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友多聞
H：傳達知識，快樂是友多聞的益處。友多聞也讓你成為「語言的富翁」。
「獨學而無友，則孤陋而寡聞。」強調友多聞的重要性。另外友多聞帶來教學相長的效應，《禮記．學記》：「是故學然後知不足，教然後知困。知不足，然後能自反也；知困，然後能自強也，故曰「教學相長」也。」尤其「人人都是一本書」，
甚至「人人身上都是一個時代」教你一句建言，警語也是受用無窮。學無止境，終身學習。20240604W2
多聞
解釋：
見聞廣博，增廣聞見。《論語．季氏》：「友直、友諒、友多聞，益矣！」三國魏．何晏〈景福殿賦〉：「故將廣智，必先多聞。」
增廣見聞知識。《文明小史》第一五回：「橫豎我們這趟出門，乃是為著增長見識，於學問有益的事。」也作「增長見聞」。
學問淵博
淵，淵深。博，廣博。學問淵博謂學識豐富。如：「他溫文儒雅，學問淵博，是學術界所公認的大學者。」
學識淵博，意思是指學識深而且廣。
見多識廣
見聞廣泛，學識淵博。《鏡花緣》第四四回：「多九公本是久慣江湖，見多識廣，每逢談到海外風景，竟是滔滔不絕。」《文明小史》第三四回：「只因常常出外遊學，見多識廣，知識也漸漸開通。」
知識淵博的相似詞
博學多識 學識豐富 博學多才 知識豐富 學識淵博 淵博 知識廣博 博學多聞 博學 學識廣博 博古通今 博聞強識 學富五車 淵博的知識 學問淵博 淵博知識 博學睿智 上知天文下知地理 通古博今 淵博的學識 博覽群書 學識 博學廣識 見識廣博 淵博學識 談吐不凡 博聞多識 學養深厚 通曉古今 學識深厚
淵博
精深廣博。
晉 葛洪 《抱樸子·崇教》：“是以遐覽淵博者，曠代而時有；面墻之徒，比肩而接武也。” 宋 蘇軾 《東坡志林·記講筵》：“卿講義淵博，多所發揮，良深嘉嘆。” 清 昭槤 《嘯亭雜錄·純廟博雅》：“ 純廟 天縱聰慧，攬讀淵博。” 柔石 《二月》二：“你學問是淵博的，哥哥常是談起你。”
百科解釋
淵，精深；博，廣博。淵博：精深而廣博，形容知識廣且深，博學多才。晉 葛洪《抱樸子·崇教》：“是以遐覽淵博者，曠代而時有；面墻之徒，比肩而接武也。”
中台山：
《論語》說：「以文會友，以友輔仁。」結交朋友是很重要的事。我們在社會上要懂得交好的朋友、親近善知識。
維基文庫：
論語季氏篇
孔子曰：「益者三友，損者三友。友直，友諒，友多聞，益矣。友便辟，友善柔，友便佞，損矣。」
孔子說：「有益的朋友有三種，有害的朋友有三種。與正直的人交朋友、與誠實的人交朋友、與見多識廣的人交朋友，有益處；與走邪門歪道的人交朋友、與讒媚奉迎的人交朋友、與花言巧語的人交朋友，有害處。」
星雲大師
所謂：「友直、友諒、友多聞。」朋友之間要耿直真誠，要能相互諒解，要互通知識、要理念相投，還要能雪中送炭，這才是善友。
釋星雲
僧人
釋星雲（1927年8月19日[2]—2023年2月5日[3]），俗名李國深，法名悟徹，法字今覺，法號星雲[註 1]，筆名趙無任[4]。生於江蘇江都，童年出家，漢傳佛教比丘及學者，為臨濟宗第四十八代傳人，同時也是佛光山開山宗長（方丈）、國際佛光會創辦人暨榮譽總會長、世界佛教徒友誼會榮譽會長[5]，被尊稱星雲大師[1]。
「獨學而無友，則孤陋而寡聞」真正的益友是能夠讓我們擺脫孤陋寡聞的處境。
「數位遊牧」，以遠距的方式工作，並同時周遊不同的國家和城市。
一種是自己去搞清楚，從自己的經驗、觀察中學習。另一種就是向別人學習，學習別人已經搞清楚
或者正在搞清楚的東西。
「真正高明的人，就是能夠借重別人的智慧，來使自己不受矇蔽的人。」——蘇格拉底
「腳步不停，不一定是前進；閉目深思，不一定是停頓。」
通過艱苦的學習，使自己成為「語言的富翁」。
景福殿賦
作者：何晏《文選》卷11
姊妹計劃: 數據項
大哉惟魏，世有哲聖。武創元基，文集大命。皆體天作制，順時立政。至於帝皇，遂重熙而累盛。遠則襲陰陽之自然，近則本人物之至情。上則崇稽古之弘道，下則闡長世之善經。庶事既康，天秩孔明。故載祀二三，而國富刑清。歲三月，東巡狩，至於許昌。望祠山川，考時度方。存問高年，率民耕桑。越六月既望，林鍾紀律，大火昏正。桑梓繁廡，大雨時行。三事九司，宏儒碩生。感乎溽暑之伊鬱，而慮性命之所平。惟岷越之不靜，寤征行之未寧。
乃昌言曰：「昔在蕭公，暨於孫卿。皆先識博覽，明允篤誠。莫不以為不壯不麗，不足以一民而重威靈。不飭不美，不足以訓後而永厥成。故當時享其功利，後世賴其英聲。且許昌者，乃大運之攸戾，圖讖之所旌。苟德義其如斯，夫何宮室之勿營？」帝曰：「俞哉！」玄輅既駕，輕裘斯御。乃命有司，禮儀是具。審量日力，詳度費務。鳩經始之黎民，輯農功之暇豫。因東師之獻捷，就海孽之賄賂。立景福之秘殿，備皇居之制度。
爾乃豐層覆之耽耽，建高基之堂堂。羅疏柱之汩越，肅坻鄂之鏘鏘。飛櫩翼以軒翥，反宇䡾以高驤。流羽毛之威蕤，垂環玭之琳琅。參旗九旒，從風飄揚。皓皓旰旰，丹彩煌煌。故其華表，則鎬鎬鑠鑠，赫奕章灼，若日月之麗天也。其奧秘則蘙蔽曖昧，髣彿退概，若幽星之纚連也。既櫛比而攢集，又宏璉以豐敞。兼苞博落，不常一象。遠而望之，若摛朱霞而耀天文；迫而察之，若仰崇山而戴垂雲。羌瑰瑋以壯麗，紛彧彧其難分，此其大較也。若乃高甍崔嵬，飛宇承霓。綿蠻黮䨴，隨雲融泄。鳥企山峙，若翔若滯。峨峨嶪嶪，罔識所屆。雖離朱之至精，猶眩曜而不能昭晰也。
爾乃開南端之豁達，張筍虡之輪豳。華鍾杌其高懸，悍獸仡以儷陳。體洪剛之猛毅，聲訇𥉻其若震爰有遐狄，鐐質輪菌。坐高門之側堂，彰聖主之威神。芸若充庭，槐楓被宸。綴以萬年，綷以紫榛。或以嘉名取寵，或以美材見珍。結實商秋，敷華青春。藹藹萋萋，馥馥芬芬。爾其結構，則脩梁彩制，下褰上奇。桁梧複疊，勢合形離。赩如宛虹，赫如奔螭。南距陽榮，北極幽崖。任重道遠，厥庸孔多。
於是列髹彤之繡桷，垂琬琰之文璫。蝹若神龍之登降，灼若明月之流光。爰有禁楄，勒分翼張。承以陽馬，接以員方。斑間賦白，疏密有章。飛枊鳥踴，雙轅是荷。赴險凌虛，獵捷相加。皎皎白間，離離列錢。晨光內照，流景外烻。烈若鉤星在漢，煥若雲梁承天。騧徙增錯，轉縣成郛。茄蔤倒植，吐被芙蕖。繚以藻井，編以綷疏；紅葩𦾏𦁛，丹綺離婁菡萏赩翕，纖縟紛敷。繁飾累巧，不可勝書。
於是蘭栭積重，窶數矩設。櫼櫨各落以相承，欒栱夭蟜而交結。金楹齊列，玉舄承跋。青瑣銀鋪，是為閨闥。雙枚既脩，重桴乃飾。㮰梠緣邊，周流四極。侯衛之班，藩服之職。溫房承其東序，涼室處其西偏。開建陽則朱炎豔，啟金光則清風臻。故冬不淒寒，夏無炎燀。鈞調中適，可以永年。墉垣碭基，其光昭昭。周制白盛，今也惟縹。落帶金釭，此焉二等。明珠翠羽，往往而在。欽先王之允塞，悅重華之無為。命共工使作繢，明五采之彰施。圖象古昔，以當箴規。椒房之列，是準是儀。觀虞姬之容止，知治國之佞臣。見姜後之解珮，寤前世之所遵。賢鍾離之讜言，懿楚樊之退身。嘉班妾之辭輦，偉孟母之擇鄰。故將廣智，必先多聞。多聞多雜，多雜眩真。不眩焉在，在乎擇人。故將立德，必先近仁。欲此禮之不諐，是以盡乎行道之先民。朝觀夕覽，何與書紳？
若乃階除連延，蕭曼雲征。櫺檻邳張，鉤錯矩成。楯類騰蛇，槢似瓊英。如螭之蟠，如虯之停。玄軒交登，光藻昭明。騶虞承獻，素質仁形。彰天瑞之休顯，照遠戎之來庭。陰堂承北，方軒九戶。右個清宴，西東其宇。連以永寧，安昌臨圃。遂及百子，後宮攸處。處之斯何，窈窕淑女。思齊徽音，聿求多祜。其祜伊何，宜爾子孫。克明克哲，克聰克敏。永錫難老，兆民賴止。於南則有承光前殿，賦政之宮。納賢用���，詢道求中。疆理宇宙，甄陶國風。雲行雨施，品物咸融。其西則有左墄右平，講肄之場。二六對陳，殿翼相當。僻脫承便，蓋象戎兵。察解言歸，譬諸政刑。將以行令，豈唯娛情。鎮以崇臺，寔曰永始。複閣重闈，猖狂是俟。京庾之儲，無物不有。不虞之戒。於是焉取。
爾乃建凌雲之層盤，浚虞淵之靈沼。清露瀼瀼，淥水浩浩。樹以嘉木，植以芳草。悠悠玄魚，曤曤白鳥。沈浮翱翔，樂我皇道。若乃虯龍灌注，溝洫交流。陸設殿館，水方輕舟。篁棲鵾鷺，瀨戲鰋鮋豐侔淮海，富賑山丘。叢集委積，焉可殫籌？雖咸池之壯觀，夫何足以比讎？
於是碣以高昌崇觀，表以建城峻廬。岧嶢岑立，崔嵬巒居。飛閣干雲，浮堦乘虛。遙目九野，遠覽長圖。頫眺三市，孰有誰無？睹農人之耘耔，亮稼穡之艱難。惟饗年之豐寡，思無逸之所歎。感物衆而思深，因居高而慮危。惟天德之不易，懼世俗之難知。觀器械之良窳，察俗化之誠偽。瞻貴賤之所在，悟政刑之夷陂。亦所以省風助教，豈惟盤樂而崇侈靡？屯坊列署，三十有二。星居宿陳，綺錯鱗比。辛壬癸甲，為之名秩。房室齊均，堂庭如一。出此入彼，欲反忘術。惟工匠之多端，固萬變之不窮。物無難而不知，乃與造化乎比隆。讎天地以開基，並列宿而作制。制無細而不協於規景，作無微而不違於水臬故其增構如積，植木如林。區連域絕，葉比枝分。離背別趣，駢田胥附。縱橫踰延，各有攸注。公輸荒其規矩，匠石不知其所斲。既窮巧於規摹，何彩章之未殫。爾乃文以朱綠，飾以碧丹。點以銀黃，爍以琅玕。光明熠爚，文彩璘班。清風萃而成響，朝日曜而增鮮。雖崑崙之靈宮，將何以乎侈旃。規矩既應乎天地，舉措又順乎四時。是以六合元亨，九有雍熙。家懷克讓之風，人詠康哉之詩。莫不優游以自得，故淡泊而無所思。歷列辟而論功，無今日之至治彼吳蜀之湮滅，固可翹足而待之。
然而聖上猶孜孜靡忒，求天下之所以自悟。招忠正之士，開公直之路。想周公之昔戒，慕咎繇之典謨。除無用之官，省生事之故。絕流遁之繁禮，反民情於太素。故能翔岐陽之鳴鳳，納虞氏之白環。蒼龍覿於陂塘，龜書出於河源。醴泉涌於池圃，靈芝生於丘園。總神靈之貺祐，集華夏之至歡。方四三皇而六五帝，曾何周夏之足言！
孤陋寡聞
《禮記．學記》
大學之法，禁於未發之謂豫，當其可之謂時，不陵節而施之謂孫，相觀而善之謂摩。此四者，教之所由興也。發然後禁，則扞格而不勝。時過然後學，則勤苦而難成。雜施而不孫，則壞亂而不脩。獨學而無友，則孤陋而寡聞。燕朋逆其師。燕辟廢其學。此六者，教之所由廢也。
《禮記．學記》：「獨學而無友，則孤陋而寡聞。」（源）
《抱朴子．外篇．自敘》：「年十六，始讀《孝經》、《論語》、《詩》、《易》，貧乏無以遠尋師友，孤陋寡聞，明淺思短，大義多所不通。」
《朱子語類．卷一一七．朱子．訓門人��》：「淳稟曰：『伏承教誨，深覺大欠下學工夫。恐遐陬僻郡，孤陋寡聞，易致差迷，無從就正。望賜下學說一段，以為朝夕取準。』」
元．馬致遠《陳摶高臥》第二折：「若做官後每日價行眠立盹，休休休，枉笑殺凌煙閣上人，有這般疏庸愚鈍，孤陋寡聞。」
《三國演義》第一○回：「某孤陋寡聞，不足當公之薦。」
《鏡花緣》第一六回：「不瞞二位大賢說，這叫作『臨時抱佛腳』，也是我們讀書人通病，何況他們孤陋寡聞的幼女哩。」
寡聞少見
猶「孤陋寡聞」。見「孤陋寡聞」條。
《漢書．卷八一．匡張孔馬傳．匡衡》：「蓋聰明疏通者戒於大察，寡聞少見者戒於雍蔽。」
寡聞陋見
猶「孤陋寡聞」。見「孤陋寡聞」條。
明．胡翰〈羅文質公集敘〉：「以寡聞陋見論前人之道德，其亦過矣！」
寡見鮮聞
猶「孤陋寡聞」。見「孤陋寡聞」條。
漢．王褒〈四子講德論〉：「俚人不識，寡見尠（鮮）聞；曩從末路，望聽玉音，竊動心焉。敢問所歌何詩，請聞其說。」
獨自學習而沒有朋友一起切磋、研討，就會造成學識淺陋而見聞不廣。 對朋友怠慢就違背了師長的教導；一旦言行偏差，就會荒廢了自己的學業。
獨學而無友，則孤陋而寡聞
獨學：指獨自學習，不瞭解外部動向。獨自學習，無人切磋，則孤陋寡聞。形容孤偏鄙陋，見聞不多。有井底之蛙含義。
原因： 朋友是你瞭解外部世界的橋樑,也是你不斷完善自己的標尺。一個人學習，而不接觸外部環境是行不通的。只有與朋友共同學習，集思廣益、取長補短，才能彌補自身的缺憾，並獲得更多知識。
中文名
獨學而無友，則孤陋而寡聞
出處
《禮記·學記》
類型
古文
作者
戴聖
出處
出處：《禮記·學記》：“獨學而無友，則孤陋而寡聞。”
釋義：如果學習中缺乏學友之間的交流切磋，就必然會導致知識狹隘，見識短淺。其中，“而”錶轉折的作用。
教學相長
教與學互相增長。指通過教授、學習，不但能使學生得到進步，而且教師本身的水準也可藉此提高。語出《禮記．學記》。
雖有嘉肴，弗食，不知其旨也；雖有至道，弗學，不知其善也。是故學然後知不足，教然後知困。知不足，然後能自反也；知困，然後能自強1>也，故曰「教學相長2>」也。
《禮記．學記》：「是故學然後知不足，教然後知困。知不足，然後能自反也；知困，然後能自強也，故曰『教學相長』也。」（源）
《韓詩外傳》卷三：「雖有善道，不學不達其功，故學然後知不足，教然後知不究。不足，故自愧而勉；不究，故盡師而熟。由此觀之，則教學相長也。」
明．王守仁〈教條示龍場諸生．責善〉：「使吾而是也，因得以明其是；吾而非也，因得以去其非：蓋教學相長也。」
《兒女英雄傳》第一八回：「我那解悶的本領都被公子學去了，那裡再尋甚麼新色的去？我們『教學相長』，公子有甚麼本領？何不也指點我的一件？彼此頑起來，倒也解悶。
人人都是一本書
每個人都是獨特的，每個人都是值得欣賞的，
閱讀每個人的故事，獲得成長的養分。
人人身上都是一個時代（全新增訂版）
作者：陳柔縉
語言：繁體中文
出版社：麥田
出版日期：2016/10/06
目錄
◎新版序──陳柔縉
一‧人的日本時代
1 人人身上都是一個時代
2 跑啊！林和
3 王永慶的兩百圓有多大
〈附表：台籍前輩企業家出生年與學歷〉
4 辜家豪門鑽石失竊記
5 台灣最貴單身漢
6 巴黎唯一的台灣人
7 神祕的第一位台灣人車主
8 名門公子���本浪漫遊
9 美國鳥人到台灣
10 明治元勳欠錢記
11 禁吃大蒜迎親王
二‧愛與死事件簿
1 戀愛？亂愛！
2 台灣人殉情記
3 少年仔愛看電梯小姐
4 煙草女工眼裡的蔣介石
〈附表：1930年代煙草女工的世界〉
5 懷念的鐵路便當
〈附表：1914年台灣鐵路便當〉
6 烤鴨該怎麼吃
7 愛鄉愛土全民票選台灣八景
8 1933年雙十國慶在台北
9 鐵達尼船難消息在台灣
10 豪華世界郵輪初體驗
〈附表：日治時期世界觀光郵輪來台概況〉
11 英語演講比賽前先獎盃奉還
12 車牌暗藏魔鬼
13 那時候的公車會「犁田」
14 颱風來了會缺鹽
15 火災的關鍵詞
16 打開日本時代的鉛筆盒
17 考上醫校回頭嗆校長
18 修學旅行遇見明治天皇
19 捨不得不愛的農曆年
20 老藥房的推銷術
三．古典罪與罰
1 怪怪小偷和大盜
2 日本時代也有毒品？
3 盜賊拔刀海上來
4 偷車賊最愛的作案地點
5 好膽賭博要鞭刑
6 來看富豪斬雞頭發毒誓
四．療癒系台灣史
1 那些年動物惹的禍
2 最佳療癒系之小鴨物語
3 小象闖進高級料亭了
4 猛雄藏了十個月的祕密
5 狗狗的日本時代
6 不是端午也能划龍舟
7 人間無處不花火
8 上陽明山不看櫻花
9 為路樹繫上第一張身分證
五‧地的時光垂直線
1 台灣銀行重返上海
2 東京火車站的呼吼
3 早稻田的咖啡店
4 松泉閣給的問號與答案
5 第一波青春壯遊
6 第三國人
7 撫臺街洋樓身世之謎
◎附錄【日本時代台灣物價水準概況】
參考資料
圖片來源
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手塚治虫
H：森林王子，原子小金剛，怪醫黑傑克的作者。20230514W7
維基百科介紹：
手塚治虫，本名手塚治，生於日本大阪府，漫畫家、動畫製作人、醫學博士、現代日本動畫的創立者，有「日本漫畫之神」尊稱。 維基百科
出生資訊： 1928 年 11 月 3 日，日本大阪府豐中市
逝世： 1989 年 2 月 9 日，日本東京都東京半蔵門病院
配偶： 手塚悦子 (結婚於 1959 年–1989 年)
子女： 手塚眞， 手塚留美子， Chiiko Tezuka
獲獎記錄： 瑞寶章， 日本SF大獎， Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame， Winsor McCay Award， 講談社漫画賞一般部門， …
手塚治虫
日本漫畫家、動畫製作人
手塚治虫（日語：手塚 治虫／てづか おさむ Tezuka Osamu，1928年11月3日—1989年2月9日），本名手塚治，生於日本大阪府，漫畫家、動畫製作人、醫學博士、現代日本動畫的創立者，有「日本漫畫之神」尊稱。
作為戰後日本故事漫畫的領軍人物，手塚治虫是多產漫畫家，在日本漫畫界有著無法撼動的地位，他的作品深深影響著許多新生代漫畫家，知名代表作則包含《多羅羅》、《藍寶石王子》、《森林大帝》、《原子小金剛》、《怪醫黑傑克》、《海王子》、《小白獅》和《三眼神童》等膾炙人口的經典作品。
生平
1928年生於日本大阪府豐能郡豐中町（今豐中市），是日爲明治天皇誕辰，故得本名手塚治。五歲時舉家搬遷至兵庫縣川邊郡小濱村（今寶塚市御殿山。自幼喜愛昆蟲，故於1939年取了「手塚治虫」的筆名，把本名「治」改成日語同音的「治蟲」，與步行蟲諧音。[a]原名手塚治用於醫學家名義。他也是日本第一位導入助手制度與企業化經營的漫畫家，對於日後日本漫畫的啟蒙有著極大的推動作用。
1945年進入大阪大學附屬醫學專門部，1951年畢業，隔年通過醫師國家考試。1961年於奈良縣立醫科大學以《在異型精子細胞中膜構造的電子顯微鏡研究》論文獲得醫學博士學位。自1946年起在《少國民新聞》（現《每日小學生新聞》）上連載四格漫畫《小馬的日記》，從此走上漫畫之路。1947年，根據酒井七馬原作改編的漫畫《��寶島》發行，該作將大量電影拍攝法引入漫畫，一經推出就受到歡迎，人們由此開始接受"新漫畫"的概念。此後陸續創作出《森林大帝》、《原子小金剛》、《怪醫黑傑克》、《小飛龍》、《三眼神童》等大量膾炙人口的長篇作品，屢次獲得各種獎項，其中的《藍寶石王子》是公認的日本第一部少女故事漫畫。1967年開始連載的探討生命奧秘的作品《火之鳥》，是其創作生涯的巔峰之作，至他臨終時，作品最後一章《現代篇》仍未完成。1961年成立「手塚治虫製作動畫部」，翌年以「蟲製作公司」的名義開始活動，日本第一部多集TV動畫原子小金剛、第一部彩色多集TV動畫森林大帝、第一部長達2小時的電視動畫特輯《100萬年地球之旅 熊貓BOOK》等一大批優秀的動畫作品均誕生於此。晚年時製作的各種實驗性動畫在國際社會上得到很高的評價。
1989年2月9日，手塚治虫於日本東京都千代田區麴町半藏門醫院逝世，享壽61歲。
年表
1928年－大阪府豐能郡豐中町（現在的豐中市）出生。
1933年－5歲時，搬到兵庫縣川邊郡小濱村（現在的寶塚市）居住。
1935年－入讀池田師範附屬小學（今大阪教育大學附屬池田小學）。
1941年－入讀大阪府立北野中學（今大阪府立北野高級中學）。
1945年－於北野中學畢業，入讀大阪帝國大學（今大阪大學）附屬醫學專門學部。
1946年－《小馬日記》於1月4日初次於《少國民新聞》連載。
1947年－與漫畫家酒井七馬共同發表二百頁長篇漫畫《新金銀島》，廣獲好評。
1951年－留級1年，於大阪大學附屬醫學專門學部畢業。
1952年－取得醫師執照。
1953年－搬到東京都豐島區。
1959年－與岡田悅子結婚。
1961年－在奈良縣立醫科大學取得醫學博士學位；同年，長子手塚真出生。
1963年－最早的日本電視動畫《原子小金剛》於1月1日在富士電視台開播。
1964年－長女手塚留美子出生。
1965年－最早的日本彩色電視動畫《森林大帝》於10月6日在富士電視台開播。
1973年－蟲製作公司倒閉；同年，《怪醫黑傑克》開始連載。
1975年－《怪醫黑傑克》獲得第4次日本漫畫家協會獎獎特別優秀獎。
1989年－因胃癌去世於半藏門醫院，享壽61歲，法號為「伯藝院殿覺圓蟲聖大居士」。死後獲頒「勳三等瑞寶章」。
1990年－全部作品獲得第19次日本漫畫家協會獎文部大臣獎。
1994年－兵庫縣寶塚市的寶塚市立手塚治虫紀念館開幕。
作品名單
漫畫
少年類
火之鳥（未完成）（日語：火の鳥）
黎明篇（漫畫少年版）、未來篇、大和篇、宇宙篇、鳳凰篇、復活篇、羽衣篇、望郷篇、亂世篇、生命篇、異形篇、太陽篇、埃及篇、希臘篇、羅馬篇
怪醫黑傑克（日語：ブラック・ジャック，英語：Black Jack，��譯：怪醫秦博士）
三眼神童（日語：三つ目がとおる，港譯：三眼小子，台灣舊譯：怪童小精靈）
原子小金剛（日語：鉄腕アトム，大陸譯：鐵臂阿童木，港譯：小飛俠阿童木，台譯：原子小金剛，英譯：AstroBoy）
森林大帝（日語：ジャングル大帝，港譯：小白獅，新加坡譯：小白獅，台灣舊譯：小獅王）
小白獅別卷（日語：レオちゃん）
多羅羅（日語：どろろ，港譯：怪俠多羅羅）
海王子（日語：海のトリトン/青いトリトン）
零人（日語：0マン）
森林魔境（日語：ジャングル魔境）
吸血鬼在日本（日語：ドン・ドラキュラ）
狼人傳說（日語：バンパイヤ）
百變貝隆加（日語：ブルンガ一世）
鬼丸大將（日語：鬼丸大將）
手塚少年摯友（日語：ゴッドファーザーの息子）
溶岩大使（日語：マグマ大使，港譯：火箭人金達，又名：火箭大使）
白色領航員（日語：白いパイロット，英語：The White Pilot）
肯恩隊長（日語：キャプテンKen，英語：Captain Ken，港譯：無敵隊長）
忍者猿飛（日語：おれは猿飛だ）
新寶島（日語：新寶島，英譯：New Treasure Island）
七色鸚哥（日語：七色いんこ，台譯：七色鸚哥）
大X超人（日語：ビッグX）
神秘洞（日語：ザ・クレーター）
大都會（日語：メトロポリス，英語：Metropolis）
鳥人大系（日語：鳥人大系）
罪與罰（日語：罪と罰）
亂世三娘（日語：一輝まんだら）
壯志驕陽（日語：どろんこ先生）
發條蘋果（日語：時計仕掛けのりんご）
地底國怪人（日語：地底國の怪人）
鐵臂之歌（日語：鉄の旋律）
洛克冒險記（日語：ロック冒険記）
日本發狂（日語：日本発狂）
午夜計程車（日語：ミッドナイト）
玲瓏三勇士（日語：ミクロイドS，包括《ミクロイド》和《ミクロイドZ》）
魔神加農（日語：魔神ガロン）（日語：魔神ガロン）
手塚之家（日語：マコとルミとチイ）
漫畫之神（日語：紙の砦）
沖天靈犬（日語：フライングベン）
電影萬歲（日語：フィルムは生きている）
不文狂想曲（日語：フースケ）
魔馬（日語：ボンバ！）
火之山（日語：火の山）
阿童木大使（日語：アトム大使）
諾曼王子（日語：ノーマン）
少年偵探（日語：ケン1探偵長）
阿拉伯之夜（日語：珍アラビアンナイト）
NO.７（日語：ナンバー7）
三神奇（日語：W3（ワンダー・スリー），港譯：銀河特派員）
地球惡魔（日語：地球の惡魔）
新選組（日語：新選組）
驚奇博士（日語：スリル博士）
勇者大丹（日語：勇者ダン）
平原��平記（日語：平原太平記）
冒險狂時代（日語：冒険狂時代）
辨慶（日語：弁慶）
新世界之路（日語：新世界ルルー）
38 度線上的怪物（日語：38度線上の怪物）
四格漫畫
小馬日記（日語：マアちゃんの日記帳）
少女類
緞帶騎士（日語：リボンの騎士） 又譯：寶馬王子（東販版）、藍寶石王子（文化傳信）。
雙子騎士（日語：双子の騎士） 又譯：藍寶石王子別卷。
神奇糖（日語：ふしぎなメルモ）
天使之丘（日語：エンゼルの丘）
神奇獨角馬（日語：ユニコ） 又譯：小小獨角獸。
天虹之堡（日語：虹のとりで）
成人類
阿波羅之歌（日語：アポロの歌）
佛陀（日語：ブッダ）
浮士德（日語：ネオ・ファウスト）（註：未完成的遺作）
桐人傳奇（日語：きりひと賛歌，港譯：狗面人）
MW毒氣風暴（日語：MW）
人間昆蟲記
蒐集人種（日語：人間ども集まれ！）
新浮士德
迷幻少女（日語：ばるぼら）
奇子（日語：奇子）
三個阿道夫[1]（日語：アドルフに告ぐ）
太平洋X點（日語：太平洋Ｘポイント，英語：X-Point On The South Pacific）
Alabaster (manga)（英語：透明人）（日語：アラバスター，英語：Alabaster）
修馬力傳奇（日語：シュマリ）
向陽之樹（日語：陽だまりの樹）
上を下へのジレッタ
千面女郎I.L（日語：I.L）
兒童類
小羅普（日語：ロップくん，港譯：精霊萬能俠）
我的孫悟空（日語：ぼくの孫悟空）
ガムガムパンチ
ジェッター・マルス
神奇獨角馬 (小學1年級學生版）（日語：ユニコ（小學１年生版））
集錦
小飛俠今昔物語（日語：アトム今昔物語）
手塚治虫短編集（日語：手塚治虫THE BEST）
手塚治虫恐怖短編集（日語：手塚治虫恐怖短編集）
虎之書（日語：タイガーブックス，港譯：手塚治虫怪異漫畫）
猜疑集（日語：サスピション）
變形故事集（日語：メタモルフォーゼ）
手塚漫畫大學（日語：漫畫大學）
科幻世界（日語：ＳＦミックス）
萊歐物語（日語：ライオンブックス，另譯：獅之書，港譯：手塚治虫短篇漫畫）
動畫原作
悟空大冒險（日語：悟空の大冒険）
火鳥2772（日語：火の鳥2772 愛のコスモゾーン）
舊約 聖書物語（天地創造 十戒 イエスの誕生）
時空旅程10000年（タイムスリップ10000年プライム・ローズ）
大自然魔獸（大自然の魔獣バギ）
銀河探查2100年（銀河探査2100年 ボーダープラネット）
原案
寶馬神童（青いブリンク）
助手
福元一義（助手主任）
藤子·F·��二雄
藤子不二雄A
石森章太郎（石ノ森章太郎）《假面騎士》等）
三浦滿 1983年獲講談社漫畫獎得主（漫畫家，代表作《L&S》、《鄰家美眉》等）
村野守美（漫畫家，代表作《垣根の魔女》、《西遊記―石ザル冒険物語》、《草笛の季節》……
坂口尚[2]（漫畫家，代表作《星の動く音》《3月の風は3ノット》《12色物語（上·下）》《無限風船》《電飾の夜23:59発》《石の花（1~6）》《紀元ギルシア》《戦士の休息》《ともしび》《星降る夜》《月光シャワー》《VERSION》《あっかんべェ一休（1~4）》）
渡辺淳（漫畫家，代表作《檸檬天使》）
高見真子（漫畫家，代表作《心愛的艾莉》）
寺沢武一（漫畫家，代表作《眼鏡蛇》、《悟空》、《武》、《BAT》、《鴉天狗卡布���》等）
小谷憲一（漫畫家，代表作《網球小子》、《DESIRE慾望》）
石坂啓（漫畫家、作家，代表作《比接吻更簡單》）
伴俊男（漫畫家，代表作《手塚治虫物語》）
三船毅志[3]（漫畫家，代表作有《多田等觀》）
池原重人
豐田有恆（蟲製作文藝部）
石津嵐（蟲製作文藝部）
辻真先（在許多動畫作品以桂真佐喜的名字出現）
久松文雄（漫畫家，平成24年5月神道文化奨勵賞得主，代表作《三夢伝》、《武と魂》等）
成就與影響
漫畫之神
手塚治虫對現代日本漫畫影響巨大的主要影響如下：
1947年《新寶島》－發明以電影技巧來畫漫畫。採用變焦、廣角、俯視等電影技術繪圖，以分鏡頭的方式連接。擺脫以四格漫畫和傳統連環畫的繪畫方式。這種手法沿用至今。成為漫畫的構圖標準。
1953年《藍寶石王子》－被公認的第一部少女漫畫，並奠定美少女的常見造型特徵（萌），如大眼睛和圓臉等。
1961年－「蟲製作公司成立」－奠定了日本動畫界的發展方向。當時，美國動畫界巨頭迪士尼公司採用的是高成本、大製作類似「好萊塢」一樣的製作方式。耗費龐大的資金、時間、人力才能製作一部作品。甚至一部動畫就可以使一個工廠破產。而手塚治虫認為：只要故事好，就算是兩張紙片也一樣可以吸引人。着力刻畫人物的內心，極大限度地節約製作成本。配合大量預定義的動作和CG來開發作品。最著名的就是口動、眨眼系統：眨眼三幀、說話三幀的模式。手塚治虫把每秒的繪畫幀數���迪士尼的24格壓縮成8格，並且使用大量重複動作、中特寫等來填充本來要仔細繪畫的畫面，大幅減低成本以保障公司的存亡。這種方式如今仍然被日本動畫界使用。甚至成為AVG遊戲製作根本。至此：日本動畫成為能與美國動畫分庭抗禮的巨匠。美國動畫特點走大製作、大成本的道路；日本動畫則採用小成本、快產出的方式。
1963年發行的《原子小金剛》是日本第一部國產電視動畫，當時的收視率超過四成。這部電視動畫作品其實已經是比較完善的日本動畫的雛形。甚至有很多看來是習慣的東西也被保留下來，比如：一周播一次動畫。
1969年的海王子是日本第一部正統西式奇幻漫畫，並成為第一部公認有深度的動畫原著，並發掘動畫監督新星富野喜幸。
紀錄片
1986年，日本放送協會為手冢治蟲拍攝和製作紀錄片《漫畫之神：手塚治蟲 創作的秘密》。[4]
錯誤的動畫瘟神說
手塚治虫（動畫業界）瘟神說是知名的謠言，讓「錯誤歷史」擴散出去的始作俑者之一，就是宮崎駿。[5] 在批判過蟲製作公司的幾部作品與手塚發言之後，宮崎這樣說明：「昭和38年，他以一集50萬日圓這樣的便宜價格開始製作日本第一部動畫《原子小金剛》。因為這樣的前例產生了弊害，造成後來動畫的製作費用經常性地低落。這本身是個不幸的開始，但我覺得是日本在達成經濟成長的過程當中遲早要發生的命運，只是恰好由手塚先生扣下了板機而已。」
手塚說過「55萬圓就好」雖然是事實（宮崎誤記為50萬日圓），但實際上並沒有便宜到這種程度。手塚社長之所以會說「55萬圓就好」，是因為他打聽說當時真人兒童節目的製作費大概是這個價碼。但是動畫要耗費真人節目的許多倍心力，這個價碼確實不可能。因此當時蟲製作公司的職員與廣告代理商的負責人談判後，實際支付給蟲製作公司的是155萬日圓。蟲製作公司確實勞動環境糟糕，時常要持續熬夜。但蟲製作公司在薪資方面，是給社員優渥待遇的。尤其最初期因為缺乏人才，必須從東映動畫等其他動畫製作公司挖角，會說「東映薪水多少，我們加倍給你」，依照社員說的價碼去給。
因此，當時還很少家庭擁有自用車，但蟲製作公司的停車場卻排滿了社員的車子。「時常熬夜」，但「高薪」。
10年之後，蟲製作公司於1973年倒閉，當時許多社員獨立出來，紛紛設立了自己的製作公司。他們之所以擁有足以創業的資金，就是因為薪水很高的緣故。
《原子小金剛》雖然光看電視台支付的放映權費用是虧損的，但因為副收入而帶來盈餘。這些盈餘都回饋給蟲製作公司社員的薪水，給了社員足以獨立創業的薪資。是因為社員待遇良好，使得蟲製作公司經營惡化，最終倒閉——。 這是蟲製作公司的歷史概略。而這也表示，手塚治虫以低薪資要動畫工作者工作這點絕非事實。 宮崎駿說長篇動畫因為《原子小金剛》而無法好好製作，這不單是誤解事實，更是捏造。東映動畫的經營惡化、輕視長篇動畫而轉換路線的經營判斷，這些都不是手塚治虫負責的，自然不該擔負長篇動畫製作困難的罪名。
作品與思想
手塚治虫是多產的漫畫家，一生畫了約450部漫畫（一說700部），同時作品豐富多樣：兒童生活、科幻、偵探、歷史、傳說，文學、醫學、宗教、音樂、哲學等，除此之外還有數篇醫學論文。這些作品幾乎都影響後來的漫畫家的創作題材，不過這些作品取材和來源分為四大類：
其它動漫作品影響：手塚治虫閱讀過大量的東西方動畫、漫畫及流行作品，並受許多漫畫、動畫大師，比如米特·格羅斯（Milt Gross）[6]、迪士尼、查理·卓別林[7][8]、麥克斯·弗萊舍畫室（Fleischer Studios）[9]。
萬籟鳴、萬籟鳴[10]文學、演劇、寶塚文化等的影響。
社會環境：手冢治蟲曾受到二戰和日本思想變化的影響，作品常常凝重、深邃、帶有「求索」的心情，呼籲和平、反對戰爭。前者比如《佛陀》，後者比如《三個阿道夫》 這些作品在日本動漫乃至世界動漫都是非常少見，但的確也彌足珍貴。
小說：手塚治虫改編不少的世界名著，比如《新浮士德》、《一千零一夜》、《三隻眼》等。經改編的作品有的保持原貌，但大多加上作者的思想。此外亦曾受聖座教廷之邀製作《舊約 聖書物語》，除了動畫，集英社並於1994年發行漫畫版，全3卷。
職業和興趣：手塚治虫是醫學博士，喜歡昆蟲。於是創作《人間昆蟲記》、《BLACK JACK》（中文譯：《怪醫黑傑克》）等作品
榮譽
日本勳章獎章
 勛三等瑞寶章（1989年追授[11]）
獎項
獲獎
注意：部分內容翻譯日語的同條目章節，因編者的翻譯水平，內容或仍須校對。全部獲獎經歷��照手塚官網[12]
1958年－《びいこちゃん》、《漫畫生物學》獲第3屆小學館漫畫獎。
1963年－《街角物語》獲藝術節獎勵獎，每日映畫評選會大藤信仰獎，藍帶教育電影獎。
1966年－《森林大帝》獲電視記者會特別獎
1967年－《展覽會的畫》獲藝術節獎勵獎，大藤信郎獎（日語：大藤信郎賞），藍帶教育電影獎，《森林大帝》獲威尼斯國際電影銀獅獎，《原子小金剛》等，獲放送批評懇談會人物形象獎。
1970年－《火之鳥》獲講談社出版文化獎。
1975年－《怪醫黑傑克》獲日本漫畫家協會特別獎。
1979年－ 嚴谷小波文藝獎。
1980年－《火之鳥2772》獲拉斯維加斯電影節動畫部門獎，聖地亞哥漫畫墨水瓶（INK）獎。
1984年－《向陽之樹（日語：陽だまりの樹）》獲29屆小學館漫畫獎、國際動畫電影節最優秀獎和聯合國教科文組織獎。
1985年－《破舊的膠片》，獲第1屆廣島動畫電影節最優秀獎、國際動畫電影節範疇最優秀獎。
1986年－《三個阿道夫》獲講談漫畫獎。
1988年－《森林的傳說》獲每日映畫評選會大藤信郎獎和國際動畫電影節CIFEJ獎。
1990年－ 獲得第19屆日本漫畫家協會獎文部大臣獎，並於國立近代美館舉辦「手塚治虫」展
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重溫《情書》，重溫兩段愛情裡的遺憾。 完整文章：https://hatsocks1975.pixnet.net/blog/post/68319969
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【 拉普拉斯的魔女 】
之前看到LINE群有人簡單分享一下觀影心得，今天看完之後，那位大大是對的! 如果對 廣瀨鈴 有愛的話，你會獲得大大的滿足...
不喜歡廣瀨鈴的ㄧ些言論，但不可否認的是，她的演技存在感好強，名義上的主角 櫻井翔 ，都快被邊緣化了! 所以，海報的主視覺應該是第二張圖才對(笑) 結局弱了些，最近 東野圭吾小說改編電影結局最虛的一部! 說好的，東野圭吾系電影結局大轉折的公式在這部怎麼消失了呢...
個人喜愛: 7/ 10( 廣瀨鈴 及 豐川悅司 的演技 救了導演 )
【 故事大綱 】
地球化學教授青江修介（櫻井翔）到溫泉鄉協助調查一起硫化氫致死事件，眼中只有科學證據的他，以「氣候不安定的在室外，無法迫使他人吸入過多有毒氣體死亡」為由，排除死亡事件的他殺可能，但數日後，另一地溫泉又發生相同死亡事件，青江雖仍堅持是意外但信念也開始動搖，可是篤信科學的他，認為只有理論中能預測宇宙所有現象，被稱為「拉普拉斯惡魔」的虛構生物才能控制自然現象殺人，既然是虛構，不存在的東西要如何犯案？！此時一位自稱「拉普拉斯魔女」的神秘少女羽原円華（廣瀨鈴）用超越常理的的預知能力，徹底顛覆了他的科學理論！ 究竟羽原的能力是真是假？而她口中所說的那位事件的關鍵人物甘���謙人（福士蒼汰）是否真有其人？單純的意外變成連續殺人事件，難道凶手真是傳說中的「拉普拉斯惡魔」？就在他信心動搖時，死亡事件再度發生…大學教授青江修介即將面對他生涯最艱難的挑戰。
撰於2018.6.25
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#TVR #TRUEVINTAGEREVIVAL #GQ #TVR524 #TOYOKAWAETSUSHI #豐川悅司 #亡命之途 https://www.instagram.com/p/ByxFO3fB_TK/?igshid=q52u37rmhzrm
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播放電影-hk 《最後的情書 》 線上電影 | 高清版完整版免費線 上觀看
最後的情書 完整版本 (2020-HD) Last Letter 完整版觀看電影在線小鴨 完整的電影 [4K]
𝐕𝐈𝐒𝐈𝐓 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊 🎥 ▶ https://bit.ly/31jW4kA
岩井俊二再現經典「岩」式浪漫！松隆子、福山雅治浪漫攜手主演。妹妹裕里代替去世的姊姊未咲出席同學會，想將姊姊死訊告知，卻沒想到反被誤認成姊姊，更與初戀情人重逢，開始了書信的往返。 片長：120分 上映日期：2020/08/21
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上映日期：2020–08–21 片 長：未提�� 發行公司：台北双喜電影 IMDb分數：6.7 導演： 岩井俊二(Shunji Iwai) 演員： 松隆子(Takako Matsu) 、 廣瀨鈴(Suzu Hirose) 、 福山雅治(Fukuyama Masaharu) 、 神木隆之介(Ryunosuke Kamiki) 、 庵野秀明(Hideaki Anno) 、 中山美穗(Miho Nakayama) 、 豐川悅司(Toyokawa Etsushi)
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一場誤會開啟了裕里與鏡史郎之間奇妙的書信往來。學生時期的鏡史郎（神木隆之介 飾）和少女未咲（廣瀨鈴 飾）以及少女裕里（森七菜 飾）之間淡淡的初戀情誼，又彷彿透過往返的信札鮮活起來。書信悄然串起他們的心，讓未咲死亡的真相、過去及現在，以及各自深藏在內心的初戀情懷，即將穿越時空有新了的發展───
催生出《情書》、《燕尾蝶》、《四月物語》、《花與愛麗絲》等經典名作的電影導演──岩井俊二。他闖蕩影壇的20多年當中，巧妙地切入各個時代，刻劃出各種當代的愛情。每部作品都有忠實支持者的岩井俊二導演，首度以自身的出身地「宮城縣」作為故事背景，讓錯過的書信情牽兩個世代的男女，《最後的情書》描繪出他們各自的心靈重建與成長。大師岩井俊二的新片，集結到松隆子、廣瀨鈴、庵野秀明、森七菜、神木隆之介、福山雅治等超豪華卡司，老班底中山美穗和豐川悅司也來友情客串。不但讓人重溫名作『情書』的世界，並構築出全新的娛樂視角。
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电影/电影的定义和定义 在电影中扮演角色的玩家被称为演员（男人）或女演员（女人）。另外还有“演员”一词，用作电影中角色很少的次要角色。这与主要角色不同，后者的作用越来越大。作为演员，必须要有与他主演的电影主题相对应的演艺才能。在某些场景中，演员的角色可以由特技演员或特技演员代替。替身演员的存在对于替换扮演动作片中通常出现的困难和极端场景的演员很重要。 电影也可以用来传递电影制片人的某些信息。一些行业还使用电影来传达和代表其符号和文化。电影制作也是电影中形象化的表达，思想，观念，概念，感觉和心情的一种形式。电影本身大多是虚构的，尽管有些是根据真实故事或真实故事改编的。 也有带有原始和真实图像或传记电影的纪录片，讲述一个人物的故事。还有许多其他受欢迎的类型电影，包括动作片，恐怖片，喜剧片，浪漫片，幻想片，惊悚片，戏剧片，科幻片，犯罪片，纪录片等。 这是有关胶卷或胶卷定义的一些信息。该信息已从各种来源和参考文献中引用。希望它会有用。 FI电视电影❍❍❍第一部电视节目是实验性的，零星的节目，从1930年代起，它们只能在离桅杆很近的距离处观看。电视节目，例如1936年德国夏季奥运会，乔治六世国王加冕。在19340年的英国，以及1939年在美国纽约世界博览会上著名的大卫·萨诺夫（David Sarnoff）的发射，这种媒介不断发展，但第二次世界大战使战后的发展停滞不前。 19440年的世界电影启发了许多美国人，他们购买了第一台电视。1948年，广受欢迎的德士古星剧院广播电台成为第一个每���举行的电视综艺节目，该节目主持了米尔顿·伯雷（Milton Berle），并获得“电视先生”的称号，证明了这种媒体是稳定的，可以吸引广告商的现代娱乐形式。 1951年9月4日，美国首次全国直播电视转播，当时哈里·杜鲁门（Harry Truman）总统在旧金山日本和约会议上就AT＆T的跨大陆电缆和微波中继系统发表演讲时，已向当地市场的广播公司播出。是。 1954年1月1日在美国举行了第一次全国性的彩色表演（1954年的玫瑰游行锦标赛）。在接下来的十年中，大多数网络广播和几乎所有本地广播都继续以黑白广播。宣布于1965年秋季进行颜色转换，其中一半以上的网络黄金时段节目都以彩色广播。一年之后，第一个全彩高峰季节来了。在19402年，白天网络节目的最后一次支持被转换为第一个全彩网络季节。 ❍❍❍格式和体裁❍❍❍ 另请参阅：流派列表§电影和电视格式和流派 由于可以呈现的格式和类型多样，电视节目比大多数其他媒体更加多样化。表演可以是虚构的（如喜剧和戏剧）或非虚构的（如纪录片，新闻和真人秀）。它可以是最新的（如本地新闻节目和一些电视电影）或历史的（如许多纪录片和虚构电影）。它们可以是教育性的，也可以是娱乐性的，就像情节喜剧和游戏节目一样。 [需要引文] 戏剧节目通常由一系列在历史或现代背景下扮演角色的演员组成。该计划遵循他们的生活和冒险。在1980年代之前，演出（肥皂剧系列除外）通常保持静止，没有故事情节，主要人物和前提几乎没有变化。 [需要引证]如果剧集中角色的生活发生了一些变化，通常最终会逆转。因此，可以以任何顺序广播情节。 [需要引证]自1980年代以来，许多FILMS的情节，人物或两者都有逐渐的变化。例如，希尔街布鲁斯（Hill Street Blues）和圣艾尔瑟弗（St. Elsewhere）是美国第一部具有这种戏剧性结构的黄金时段戏剧电视电影[4] [需要更好的消息来源]，而后来的MOVIE Babylon 5进一步说明了这种结构具有有关计划的五个赛季的预定故事。 [需要引文] 据报道，到2020年，电视在大型媒体公司的收入中所占比例要大于电影。一些人还注意到某些电视节目的质量有所提高。 2020年，获得奥斯卡奖的电影导演史蒂芬·索德伯格（Steven Soderbergh）宣布了角色和叙事的模棱两可和复杂性：“我认为现在电视上已经看到了这些特质，那些想看这种特质的人正在看电视。 ❍❍❍感谢您所做的一切，并祝您观看愉快❍❍❍ 在这里，您可以找到所有可以在线播放的电影，包括本周上映的电影。 如果您想在该网站上看到什么，应该知道它涵盖的类型包括犯罪，科学，电影，电影，爱情，惊悚，喜剧，戏剧和动漫电影。 非常感谢。 我们会通知所有乐于接收有关今年电影节目以及如何观看您喜欢的电影的新闻或信息的人。 希望我们能成为您寻找最喜欢的电影的推荐的最佳合作伙伴。 这些都是我们的，问候！ 感谢您观看今天的视频。 希望您喜欢我分享的视频。 如果您喜欢我们分享的内容，请竖起大拇指，表示喜欢或分享，让我们更加兴奋。 散发出幸福的微笑，让世界以多种色彩回归。 ”
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【最後的情書】-(2020)-HD線上看小鴨完整版
最後的情書 完整版本 (2020-HD) Last Letter 完整版觀看電影在線小鴨 完整的電影 [4K]
𝐕𝐈𝐒𝐈𝐓 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊 🎥 ▶ https://bit.ly/31jW4kA
岩井俊二再現經典「岩」式浪漫！松隆子、福山雅治浪漫攜手主演。妹妹裕里代替去世的姊姊未咲出席同學會，想將姊姊死訊告知，卻沒想到反被誤認成姊姊，更與初戀情人重逢，開始了書信的往返。 片長：120分 上映日期：2020/08/21
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上映日期：2020–08–21 片 長：未提供 發行公司：台北双喜電影 IMDb分數：6.7 導演： 岩井俊二(Shunji Iwai) 演員： 松隆子(Takako Matsu) 、 廣瀨鈴(Suzu Hirose) 、 福山雅治(Fukuyama Masaharu) 、 神木隆之介(Ryunosuke Kamiki) 、 庵野秀明(Hideaki Anno) 、 中山美穗(Miho Nakayama) 、 豐川悅司(Toyokawa Etsushi)
★ 七夕情人節 戀愛電影首選 ★ 新海誠力推！岩井俊二 繼情書後最動人的純愛的電影書寫 ★ 時隔22年 松隆子&福山雅治再結戲緣
劇情介紹 裕里的姊姊未咲撒手人寰。裕里（松隆子 飾）在告別式上，從外甥女鮎美（廣瀨鈴 飾）口中得知，有一封寄給未咲的同學會通知。裕里前往姊姊的同學會，想告知姊姊過世的消息，卻被眾人誤認為是曾為校花的姊姊，並且與她的初戀對象鏡史郎（福山雅治 飾）重逢。
一場誤會開啟了裕里與鏡史郎之間奇妙的書信往來。學生時期的鏡史郎（神木隆之介 飾）和少女未咲（廣瀨鈴 飾）以及少女裕里（森七菜 飾）之間淡淡的初戀情誼，又彷彿透過往返的信札鮮活起來。書信悄然串起他們的心，讓未咲死亡的真相、過去及現在，以及各自深藏在內心的初戀情懷，即將穿越時空有新了的發展───
催生出《情書》、《燕尾蝶》、《四月物語》、《花與愛麗絲》等經典名作的電影導演──岩井俊二。他闖蕩影壇的20多年當中，巧妙地切入各個時代，刻劃出各種當代的愛情。每部作品都有忠實支持者的岩井俊二導演，首度以自身的出身地「宮城縣」作為故事背景，讓錯過的書信情牽兩個世代的男女，《最後的情書》描繪出他們各自的心靈重建與成長。大師岩井俊二的新片，集結到松隆子、廣瀨鈴、庵野秀明、森七菜、神木隆之介、福山雅治等超豪華卡司，老班底中山美穗和豐川悅司也來友情客串。不但讓人重溫名作『情書』的世界，並構築出全新的娛樂視角。
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电影/电影的定义和定义 在电影中扮演角色的玩家被称为演员（男人）或女演员（女人）。另外还有“演员”一词，用作电影中角色很少的次要角色。这与主要角色不同，后者的作用越来越大。作为演员，必须要有与他主演的电影主题相对应的演艺才能。在某些场景中，演员的角色可以由特技演员或特技演员代替。替身演员的存在对于替换扮演动作片中通常出现的困难和极端场景的演员很重要。 电影也可以用来传递电影制片人的某些信息。一些行业还使用电影来传达和代表其符号和文化。电影制作也是电影中形象化的表达，思想，观念，概念，感觉和心情的一种形式。电影本身大多是虚构的，尽管有些是根据真实故事或真实故事改编的。 也有带有原始和真实图像或传记电影的纪录片，讲述一个人物的故事。还有许多其他受欢迎的类型电影，包括动作片，恐怖片，喜剧片，浪漫片，幻想片，惊悚片，戏剧片，科幻片，犯罪片，纪录片等。 这是有关胶卷或胶卷定义的一些信息。该信息已从各种来源和参考文献中引用。希望它会有用。 FI电视电影❍❍❍第一部电视节目是实验性的，零星的节目，从1930年代起，它们只能在离桅杆很近的距离处观看。电视节目，例如1936年德国夏季奥运会，乔治六世国王加冕。在19340年的英国，以及1939年在美国纽约世界博览会上著名的大卫·萨诺夫（David Sarnoff）的发射，这种媒介不断发展，但第二次世界大战使战后的发展停滞不前。 19440年的世界电影启发了许多美国人，他们购买了第一台电视。1948年，广受欢迎的德士古星剧院广播电台成为第一个每周举行的电视综艺节目，该节目主持了米尔顿·伯雷（Milton Berle），并获得“电视先生”的称号，证明了这种媒体是稳定的，可以吸引广告商的现代娱乐形式。 1951年9月4日，美国首次全国直播电视转播，当时哈里·杜鲁门（Harry Truman）总统在旧金山日本和约会议上就AT＆T的跨大陆电缆和微波中继系统发表演讲时，已向当地市场的广播公司播出。是。 1954年1月1日在美国举行了第一次全国性的彩色表演（1954年的玫瑰游行锦标赛）。在接下来的十年中，大多数网络广播和几乎所有本地广播都继续以黑白广播。宣布于1965年秋季进行颜色转换，其中一半以上的网络黄金时段节目都以彩色广播。一年之后，第一个全彩高峰季节来了。在19402年，白天网络节目的最后一次支持被转换为第一个全彩网络季节。 ❍❍❍格式和体裁❍❍❍ 另请参阅：流派列表§电影和电视格式和流派 由于可以呈现的格式和类型多样，电视节目比大多数其他媒体更加多样化。表演可以是虚构的（如喜剧和戏剧）或非虚构的（如纪录片，新闻和真人秀）。它可以是最新的（如本地新闻节目和一些电视电影）或历史的（如许多纪录片和虚构电影）。它们可以是教育性的，也可以是娱乐性的，就像情节喜剧和游戏节目一样。 [需要引文] 戏剧节目通常由一系列在历史或现代背景下扮演角色的演员组成。该计划遵循他们的生活和冒险。在1980年代之前，演出（肥皂剧系列除外）通常保持静止，没有故事情节，主要人物和前提几乎没有变化。 [需要引证]如果剧集中角色的生活发生了一些变化，通常最终会逆转。因此，可以以任何顺序广播情节。 [需要引证]自1980年代以来，许多FILMS的情节，人物或两者都有逐渐的变化。例如，希尔街布鲁斯（Hill Street Blues）和圣艾尔瑟弗（St. Elsewhere）是美国第一部具有这种戏剧性结构的黄金时段戏剧电视电影[4] [需要更好的消息来源]，而后来的MOVIE Babylon 5进一步说明了这种结构具有有关计划的五个赛季的预定故事。 [需要引文] 据报道，到2020年，电视在大型媒体公司的收入中所占比例要大于电影。一些人还注意到某些电视节目的质量有所提高。 2020年，获得奥斯卡奖的电影导演史蒂芬·索德伯格（Steven Soderbergh）宣布了角色和叙事的模棱两可和复杂性：“我认为现在电视上已经看到了这些特质，那些想看这种特质的人正在看电视。 ❍❍❍感谢您所做的一切，并祝您观看愉快❍❍❍ 在这里，您可以找到所有可以在线播放的电影，包括本周上映的电影。 如果您想在该网站上看到什么，应该知道它涵盖的类型包括犯罪，科学，电影，电影，爱情，惊悚，喜剧，戏剧和动漫电影。 非常感谢。 我们会通知所有乐于接收有关今年电影节目以及如何观看您喜欢的电影的新闻或信息的人。 希望我们能成为您寻找最喜欢的电影的推荐的最佳合作伙伴。 这些都是我们的，问候！ 感谢您观看今天的视频。 希望您喜欢我分享的视频。 如果您喜欢我们分享的内容，请竖起大拇指，表示喜欢或分享，让我们更加兴奋。 散发出幸福的微笑，让世界以多种色彩回归。 ”
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SGZ Biography of Zhuge Liang (Until Liu Bei’s Death)
I had a draft of this I was working on earlier. Daolun might appreciate it for his articles.
諸葛亮字孔明，琅邪陽都人也。漢司隸校尉諸葛豐後也。父圭，字君貢，漢末為太山郡丞。亮早孤，從父玄為袁術所署豫章太守，玄將亮及亮弟均之官。會漢朝更選朱皓代玄。玄素與荊州牧劉表有舊，往依之。玄卒，亮躬畊隴畝，好為《梁父吟》。身長八尺，每自比於管仲、樂毅，時人莫之許也。惟博陵崔州平、潁川徐庶元直與亮友善，謂為信然。
Zhuge Liang, styled Kongming, was a native of Yangdu county in Langye commandary. He was a descendant of the Han dynasty's Colonel-Director of Retainers, Zhuge Feng.
Zhuge Liang’s father was Zhuge Gui, styled Jungong, who served as a Minister of Taishan commandary during the final years of the Han dynasty. But Zhuge Gui passed away while Zhuge Liang was still young. Zhuge Liang thus went to live with his uncle, Zhuge Xuan, when Zhuge Xuan was appointed by Yuan Shu as Administrator of Yuzhang. Not long afterwards, the Han court appointed Zhu Hao to replace Zhuge Xuan as Administrator. So since Zhuge Xuan had an existing relationship with the Governor of Jingzhou, Liu Biao, he and his nephews went to stay with Liu Biao instead.
By the time Zhuge Xuan passed away, Zhuge Liang had taken up farming, and he was fond of the Song of Liangfu. He grew to be eight chi tall. He was always comparing himself to the ancients Guan Zhong and Yue Yi. Hardly anyone agreed with such an assessment; only Cui Zhouping of Boling commandary and Xu Shu of Yingchuan commandary (styled Yuanzhi), who were his good friends, said he was right to think so.
〈《獻帝春秋》曰：初，豫章太守周術病卒，劉表上諸葛玄為豫章太守，治南昌。漢朝聞周術死，遣朱皓代玄。皓從揚州刺史劉繇求兵擊玄，玄退屯西城，皓入南昌。建安二年正月，西城民反，殺玄，送首詣繇。此書所云，與本傳不同。〉〈《漢晉春秋》曰：亮家于南陽之鄧縣，在襄陽城西二十里，號曰隆中。〉〈按《崔氏譜》：州平，太尉烈子，均之弟也。《魏略》曰：亮在荊州，以建安初與潁川石廣元、徐元直、汝南孟公威等俱游學，三人務於精熟，而亮獨觀其大略。每晨夜從容，常抱膝長嘯，而謂三人曰：「卿三人仕進可至刺史郡守也。」三人問其所至，亮但笑而不言。後公威思鄉里，欲北歸，亮謂之曰：「中國饒士大夫，遨遊何必故鄉邪！」臣松之以為《魏略》此言，謂諸葛亮為公威計者可也，若謂兼為己言，可謂未達其心矣。老氏稱知人者智，自知者明，凡在賢達之流，固必兼而有焉。以諸葛亮之鑒識，豈不能自審其分乎？夫其高吟俟時，情見乎言，志氣所存，既已定於其始矣。若使游步中華，騁其龍光，豈夫多士所能沈翳哉！委質魏氏，展其器能，誠非陳長文、司馬仲達所能頡頏，而況於餘哉！苟不患功業不就，道之不行，雖志恢宇宙而終不北向者，蓋以權御已移，漢祚將傾，方將翊贊宗傑，以興微繼絕克復為己任故也。豈其區區利在邊鄙而已乎！此相如所謂「鵾鵬已翔於遼廓，而羅者猶視於藪澤」者矣。公威名建，在魏亦貴達。〉
(The Annals of Emperor Xian states, "When the Administrator of Yuzhang, Zhou Shu, passed away of illness, Liu Biao originally sent up a petition stating that he had appointed Zhuge Xuan as the new Administrator, with his headquarters at Nanchang. But when the Han court heard that Zhou Shu had died, they sent Zhu Hao to take over the post from Zhuge Xuan. Zhu Hao asked the Inspector of Yangzhou, Liu Yao, for troops and then attacked Zhuge Xuan. Zhuge Xuan withdrew to camp at Xicheng, while Zhu Hao entered Nanchang. In the second year of Jian'an (197), the first month, the people of Xicheng rebelled; they killed Zhuge Xuan and brought his head to Liu Yao." This account naturally conflicts with the base biography.
Xi Zuochi's Annals of Han and Jin states, "Zhuge Liang's family lived in Deng county in Nanyang commandary, twenty li west from the city of Xiangyang, at a place called Longzhong."
According to the Registry of the Cui Clan, this Cui Zhouping was "the son of the Grand Commandant, Cui Lie, and the younger brother of Cui Jun".
The Weilue states, "During the days that Zhuge Liang lived in Jingzhou at the beginning of the Jian'an reign era (after 196), he spent his time wandering and learning in the company of such people as Shi Guangyuan and Xu Yuanzhi (Xu Shu) of Yingchuan commandary and Meng Gongwei of Runan commandary. Now these three fellows each had their talents, but Zhuge Liang still saw himself as greater than them. Whenever they were enjoying a moment of respite during the mornings or evenings, Zhuge Liang would often rub his knees and make a long sigh. He would say to the other three, 'Perhaps you gentlemen will rise high enough to become Inspectors or Administrators.' When they asked him what fate he saw for himself, he would only laugh without answering. Later, when Shi Guangyuan grew homesick and wished to return north, Zhuge Liang said to him, 'The Middle Kingdom is full of great leaders and gentlemen. Wander if you like, but can you really be sure of getting home again?'"
This Meng Gongwei was named Meng Jian; he also enjoyed honor and success in Wei.
In my (Pei Songzhi's) view, both Zhuge Liang's comments to Shi Guangyuan and his earlier words were indications that Zhuge Liang felt that he was not yet able to fulfill his desires. Laozi commended those who could recognize the value of others as knowledgeable and those who could appreciate their own worth as wise, and truly worthy and successful were those who displayed both these talents. Could a man of Zhuge Liang's perception and intellect have failed to recognize his own worth? He may have been indulging in songs and playing for time, but judging by his words and his feelings, his great ambitions and passions were already formed by this time.
Suppose Zhuge Liang had decided to wander through the heartlands of the dynasty and display his magnificence. Even a deluge of talents would not have been enough to obscure him! He might have given himself over to Wei, and there developed his potential and his abilities. Had he done so, he truly would have outshone even Chen Changwen (Chen Qun) and Sima Zhongda (Sima Yi), much less anyone else! No deed or endeavor would have been impossible for him; no path would have been closed to him. Yet despite being a man of such boundless ambition, in the end, he did not go north. He must have done so because he perceived that the dynasty's authority was already gone and it was on the brink of collapse, and so he wished to serve and assist some worthy relative of the dynasty to restore what had fallen, continue what had been broken, and revive what had been ended. Would he have ever limited himself to merely eking out a meager living in some border region? The proverb sums it up: "the great birds soar across the wide world, but even a bound one will still glance longingly towards the lakes and ponds."
時先主屯新野。徐庶見先主，先主器之，謂先主曰：「諸葛孔明者，臥龍也，將軍豈願見之乎？」先主曰：「君與俱來。」庶曰：「此人可就見，不可屈致也。將軍宜枉駕顧之。」由是先主遂詣亮，凡三往，乃見。因屏人曰：「漢室傾頹，姦臣竊命，主上蒙塵。孤不度德量力，欲信大義於天下，而智術淺短，遂用猖（獗）〔蹶〕，至于今日。然志猶未已，君謂計將安出？」亮答曰：自董卓已來，豪傑并起，跨州連郡者不可勝數。曹操比於袁紹，則名微而眾寡，然操遂能克紹，以弱為強者，非惟天時，抑亦人謀也。今操已擁百萬之眾，挾天子而令諸侯，此誠不可與爭鋒。孫權據有江東，已歷三世，國險而民附，賢能為之用，此可以為援而不可圖也。荊州北據漢、沔，利盡南海，東連吳會，西通巴、蜀，此用武之國，而其主不能守，此殆天所以資將軍，將軍豈有意乎？益州險塞，沃野千里，天府之土，高祖因之以成帝業。劉璋闇弱，張魯在北，民殷國富而不知存恤，智能之士思得明君。將軍既帝室之冑，信義著於四海，總攬英雄，思賢如渴，若跨有荊、益，保其巖阻，西和諸戎，南撫夷越，外結好孫權，內修政理﹔天下有變，則命一上將將荊州之軍以向宛���洛，將軍身率益州之眾出於秦川，百姓孰敢不簞食壺漿以迎將軍者乎？誠如是，則霸業可成，漢室可興矣。先主曰：「善！」於是與亮情好日密。關羽、張飛等不悅，先主解之曰：「孤之有孔明，猶魚之有水也。願諸君勿復言。」羽、飛乃止。
At this time, Liu Bei was camped at Xinye. Xu Shu came to see him, and Liu Bei appreciated him. Xu Shu told Liu Bei, "Zhuge Kongming (Zhuge Liang) is known as Sleeping Dragon. General, would you be willing to meet him?"
Liu Bei said, "Sir, let him come with you to see me."
Xu Shu replied, "He is the sort of man whom you may visit, but he will not deign to come to you. I hope you will condescend to visit him."
So Liu Bei went to meet Zhuge Liang, finally seeing him on his third visit. Liu Bei privately said to him, "The house of Han is in dire straights; a wicked (or perverse) minister is eyeing the Mandate for himself, while our sovereign suffers in exile. Though I am not possessed of virtue or blessed with strength, still I wish to restore what is right to the realm. My cunning and my skills are shallow and lacking, which has caused me to suffer several terrible stumbles. But even so, I have not given up on my ambition. Sir, what do you propose that I should do?"
Zhuge Liang replied, "Ever since Dong Zhuo's day, countless heroes have risen up to stand astride the provinces and control the commandaries. Consider Cao Cao: if we compare him to Yuan Shao, his reputation was not as great, and his army was not as numerous. Yet in the end, he was able to overcome Yuan Shao. This was an instance of the weak defeating the strong. Even if you say that Heaven had willed it to be so, it still required the planning of mortals to see it through. By now, Cao Cao has already assembled an army of a million soldiers, and he keeps the Son of Heaven in his power so that he may 'command the feudal lords' to heed his will. He cannot be confronted directly. There is also Sun Quan to consider: he wields control over the Southland, where his family has enjoyed power for three generations. His domain enjoys good natural defenses, his people are bonded to him, and he employs the worthy and able. You would be able to gain support from him, but he too cannot be conquered.
"Now consider Jingzhou: it is flanked by the Han and Mian Rivers to the north while enjoying all the bounty of the southern sea, and it borders Wu and Kuaiji to the east and Ba and Shu to the west. It is well suited for supporting military endeavors. Yet the lord of Jingzhou is unable to defend it. General, it is almost as though Heaven has furnished Jingzhou in order to deliver it right into your own hands; can you have no desire for it? Not only that, there is Yizhou: blessed with both sturdy natural defenses and a thousand li of fertile fields for harvest, it is a storehouse of Heaven's produce. It was for that reason that Gaozu (Liu Bang), using this region as his base, was able to achieve his ambition of becoming Emperor. But the current lord of Yizhou, Liu Zhang, is blind and weak, and Zhang Lu is to his north. Yizhou is a rich land and filled with people, yet he cannot (or, does not know how to) bring them comfort, and people of ability and intellect long to be ruled by a wise sovereign.
"General, you yourself are a descendant of the royal lineage, and your trustworthy and righteous reputation has spread all throughout the Four Seas; you gather and command bold heroes, and you seek worthy people like one thirsts for water. So I propose that you take control of Jingzhou and Yizhou for yourself. Then guard their defensive points (or mountain ranges), while you achieve peace with the Rong tribes in the west, bring comfort to the Yi tribes of Yue in the south, form ties with Sun Quan without, and reform and perfect your government within. Eventually, once some great opportunity presents itself, you may appoint a supreme general to lead the armies of Jingzhou towards Wan and Luoyang, while you lead the armies of Yizhou out into Qinzhou. At that time, who will dare not to come to welcome you and present you with food and drink? By doing these things, you may achieve your design as a hegemon, and the Han royal family may flourish once more."
Liu Bei said, "Excellent!" And he became close to Zhuge Liang and spent days together with him. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, and others were not pleased, but Liu Bei explained to them, "Now that I have found Kongming, I am like a fish that has found water. Gentlemen, please say nothing further about this." So Guan Yu and Zhang Fei stopped.
〈《襄陽記》曰：劉備訪世事於司馬德操。德操曰：「儒生俗士，豈識時務？識時務者在乎俊傑。此間自有伏龍、鳳雛。」備問為誰，曰：「諸葛孔明、龐士元也。」〉〈《魏略》曰：劉備屯於樊城。是時曹公方定河北，亮知荊州次當受敵，而劉表性緩，不曉軍事。亮乃北行見備，備與亮非舊，又以其年少，以諸生意待之。坐集既畢，眾賓皆去，而亮獨留，備亦不問其所欲言。備性好結毦，時適有人以髦牛尾與備者，備因手自結之。亮乃進曰：「明將軍當復有遠志，但結毦而已邪！」備知亮非常人也，乃投毦而答曰：「是何言與！我聊以忘憂耳。」亮遂言曰：「將軍度劉鎮南孰與曹公邪？」備曰：「不及。」亮又曰：「將軍自度何如也？」備曰：「亦不如。」曰：「今皆不及，而將軍之眾不過數千人，以此待敵，得無非計乎！」備曰：「我亦愁之，當若之何？」亮曰：「今荊州非少人也，而著籍者寡，平居發調，則人心不悅；可語鎮南，令國中凡有游戶，皆使自實，因錄以益眾可也。」備從其計，故眾遂強。備由此知亮有英略，乃以上客禮之。九州春秋所言亦如之。臣松之以為亮表云「先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顧臣於草廬之中，諮臣以當世之事」，則非亮先詣備，明矣。雖聞見異辭，各生彼此，然乖背至是，亦良為可怪。〉
(Xi Zuochi's Records of Xiangyang states, "Liu Bei discussed the affairs of the day with Sima Decao (Sima Hui). Sima Decao told him, 'What could mere scholars or common fellows understand of modern circumstances? It is those who are knowledgeable of such things that are the real talents. And among this sort are Crouching Dragon and Fledging Phoenix.' Liu Bei asked him who these two were, and Sima Decao replied, 'Zhuge Kongming and Xu Shiyuan.'"
The Weilue states, "During the time that Cao Cao was pacifying the region north of the Yellow River, Liu Bei was camped at Fancheng. Zhuge Liang knew that Jingzhou would be Cao Cao's next target. Yet Liu Biao had a complacent nature and did not grasp military matters. So Zhuge Liang went north to see Liu Bei.
“Since Zhuge Liang was a young man and had no prior relationship with Liu Bei, Liu Bei received him in the company of several other people. After the meeting had ended and the other guests all left, Zhuge Liang remained behind. However, Liu Bei did not ask him what he wanted to say. Instead, since Liu Bei had a habit of braiding bits of hair together and someone had given him some tail-hairs from horses and oxen, he was braiding them together. Zhuge Liang stepped forward and declared, 'A wise general ought to be considering long-term plans, not merely braid together some hairs!'
“Liu Bei realized that Zhuge Liang was no ordinary fellow. He tossed the hairs aside and laughed, saying, 'Why say such a thing? I was merely amusing myself to forget my concerns.'
“Zhuge Liang then said, 'General, do you think General Liu (Liu Biao) is any match for Lord Cao (Cao Cao)?'
“Liu Bei replied, 'He is not.'
“Zhuge Liang said, 'And how do you yourself compare?'
“Liu Bei replied, 'I am not his equal either.'
“Zhuge Liang said, 'So you recognize that neither of you is a match for him. Yet General, your army is no more than a few thousand soldiers. You intend to meet the enemy with such an army? What sort of plan is that?'
“Liu Bei replied, 'That is just what concerns me. But what am I to do about it?'
“Zhuge Liang said, 'Jingzhou currently has a considerable population. Yet the official population registries are quite meager. If you attempted to draft soldiers from among those who are already registered and have settled lives here, they will not be happy to suffer such disturbances. But you might tell General Liu to command all refugee households in the province to register themselves, and once they do so, you can further your numbers by drafting from among them instead.'
“Liu Bei followed his advice, and his army was thus strengthened. So Liu Bei knew that Zhuge Liang had heroic cunning, and he treated him as a guest of honor."
The Annals of the Nine Provinces has the same account.
Now regarding these two accounts, your servant Pei Songzhi notes that Zhuge Liang later wrote in his first petition to Liu Shan that "The First Sovereign (Liu Bei) overlooked my obscurity and humbled himself to come three times to my thatched cottage seeking me, in order to discuss the affairs of the age with me". So it seems clear that it cannot have been the case that Zhuge Liang was the one who approached Liu Bei first. Yet it does seem remarkable that two other texts would have an account of their meeting both so similar to one another and so different from Chen Shou's version.)
劉表長子琦，亦深器亮。表受後妻之言，愛少子琮，不悅於琦。琦每欲與亮謀自安之術，亮輒拒塞，未與處畫。琦乃將亮游觀後園，共上高樓，飲宴之間，令人去梯，因謂亮曰：「今日上不至天，下不至地，言出子口，入於吾耳，可以言不？」亮答曰：「君不見申生在內而危，重耳在外而安乎？」琦意感悟，陰規出計。會黃祖死，得出，遂為江夏太守。俄而表卒，琮聞曹公來征，遣使請降。先主在樊聞之，率其眾南行，亮與徐庶并從，為曹公所追破，獲庶母。庶辭先主而指其心曰：「本欲與將軍共圖王霸之業者，以此方寸之地也。今已失老母，方寸亂矣，無益於事，請從此別。」遂詣曹公。
Liu Biao's eldest son Liu Qi also highly esteemed Zhuge Liang. Now Liu Biao had heeded the words of his second wife and began to favor his younger son Liu Cong, and was no longer pleased with Liu Qi. Liu Qi thus kept asking Zhuge Liang for a plan to help secure his position. However, Zhuge Liang kept putting him off, not wanting to be compelled to make a plan for him.
Thus, during an occasion when Liu Qi had brought Zhuge Liang to walk through and observe the rear gardens and they went up into a tall tower together, Liu Qi ordered someone to take the ladder away. He then said to Zhuge Liang, "Today we are cut off from both Heaven above and the earth below, so the words you speak shall be heard by my ears alone. Will you not say something?"
Zhuge Liang replied, "Sir, you are perhaps familiar with the ancient Duke Xian of Jin, whose wife Li Ji turned him against his sons Shensheng and Chong'er. Do you recall that Shensheng remained with his family and thus met his doom, while Chong'er fled the state and thus saved his life and became Duke Wen of Jin in the end?"
Liu Qi realized what Zhuge Liang was suggesting, so he secretly developed a plan to make his own escape. Not long afterwards, the border general Huang Zu was killed, and thus offered an opportunity to leave Xiangyang, Liu Qi had himself appointed as Administrator of Jiangxia to succeed Huang Zu.
Soon afterwards, Liu Biao passed away. When Liu Cong heard that Cao Cao was coming to campaign against Jingzhou, he sent envoys to him asking to surrender. Liu Bei was still at Fan, but when he learned that Liu Cong was surrendering, he led his forces south. Zhuge Liang and Xu Shu both accompanied him. But Liu Bei's forces were pursued and routed by Cao Cao, and Xu Shu's mother was captured. Xu Shu then took his leave of Liu Bei; pointing to his heart, he said, "This little heart of mine dearly wished to help you achieve your conquest, General. But now my old mother is lost, and my heart is in such turmoil that I would be of no use to you. Please allow us to part ways." And he went to visit Cao Cao.
〈《魏略》曰：庶先名福，本單家子，少好任俠擊劍。中平末，嘗為人報讎，白堊突面，被髪而走，為吏所得，問其姓字，閉口不言。吏乃於車上立柱維磔之，擊鼓以令於市鄽，莫敢識者，而其黨伍共篡解之，得脫。於是感激，棄其刀戟，更疏巾單衣，折節學問。始詣精舍，諸生聞其前作賊，不肯與共止。福乃卑躬早起，常獨掃除，動靜先意，聽習經業，義理精熟。遂與同郡石韜相親愛。初平中，中州兵起，乃與韜南客荊州，到，又與諸葛亮特相善。及荊州內附，孔明與劉備相隨去，福與韜俱來北。至黃初中，韜仕歷郡守、典農校尉，福至右中郎��、御史中丞。逮大和中，諸葛亮出隴右，聞元直、廣元仕財如此，嘆曰：「魏殊多士邪！何彼二人不見用乎？」庶後數年病卒，有碑在彭城，今猶存焉。〉
(The Weilue states, "Xu Shu was originally named Shan Fu. As a young man, he enjoyed being a wandering tough and fighting people with his sword.
“On one occasion during the Zhongping reign era (184-189), he took revenge on behalf of someone else. Then, marking his face with chalk and letting down his hair, he tried to flee, but was caught by the officials. They asked him to identify himself, but he refused to say anything. The officials then tied him to a post atop a cart and beat the drums as they paraded him through the marketplace, but no one dared to recognize him. However, his fellows were able to break his bonds and let him escape.
“Shan Fu was so moved by this experience that he gave up the life of the blade, and putting on a thin scarf and plain clothes, he began applying himself to his studies. When he first came to the house of refinement, the other students ostracized him because they had heard about his past misdeeds. But Shan Fu remained humble, rose early, often swept the place alone, thought before he acted, remained diligent in his studies, and perfected his morals and his reasoning. He became good friends with a man from the same commandary as him, Shi Tao.
“At the beginning of the Chuping reign era (~190), when civil strife in the Central Provinces began, Shan Fu and Shi Tao went south to live as refugees in Jingzhou, and upon arriving there Shan Fu became especially close to Zhuge Liang. After Jingzhou fell under the control of Cao Cao, Kongming left along with Liu Bei, while Shan Fu and Shi Tao returned home to the north.
“By the time of the Huangchu reign era (220-226), Shi Tao had served as an Administrator and as Colonel of Agriculture, while Shan Fu had served as General of the Household Gentlemen of the Right and Middle Assistant to the Imperial Secretary. During the Dahe [Taihe] reign era (226-233), when Zhuge Liang came to Longyou on his northern campaign, when he heard that Yuanzhi and Guangyuan had been given such meager ranks and salaries, he lamented, 'How many talents Wei must have! Why did they not make greater use of those two gentlemen?'
“Shan Fu passed away of illness several years later. A stele was erected for him at Pengcheng, and even today (~265) it is still there.")
[Due to the uncertainties of the end of quotes, it’s possible that Pei Songzhi was saying that this stele still existed in his own time, ie ~429.]
先主至於夏口，亮曰：「事急矣，請奉命求救於孫將軍。」時權擁軍在柴桑，觀望成敗，亮說權曰：「海內大亂，將軍起兵據有江東，劉豫州亦收眾漢南，與曹操并爭天下。今操芟夷大難，略已平矣，遂破荊州，威震四海。英雄無所用武，故豫州遁逃至此。將軍量力而處之：若能以吳、越之眾與中國抗衡，不如早與之絕﹔若不能當，何不案兵束甲，北面而事之！今將軍外託服從之名，而內懷猶豫之計，事急而不斷，禍至無日矣！」權曰：「苟如君言，劉豫州何不遂事之乎？」亮曰：「田橫，齊之壯士耳，猶守義不辱，況劉豫州王室之冑，英才蓋世，眾士仰慕，若水之歸海，若事之不濟，此乃天也，安能復為之下乎！」權勃然曰：「吾不能舉全吳之地，十萬之眾，受制於人。吾計決矣！非劉豫州莫可以當曹操者，然豫州新敗之後，安能抗此難乎？」亮曰：「豫州軍雖敗於長阪，今戰士還者及關羽水軍精甲萬人，劉琦合江夏戰士亦不下萬人。曹操之眾，遠來疲弊，聞追豫州，輕騎一日一夜行三百餘里，此所謂『彊弩之末，勢不能穿魯縞』者也。故兵法忌之，曰『必蹶上將軍』。且北方之人，不習水戰﹔又荊州之民附操者，逼兵勢耳，非心服也。今將軍誠能命猛將統兵數萬，與豫州協規同力，破操軍必矣。操軍破，必北還，如此則荊、吳之勢彊，鼎足之形成矣。成敗之機，在於今日。」權大悅，即遣周瑜、程普、魯肅等水軍三萬，隨亮詣先主，并力拒曹公。曹公敗於赤壁，引軍歸鄴。先主遂收江南，以亮為軍師中郎將，使督零陵、桂陽、長沙三郡，調其賦稅，以充軍實。
When Liu Bei arrived at Xiakou, Zhuge Liang said to him, "The situation is serious. Please grant me your authority to ask for aid from General Sun Quan."
At that time, Sun Quan was keeping his army held back at Chaisang, watching and waiting to see who was going to triumph. Zhuge Liang advised him, "General, you see for yourself how all the land within the seas is in great turmoil. You have risen up with troops and occupied the Southland as your own, while the Inspector of Yuzhou (Liu Bei) has gathered an army from those people living south of the Han River. Currently, both of you are contending with Cao Cao for control of the realm. However, Cao Cao has nearly already rooted out and vanquished the major internal threats to his rule, and now that he has routed General Liu, his authority shakes the Four Seas. Even heroes have not been able to stand against him, and thus General Liu has been compelled to flee here.
“As for you, General, you have considerable strength of your own at your command. Yet you remain waiting here. If you truly believe that the armies of the Wu and Yue regions are strong enough to oppose those of the Middle Kingdom, then you ought to break off relations with Cao Cao at once. And if you do not believe that you are a match for Cao Cao, then why haven't you disbanded your army, laid aside your armor, and faced north in submission to him? General, you give off an appearance of one who is about to submit, yet you continue to harbor uncertain plans as well. The situation is critical, yet you have made no decision. Disaster is at hand!"
Sun Quan said, "Sir, if my own situation is as serious as you say, then why hasn't General Liu submitted already?"
Zhuge Liang replied, "In ancient times, when the state of Qi was nearly conquered, Tian Heng still held fast to righteousness and refused to disgrace himself by surrendering to the enemy, and in the end he was able to restore Qi to its former glory. Now Tian Heng had no more personal attachment to Qi than that he was one of its generals. Could General Liu, who is a descendant of the royal family of the Han dynasty, fail to match Tian Heng's example and serve the dynasty to the end? He is a hero whose talents surpass the age, and both the great men and the people bow to and respect him like various rivers all flowing into the great sea. If he is defeated in the end, that will be one thing; it would have been the will of Heaven. But how could he possibly submit to another?"
Sun Quan then became agitated and declared, "I shall not give up my full possession of the Wu region or my army of a hundred thousand and submit to someone else. My plan is decided! None but General Liu can oppose Cao Cao. However, wasn't General Liu recently defeated? How then can he face such a threat?"
Zhuge Liang replied, "It's true that General Liu's army was defeated at Chang Slope. However, he still has personal command of an army of ten thousand elite soldiers counting those warriors who have returned to him and the reinforcements from Guan Yu's naval forces. And Liu Qi at Jiangxia also commands no less than another ten thousand warriors.
“As for Cao Cao, his army is far from home and suffering from exhaustion and illness. I heard that when he was pursuing General Liu, he made his light cavalry ride more than three hundred li in a single day and night. As the saying goes, 'when it's at the end of its flight, even a crossbow bolt cannot pierce the silk of Lu'. Even the Art of War argues against such a headlong march, warning that the army that does so 'will surely lose its vanguard commanders'. You should also consider that of the soldiers of Cao Cao's army, the northerners are unfamiliar with naval warfare, while the people of Jingzhou who are now serving Cao Cao have only been compelled by force to do so, and their hearts have not truly submitted to him.
“General, if you will only give the command for your fierce generals to lead a few tens of thousands of your soldiers to join forces with General Liu, you will surely rout Cao Cao's army. Having been defeated, Cao Cao will then return north. Power will split between the regions of Wu and Jing, and the realm will thus settle into a tripartite division. This is the very moment which will determine your triumph or your doom."
Sun Quan was greatly pleased with this advice. He thus sent Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, Lu Su, and others with a naval force of thirty thousand to go with Zhuge Liang and join Liu Bei, so that with their combined strength they could oppose Cao Cao. Cao Cao was then defeated at Chibi, and he led his army back to Ye.
Liu Bei then occupied the region south of the Yangzi. He appointed Zhuge Liang as his Directing Instructor and General of the Household Gentlemen and had him administer the commandaries of Lingling, Guiyang, and Changsha, where Zhuge Liang collected taxes and rent in order to supply the army.
〈袁子曰：張子布薦亮於孫權，亮不肯留。人問其故，曰：「孫將軍可謂人主，然觀其度，能賢亮而不能盡亮，吾是以不留。」臣松之以為袁孝尼著文立論，甚重諸葛之為人，至如此言則失之殊遠。觀亮君臣相遇，可謂希世一時，終始以分，誰能間之？寧有中違斷金，甫懷擇主，設使權盡其量，便當翻然去就乎？葛生行己，豈其然哉！關羽為曹公所獲，遇之甚厚，可謂能盡其用矣，猶義不背本，曾謂孔明之不若雲長乎！〉〈《零陵先賢傳》云：亮時住臨烝。〉
(Yuan Zhun's Yuanzi states, "Zhang Zibu (Zhang Zhao) recommended to Sun Quan that he should employ Zhuge Liang as one of his own officers. However, Zhuge Liang declined to remain in his service. When people asked him why he left, Zhuge Liang told them, 'One could indeed call General Sun a leader of men. But when I judge his character, I recognize that although he would respect me, he would not make full use of me. That is why I could not stay with him.'"
Your servant Pei Songzhi notes that Yuan Xiaoni (Yuan Zhun) was very fond of Zhuge Liang as a person in all his collections of writings and recordings of discussions. But in this account he really goes too far. We have already seen that following their meeting with one another, Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei developed such a rare relationship. Who could have possibly come between them? In what situation would Zhuge Liang have gone so far as break off his relationship with Liu Bei to serve Sun Quan? And would it have made a difference whether Sun Quan really would have used Zhuge Liang to his full potential? Could Zhuge Liang possibly have been that kind of person, to then abandon his lord? Remember that when Guan Yu was captured by Cao Cao, Cao Cao treated him with great favor, and surely it could be said that he made full use of Guan Yu. Yet Guan Yu still remained righteous and would not abandon his former lord. How then could one claim that Kongming would have proved himself inferior to Yunchang?
The Records of the Past Worthies of Lingling states, "During the time of this appointment, Zhuge Liang had his base at Linzheng county (probably in Changsha commandary).")
建安十六年，益州牧劉璋遣法正迎先主，使擊張魯。亮與關羽鎮荊州。先主自葭萌還攻璋，亮與張飛、趙雲等率眾泝江，分定郡縣，與先主共圍成都。成都平，以亮為軍師將軍，署左將軍府事。先主外出，亮常鎮守成都，足食足兵。二十六年，群下勸先主稱尊號，先主未許，亮說曰：「昔吳漢、耿弇等初勸世祖即帝位，世祖辭讓，前後數四，耿純進言曰：『天下英雄喁喁，冀有所望。如不從議者，士大夫各歸求主，無為從公也。』世祖感純言深至，遂然諾之。今曹氏篡漢，天下無主，大王劉氏苗族，紹世而起，今即帝位，乃其宜也。士大夫隨大王久勤苦者，亦欲望尺寸之功如純言耳。」先主於是即帝位，策亮為丞相曰：「朕遭家不造，奉承大統，兢兢業業，不敢康寧，思靖百姓，懼未能綏。於戲！丞相亮其悉朕意，無怠輔朕之闕，助宣重光，以照明天下，君其勖哉！」亮以丞相錄尚書事，假節。張飛卒後，領司隸校尉。
In the sixteenth year of Jian'an (211), the Governor of Yizhou, Liu Zhang, sent Fa Zheng to bring Liu Bei to Yizhou and ordered him to attack Zhang Lu. Zhuge Liang and Guan Yu remained behind to defend Jingzhou. When Liu Bei marched back from Jiameng to attack Liu Zhang, Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun, and others led an army up the Yangzi to assist him. They split up to settle various commandaries and counties, then joined Liu Bei's army to besiege Chengdu together. After Chengdu was taken, Liu Bei appointed Zhuge Liang as Directing Instructor and Chief of Staff of the General of the Left (Liu Bei's title). Whenever Liu Bei went away on campaign, Zhuge Liang often remained behind to guard Chengdu and ensure a steady supply of troops and provisions.
In the twenty-sixth year of Jian'an (221), Liu Bei's subordinates urged him to declare himself Emperor, but Liu Bei would not agree to do so. Then Zhuge Liang advised him, "In former times, Wu Han, Geng Yan, and others urged Shizu (Emperor Guangwu of Han) to do the same as we now urge you to do. Shizu, too, tried to decline, four times in all. But then Geng Yan stepped forward and told him, 'The heroes of the realm are flailing, seeking someone they can place their hopes in. If you do not follow our counsel, then every man will turn towards his own master, and no one will follow you.' Shizu appreciated the truth of this advice, and he did as Geng Yan proposed. Now the Cao family has usurped the throne from the Han dynasty, and the realm is without a ruler. Great Prince, you are of the lineage of the Liu clan and you have risen to this height already, so you must follow Shizu's example and take up the title of Emperor. Those people who have followed you and worked hard on your behalf also wish to have a chance to gain merits for themselves, just as Geng Yan once said."
Liu Bei thus declared himself Emperor. He wrote an edict appointing Zhuge Liang as Prime Minister, stating, "Due to the tragedy that has befallen my family, I am compelled to inherit the grand role. 'I am full of terror and feel the peril', and I dare not be complacent; I ponder how to bring peace to the people, yet fear that I shall not be able to achieve tranquility. Alas! May Prime Minister Zhuge Liang realize my intentions, never fail to help make up for my shortcomings, help to expand and magnify my glory and make it bright and clear to all the realm. Sir, be thus encouraged!" Zhuge Liang was appointed as Prime Minister, Chief of Affairs of the Masters of Writing, and Credential Holder.
After Zhang Fei passed away, Zhuge Liang was appointed as acting Colonel-Director of Retainers.
〈《蜀記》曰：晉初扶風王駿鎮關中，司馬高平劉寶、長史滎陽桓隰諸官屬士大夫共論諸葛亮，于時譚者多譏亮託身非所，勞困蜀民，力小謀大，不能度德量力。金城郭沖以為亮權智英略，有踰管、晏，功業未濟，論者惑焉，條亮五事隱沒不聞於世者，寶等亦不能復難。扶風王慨然善沖之言。臣松之以為亮之異美，誠所願聞，然沖之所說，實皆可疑，謹隨事難之如左：其《一事》曰：亮刑法峻急，刻剝百姓，自君子小人咸懷怨歎，法正諫曰：「昔高祖入關，約法三章，秦民知德，今君假借威力，跨據一州，初有其國，未垂惠撫；且客主之義，宜相降下，願緩刑弛禁，以慰其望。」亮答曰；「君知其一，未知其二。秦以無道，政苛民怨，匹夫大呼，天下土崩，高祖因之，可以弘濟。劉璋暗弱，自焉已來有累世之恩，文法羈縻，互相承奉，德政不舉，威刑不肅。蜀土人士，專權自恣，君臣之道，漸以陵替；寵之以位，位極則賤，順之以恩，恩竭則慢。所以致弊，實由於此。吾今威之以法，法行則知恩，限之以爵，爵加則知榮；榮恩並濟，上下有節。為治之要，於斯而著。」◇難曰：案法正在劉主前死，今稱法正諫，則劉主在也。諸葛職為股肱，事歸元首，劉主之世，亮又未領益州，慶賞刑政，不出於己。尋沖所述亮答，專自有其能，有違人臣自處之宜。以亮謙順之體，殆必不然。又云亮刑法峻急，刻剝百姓，未聞善政以刻剝為稱。
(The Records of Shu states, "At the beginning of the Jin dynasty (~265), the Prince of Fufeng, Sima Jun, was stationed in Guanzhong. He was discussing the affairs of Zhuge Liang together with his Marshal, Liu Bao of Gaoping commandary, his Chief Clerk, Huan Xi of Xingyang commandary, and his other ministers and officials. During the discussion, most of the people present felt that Zhuge Liang had both pushed himself past his limit and exhausted the people of the Shu region. They felt that his meager power had been insufficient to carry out his grand plans, and that he had not taken proper measure either of his virtue or of his strength. But there was present a certain Guo Chong of Jincheng commandary, who put forth the view that Zhuge Liang had been a man of authority and intellect, heroic and cunning, and that he had surpassed even the ancient chancellors Guan Zhong and Yan Ying. It was only because he had been unsuccessful in the end that people did not properly appreciate him. Guo Chong then related five untold stories about Zhuge Liang, previously unknown. Having heard these stories, Liu Bao and the others could no longer offer any objections, and the Prince of Fufeng was deeply moved by Guo Chong's words."
Your servant Pei Songzhi interjects here to note that, naturally, I am most inclined to hear tales of Zhuge Liang's excellence. However, we have good reason to be suspicious of these five stories that Guo Chong reported. I will continue to relate his accounts one at a time, but with my own objections following each tale.
This was Guo Chong's first tale: "Zhuge Liang administered the laws and punishments severely, laying a heavy hand upon the people, such that everyone from gentlemen to commoners were moved to anger and indignation against him. Fa Zheng remonstrated with him, saying, 'In former times, when Gaozu (Liu Bang) occupied the Qin dynasty's stronghold at Guanzhong, he charged the people only to keep his Three Precepts. Even so, the people of Qin knew virtue. Now you, Sir, have been granted power and authority and you stand astride this province. Having just come into control of the state, you rather ought to show leniency and demonstrate kindness and comfort. Besides, by the principles of host and guests, both should demonstrate humility to one another. Therefore, I ask you to slacken your restrictions and loosen your regulations, in order to reassure the people.'
"Zhuge Liang replied, 'Sir, you understand part of the situation, but you do not grasp the whole. The Qin dynasty ruled without principle, and their oppression roused the anger of the people against them. At that time, all it took was the great shout of some mere common fellow (Chen Sheng), and the whole realm came crashing down. Those were the circumstances under which Gaozu found success by demonstrating magnanimity and mercy.
“‘But it has been different with our recent past. Liu Zhang was a blind and weak ruler, and the people of the Shu region had enjoyed generous treatment even since the time of his predecessors. The law codes were such that everyone did whatever they saw best; the virtues of the administration were not upheld, nor was the authority of its punishments respected. All the people of the Shu region, from the gentry down to the commoners, claimed power for themselves and became arrogant, and the proper relationship between sovereign and subjects slowly decayed. If they were favored with offices, they looked upon even the highest of offices as cheap; if they were shown grace, they were slow to be grateful for even the most bountiful mercies. It was for those reasons that Liu Zhang's domain came to ruin.
“‘That is why I now overawe these people through laws. When the laws can be carried out, that is when the people will appreciate grace. And for the same reason, I am stingy with granting offices. For when such is the case, then when people are promoted, they will understand the honor in it. Once grace and honor are properly understood, then everyone will uphold their duty. That is the reason I govern them so."
Objections: According to the Biography of Fa Zheng, Fa Zheng passed away before Liu Bei did. So since Fa Zheng appears in this story, Liu Bei must have still been alive at the time. Yet Zhuge Liang always acted like one of the limbs of the state, which is to say, he referred all such matters to the head, that being Liu Bei. Furthermore, Zhuge Liang was never directly in charge of Yizhou itself while Liu Bei was still alive, and he did not make decisions on such matters as honors, rewards, punishments, or administration. I also note that Guo Chong's main point in his account of Zhuge Liang's response was to play up his talents and abilities. But at the same time, such a response would have demonstrated a violation of a subject's proper place. And considering how modest and submissive Zhuge Liang was, it is almost impossible that he would have done such a thing. Lastly, the tale states that "Zhuge Liang administered the laws and punishments severely, laying a heavy hand upon the people". I have never heard of good government coming about as a result of oppression.
其《二事》曰：曹公遣刺客見劉備，方得交接，開論伐魏形勢，甚合備計。稍欲親近，刺者尚未得便會，既而亮入，魏客神色失措。亮因而察之，亦知非常人。須臾，客如廁，備謂亮曰；「向得奇士，足以助君補益。」亮問所在，備曰：「起者其人也。」亮徐歎曰：「觀客色動而神懼，視低而忤數，姦形外漏，邪心內藏，必曹氏刺客也。」追之，已越牆而走。◇難曰：凡為刺客，皆暴虎馮河，死而無悔者也。劉主有知人之鑒，而惑於此客，則此客必一時之奇士也。又語諸葛云「足以助君補益」，則亦諸葛之流亞也。凡如諸葛之儔，鮮有為人作刺客者矣，時主亦當惜其器用，必不投之死地也。且此人不死，要應顯達為魏，竟是誰乎？何其寂蔑而無聞！〉
The second tale: "Cao Cao sent an assassin to visit Liu Bei. Having met, the two of them began discussing strategies for how best to campaign against Wei, and the man's proposals neatly accorded with Liu Bei's own ideas. During this time, the assassin slowly moved closer, and was about to have an opportunity to carry out his mission. But just then, Zhuge Liang entered the room, causing the assassin to lose his previously calm composure. Zhuge Liang thus scrutinized him, and discerned that he was no ordinary man.
“A short time later, the man left to go to the lavatory. Liu Bei mentioned to Zhuge Liang, ‘I have just obtained an exceptional fellow. He'll be well-suited to assist you, Sir, and cover your weak points.' When Zhuge Liang asked to whom he was referring, Liu Bei replied, 'I mean that man who just got up.'
“Zhuge Liang slowly sighed and replied, 'Did you not witness his strange movements and fearful trembling, how he looked down and mumbled so? A perverse exterior hides a wicked heart within. He is surely some assassin sent by the Cao clan.'
“Liu Bei sent someone after the man, but he had already climbed over the wall and fled."
Objections: The kind of person who would be an assassin is someone who would cast themselves into the tiger's maw or fling themselves into the roaring river, and die without any regrets. And Liu Bei was the kind of man who could appreciate someone's character. Yet he was enticed by this guest? If that were the case, the man must have been an exceptional talent of that era. Especially considering that Liu Bei comments that he could "cover Zhuge Liang's weak points"; in that case, he would have been nearly on par with Zhuge Liang himself. Would someone who was a match for Zhuge Liang ever play the part of an assassin? And even if so, any ruler of that time would have greatly lamented the loss of such a man, obviously of great use and potential, and would never have sent him on a suicide mission. And if the man really did not die, then he must have gone on to have an illustrious career in Wei. But who, indeed, was he? How could he have ever remained obscure, a mere nobody?)
章武三年春，先主於永安病篤，召亮於成都，屬以後事，謂亮曰：「君才十倍曹丕，必能安國，終定大事。若嗣子可輔，輔之；如其不才，君可自取。」亮涕泣曰：「臣敢竭股肱之力，效忠貞之節，繼之以死！」先主又為詔敕後主曰：「汝與丞相從事，事之如父。」
In the third year of Zhangwu (223), Liu Bei was bedridden with illness at Yong'an. He summoned Zhuge Liang from Chengdu and instructed him on what to do after his death. He told Zhuge Liang, "Sir, your talents are ten times greater than those of Cao Pi, so you will surely be able to restore peace to the state and bring our grand endeavor to its conclusion. If my heir can be supported, then support him. But if he lacks talents, take his place for yourself."
Zhuge Liang wept as he replied, "I have always done my utmost to support you as one of your own limbs and fully uphold my loyalty and faithfulness to you, and I shall continue to do so until the death!"
Liu Bei also arranged an edict instructing Liu Shan, "You must follow the Prime Minister's commands, and treat him as a father."
〈孫盛曰：夫杖道扶義，體存信順，然後能匡主濟功，終定大業。語曰弈者舉釭不定猶不勝其偶，況量君之才否而二三其節，可以摧服強鄰囊括四海者乎？備之命亮，亂孰甚焉！世或有謂備欲以固委付之誠，且以一蜀人之志。君子曰，不然；苟所寄忠賢，則不須若斯之誨，如非其人，不宜啟篡逆之塗。是以古之顧命，必貽話言；詭偽之辭，非託孤之謂。幸值劉禪闇弱，無猜險之性，諸葛威略，足以檢衛異端，故使異同之心無由自起耳。不然，殆生疑隙不逞之釁。謂之為權，不亦惑哉！〉
(Sun Sheng remarked, "It is when one wields propriety and holds fast to righteousness, and in their own person encourage trust and submission, that they may indeed assist their ruler to achieve success and bring about the fulfillment of the grand design. Even a weiqi player cannot expect to overcome their opponent if their formation is unorganized. How much less can a ruler expect to compel the submission of powerful neighbors and embrace all the realm within the Four Seas by first attempting to split power into two or three camps? Liu Bei's instructions to Zhuge Liang posed the potential for immense instability!
“There are some who claim that Liu Bei's instructions on his deathbed were only a ploy to stiffen the loyalty of the one he intended to entrust his heir to and ensure that the wishes of the people of Shu were all of one accord. But the superior fellow can dismiss this idea. It is quite useless to instruct anyone in such a manner, for if the minister is loyal and worthy they will never heed it, while if they are not, it is only further indulging their traitorous desires. And ever since ancient times, it has been critical that a ruler speaks the truth when they are on their deathbed; when it is time to entrust one's heir to another, deceit and falsehood have no place.
“It was fortunate indeed that Liu Shan was so blind and unassuming that he had no paranoia or suspicion, while Zhuge Liang's power and authority were just sufficient to guard against the divergent plans of anyone else. It was merely for those reasons that no cause ever arose for divisions between them. If it had not been so, then surely suspicions and grudges between them would have given way to an open confrontation.
“Thus, to say that Liu Bei's instructions were to support Zhuge Liang's authority is nonsense!")
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新篇資訊：【馬拉松武士】－日本史上第一場馬拉松比賽
江戶幕府末期，鎖國的日本面臨美國強迫開國的威脅，安中藩主－板倉勝明（長谷川博己 飾）為此鍛鍊武士，要求武士們進行一場馬拉松賽跑，最終優勝者就能獲得實現願望的機會。消息一出，全城武士群起激動，有想與公主結婚的傲慢公子哥－辻村平九郎（森山未來 飾）、擁有最快腳程卻被賄絡要求放水的上杉廣之進（染谷將太 飾），連想藉機落跑出城而女扮男裝的雪姬公主（小松菜奈 飾）也來參一腳。但在比賽前夕卻有人藉機計畫謀反，僅有一人察覺到了事情的不對勁，他是幕府派來的間諜－唐澤甚內（佐藤健 飾）。隨著比賽聲響起，各懷鬼胎的參賽者們終於起跑，與此同時，刺客們也準備展開襲擊。為了拯救所愛之人、守護重要之物，唐澤開始全力奔跑！
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東野圭吾小說改編推理新作《拉普拉斯的魔女》6/22上映、櫻井翔化身教授破解超自然謎團！
改編自日本推理大師東野圭吾同名暢銷小說的科幻推理懸疑新作《拉普拉斯的魔女（Laplace’s Witch）》將於6月22日全台上映，日本偶像天團「嵐」成員櫻井翔飾演睿智聰穎的地球科學教授，協助警方調查離奇的硫化氫中毒死亡事件，原本以為是單純的意外事故，卻發現可能是操縱自然現象殺人的犯罪詭計，他要如何解開這一連串不可思議的謎團？本片還集結新生代人氣演員廣瀨鈴和福士蒼汰，話題性和衝擊性十足，日本上映首週末票房就衝破4.95億日幣，榮登新片冠軍，超越同為東野圭吾小說改編的電影《解憂雜貨店》首週票房，上映至今兩週已逼近9億日幣，口碑仍在不斷延燒。 (more…)
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妻夫木聰閃電訪台籌備《亡命之途》 透過鏡頭向台灣觀眾喊話
甫於坎城影展台灣之夜發佈新訊的台日合製電影《亡命之途》Paradise Next，集結兩大巨星妻夫木聰與豐川悅司擔綱主演，兩人預先錄影向觀眾問候。妻夫木聰洋溢著溫暖笑容表示：「我很久以前就夢想能在台灣拍片，夢想終於成真，覺得非常開心。希望能在台灣拍出一部感染力十足的電影。」
豐川悅司說：「希望能夠把美麗的台灣和濃厚的人情味介紹給全世界的觀眾。」兩大日本巨星妻夫木聰與豐川悅司，透過鏡頭向台灣溫暖喊話，希望藉著這部新片，將台灣的美好介紹給全世界。日前妻夫木聰閃電訪台為電影試裝，行程滴水不漏、保密到家，除了大啖台灣小吃，還大逛超商，展現過人親和力，對於即將到台灣拍片無比期待。
本片導演半野喜弘曾製作過多部電影配樂，包括侯孝賢導演的《海上花》、《千禧曼波》，賈樟柯導演的《二十四城記》、《山河故人》，也曾獲得金馬獎提名。《亡命之途》是他第三部劇情長片，由台灣想映電影與日本四面楚歌聯合製作。
《亡命之途》描述兩個黑道殺手流亡到台灣展開救贖之旅，這部公路電影是跨界音樂人半野喜弘最新編導長片作品，電影主題曲由日本新音樂教父坂本龍一策畫主導。電影預計六月下旬開鏡，全片於台灣拍攝，妻夫木聰與豐川悅司的巨星��力即將橫掃全台。
※不加入Y!電影粉絲團，你就悶了！
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#TVR #TRUEVINTAGEREVIVAL #GQ #TVR524 #TOYOKAWAETSUSHI #豐川悅司 #亡命之途 https://www.instagram.com/p/ByxFN9bBdDT/?igshid=1wiupsmwxrldj
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Book of Jin 100.1, Biography of Wang Mi
This is the rebels chapter, so expect rebels plotting rebellion. More specifically, these are all rebels against the Jin dynasty who don’t get entries elsewhere in the Book of JIn (so no lords of the Sixteen Kingdoms and no usurpers).
First up is Wang Mi, who was not actually the son of Wang Ping. Like many biographies, it’s pretty contextless if you aren’t familiar with the timeline involved.
王彌，東萊人也。家世二千石。祖頎，魏玄菟太守，武帝時，至汝南太守。彌有才幹，博涉書記。少遊俠京都，隱者董仲道見而謂之曰：「君豺聲豹視，好亂樂禍，若天下騷擾，不作士大夫矣。」惠帝末，妖賊劉柏根起於東萊之惤縣，彌率家僮從之，柏根以為長史。柏根死，聚徒海渚，為苟純所敗，亡入長廣山為群賊。彌多權略，凡有所掠，必豫圖成敗，舉無遺策，弓馬迅捷，膂力過人，青土號為「飛豹」。後引兵入寇青徐，兗州刺史苟晞逆擊，大破之。彌退集亡散，眾復大振，晞與之連戰，不能克。彌進兵寇泰山、魯國、譙、梁、陳、汝南、潁川、襄城諸郡，入許昌，開府庫，取器杖，所在陷沒，多殺守令，有眾數萬，朝廷不能制。
Wang Mi was a native of Donglai commandary. He came from a family of Two Thousand 石 salary rank. His grandfather was Wang Qi, who was once Cao-Wei's Administrator of Xuantu. During the reign of Emperor Wu (Sima Yan), Wang Qi rose in office to Administrator of Runan.
Wang Mi was practiced and talented, and well-read and learned in books and biographies. As a youth, he wandered through the capital region as a warrior-errant. The hermit Dong Zhongdao saw Wang Mi and said to him, "Sir, you have the sound of a wild dog and the look of a panther. You are the sort of fellow who finds happiness in turmoil and delights in misfortune. If anything should befall the realm, it will not be the official's life for you."
Near the end of Emperor Hui's reign (~307), the crafty bandit Liu Bogen rose up at Jian county in Donglai commandary. Wang Mi led his family and servants to join Liu Bogen, who appointed Wang Mi as his Chief Clerk. When Liu Bogen died, Wang Mi led his forces to the sea islets. He was defeated by Gou Chun, but he fled to Mount Zhangguang and became a bandit leader. Wang Mi was very calculating and cunning, and whenever he raided a place, he always planned out his victory beforehand and never made tactical mistakes.
Wang Mi was nimble and agile with horse and bow, and his arm strength surpassed others. The people of the Qing region called him "Flying Panther".
Later, Wang Mi led his troops to invade Qingzhou and Xuzhou. The Inspector of Yanzhou, Gou Xi, intercepted Wang Mi and attacked him, greatly routing him. Wang Mi fled and gathered up all his scattered soldiers again, and the morale of his soldiers was restored. Gou Xi fought against Wang Mi several times, but he could not overcome him.
Wang Mi advanced, and his soldiers invaded the commandaries of Taishan, Luguo, Qiao, Liang, Chen, Runan, Yingchuan, and Xiangcheng. Wang Mi entered Xuchang, where he opened the Arsenal there and took weapons and equipment. All fell before him, and many Administrators and Prefects were killed. His forces swelled to the tens of thousands, and the Jin court could not control him.
會天下大亂，進逼洛陽，京邑大��，宮城門晝閉。司徒王衍等率百官距守，彌屯七里澗，王師進擊，大破之。彌謂其党劉靈曰：「晉兵尚強，歸無所厝。劉元海昔為質子，我與之周旋京師，深有分契，今稱漢王，將歸之，可乎？」靈然之。乃渡河歸元海。元海聞而大悅，遣其侍中兼御史大夫郊迎，致書於彌曰：「以將軍有不世之功，超時之德，故有此迎耳。遲望將軍之至，孤今親行將軍之館，輒拂席洗爵，敬待將軍。」及彌見元海，勸稱尊號，元海謂彌曰：「孤本謂將軍如竇周公耳，今真吾孔明、仲華也。烈祖有云：'吾之有將軍，如魚之有水。'」於是署彌司隸校尉，加侍中、特進，彌固辭。使隨劉曜寇河內，又與石勒攻臨漳。
At this time, the realm was wracked by chaos. Wang Mi advanced and threatened Luoyang, and the capital region was greatly disturbed. The palace and city gates were all shut. The Minister Over The Masses, Wang Yan, and others led the Jin government officials to man the walls. Wang Mi camped at Seven Li Gully. The Jin royal army advanced and attacked him, and Wang Mi was greatly routed.
Wang Mi said to his fellow Liu Ling, "The Jin soldiers are strong and numerous, and there is nowhere we can go to for shelter. But there is Liu Yuanhai (Liu Yuan); when he was a hostage in the capital, he and I used to roam around the capital region together, and we formed a deep bond. Now he has declared himself the King of Han. We could go to join him. What do you think?" Liu Ling agreed.
So they crossed the Yellow River and went to join Liu Yuan. When he heard of this, Liu Yuan was overjoyed, and he sent his Palace Attendants and Imperial Secretaries to welcome Wang Mi at the border. He sent Wang Mi a letter stating, "General, your achievements supplant the age, and your virtues surpass the era; that is why I have sent you this welcome. Before you reach here, I shall personally prepare a place of residence for you, roll out the carpet and wash the vessels for you, and respectfully await your arrival."
When Wang Mi met Liu Yuan, he urged him to declare himself Emperor. Liu Yuan said to Wang Mi, "General, I used to consider you as just like Dou Zhougong (Dou Rong). But now I see that you are really more like Kongming (Zhuge Liang) or Zhonghua (Deng Yu). It is as Liezu (Liu Bei) once said: 'General, now that I have you, I am like a fish that has found water'." And he appointed Wang Mi as Colonel-Director of Retainers, Palace Attendant, and Specially Advanced, but Wang Mi firmly declined these things.
Liu Yuan sent Wang Mi to accompany Liu Yao to invade Henei, and they joined with Shi Le to attack Linzhang.
永嘉初，寇上黨，圍壺關，東海王越遣淮南內史王曠、安豐太守衛乾等討之，及彌戰于高都、長平間，大敗之，死者十六七。元海進彌征東大將軍，封東萊公。與劉曜、石勒等攻魏郡、汲郡、頓丘，陷五十餘壁，皆調為軍士。又與勒攻鄴，安北將軍和郁棄城而走。懷帝遣北中郎將裴憲次白馬討彌，車騎將軍王堪次東燕討勒，平北將軍曹武次大陽討元海。武部將軍彭默為劉聰所敗，見害，眾軍皆退。聰渡黃河，帝遣司隸校尉劉暾、將軍宋抽等距之，皆不能抗。彌、聰以萬騎至京城，焚二學。東海王越距戰於西明門，彌等敗走。彌復以二千騎寇襄城諸縣，河東、平陽、弘農、上党諸流人之在潁川、襄城、汝南、南陽、河南者數萬家，為舊居人所不禮，皆焚燒城邑，殺二千石長吏以應彌。彌又以二萬人會石勒寇陳郡、潁川，屯陽曜，遣弟璋與石勒共寇徐兗，因破越軍。
At the beginning of the Yongjia reign era (~307), Wang Mi invaded Shangdang and surrounded Huguan. Jin's Prince of Donghai, Sima Yue, sent the Interior Minister of Huainan, Wang Kuang, the Administrator of Anfeng, Wei Gan, and others to campaign against Wang Mi. Wang Mi fought them between Gaodu and Changping and greatly defeated them, killing sixty to seventy percent of their forces. Liu Yuan promoted Wang Mi to Grand General Who Conquers The East and Duke of Donglai.
Wang Mi joined with Liu Yao, Shi Le, and others to attack the commandaries of Wei, Ji, and Dunqiu; they captured more than fifty fortresses and drafted the people there as soldiers.
Wang Mi also joined with Shi Le to attack Ye. Jin's General Who Maintain The North, He Yu, abandoned that city and fled.
Emperor Huai sent the General of the Household Gentlemen of the North, Pei Xian, to march to Baima to campaign against Wang Mi; he sent the General of Chariots and Cavalry, Wang Kan, to Dongyan to campaign against Shi Le; and he sent the General Who Pacifies The North, Cao Wu, to Dayang to campaign against Liu Yuan.
Cao Wu's subordinate general Peng Mo was defeated by Liu Cong; when Cao Wu's troops saw that Peng Mo had been killed, they all retreated.
Liu Cong crossed the Yellow River. Emperor Huai sent his Colonel-Director of Retainers, Liu Tun, the general Song Chou, and others to oppose Liu Cong, but they could not resist him.
Wang Mi and Liu Cong led ten thousand cavalry to the Luoyang region, where they burned down the two Academies. The Prince of Donghai, Sima Yue, opposed them in battle at the Ximing Gate, and Wang Mi and the others were defeated and driven off.
Wang Mi led another two thousand cavalry to invade the counties of Xiangcheng commandary. There were tens of thousands of refugee families from Hedong, Pingyang, Hongnong, and Shangdang commandaries who were now living in Yingchuan, Xiangcheng, Runan, Nanyang, and Henan commandaries. They had been oppressed by the people already living in those places. So they set fire to all the towns and cities in those places and killed the officials of Two Thousand 石 salary rank and the Chief Clerks in order to support Wang Mi.
Wang Mi also led twenty thousand soldiers to join with Shi Le and invade Chen and Yingchuan commandaries. They camped at Yangyao. Wang Mi sent his younger brother Wang Zhang to join with Shi Le and invade Xuzhou and Yanzhou, and they routed the local generals.
彌後與曜寇襄城，遂逼京師。時京邑大饑，人相食，百姓流亡，公卿奔河陰。曜、彌等遂陷宮城，至太極前殿，縱兵大掠。幽帝於端門，逼辱羊皇后，殺皇太子詮，發掘陵墓，焚燒宮廟，城府蕩盡，百官及男女遇害者三萬餘人，遂遷帝於平陽。
Wang Mi later joined with Liu Yao to invade Xiangcheng, then advanced to threaten the Luoyang region. There was great hunger in the capital region at this time, and people ate each other. The common people all scattered and fled, and the nobles and chief ministers fled south of the Yellow River.
Liu Yao, Wang Mi, and the others broke through the palace walls, and when they reached the Front Hall of the Taiji Palace, they set their soldiers loose to sack it. They imprisoned Emperor Huai at the Duan Gate, threatened and disgraced Empress Yang, and killed the Crown Prince, Sima Quan. They dug up the old tombs and graves and burned down the palaces and temples. The governmental offices were entirely destroyed. More than thirty thousand people among the government officials and the nobles were killed. Then they moved Emperor Huai to Pingyang.
彌之掠也，曜禁之，彌不從。曜斬其牙門王延以徇，彌怒，與曜阻兵相攻，死者千餘人。彌長史張嵩諫曰：「明公與國家共興大事，事業甫耳，便相攻討，何面見主上乎！平洛之功誠在將軍，然劉曜皇族，宜小下之。晉二王平吳之鑒，其則不遠，願明將軍以為慮。縱將軍阻兵不還，其若子弟宗族何！」彌曰：「善，微子，吾不聞此過也。」於是詣曜謝，結分如初。彌曰：「下官聞過，乃是張長史之功。」曜謂嵩曰：「君為硃建矣，豈況範生乎！」各賜嵩金百斤。彌謂曜曰：「洛陽天下之中，山河四險之固，城池宮室無假營造，可徙平陽都之。」曜不從，焚燒而去。彌怒曰：「屠各子，豈有帝王之意乎！汝柰天下何！」遂引眾東屯項關。
When Wang Mi wanted to pillage, Liu Yao forbade it, but Wang Mi did not listen. So Liu Yao beheaded Wang Mi's General of the Serrated Gate, Wang Yan, as punishment. This angered Wang Mi, and he had his soldiers block Liu Yao's; they fought each other, and more than a thousand people died.
Then Wang Mi's Chief Clerk, Zhang Song, remonstrated with him, saying, "General, you are supposed to be working together with the royal family of our state to achieve the grand design. We have only just accomplished this great feat, yet now you are fighting with one another. How will you be able to show your face to our sovereign? Although taking Luoyang was indeed primarily your achievement, Liu Yao is part of the royal clan, so you should yield a little to him. Remember what happened during the dispute between the two Jin generals (Wang Jun and Wang Hun) when they argued over who deserved merit for the conquest of Wu. That incident was not so long ago. I implore you, General, to consider that. If you continue to obstruct Liu Yao, what will become of your younger relatives and your clan?"
Wang Mi replied, "You are right. If not for you, I would not have realized my fault." So he went to visit Liu Yao and apologize, and they patched up their relationship to be like before.
Wang Mi said, "It was all thanks to Chief Clerk Zhang that I realized that I was at fault."
Liu Yao said to Zhang Song, "Sir, you are another Zhu Jian; how could you be a mere common sort?" And both of them rewarded Zhang Song with a hundred catties of gold.
Wang Mi advised Liu Yao, "Luoyang is in the center of the realm. It is enveloped by mountains and rivers, and considering the walls, moats, and palaces, there would be no need to prepare camps. You ought to advise our sovereign to move the capital from Pingyang to here."
But Liu Yao did not listen, and he burned the city before leaving. Wang Mi angrily said, "You Chuge brat, is this how a king or an emperor acts?" Wang Mi led his soldiers east to camp at Xiang Pass.
初，曜以彌先入洛，不待己，怨之，至是嫌隙遂構。劉暾說彌還據青州，彌然之，乃以左長史曹嶷為鎮東將軍，給兵五千，多齎寶物還鄉里，招誘亡命，且迎其室。彌將徐邈、高梁輒率部曲數千人隨嶷去，彌益衰弱。
Earlier, Liu Yao had entered Luoyang before Wang Mi instead of waiting for him, and this angered Wang Mi. So this suspicion and division had sprung up between the two of them.
Liu Tun persuaded Wang Mi to return and occupy Qingzhou. Wang Mi agreed with him.
Wang Mi appointed his Chief Clerk of the Left, Cao Yi, as General Who Guards The East, and he gave him five thousand soldiers and many treasures and sent him back to his home district in order to recruit and entice fugitives to join him and protect Wang Mi's family.
Wang Mi's generals Xu Miao and Gao Liang both took several thousand of their soldiers and abandoned him to go join Cao Yi, and so Wang Mi's forces were gradually diminishing.
初，石勒惡彌驍勇，常密為之備。彌之破洛陽也，多遺勒美女寶貨以結之。時勒擒苟晞，以為左司馬，彌謂勒曰：「公獲苟晞而用之，何其神妙！使晞為公左，彌為公右，天下不足定也！」勒愈忌彌，陰圖之。劉暾又勸彌征曹嶷，藉其眾以誅勒。於是彌使暾詣青州，令曹嶷引兵會己，而詐要勒共向青州。暾至東阿，為勒遊騎所獲。勒見彌與嶷書，大怒，乃殺暾。彌未之知，勒伏兵襲彌，殺之，並其眾。
Earlier, Shi Le had been wary of Wang Mi for his bold and valiant spirit, and he often secretly made plans against him. After Wang Mi captured Luoyang, he kept sending Shi Le beautiful women and fine treasures in order to win him over. And when Shi Le captured Gou Xi and appointed him as his Marshal of the Left, Wang Mi said to Shi Le, "Sir, you have captured Gou Xi and put him to work for you; how divine and ingenious you are! If you can make Gou Xi your left hand, and have me as your right hand, there is no one in the realm who would be able to stop you!" But these things only made Shi Le even more suspicious of Wang Mi, and he secretly planned to get rid of him.
Liu Tun also urged Wang Mi to summon Cao Yi and have him bring his forces to execute Shi Le. So Wang Mi sent Liu Tun to visit Cao Yi in Qingzhou and order him to bring his troops to join with Wang Mi's forces, as well as entice Shi Le and attack him together at Qingzhou. But when Liu Tun reached Dong'a, he was captured by Shi Le's scout riders. When Shi Le saw the letter that Wang Mi had written to Cao Yi, he was furious, and he killed Liu Tun, but Wang Mi did not know.
Then Shi Le placed troops in ambush to surprise attack Wang Mi, and he killed Wang Mi and took over his forces.
王彌好亂樂禍，挾詐懷奸，命儔嘯侶，伺間侯隙，助悖逆於平陽，肆殘忍於都邑，遂使生靈塗炭，神器流離，邦國軫《麥秀》之哀，宮廟興《黍離》之痛，豈天意乎？豈人事乎？何醜虜之倡狂而亂離之斯瘼者也！
The Historians' Appraisal: Wang Mi indulged in turmoil and delighted in misfortune. He took false and crafty villains to be his friends and companions, and he lay in wait for opportunities to exploit. He aided the perverse traitors at Pingyang and brought death and destruction to the capital. He caused the people to become miserable refugees and forced the imperial line into exile. He inflicted the devastation described in the Fine Wheat poem upon the state, and caused the palace and the temple to experience the pitiful state of the writer of the Drooping Millet poem. How could Heaven have willed it? How could the people have wished it? How could such a savage brute have caused ‘such grievous turmoil and division’?
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