#❃ ⋯ ⤳ ch: kang jia

[shookethdev]

a o e i i er ai ei ao ou an en ang eng ong i ia iao ie iu ian in iang ing iong u ua uo uai ui uan un uang ueng ü üe üan ün a o e er ai ao ou an en ang eng yi ya yao ye you yan yin yang ying yong wu wa wo wai wei wan wen wang weng yu yue yuan yun b ba bo bai bei bao ban ben bang beng bi biao bie bian bin bing bu p pa po pai pei pao pou pan pen pang peng pi piao pie pian pin ping pu m ma mo me mai mei mao mou man men mang meng mi miao mie miu mian min ming mu f fa fo fei fou fan fen fang feng fu d da de dai dei dao dou dan den dang deng dong di diao die diu dian ding du duo dui duan dun t ta te tai tei tao tou tan tang teng tong ti tiao tie tian ting tu tuo tui tuan tun n na ne nai nei nao nou nan nen nang neng nong ni niao nie niu nian nin niang ning nu nuo nuan nü nüe l la le lai lei lao lou lan lang leng long li lia liao lie liu lian lin liang ling lu luo luan lun lü lüe g ga ge gai gei gao gou gan gen gang geng gong gu gua guo guai gui guan gun guang k ka ke kai kei kao kou kan ken kang keng kong ku kua kuo kuai kui kuan kun kuang h ha he hai hei hao hou han hen hang heng hong hu hua huo huai hui huan hun huang z za ze zi zai zei zao zou zan zen zang zeng zong zu zuo zui zuan zun c ca ce ci cai cao cou can cen cang ceng cong cu cuo cui cuan cun s sa se si sai sao sou san sen sang seng song su suo sui suan sun zh zha zhe zhi zhai zhei zhao zhou zhan zhen zhang zheng zhong zhu zhua zhuo zhuai zhui zhuan zhun zhuang ch cha che chi chai chao chou chan chen chang cheng chong chu chua chuo chuai chui chuan chun chuang sh sha she shi shai shei shao shou shan shen shang sheng shu shua shuo shuai shui shuan shun shuang r re ri rao rou ran ren rang reng rong ru rua ruo rui ruan run j ji jia jiao jie jiu jian jin jiang jing jiong ju jue juan jun q qi qia qiao qie qiu qian qin qiang qing qiong qu que quan qun x xi xia xiao xie xiu xian xin xiang xing xiong xu xue xuan xun

NAKU 🫵

[eyenaku]

Ji ji fu ji ji

a o e i i er ai ei ao ou an en ang eng ong i ia iao ie iu ian in iang ing iong u ua uo uai ui uan un uang ueng ü üe üan ün a o e er ai ao ou an en ang eng yi ya yao ye you yan yin yang ying yong wu wa wo wai wei wan wen wang weng yu yue yuan yun b ba bo bai bei bao ban ben bang beng bi biao bie bian bin bing bu p pa po pai pei pao pou pan pen pang peng pi piao pie pian pin ping pu m ma mo me mai mei mao mou man men mang meng mi miao mie miu mian min ming mu f fa fo fei fou fan fen fang feng fu d da de dai dei dao dou dan den dang deng dong di diao die diu dian ding du duo dui duan dun t ta te tai tei tao tou tan tang teng tong ti tiao tie tian ting tu tuo tui tuan tun n na ne nai nei nao nou nan nen nang neng nong ni niao nie niu nian nin niang ning nu nuo nuan nü nüe l la le lai lei lao lou lan lang leng long li lia liao lie liu lian lin liang ling lu luo luan lun lü lüe g ga ge gai gei gao gou gan gen gang geng gong gu gua guo guai gui guan gun guang k ka ke kai kei kao kou kan ken kang keng kong ku kua kuo kuai kui kuan kun kuang h ha he hai hei hao hou han hen hang heng hong hu hua huo huai hui huan hun huang z za ze zi zai zei zao zou zan zen zang zeng zong zu zuo zui zuan zun c ca ce ci cai cao cou can cen cang ceng cong cu cuo cui cuan cun s sa se si sai sao sou san sen sang seng song su suo sui suan sun zh zha zhe zhi zhai zhei zhao zhou zhan zhen zhang zheng zhong zhu zhua zhuo zhuai zhui zhuan zhun zhuang ch cha che chi chai chao chou chan chen chang cheng chong chu chua chuo chuai chui chuan chun chuang sh sha she shi shai shei shao shou shan shen shang sheng shu shua shuo shuai shui shuan shun shuang r re ri rao rou ran ren rang reng rong ru rua ruo rui ruan run j ji jia jiao jie jiu jian jin jiang jing jiong ju jue juan jun q qi qia qiao qie qiu qian qin qiang qing qiong qu que quan qun x xi xia xiao xie xiu xian xin xiang xing xiong xu xue xuan xun

[wellsygrahams-a]

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[ketterdmcrows]

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[oscarhgreene]

The Vagus Nerve and Diabetes: How the Brain Affects Glucose Levels

Today we will be discussing how the brain’s modulation of the vagus nerve affects glucose levels.  Frequently we discuss the two sides of the autonomic nervous system which for all intents and purposes involve rest and digest responses juxtaposed with fight and flight reactions.  While the majority of discussions surrounding diabetes involve insulin resistance at the level of the liver or skeletal muscle, today we will highlight how insulin resistance is being observed in the brain, how this affects diabetes, as well as novel treatments designed to increase vagal nerve tone for the treatment of diabetes. .

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References:

1. Obesity-Associated Alterations in Glucose Metabolism Are Reversed by Chronic Bilateral Stimulation of the Abdominal Vagus Nerve. Malbert CH, Picq C, Divoux JL, Henry C, Horowitz M. Diabetes. 2017 Apr;66(4):848-857. doi: 10.2337/db16-0847. Epub 2017 Jan 12. PMID: 28082456 [PubMed – in process] Similar articles

2. Effects of hepatic glycogen on food intake and glucose homeostasis are mediated by the vagus nerve in mice. López-Soldado I, Fuentes-Romero R, Duran J, Guinovart JJ. Diabetologia. 2017 Jun;60(6):1076-1083. doi: 10.1007/s00125-017-4240-4. Epub 2017 Mar 15. PMID: 28299379 [PubMed – in process] Similar articles

3. Hepatic vagus nerve regulates Kupffer cell activation via ?7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Nishio T, Taura K, Iwaisako K, Koyama Y, Tanabe K, Yamamoto G, Okuda Y, Ikeno Y, Yoshino K, Kasai Y, Okuno M, Seo S, Sakurai T, Asagiri M, Hatano E, Uemoto S. J Gastroenterol. 2017 Jan 2. doi: 10.1007/s00535-016-1304-z. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28044208 [PubMed – as supplied by publisher] Similar articles

4. Knockdown of Neuropeptide Y in the Dorsomedial Hypothalamus Promotes Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity in Male Rats. Li L, de La Serre CB, Zhang N, Yang L, Li H, Bi S. Endocrinology. 2016 Dec;157(12):4842-4852. Epub 2016 Nov 2. PMID: 27805869 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles

5. Central administration of vaspin inhibits glucose production and augments hepatic insulin signaling in high-fat-diet-fed rat. Luo X, Li K, Zhang C, Yang G, Yang M, Jia Y, Zhang L, Ma ZA, Boden G, Li L. Int J Obes (Lond). 2016 Jun;40(6):947-54. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2016.24. Epub 2016 Feb 12. PMID: 26975443 [PubMed – in process] Similar articles

6. Contrasting effects of afferent and efferent vagal nerve stimulation on insulin secretion and blood glucose regulation. Meyers EE, Kronemberger A, Lira V, Rahmouni K, Stauss HM. Physiol Rep. 2016 Feb;4(4). pii: e12718. doi: 10.14814/phy2.12718. PMID: 26884478 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Similar articles

7. A fatty acid-dependent hypothalamic-DVC neurocircuitry that regulates hepatic secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Yue JT, Abraham MA, LaPierre MP, Mighiu PI, Light PE, Filippi BM, Lam TK. Nat Commun. 2015 Jan 12;6:5970. doi: 10.1038/ncomms6970. PMID: 25580573 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Similar articles

8. Insulin action in the hypothalamus and dorsal vagal complex. Abraham MA, Filippi BM, Kang GM, Kim MS, Lam TK. Exp Physiol. 2014 Sep;99(9):1104-9. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.079962. Epub 2014 Jun 27. Review. PMID: 24972836 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free Article Similar articles

9. Risk of postprandial insulin resistance: the liver/vagus rapport. Macedo MP, Lima IS, Gaspar JM, Afonso RA, Patarrão RS, Kim YB, Ribeiro RT. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2014 Mar;15(1):67-77. doi: 10.1007/s11154-013-9281-5. Review. PMID: 24174131 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Similar articles

10. Glycogen shortage during fasting triggers liver-brain-adipose neurocircuitry to facilitate fat utilization. Izumida Y, Yahagi N, Takeuchi Y, Nishi M, Shikama A, Takarada A, Masuda Y, Kubota M, Matsuzaka T, Nakagawa Y, Iizuka Y, Itaka K, Kataoka K, Shioda S, Niijima A, Yamada T, Katagiri H, Nagai R, Yamada N, Kadowaki T, Shimano H. Nat Commun. 2013;4:2316. doi: 10.1038/ncomms3316. Erratum in: Nat Commun. 2013;4:2930. PMID: 23939267 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Similar articles

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The Vagus Nerve and Diabetes: How the Brain Affects Glucose Levels