#æthelstan of england

[emptyrubiccube]

top 10 historical yassifications

[wonder-worker]

[Æthelflæd was] a remarkable leader who, both in her own right, and as a collaborator with her father, husband, and brother, helped to shape the politics of central England for two decades. Indeed, the legacy of her rule was longer even than that. Æthelflæd came to prominence at a critical juncture of Mercian history, and of English history more widely. In the aftermath of invasion and political upheaval, Æthelflæd secured Mercia’s political stability, fortified and expanded its frontiers, and won the submissions of neighbouring Welsh and Scandinavian lords and towns. These successes were foundational to the remarkable expansion of West Saxon hegemony in the decades that followed her death and, further, to the ability of subsequent generations of West Saxon monarchs, beginning with her nephew and one-time charge, Æthelstan, to claim kingship over all England.

— Matthew Firth, Early English Queens, 850-1000: Potestas Reginae

[scotianostra]

On 12 July 927 King Constantín mac Áeda, King Hywel Dda , Ealdred of Bamburgh, and King Owain ap Dyfnwal gathered at Eamont, near Penrith, to accept Æthelstan as their overlord.

Æthelstan was king of the Anglo Saxons and later England, regarded by many as their first King, Constantín mac Áeda, giving him his old Gaelic name, was King of Alba, mostly covering lands around the Tay down to the Forth, King Hywel Dda, it won't surprise you was ruler of Wales, Ealdred of Bamburgh, King of Northumberland and Owain ap Dyfnwal ruled Strathclyde, which included parts of modern day Cumbria.

After defeating the Norsemen at York Æthelstan started to stamp his authority in the North and according to the ‘Annals of Ulster’ in 927 AD Constantine and Owain had met with Æthelstan, on what was probably the Northumbria/Strathclyde border, where:

“... they surrendered themselves and their kingdoms to the sovereign of England. Out of regard to this treaty, the king himself stood as sponsor for the son of Constantine, who was ordered to be baptized at the sacred font.”

The ‘Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’ also records the meeting its list of attendees differed and it's a wee bit more dramatic, so I'll classify it as the tabloid of the day!! “In this year [927] fiery beams of light appeared in the north part of the sky. And Sihtric died; and King Athelstan succeeded to the kingdom of the Northumbrians, and he subjugated all the kings that were in this island: first, Hywel king of the West Welsh, and Constantine king of the Scots, and Owain king of Gwent, and Ealdred son of Eadwulf from Bamburgh:+ and with pledge and with oaths they confirmed peace, in the place called Eamont, on the 4th of the Ides of July [12th July], and renounced every kind of idolatry; and after that departed in peace.”

It led to six years of peace between the Northern Kings and the new King of England, by 934 things had taken a turn as “In this year King Athelstan went into Scotland, with both a land-force and a ship-force, and ravaged a great part of it.”

Other sources tell that Constantine's son was taken to England as a hostage to keep the peace.

There is loads more info on how things developed in the tenth century and beyond here http://www.dot-domesday.me.uk/athelstan.htm

The map shows you how the countries were laid out back in the 10th century.

[racefortheironthrone]

It's command to refer to pre Norman English Kingdoms as Anglo-Saxon, but would the people /kings have considered themselves as such? Or was there still a separate Saxon / Angle / Jutish identity?

The answer is that it changed over time. After you had the Saxons, Angles, and Jutes, you had the Heptarchy, and so forth. So for many years, people would not have considered themselves Anglo-Saxon and probably had never heard that word used in that way.

However, one of the major long-term ideological projects of the House of Wessex was to promote a broader identity beyond one's local region, as part of their project to beat back the Danes and eventually unify England under their reign. Thus, Alfred the Great started his reign as the King of Wessex, but in 886 CE started styling himself as King of the Anglo-Saxons after he had reconquered London from the Vikingers. His son Edward the Elder continued that claim, using it to leverage his claims to Mercia and East Anglia.

Then with Edward's son Æthelstan the Thunderbolt, you get the first of the House of Wessex to style himself as King of the English, which is really where you start to see an attempt to construct a unified "English" identity, although he also used the title "Rex totius Britanniae" (King of all Britain) after defeating King Constantine II of Scotland and forcing him to swear vassalage.

[ginandoldlace]

In England, the monarchy is an institution which connects us to the greats of our history, such as Alfred the Great (848/849 - 899AD) and Æthelstan, the first King of The English (894 - 939AD), who united England for the first time, in 927. Over the course of more than a thousand years, monarchy has firmly planted itself as a pillar of English culture.

Part of what is special about our great nation is our conservatism and adherence to tradition. The pure materialism of the modern era is something quite foreign to the English. We have always been a sentimental people, connected by bonds of duty and affection to our fellow countrymen and the nation, which transcend the cold, mathematical calculations of the age of rationalism in which we find ourselves. We have always understood that there is a place for heirarchy; we have always had a respect for tradition; we have always held an “if it isn’t broken, don’t fix it” attitude.

[dijeh]

Æthelstan: The First King of England, Sarah Foot

[ancestorsalive]

Eadgyth (Edith) of England.

Eadgyth was born c.910, she was the daughter of Edward the Elder and granddaughter of Alfred the Great.

Her early years were spent in Wessex before she was sent to Germany with her sister Edgifu, by her half-brother King Æthelstan, at the request of the East Frankish king Henry the Fowler. Henry presented both women to his son Otto to choose which one he wanted and he picked Eadgyth, they were married in 930.

Otto was crowned King at Aachen Cathedral, on the death of his father in 936, it's possible she was anointed as Queen in a separate ceremony.

As Queen she was popular with her people and according to the secular canoness Hrotsvitha, she was a woman "of pure noble countenance, graceful character and truly royal appearance".

Eadgyth died young aged about 36 in 946, records state her body was moved twice before she was interred at Magdeburg Cathedral.

In 2008 there was some building work going on at the cathedral when a lead coffin inside a stone sarcophagus with her name on it was found and opened by archaeologists. An inscription recorded that it was the body of Eadgyth, reburied in 1510.

The bones were fragmented and incomplete and were examined in 2009, then brought to Bristol, England, for tests in 2010.

The bones were radiocarbon dated which showed they were from the right time period, and belonged to one woman aged around 30-40 years of age. Other signs showed she was probably a horse rider suggesting noble birth, her bones and teeth showed she had a high protein diet and ate a lot of fish, another indication of high status. Isotope analysis which tests the enamel on the teeth showed she did grow up in South West England, which matches the records. DNA testing wasn't undertaken and wouldn't have proved anything because there are no known descendants from Alfred the Great (despite the 15 or so who regularly appear on this group). As far as all the evidence showed it is believed that this is the body of Eadgyth and she was re-interred in a new titanium coffin in her tomb at Magdeburg Cathedral on 22 October 2010.

For more information on Eadgyth's re-burial go to the link below:

https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/8111

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 7.12 (before 1920)

70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple. 927 – King Constantine II of Scotland, King Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, Ealdred of Bamburgh and King Owain of the Cumbrians accepted the overlordship of King Æthelstan of England, leading to seven years of peace in the north. 1191 – Third Crusade: Saladin's garrison surrenders to Philip Augustus, ending the two-year siege of Acre. 1335 – Pope Benedict XII issues the papal bull Fulgens sicut stella matutina to reform the Cistercian Order. 1470 – The Ottomans capture Euboea. 1488 – Joseon Dynasty official Choe Bu returned to Korea after months of shipwrecked travel in China. 1493 – Hartmann Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle, one of the best-documented early printed books, is published. 1527 – Lê Cung Hoàng ceded the throne to Mạc Đăng Dung, ending the Lê dynasty and starting the Mạc dynasty. 1543 – King Henry VIII of England marries his sixth and last wife, Catherine Parr, at Hampton Court Palace. 1562 – Fray Diego de Landa, acting Bishop of Yucatán, burns the sacred idols and books of the Maya. 1576 – Mughal Empire annexes Bengal after defeating the Bengal Sultanate at the Battle of Rajmahal. 1580 – The Ostrog Bible, one of the early printed Bibles in a Slavic language, is published. 1691 – Battle of Aughrim (Julian calendar): The decisive victory of William III of England's forces in Ireland. 1776 – Captain James Cook begins his third voyage. 1789 – In response to the dismissal of the French finance minister Jacques Necker, the radical journalist Camille Desmoulins gives a speech which results in the storming of the Bastille two days later. 1790 – The Civil Constitution of the Clergy is passed in France by the National Constituent Assembly. 1799 – Ranjit Singh conquers Lahore and becomes Maharaja of the Punjab (Sikh Empire). 1801 – British ships inflict heavy damage on Spanish and French ships in the Second Battle of Algeciras. 1806 – At the insistence of Napoleon, Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg and thirteen minor principalities leave the Holy Roman Empire and form the Confederation of the Rhine. 1812 – The American Army of the Northwest briefly occupies the Upper Canadian settlement at what is now at Windsor, Ontario. 1862 – The Medal of Honor is authorized by the United States Congress. 1913 – Serbian forces begin their siege of the Bulgarian city of Vidin; the siege is later called off when the war ends. 1913 – The Second Revolution breaks out against the Beiyang government, as Li Liejun proclaims Jiangxi independent from the Republic of China. 1917 – The Bisbee Deportation occurs as vigilantes kidnap and deport nearly 1,300 striking miners and others from Bisbee, Arizona. 1918 – The Imperial Japanese Navy battleship Kawachi blows up at Shunan, western Honshu, Japan, killing at least 621.

[aelswiths]

Which TLK relationships do you wish the show explored more (I mean platonic and family, even rivals, not just like ships - but I didn't know how to word it. Sorry).

Oh man anon, this is a very tough question because there are many relationships I wish were explored more. This question brings to mind a couple different answers, some that are family focused and some more general (which I’ll briefly mention later). It’s a long one so I’m putting a read more for everyone’s sanity lol.

I think the one I think about the most is Aelswith and Edward, and to a lesser extent Alfred and Edward. In some ways this is very on brand, being you know the Aelswith blog lol, but I do feel like this relationship has gaps in it.

Compared to aethelflaed we don’t have as much childhood focused scenes between them, so I wonder a lot about the type of relationship they had. From the show it seems to me that Edward was clearly very beloved by his parents but it’s also obvious that there’s tension between them at the beginning of s3. Now this could be explained as due to his relationship with ecgwynn and his children, but I feel like there’s more to it. Especially as we move into s4 & 5, it’s very clear that they’re almost estranged from each other and it’s always had me wondering why. By the end of s4 it appears that they have almost reconciled, but by the time s5 starts its clear that Aelswith doesn’t even live in Winchester anymore and to make things even more interesting she ends up in bebbenburh. It’s so bizarre to me, since her family is most important to her, why would Aelswith decide to remain as far away from her only surviving child as possible? By the end of s5 it also seems as if they’ve reached a reconciliation and clearly care for each other, so it’s very odd to me unless there’s more to this relationship.

Other relationships I wish were explored were Aelswith and her grandchildren, I really wish we had more insight to what happened between her and Æthelstan after s4. I find it highly unlikely that she’d just accept someone else raising him and not being in his life, so I wish we knew more about what happened (and what happened to Aelswith in general after s4 because the way they swept that poisoning under the rug bothers the hell out of me, but I am off track).

I also wish we knew more about Aelfweards relationship with Aelswith, since in s5 he and Æthelstan get along and don’t have any grudges it makes me so curious as to what he thinks of Aelswith and if he wonders why he doesn’t have a relationship with her. I think a lot about post s5 Ælfweard and how he must be questioning everything in his life because of Æthelhelm. I also wonder if Aelswith ever saw him afterwards.

As for Aelfwynn, I feel like we did get some good material I just wish we had more than one season and that we knew what happened to her after s5. I do wonder if after s5 Aelfwynn ended up leaving England because it wasn’t safe for her, and if that’s the case I just don’t see Aelswith going with her which means they probably never saw each other again :(((.

And that concludes the family specific aspect of this question, the more general aspect I’ll try to keep short. Essentially I wish we’d been given a better idea of what aelswith’s relationship with the court in Wessex was. From what the show portrays it’s very clear that from the few advisors we’re shown she interacts with she has a tense to contentious relationship with them all. Which I find very curious because it’s clear that Aelswith has means and influence, great enough that in s4 at the height of his power not even Aethelhelm can remove her and while imprisoned she’s able to raise loyal guards to free and escort her to Mercia. This tells me that Aelswith is an influential figure and that she has great respect and I really wish we saw more of that because it’s another interesting layer to unravel and explore. It does also make me wish that they’d continued to explore aethelhelm and Aelswith’s rivalry in s5. The way s4 ended with the poisoning was such an interesting choice and had a lot of potential for character building and they just didn’t build off of it.

Anyway, I feel like the takeaway from this ask is I think we should’ve had a show about my emotional support family because there’s so much potential about them that’s not explored.

[emptyrubiccube]

wouldn't it have been funny if anlaf also had a "hump whoever you wish, BUT-" type of convo with ingilmundr, assuming his seduction of æthelstan wasn't what anlaf originally had in mind for his convoluted scheme

[releasing-my-insanity]

How is he defining kings of England? Does Mr. Price-Jones want the list to start with King Alfred of Wessex, who controlled all of what is now England?

Or does he want it to start with King Æthelstan who was the first to use the title "King of the English"?

What about the kings who could arguably be claimed to have controlled all of England prior to King Alfred?

Is he counting disputed monarchs? How is he counting Æthelred the Unready who reigned twice?

And while not relevant in this instance, is he counting kings of Britain as kings of England or separately? Would it affect his numbering that some later reigning monarchs have been queens?

Without the proper parameters, this is an unanswerable question.

[wonder-worker]

It was perhaps unfortunate timing for the queen [Ælfthryth] that her son came into his majority just as her two closest allies died. It seems these two ideas were also tied in Æthelred’s own mind when he reflected on this period of his reign. In S876, the charter that attests Ælfthryth’s return to court in 993, the king recalls the angustiae (tribulations) endured by the kingdom following Æthelwold’s death. He goes on to state that England’s misfortunes stemmed not only from the loss of the long-time royal advisor, but also due to meae iuuentutis ignorantia (the ignorance of my youth), and the philargiria (avarice) of his new advisors. While these statements are largely made in reference to royal acquisitions of monastic lands in the preceding years, that Ælfthryth is brought back to court at this moment is significant. It suggests that the same factors influenced the queen mother’s departure from court in 984. Æthelred was a king newly come of age seeking his independence, Ælfthryth’s key advocates at court were dead, while few of the men who stepped into their places had any great affection for the queen.

Ælfthryth’s disappearance from the administrative record of her son’s reign also coincided with his marriage to his first wife in the mid-980s, another Ælfgifu. Rarely in the course of the West Saxon dynasty to this point had two royal women been at court. Though Ælfgifu leaves no contemporary evidence of political activity – her name is not even attested prior to the twelfth century – it may be that Ælfthryth’s departure from court had a voluntary aspect to it, seeking to avoid conflict. Little can be said of Ælfthryth’s activities, or even whereabouts, between 984 and 993. William of Malmesbury suggests that Ælfthryth spent ‘many years’ at Wherwell in repentance for the murder of King Edward (G.Reg. 162.4). This may be a reference to her retirement to the abbey, though that is not made clear and William’s description of the queen implies that he understood her to still be relatively young. If Ælfthryth had departed the court in 984 for the refuge of Wherwell, it may be that William believed this to be a penitential act. Though it should also be recalled that Ælfthryth was a landowner in her own right and no doubt had many estates on which she could have lived; she may even have moved between them rather than establishing a long-term household in any single place.

Wherever Ælfthryth resided after 984, there is evidence she was not entirely absent from her family’s life, even if her political involvement became less prominent. This is found in S1503, the will of the ætheling Æthelstan issued in 1014, the same year as his death. Æthelstan, born around 984, was Æthelred’s eldest son and probable heir had he survived his father. In the closing passage of the will, Æthelstan declares that his gifts to ecclesiastical foundations had been given for the soul of his father, for his own soul, and for the soul of Ælfþryðe minre ealdemodor þe me afedde (Ælfthryth my grandmother who raised me). If Ælfthryth’s departure from court was amicable, could it then be that Æthelred had entrusted her with the raising of her grandchildren? That, like Eadgifu before her, the queen mother was transitioning into a role as queen grandmother? This seems probable. S876, the charter attested by Ælfthryth in 993, is also the first charter witnessed by Æthelstan and his brothers Ecgberht, Edmund, and Eadred, who all subscribe directly after her. None of them appear in charter witness lists again until 996, when all four once again attest as a group (S878). The next time the brothers attest a charter is in 997, when once again they appear alongside their grandmother (S878). It is not until 998 that the brothers are found witnessing a charter independent of Ælfthryth (S893), and the queen dowager is simply absent from court that year, presumably ensconced in Wherwell by this stage. When Æthelstan’s statement that he was raised by his grandmother is considered alongside the fact that he and his brothers only appear at court in her company between 993 and 997, this suggests that Æthelred’s sons probably spent their childhoods in Ælfthryth’s care. In this case, her return to court in 993 did not simply mark a return to favour, but the fact that Æthelstan had reached an age where he needed to begin his political education. However, neither the queen nor the ætheling appear to have resided at or travelled with the court, rather making perhaps annual appearances.

By 999, the eldest of the æthelings were teenagers and had likely left their childhood home with their grandmother. From this year they are to be found regularly witnessing charters in the absence of the queen dowager. Ælfthryth only appears in a single charter from 999 (S896), once again suggesting only occasional attendance at court. The queen had never again attained the prominent status she had held in the early years of Æthelred’s kingship. Witnessing diploma S896 would be her final public act. Ælfthryth died on 17 November either of that year or of 1000 or 1001. By the time of her death, Ælfthryth, the once-powerful magnate and first-known crowned queen consort of England, like Eadgifu before her, had faded from view. Geffrei Gaimar records that she spent her final years at Wherwell Abbey, a penance which he states was placed on her by Dunstan on his own deathbed to absolve the queen of any involvement in Edward’s murder (EE ll. 4067– 4082). Geffrei goes on to indicate that the queen died at the abbey and was interred there. That Wherwell was Ælfthryth’s final resting place is seemingly affirmed by Æthelred’s statement in S904 that the lands and privileges he gave to the abbey were gifts for the sake of his mother’s soul.

— Matthew Firth, Early English Queens, 850-1000: Potestas Reginae

[scotianostra]

On 12 July 927 King Constantín mac Áeda, King Hywel Dda , Ealdred of Bamburgh, and King Owain ap Dyfnwal gathered at Eamont, near Penrith, to accept Æthelstan as their overlord.

Æthelstan was king of the Anglo Saxons and later England, regarded by many as their first King, Constantín mac Áeda, giving him his old Gaelic name, was King of Alba, mostly covering lands around the Tay down to the Forth, King Hywel Dda, it won't surprise you was ruler of Wales, Ealdred of Bamburgh, King of Northumberland and Owain ap Dyfnwal ruled Strathclyde, which included parts of modern day Cumbria.

After defeating the Norsemen at York Æthelstan started to stamp his authority in the North and according to the ‘Annals of Ulster’ in 927 AD Constantine and Owain had met with Æthelstan, on what was probably the Northumbria/Strathclyde border, where:

“... they surrendered themselves and their kingdoms to the sovereign of England. Out of regard to this treaty, the king himself stood as sponsor for the son of Constantine, who was ordered to be baptized at the sacred font.”

The ‘Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’ also records the meeting its list of attendees differed and it's a wee bit more dramatic, so I'll classify it as the tabloid of the day!! “In this year [927] fiery beams of light appeared in the north part of the sky. And Sihtric died; and King Athelstan succeeded to the kingdom of the Northumbrians, and he subjugated all the kings that were in this island: first, Hywel king of the West Welsh, and Constantine king of the Scots, and Owain king of Gwent, and Ealdred son of Eadwulf from Bamburgh:+ and with pledge and with oaths they confirmed peace, in the place called Eamont, on the 4th of the Ides of July [12th July], and renounced every kind of idolatry; and after that departed in peace.”

It led to six years of peace between the Northern Kings and the new King of England, by 934 things had taken a turn as “In this year King Athelstan went into Scotland, with both a land-force and a ship-force, and ravaged a great part of it.”

Other sources tell that Constantine's son was taken to England as a hostage to keep the peace.

There is loads more info on how things developed in the tenth century and beyond here http://www.dot-domesday.me.uk/athelstan.htm

The pic shows how the British Isles looked back then.

[anglosaxonpersonalnames]

Eoformund

Eoformund is an Anglo-Saxon masculine name composed of eofor (boar) and mund (protection).

Variants:

Eofrmund [Herbert Grueber 1893 A Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum, Anglo-Saxon Series 2: 83].

Eofermund [Herbert Grueber 1893 A Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum, Anglo-Saxon Series 2: 102].

Efermund [Herbert Grueber 1893 A Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum, Anglo-Saxon Series 2: 102].

Eoformund [William Searle 1897 Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum, page 229].

Evermund [Olof von Feilitzen & Christopher Blunt 1971 England Before the Conquest, page 194]

Prototheme:

eofor = boar [Henry Sweet 1886 The Oldest English Texts, page 535].

Deuterotheme:

Mund = protection [Robert Ferguson 1883 Surnames as a Science, page 41].

Usage:

Eofermund was the mark of a moneyer working at Shrewsbury during the reign of Æthelstan II: (approximately) “✠E·O·FERMVND M SCROB” [Herbert Grueber 1893 A Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum, Anglo-Saxon Series 2: 113, number 82].

[forgeofideas]

European Middle Ages (1024 Years)

400AD - 1000AD:

-Rhineland Migrations (406 AD-569 AD)

-Conversion and establishment of Romano-Germanic Kingdoms (409AD-568AD)

-410 ADSack of Rome by Alaric I

-Pope Leo comes to power (440 AD)

-Atilla the Hun defeated (451 AD)

-Deposition of Romulus Augusts (476AD)

-Clovis I converts to Chalcedonian Christianity (496 AD)

 -Battle of Vouillé, ends Gothic hegemony in gaul (507 CE)

-Code of Justinian Issued (529-534)

-Byzantine Reconquest (534AD-547AD)

-Plague of Justinian 541–542 AD

- Pope Gregory comes to power (590AD)

-597 AD: St. Augustine of Canterbury, sent by Pope Gregory I, arrives in England to convert the Anglo-Saxons.

-Slavic Migration (500's AD - 800's AD Approximate)

Key Concepts, Period of Turmoil (400AD-600AD): Presence of Byzantium as the Roman legacy, migration era, barbarian populations invading and integrating into Roman society, rise of Islam

___________________________________________________________

-Byzantine/Sassanid Wars (602-628 AD)

-Advent of Islam, Prophet Muhammad begins proselytizing (610 AD)

-650 AD (approx.)Qur’an codified; early Islamic Caliphate expands rapidly

-Byzantine–Arab Wars (640s–750s)

-654 ADLiber Iudiciorum (Visigothic Law Code)

-Synod of Whitby (664): Northumbrian King Oswiu chooses Roman Christianity over Celtic practices, helping unify the English Church with Rome.

-Establishment of the First Bulgarian Empire (680AD)

-Eastward Frankish Expansion (Holy Roman Empire/Germans), Ostsiedlung  (700's AD)

-Reconquista (722 AD)

-Abbasid Revolution (747-750 AD)

-Establishment of the Carolingian Empire (800 AD)

-Establishment of the Great Moravia (833 AD)

Key Concepts, Period of Metamorphosis (600AD-800AD): Establishment of the Christian Latin West, Establishment of the Islamic World, Erosion of Byzantine authority, gradual centralization of central/eastern European polities, migration and conversion of the Turks in the Islamic world

____________________________________________________________

-Viking raids documented (793AD)

-Saracen raids resume (824AD)

-Magyar raids begin (896AD)

-Treaty of Verdun (843 AD), encaselation beings

-Rurik Dynasty in Russland (862AD)

-Anarchy at Samarra (861 AD)

-Conversion of Great Moravia (863 AD)

-Conversion of the Bulgarians (864 AD)

-Muslim Fraxinetum establsihed (887 AD)

-Kingdom of Asturias Splits (910 AD)

-Duchy of Normandy established (911 AD)

-Gradual Christianization of Scandinavia (960–1020 AD)

-England is unified under Æthelstan (929 AD)

-Battle of Lechfeld (955 AD)

-Macedonian Resurgence of the Byzantine Empire (967-1056)

-Recentralization of the Holy Roman Empire (962 AD)

-Conversion of the Poles (963 AD)

-Conversion of the Danes (965 AD)

-Fraxinetum was finally destroyed in 972 AD)

-Conversion of the Russ (988 AD)

- Council of Charroux & Peace of God movement begins, 989 AD

-Partial Conversion of the Swedes under Olof Skötkonung (990 AD)

-Olaf Tryggvason and Olaf II Haraldsson, kings of Norway, strengthens push toward Christianization of Norway (995AD)

-Conversion of the Magyars (1000AD)

-Kingdom of Hungary established (1000 AD)

-Althing (parliament) of Iceland officially adopts Christianity. (1000 AD)

Key Concepts, Period of Weaving (800AD-1000AD): Chaotic raids into the Latin Christian West, Initial internal instability of the Latin Christian West, Expansion of the Latin Christian West, conversion of Pagan populations, Fragmentation of the Islamic World, Separation of the Latin and Greek Christian world,

___________________________________________________________

High Middle Ages 1000AD - 1300AD

-Kingdom of Poland established (1015 AD)

- Battle of Clontarf, Norse Hegemony ends in Ireland (1014 AD)

-Caliphate of Cordoba disintegrates (1031 AD)

-Great Schism (1054AD)

-Fragmentation of the Russ

-Philip I becomes King of France (1060 AD)

-Battle of Hastings (1066AD)

-Battle of Manzikert (1071 AD)

-Investiture Controversy (1076 AD)

- Komnenian period (1081-1185), recuirtment of latin christian west

-First Crusade (1096 AD)

-Concordat of Worms ends the Investiture Controversy (1122 AD

-Norman Kingdom of Sicily established (1130)

- Religious Military orders established (1118 AD)

-Gothic Buildings Emerge (1135 AD)

-Northern Crusades (1147 AD)

-Battle of Legnano (1176 AD)

-Resurgence of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185 AD)

-Kingdom of Bohemia established (1198 AD)

-Fourth Crusade (1202 AD)

-Magna Carta signed in England (1215 AD)

-Kingdom of Serbia established (1217 AD)

-Auto cephalous church of Serbia established (1219 AD)

-Mongol Invasions (1220s–1240s AD)

-Establishment of the Golden Horde (1225 AD)

-Battle on the Ice, east wards expansion of catholic influence is halted 1242 AD

-Greek Restoration of the Byzantine Empire (1261 AD)

- Fall of Acre (1291 AD)

___________________________________________________________

Late Middle Ages 1300AD - 1500AD

-"Babylonian Captivity" of the Papacy (1309–1377 AD)

-Pope Clement V officially disbands the religious knight order under French pressure. (1312 AD)

-Great Famine (1315-1317 AD)

-The Hundred Years War (1337-1453 AD)

-Black Death (1346-1353 AD)

-Western Schism begins (1378 AD)

-Christianization of Lithuania (1387 AD)

-Portuguese begin the costal exploration of Africa (1415 AD)

-Gutenberg invents printing press (1439 AD)

-End of the Reconquista (1492 AD)

-Christopher Columbus discovers the New World (1492)

-Fall of Constantinople (1453 AD)

-Marriage between Ferdinand and Isabella (1469 AD)

-Great Stand on the Ugra River (1480 AD)

-Protestant Reformation (1517 AD)

Consolidation of England, France, and Spain

[danceingiceprincess]

Cant believe im joining this.

But where is Henry VIII in this list? And then Elizabeth the first his second born daughter to Anne Bolyn who famously said "It would please me best if, at the last a marble stone shall record that this Queen having lived such and such a time lived and died a virgin"

Reminder she died in 1603 and James the VI of Scotland took over. Who become James the first of england who was the son of Mary queen of scots, Elizabeth the firsts rival. Now the house of stuarts was a Scottish family, that started in 1371 by the King Robert II of Scotland. And granted, James IV married Margaret Tudor in 1503 linking the Tudor family with the Stuarts.

You seem to be omitting several kings and queens of england to try and prove your point. Now there is no solid scientific proof that all kings and queens were related to William the conqueror. Now granted they may have had a connection or tried to claim they were related. Plus, we do not know if any child was swapped with another because accidents, illness, assassinations. Such as the famous conspiracy theory with Queen Elizabeth I. It is called the bisley boy conspiracy.

Let us not forgot that our current UK monarchy is german. They genealogically belong to house of oldenburg as the late Prince Philip was a member of the Glücksburg branch.

Even more details

House of Windsor is the cadet branch to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha which is a European royal house whose parent house is House of Wettin which is a Dynasty of german kings, princes, dukes and counts.

House of Wettin is one of the oldest dynasties in europe. And this house cant be traced to William the conqueror.

Henry VII started the tudor reign and took the throne in 1485 after Richard III died in battle (Still cant believe we found his body under a bloody car park)

Here is a family tree from The Plantagenets by Dan Jones

Now if we want to get technical, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland didn't become a kingdom until ireland joined in 1801, then in 1920 it become United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

It is well known that there has been several wars between England and Scotland. They had a political union in 1707, under Queen Anne, this time having same everything, not just a shared king/queen but shared parliament and such.

Now the Monarchy of England its self started in the year 927 with Æthelstan and ended with Queen Anne in 1707

So really there is no English Monarchy.

There is a United kingdom of Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland Monarchy.

Okay, here's my idea:

The British should put a time limit on the Monarchy.

Not like declaring a republic tomorrow, but deciding on a date in the future that ends the British Monarchy.

And there's a perfect date for it coming up!

October 14th, 2066.

A thousand years since the Battle of Hastings. A thousand years of this one specific bloodline ruling England.

Call time on the Monarchy after exactly one thousand years. Nice, and neat.

Even better: Charles isn't living 44 years. He'll be gone in about twenty. Now William? He's what, 40? Yeah, he can live another 44 years. His great grandmother was over a hundred, his granny was 96, William can make it to 84 barring accident or assassination.

So on October 14th 2066, William the Last steps down a thousand years after William the First won the crown.

Nice, neat, and fair. William gets the crown he's been waiting forty years for already, but ten-year-old George grows up without expectation of it.

Have a nice big abdication ceremony, even.