful tool.

Once you’ve developed many of these elements, developing your magical system/ plot/monsters becomes easier because you can clearly see where your MC sits in soceity and history, and WHAT THEY FEAR OR NEED, which is what drives your plot. This is motivation. This is stakes.

By no means is this list exhaustive. And as always these are just my own opinons. But if you need a jumping off point for how to develop a thorough, immersive SFF world, I hope this helps open your mind and expand your worldbuilding beyond what you’ve already read and watched.

Aaaand @Raeloverde brings up another point: language! How many? Who speaks what and why? Are any forbidden? You don’t need to write out a Tolkien Elf languagge itself, but understand how language influences culture & vice versa. Are there accents? Language barriers? Translators?

[taeyamayang]

heya love, it's me

i hope you've been having a good week. sorry for the delay in response, my mental state had gotten a little haywire the past few weeks and i caught a cold few days ago as well (ntg c word related thank goodness). been trying to recover but alas life still goes on even when you want to take a break 😭

the last thing i rmb was talking abt my major tho i can't really explain what exactly is industry 4.0(bc idk how😭). i can tell you it is part of an industrial revolution with examples like cloud computing, blockchain and vr falling into this category. basically we're trying to improve the industrial side of the internet for the purpose of enhancing manufacturing processes and improving human-machine relationships.

(hopefully that made sense idk am writing on 1 braincell)

biomed engineering is technically science related but more focused on the mechanical side of things and how to fix clinical problems. the reason why i didn't chose it was bc i didn't like bio at all, i was a chem and physics orientated student so biology was way out of my comfort zone/knowledge. i also didn't find any of the modules listed interesting hence why i didn't chose it. nonetheless, parents just want the best for you and so i'll do my best to find a career in this

i do hv 2 cats! both girls and the most annoying yet adorable cats. they were given to us seperately by friends and their age diff is around 2? or 3 years ish. total opposites though, one is hyper and running around the house at midnight and the other is a total drama queen.

how are ur cats btw? ive seen some pics and they're so adorable

talk to you soon, take care bub.

🌻

you don't need to apologize bc i am busy as heck since i only have a two months left before the semester ends and hopefully graduate without mishaps. i hope you are well and thank goodness it's not c that made you sick. drink water and have soup from time to time, i hope you're taking care of yourself because your body deserves to be treated well :)

WOAH okay ngl i didn't exactly get the the specifics but when you stated "improving the industrial side of the internet" i thought your course is cool?? i'm quite the opposite of you. i love biology and i absolutely have zero idea about machines and the internet so you saying those things piques my curiosity!!

yeahhh, our parents just want the best for us but it is also good that you chose your own path in life :) in the end, it will be your future and your career. i'm proud of you for pursuing what you love. i can't wait to see you grow from an under graduate to a professional! (if u let me be heh)

YOU HAVE CATS OMGGG can you... attach a pic next time? 🥺 i want to see them, if you don't mind aahhhh

i hope to talk to you soon!! please don't get sick and have a bowl of ramen i made. take care, love.

[biomedgrid]

Biomed Grid | Prevalence of Heamonchosis in Small Ruminants and Its Associated Risk Factors in and Around Ejere Town, West Shoa, Oromia, Ethiopia

Introduction

Small ruminants are important source of income for agricultural community and are one of Ethiopia’s major sources of foreign currency through exportation of live animals, meat and skin [1]. Small ruminants play a great role in the economy of the country, as sources of meat, milk, fiber, cash income and skin and they can live in extreme climatic conditions, they can use herbage, which is unsuitable for large ruminants and they require few labor-intensive inputs [2].

Internal parasites represented an important cause of disease and lose of production in small ruminants [3]. Gastrointestinal nematodes are recognized as a major constraint to both small and large-scale small ruminant production in developing countries [4]. These could be harmful to the health different regions of infected animals and causes economic losses due to mortalities, reduce weight gain and other production losses [5,6].

In topics, the major species of nematodes affecting small ruminants are Heamonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus species, Nematodirus species, Cooperia species, Bunostomum species and Oesophagostomum species. Haemonchus is regarded as one of the most prevalent and highly pathogenic, possesses the highest biotic potential, and has a prominent ability to develop resistance against most widely used anthelmintics and a unique survival strategy due to great biological and ecological plasticity. Hence compared to other gastrointestinal nematodes haemonchus is the most important parasite of domestic ruminants especially in sheep and goats [7-9].

H. contortus is blood sucking nematode parasite, primarily occurring in the abomasum of small ruminants, notably sheep and goats. This nematode is also called the barber pole worm because of its red and white striped appearance in the female. The female is capable of producing over 5, 000 eggs a day, which are passed through the feces onto pasture. It has been ranked as the most important parasite of small ruminants in all regions across the tropics and subtropics [10].

Haemonchus contortus is the species of haemonchus with greatest pathogenic and economic importance in small ruminants. It is important to assess the nature and level of parasitism in ruminant livestock, in order to be able to determine significance of parasite infection and to recommend the most beneficial and economically acceptable control measures. The determination of the risk factors associated with parasite occurrence can be used to design an effective control strategy [11]. Major impacts of H. contortus are associated with blood sucking activity of the parasites which responsible for extensive loss of blood [12].

H. contortus causes retarded growth, low productivity, loss of appetite, decrease in protein, impaired digestive efficiency and poor reproductive performance which can lead to loss of meat and wool production [13,14]. On global basis H. controtus probably causes more losses than any other species of nematode in ruminants.

Previously there was few documented data regarding to the prevalence of the haemonchosis in small ruminants regardless of the high populations of sheep and goats in the study area. Even though numerous epidemiological studies have been conducted throughout the world to arrive at the detailed information on the gastrointestinal parasites of livestock but there are scanty references are available on epidemiology and prevalence of intestinal helminthes of sheep and goats. According to [11],

Therefore, the objectives of this study were:

a. To determine the prevalence of ovine and caprine Haemonchosis and animal related risk factors in and around Ejere Woreda, Oromia, Ethiopia.

Materials and Methods

Study Area

The study was conducted in and around Ejere town, including Ejere vet clinic, which is found in western shoa zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. Ejere is approximately 44km from Addis Ababa. The elevation is about 2300 to 3000 meters above sea level. The mean annual temperature and relative humidity are 28 and 55% respectively. An annual rainfall is approximately 1200mm, with a bimodal distribution pattern peaking in mid-April and mid-August. There are four seasons such as a short rainy season (from mid- March to mid may), a short dry season (from end may to June), long wet season July to October) and a long dry season (end of October to February). Main pasture production is expected after the short rainy season, continuing until the end of the long-wet season. Mixed type of agriculture is the main occupation of the population of the area, a total livestock population of this district was 270789; which 102937 cattle, 12778 goats, 49099 sheep, 20721 donkeys, 165 mules, 12031 horses and 73058 poultry [15].

Study population

The study animals are ovine and caprine species in study district. 384 small ruminants were taken as a sample in which 261 sheep (81 females and 180 males) and 123 goats (53 females and 70 males). The study animals were indigenous breeds kept under traditional management system with different sex and body condition. Those animals were randomly selected from seven peasant associations of the Woreda; like Ilu Aga, Baso, Damotu, Chiri, Gaba Jimata, Gulit and Ejere 01 kebele. The number of sheep included in the study is large because of high number of sheep exist in the woreda.

Study design and period

A cross sectional (observational) study was conducted from July 2017 to February 2018 to determine(estimate) the overall prevalence of small ruminants (Ovine and Caprine) Haemonchosis in and around Ejere Woreda. The prevalence was determined in respect to the number of risk factors such as host factors (age, sex, species and body condition of the animals), and the environmental factors included (origin of the animal and months).

Sample Collection and Examination

The animals were selected by simple random sampling technique. Fecal sample was collected directly from the rectum of selected animal and stored in vials containing 10% formalin and transported for laboratory examination to Ejere woreda veterinary clinic. The collected samples were undergone flotation technique and examined under microscope for detection of Haemonchus larvae [12]. Randomly selected shoat those come to the district’s clinic was used for further detection of the presence of adult parasites and their pathological effects inside the gastrointestinal tract and other body part of the shoat.

Sample Size Determination

By using simple random sampling methods and 95% confidence interval with required 5% precision, the sample size was determined by the formula of [16]. To calculate the total sample size, the following confidence level (CL), 5% desired level of precision; and parameters will be used: 95% of with the assumption of 50% expected prevalence of haemonchosis among sheep and goats in the study area.

When: n=required sample size; Pexp= expected prevalence d= desired absolute precision. Hence, by using this formula, the sample size will be calculated to be 384. Simple random sampling technique was employed to estimate the prevalence of haemonchosis in small ruminant.

Data Analysis

The data, which was collected from the study area, result obtained from fecal examination was recorded in the format developed for this purpose and was entered in to Microsoft Excel spread sheet. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 20) was used for analysis of the data. The significant association between the prevalence of Haemonchosis and explanatory variables were determined using Chi-square test (x2). The explanatory variables included were sex, age, body condition, breed and their associations with the level of prevalence was described. The difference was regarded as significant if P-value is <0.05 at 95% confidence interval.

Results

A cross sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of haemonchosis in small ruminants from July 2017 to February 2018 in and around Ejere town. In this study a total of 384 sheep and goats were examined using parasitological examination for the presence or absence of H. contortus. The overall prevalence of haemonchosis in small ruminants was found 63.02% (242) in the study area (Table 1). The prevalence of haemonchosis was found higher in sheep (63.6%) compare to goats (61.78%). There was no statistically significant difference (P >0.05) on the occurrence of haemonchosis between species of animals.

In the present study, higher prevalence of haemonchosis infestation was observed in young animals (74.72%) as compared to adult (52.47%). There was statistically significant difference (P <0.05) between the two ages groups (Table 2).

Table 2: Relative prevalence of haemonchosis in adult and young age group.

The prevalence of haemonchosis was different with different body condition of small ruminants. It was found slightly higher in poor (94.5%) then medium body condition with prevalence of (63.1%) and followed by good body condition (30%). There was significant difference (P number of sheep and goats harboring the parasite by the < 0.05) between body conditions of small ruminants (Table 3).

Table 3: prevalence of haemonchosis based on body condition score.

Table 4: Prevalence of haemonchosis in peasant associations.

The prevalence of haemonchosis was also different among peasant associations of the study area. The highest prevalence of haemonchosis was observed in Ilu Aga (75.3%) and the lowest prevalence was recorded in Chirri peasant associations (48%). There was no significant difference among peasant association and haemonchus in study area (Table 4).

Table 5:The prevalence of haemonchosis in both sexes of the animals.

The prevalence of small ruminant haemonchosis was different between both sexes. It was found higher in females (71.6%) than male (58.4%) in the study area. There was no significant difference between sexes of small ruminants (Table 5).

Discussion

The present study revealed an overall prevalence of haemonchosis infestation in small ruminants was found to be 63%. The prevalence among species was 63.6% in sheep and 61.78% in goats of the area which indicate there is still a high prevalence of haemonchosis in the small ruminants. This finding is lower than the results of previous works in sheep and goats from different parts of Ethiopia [17] reports 90.1% in sheep and 81.8% in goats in the prevalence of abomasal nematodes in sheep and goats slaughtered at [17,18] report 96.5% in sheep and 100% in goats in the arid and semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia; [19] report 91.2% in sheep and 82.9% in goats of Ogaden region slaughtered at Debre-zeit (Bishoftu) ELFORA export abattoir; [20] in the study conducted in and around Finoteselam has reported prevalence of haemonochosis among small ruminants as 71.03% and [21] also reported higher prevalence in the study of an Abattoir Survey on Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Sheep and Goats in Helmex-Export Abattoir as 77.38%.

This deference could be due to difference in agro-climatic conditions that could support extended survival and development of infective larval stage of H. contortus as well as most pastureland is occupied by agricultural practices. Moreover, this difference might be due to the difference in management system of examined animals, sample size and environmental location of the area. And also, might be due to small ruminants are managed under extensive managements system with the high stocking density, where large numbers of animals graze together throughout the year in collective grazing land and insufficient nutritional status [22].

A variety of factors such as, age, host, level of education and economical capacity of the community, the standard of management and anthelmintics usage, presence or absence of inter- current infections are critical elements influencing the development, distribution and survival of parasites [23]. Other factors that provoke this variation might be due to frequency of adequate rainfall and wetness during the study period was favored the survival of infective larvae in grazing land and higher chance of uptake of the infective larvae that basis for higher prevalence. The percentage prevalence of H. contortus in sheep and goats was recorded as 63.6% and 61.78% respectively. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the prevalence of haemonchosis between sheep and goats, indicating that sheep’s are more susceptible to the infection than goats.

The results of the present study are supported by [22] who reported 81.2% and 73.5% in sheep and goats respectively in Gonder town; [24], who reported 69.5% and 65% in sheep and goats in and around Bedelle, [25] who reported 61.63% and 54.76% in sheep and goats respectively in and around Wolaita Soddo. However, the current study is disagreeing with [20]. Who reported that the rate of the parasite was higher in goat compared to sheep with the prevalence of 71.3% and 67.57% respectively? The higher prevalence of haemonchosis in sheep than goats also might be due to a diversity of factors like ground grazing habit of sheep and usually graze very close to the soil which might be helpful in the acquisition of more infective larvae (L3) of H. contortus from the contaminated herbage. Additionally, high prevalence of haemonchosis in sheep than goat might be due to the fact that goats browse on bushes and small trees where translation of infective larvae to such height seems impossible.

The present study revealed that there was significant difference based on age with prevalence of 74.72% and 52.47 in young and adults respectively. The present finding on the prevalence of haemochosis between two ages was in line with previous findings which were reported by [21] as 86.9% and 86.57% in adult and young respectively in Helmex-export abattoir and [26] who reported 37.9% and 49% in young and adult respectively in and around Alameta Woreda. This might be due to that; the more infection in young is because of their low resistance or greater susceptibility due to the fact that these small ruminants have not been exposed earlier in the infection.

During the first year of their life they fed, grazed and browse on grasslands, thus the first stage of their exposure to infection with parasites occurs. It was also explained that low level of parasitism reported in the adult animals is due to the development of significant immunity with the course of time. Gradually, as the exposure to parasitic infection increases, the immune system of host animals builds up to against Haemonchus spp and age resistance develops [27].

With regard to the body condition of the examined small ruminants the prevalence rate was higher in poor body condition small ruminants as compared to the good and medium body conditions small ruminants with the prevalence of 94.5%, in poor body conditioned shoat, 63.1% in medium body condition and 61.5%, in good body condition small ruminants. There was statistically significant (P < 0.05) between body condition and haemonchosis in small ruminants this indicated that all the three body condition animals were unequally susceptible for haemonchosis. The prevalence of haemonchus was high in poor body conditioned small ruminants this could be explained by poor body condition animals susceptible to parasitic diseases and they cannot resist against diseases due to their immunity become lowered agree with [28] who reported the highest prevalence was seen in poor body conditioned animals (33.6%) while the lowest in good of revealed that body condition.

This current study was agree with the previous works of [21] who reported prevalence of 77.21% and 84.44% in good and medium body condition animal; [29] indicated that the rate of the parasite was higher in medium body condition small ruminants compared to that of good body condition with the prevalence of 67.3 and 55% respectively in small Ruminants Haemonchosis.

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors in Arsi Negelle Municipal Abattoir, Similarly, [22] indicated that the rate of the parasite was higher in medium body condition small ruminants than that of good body condition small ruminants with the prevalence of 81.2% and 73.6%, respectively; but disagrees with the research reported by [30] who report prevalence of haemonchosis was found to be higher in good body condition than that medium body condition. This could be explained by the fact that loss of body condition in the study animals might be due to other factors, such as seasonal change of forgeable feed staff, Poor management system and the presence of other concurrent diseases which lead to poor immunological response to infective stage of the parasites [31].

The present study revealed that the prevalence of haemonchus was higher in female than male with prevalence of 71.6% and 58.4% in female and male respectively. There was no significant difference between prevalence of haemonchus and sex of the animal it means that both sexes are equally susceptible for haemonchus. The present finding on the prevalence of haemonchosis between sexes was disagree with previous findings which were reported by [22] as 80.9% and 77.1% in males and females respectively in Gonder town and [20] who reported 73.22% and 64.71% in male and females respectively in and around Finoteselam in Amhara region. It is assumed that sex is a determinant factor influencing prevalence of haemonchosis and females are more susceptible to parasitism during pregnancy and Per-parturient period due to stress and decreased immune status.

The present study forwarded that the prevalence of haemonchus was different among animals originated from different sites of study areas. The highest prevalence was observed on animals originated from Ilu aga (75.3%), Baso (66.6%), Gaba Jimata (65.5%), Gulit (64%) and the lowest prevalence observed in Ejere 01 (61%), Dhamotu (55.5%), and Chirri (48%). There is no statically significant difference between peasant association and prevalence of haemonchosis. This is might be due to the fact that sheep and goats are managed under extensive management system with high stocking density graze together throughout the year in communal designed grazing land which leads to more contamination of a pasture. Another possible explanation might be sheep and goat graze in a rotation with cattle is due to inadequate nutritional status, poor pasture. The difference in prevalence of parasite problems in different location might be due to the difference between the geographical and environmental location of the area.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Small ruminants are an integral part of the livestock sector and the mainstay of livelihood of the majority population especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. However, the economic benefits remain marginal chiefly due to prevailing disease. Among the diseases of sheep and goats that reduce the survival and productivity of small ruminants is Haemonchus contortus being of over wheeling significance. It is blood sucking parasite and causes loss of production, weight loss and death. In present study the overall prevalence of haemonchosis in small ruminants was found to be 63%. The prevalence among species was 63.6% in sheep and 61.78% in goats, even though this finding is lower than the results of previous works in sheep and goats from different parts of Ethiopia it still indicates a high prevalence. The higher prevalence of Haemonchus contortus in this study area is mostly associated with the epidemiological factors such as body condition and age were statistically significant whereas, species of animal, sex and origin of the animals were statistically not significant. The epidemiological evidence of the present investigation showed that Haemonchosis is considerably prevalent diseases in the study area. Generally, the presence of risk factors like warm and humidity, poor animal management, and seasonal scarcity of feed and other concurrent diseases in the study area favors the disease of distribution.

Based on the above conclusion the following recommendations are forwarded:

a. There should be rotational grazing of pastureland to control Haemonchus parasites

b. Regular deworming should be implemented to reduce the population of the parasites in the animals.

c. Further studies on the economic importance of haemonchosis and drug resistance patterns of anthelmintics should be conducted.

d. Improving the management of the small ruminant by considering the period of peak haemonchosis prevalence.

Competing Interests

All authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Wollega University, School of Veterinary Medicine for financial and logistics, study participants and all individuals who render help during the study period.

Author Contributions

Contributed to designing the methodology and collecting materials: Bayisa Dufera, correcting of the methodology and checking up for collected materials: Bayisa Dufera and Feyisa Bekuma, contributed to writing the manuscript: Feyisa Bekuma: Reviewing the manuscript to be ready for publication and contributes on drafting of the manuscript.

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