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Did you know that the first time Demi Lovato used drugs was at the age of 17? Demetria Devonne, who you know by the name Demi Lovato, is an American singer, vocalist, songwriter, and actress who rose to prominence for playing Mitchie Torres in the musical television film Camp Rock, and ever since then, she has never looked back. Demi has a record number of awards and hits, and when you think of such success, the last thing you want to associate it with is drug abuse. Is your favorite singer that bad of a drug addict, or is it all in the past? Demi Lovato's overdose story took the internet by storm, so read till the end to find out the answers to all your questions. Demi Lovato: Dancing With The Devil Two years ago, Demi Lovato recorded a whole documentary, Dancing With The Devil, consisting of 7 episodes of how the Grammy-nominated singer fell prey to this evil and how she overcame it. In an interview about her documentary, she said that she wants to convey a message through her documentary that the best thing one can do for themselves is to live their truth. Most of the details of her addiction were kept concealed, but the singer came all open in her documentary. She also sang a song based on her story under the same name, which gained massive popularity again. Let's have a glimpse of Demi Lovato's overdose and her overall journey to rehabilitation. Family History Of Addiction Passed Down They say a supportive, loving family is the best gift from God. And when the vice versa occurs, it gets hard to deal with. Demi had an alcoholic and addicted father who abused her mother. Unfortunately, Demi got to witness all this in her childhood. In the times when a child, especially a daughter, needs her father the most. She had to distance herself from her father due to very obvious reasons. This separation made the death of Demi's father a shock for her, especially when his body went missing for a week and a half. And so, the demise led Demi to a black hole, where she started abusing drugs. Demi also misused Xanax, a drug often used to treat insomnia and anxiety, and is extremely addictive. The first time she used Cocaine, she was only 17 and was also working for the Disney channel. And the combo of Xanax and Cocaine made things even worse. Demi Lovato's Overdose And Near-Death Experience Lovato has had a history of drug abuse, rehabilitation, and relapses that go back to 2010. There was a time in March 2018 when Demi celebrated 6 years of soberness. But just 4 months later, in July 2018, Demi suffered an overdose of heroin and fentanyl. As a result, she made it to the headlines under the tag "Demi Lovato's overdose." The overdose was so severe that she had a near-death experience with several strokes followed by a cardiac arrest. That's not all; Demi's drug dealer, who brought her heroin that night, also sexually assaulted her and left her on the scene to die. This event served as an eye-opener for her when she suffered an organ failure, too, along with eyesight issues. Yes, the singer can no longer drive, and even after all these infuriating events, she decided not to lose hope. She was determined not to let her addiction define her, so she proved it. "One of the hardest things was learning that I was worth recovery." - Demi Lovato Coming Back To Life Recovery is not easy for anyone, and Demi Lovato's overdose case was no different. When she woke up practically blind in an ICU after her overdose, she was affirmed not to let this happen again and to do better. In a recent interview, the "Really Don't Care" singer disclosed how she actually cared. Instead of feeling sad about her accident, she continued to ponder on how to fix the mess. The 31 years old diva's documentary is not a sugar-coated publicity stunt but rather a very straightforward and disturbing one. Nonetheless, Demi took her time before she came back into the business. As quarantine approached, the "Confident" singer took her time to catch her breath. Chopping off her long hair was the first step, and many more followed.

Lovato has not completely dropped off using substances; she still allows herself weed or alcohol but in moderation. But the main thing here is that she acknowledges that her approach is not practical, and she's actively working to get rid of it completely. "Recovery is something that you have to work on every single day, and it's something that doesn't get a day off." - Demi Lovato Does Lovato Embrace Self-Reflection And Growth? Lovato started getting help at the age of 18 after she was caught doing drugs and assaulting a fellow dancer on tour. People told her she was bipolar, so Demi not only went into rehab, she also went public to explain her actions. Did Demi care about the public response? No, she didn't, and she helped dispel the stigma around discussing mental health issues. She later found that she had ADHD and not bipolar disorder. But, even now, she doesn't loathe her younger self for being so vocal about her vulnerabilities. She did not consider herself a bad person despite becoming a gossip topic and embraced herself. This is what most of us need to do, too. Let go of the past and forgive ourselves before we embark on our journey to healing while waiting patiently for it to get easier. Here's The Catch Many drug abusers think their life has no turning back now from where they are. They continue to claim their families for destroying their lives, but the truth is that once you're above 18, you're no longer a kid. Now, you have to take charge of your life and get over anything that's harming you and those around you. Do you see how our Disney star recovered even after so much public pressure? You can do it too! Please don't wait for an incident like Demi Lovato's overdose to happen. Start now, Get help, and Do It For Yourself!

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Mary-Kate Olsen drug addiction journey is just another two peas in a pod, as most Hollywood celebrities struggle with fame and substance abuse. In retrospect, the glamorization of drug abuse in Hollywood is all too common. Numerous tabloid stars have encountered drug abuse disorders, and if not, someone close to them is doing drugs. It is almost as if it comes with the territory since many have disclosed their battles with drug addiction to the public. But where did it all begin? It began in the 1930s when Hollywood stardom was flooded with young, rich, ambitious actors and actresses accustomed to publicity and long work hours brought about by their demanding careers. To fulfil the Hollywood hustle, the system encouraged pep pills or “vitamin shots,” as doctors called them, to help the superstars be energetic or get sleep. This gave them a ticket to abuse drugs as long as they would be on-set when needed and develop tolerance with time. It was, therefore, not unusual for celebrities to engage in alcoholism heroin or cocaine use. Worse, the public and the media began idolizing drug-abusing celebrities while stigmatizing ordinary people who fall victim to addictions. This Hollywood tragedy still lives on in the 21st century, where people are desensitized to drug abuse, just like they are desensitized to violence through movies and TV shows. The media has witnessed the likes of Zac Efron, Angelina Jolie, Oprah Winfrey, Robert Downey Jr., Lindsay Lohan, and many more media personalities confess their struggle with alcoholism, heroin and cocaine addictions. On that note, this article will look into Mary-Kate Olsen drug addiction through her screen career and how she got over the addiction. Grab a coffee and get comfortable. Mary-Kate Olsen’s screen debut As one-half of the sororal Olsen twins, Mary-Kate was born on June 13, 1986, with her twin Ashely Olsen and together, they began their screen careers at nine months old on the sitcom show Full House. While child labour laws restricted children to 20 minutes per episode, the director hit the jackpot with the lovely twins switching places to cover 40 minutes on-set. Their first gig was profoundly successful; since then, the duo has always been together. It was also an avenue for launching the Dualstar Entertainment Group, making them one of the youngest executive producers in Hollywood history. After a few years, Mary-Kate and Ashley produced countless shows, movies, and fashion lines, including The Row, Elizabeth and James, Olsenboye and StyleMint, and a metric ton of merchandise totaling their net worth of $500 million. Just like their career flourished, so did the twins maintain a stellar reputation, unlike the rich and famous teenagers of their age who were party animals. They either kept a clean record or were so good at escaping the tabloids. Well, the latter sounds truer if you keep reading. The beginning of the Olsen tragedy Mary-Kate and Ashley fell into the media limelight accidentally. They did not choose a life of fame. Nonetheless, they had to measure up; fortunately, it worked to their advantage. However, measuring up to their demanding career meant taking a lot of coffee to get them wired enough for the day. As a result, they developed a caffeine addiction at a very young age. As the twins confessed, their mother would make them pancakes and a tiny cup of coffee on the weekends. Mary-Kate tells the WMagazine, “I remember at 10 sneaking my own coffee and pouring a ton of sugar in and going up to the playroom and drinking it.” Additionally, the twins were obsessed with Starbucks and the paparazzi would always be selling pictures of them holding Starbucks cups around the city. Despite their efforts to maintain a clean reputation, their 18th birthday was not so squeaky clean. Dark rumours unveiled the duo’s liberation on their campus life at New York University. Their public image began shifting to that of divas who flaunted their smoking and drinking all over the tabloids.

This approved a previously leaked photo of Mary-Kate drinking at a party while in high school by Spencer Pratt, a reality series personality. While Mary-Kate regularly managed to make news in the media, Ashley stayed in their good books. Down the road to addiction Mary-Kate was exposed to drug abuse during their campus escapades, where they tried all sorts of drugs, from marijuana to ecstasy, cocaine and alcohol. Although her cocaine and alcohol addiction was known to the media, her family remained hushed. Her condition plummeted when she had to check herself into a rehab facility in 2004 for anorexia and drug addiction after a lifetime of denial. The family quickly denied that non of the girls had an addiction problem, but their bodyguards held contrasting opinions. They confessed to seeing the girls participate in pot circles and pass the joint around. To support it, Mary-Kate Olsen was often sported by paparazzi carrying a pack of cigarettes proudly into interviews, clubs, and bathrooms. She wasn’t quite into the under-the-radar affair about her drug use. Mary-Kate went through six weeks of treatment and, three years later, struggled with kidney problems. Her love life has also brought her to the mud after her boyfriend, Heath Ledger, died of an overdose in 2008. How is Mary-Kate Olsen today? Mary-Kate has had a bumpy recovery as rumours of her relapse made the headlines once a few times. Regardless, relapse is part of recovery. The Olsen twins retracted from the limelight to build their careers and work on their mental and physical health. She recently shared her thoughts in an interview with Marie Claire, where she was quoted: "I think it’s really important to be able to talk when something’s wrong". I learnt at a really young age that if you don’t talk about it, it can drive you insane. The 30-something-year-old fashion mogul now lives off social media and married Olivier Sarkozy in 2015. She has managed to hide from the public eye and lead a quiet private life. Ashley and Mary-Kate were last spotted at the 2017 Met Gala.

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The never-ending debate on whether marijuana is a gateway drug is more politically oriented than factual. Those supporting its legalization argue that it is impossible to develop a marijuana addiction, while the proponents opposing it claim it increases the likelihood of substance abuse disorder among its users. Despite being the most widely used illicit drug, marijuana is prohibited in many states, and its possession and use are criminalized. It was first criminalized in the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937, following the debut of an anti-cannabis film that promoted the notion that cannabis use enables irresponsible sexual and criminal behavior among teenagers. This criminalization burgeoned the mass incarceration of teenagers and young adults. But is cannabis as harmful as they say it to be? Is marijuana really a gateway drug? This article will answer these questions, elaborating on past research to reach a verdict. What is a gateway drug? To begin with, it is paramount to understand the gateway hypothesis. The gateway drug effect was first theorized in a study investigating substance use history in 1975. The study claimed that gateway drug users progressed to other drugs since softer drugs primed their brain's desire for harder drugs, such as heroin and cocaine. The gateway drug theory also claims that drug users are more likely to abuse less harmful drugs such as marijuana, alcohol, and tobacco. Abuse of these drugs altogether produces a multiplier effect, probing the user to seek harder drugs whose high would match the combination. Many factors contribute to a drug's gateway effect. Some include: Social environment. A person's social interactions make them vulnerable to trying other drugs that their social circle would do. Availability and socioeconomic factors. People are more likely to abuse readily available drugs than those out of their reach. Therefore, it is evident that a heroin user first began using marijuana as it was within reach and affordable. The same reasons driving one to abuse alcohol or cannabis – depression, stress, etc., can just as quickly drive them to do harder drugs. More people are exposed to harder drugs through their dealers/ peddlers. What does research say? Being a matter of controversy, there has been numerous research on marijuana's gateway hypothesis. A research report by the National Institute on Drug Abuse suggests that early use of cannabinoids decreases the reactivity of the brain's reward center in the later stages of adulthood in rodents. If the same reaction extends to humans, this would explain the susceptibility of people who use marijuana early in life to fall victim to other addictions. In a survey conducted by the National Epidemiological Study of Alcohol Use and Related Disorders, early marijuana users who had underlying alcohol use disorder were more likely to develop severe alcoholism than those who did not. Cannabis use is also linked to other substance use disorders, such as nicotine abuse, but so is alcohol and tobacco abuse. There may be a correlation between marijuana and hard drugs. Still, there's very little evidence to prove that cannabis use causes the brain's neural pathways to develop a desire for other harder drugs. The question remains: Why do hard drug users begin with marijuana before proceeding to harder drugs? A report by the Drug Policy Research Center (DPRC) stated that the same opportunities and tendencies that predispose users to marijuana predispose them to use harder drugs. Although it does not disqualify the gateway theory, it suggests other plausible reasons why marijuana is the first illicit drug abused by hard drug users. Statistically, adolescents who abuse marijuana habitually have experience with other drugs, such as alcohol and tobacco, both of which are easily accessible. This, therefore, confirms that marijuana is not entirely the first gateway to illegal drug abuse. Other researchers have linked marijuana's illegality as the bridge to doing hard drugs.

Will marijuana legalization reduce the use of other drugs? There is a weak claim that legalizing pot will alienate pot dealers from heroin and cocaine dealers. This has the potential to reduce the likelihood that a pot user will be initiated to harder drugs through their dealers, thereby reducing its gateway effect. The smoking of pot began way before it was prohibited. In states where pot is legalized, adults are more likely to stick to pot than try other drugs. Perhaps, if marijuana was legalized, it could be a potential anti-gateway drug. But this is just an ambiguous hypothesis. What is the verdict? No substantive evidence proves marijuana is a gateway, as many risk factors are involved. Such risk factors draw the line between people experimenting with other harder drugs and developing an addiction. Either way, for a person to progress to other drugs, their life situation significantly contributes to the decision. Although cannabis and marijuana can be used interchangeably, cannabis refers to a broader group of marijuana and hemp. Weed, or marijuana, contains substantial amounts of THC, which induces the high. Other myths associated with marijuana use Some supporters of weed legalization tend to believe that because it is a natural plant, it is hardly addictive. However, like any other mind-altering substance, it is possible to develop marijuana addiction. Natural doesn't always mean safe. Doctors believe a lifetime weed user has a 10% chance of developing an addiction. Although the odds are low, they are confident that frequent use creates dependence, especially for young adults. Weed users believe that a weed overdose is impossible to occur. This is based on the notion that an overdose is always associated with death. But that's not the case. Although there are hardly any reported fatalities from cannabis overdose alone, it is possible to OD on weed, an effect known as a green out. A green out primarily manifests through hallucinations, vomiting, nausea, high blood pressure, and confusion, leaving the victim feeling quite sickly.

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Like other hard drugs, heroin is a highly addictive and dangerous illegal substance obtained from the seed pods of the opium poppy plant. Due to its adverse effects on human health, it is indubitably illegal to grow opium poppies in many countries. However, India, China, Korea, and Japan make the major exceptions by legally producing opium gum. Mexico, Colombia, Southeast, and Southwest Asia are also among the world’s largest opium suppliers. The opium poppy plant produces a milky latex found in unripe seed capsules which are processed to produce morphine, codeine, and heroin. Now that we know where the substance originates from, let’s look into some of its other features. What does heroin look like? According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), heroin is sold as a white or brownish powder that dealers ‘cut’ with impurities of sugar, painkillers, powdered milk, quinine, or starch. This is majorly to increase the quantity of the product and thus, make more profit. A rather common impurity known as fentanyl is added to heroin to reduce the risk of overdose and increase the potency of the substance. Owing to its wide range of impurities, the drug has acquired various street names over the years including: Junk Horse White horse Smack Skag Dope China white Brown sugar Pure heroin is a white, pink, brown, or beige powder (depending on the reagents used to process it) known as diamorphine hydrochloride/ white heroin. It is a highly refined form of heroin and has a bitter taste. Other than white heroin, there are several other forms of heroin, such as: Black tar heroin – this type differs from powder heroin in that it has a tar-like appearance with a sticky feel and is dark brown or black. Being cheaper and easier to produce, it is less costly than the rest. Asian heroin – depending on its origin, it can either be powdered, white, and highly soluble in water to indicate Southeast Asian origin, or course brown powdered with poor solubility in water to indicate Southwest Asian origin. Brown heroin – is not as refined as white heroin and is produced in its first stage of purification. This makes it cheaper and easier to produce. How is heroin used? Heroin can be injected, snorted, sniffed, or smoked. White heroin, due to its high quality, is usually injected or snorted because of its high-temperature requirement which makes it harder to burn and smoke. Black tar, brown and Asian forms of heroin can be melted down and injected, or smoked. Side effects of heroin Although there are different forms of heroin, their side effects are pretty much the same. At a glance, some of the common immediate side effects of heroin include: Nausea or vomiting; A rush of relaxation or pleasure; Low sex drive; Poor motor skills; Dry mouth; Shallow breathing and a slow heart rate; Drowsiness; Warm skin; Narrowing of pupils. The intensity of these effects, however, may differ depending on the following factors: Dosage ingested. Quality of substance ingested. Height and weight of the user. Body fat content. Genetics Hydration Rate of metabolic reactions. How long does it take for heroin to hit? Essentially, the effects of heroin are felt within the first few minutes of ingestion. The most perceptible being euphoria. These effects may last for the next 45 minutes – one or two hours before wearing off. Nonetheless, depending on the amount ingested and quality, a heroin high may last longer. How long does heroin last in the body? Research reveals that heroin has an average half-life of about three to eight minutes. This implies that within this time, 50% of the initial volume ingested would have been broken down. Generally, it takes 4-5 half-lives for a drug to be completely eliminated from the system. Therefore, in about 30-40 minutes, all heroin will have been flushed out of your system. Once broken down, two compounds are formed; morphine and 6-acetyl morphine, the former of which has a longer half-life.

Various drug testing methods are employed in the detection of heroin in the body for varying periods. Each test type has its own duration under which heroin can still be detected in the body. Urine test Commonly known as urine drug screening (UDS), it is the most commonly administered drug test. With a urine sample, one can detect traces of heroin (or morphine) within one to four days since the last use. To know how to collect a urine sample and submit it for testing click here. Saliva test This is a rather quick method with quick results. Due to this, it should be administered soon after the last use of heroin for accurate results. For this reason, a saliva test for heroin can only be valid an hour after the last consumption. Blood test Heroin metabolites can be detected in blood within two to three days since last use. Previous studies reveal that the 6-acetyl morphine (6 AM) assay test can distinguish between recent heroin use and therapeutic use of opioids as painkillers. Hair test Frequent heroin users with long hair have a larger window of detection as the 6 AM metabolite remains detectable in hair follicles for up to 90 days since last use. For more information on drug testing methods, visit our blog. False-positive A false positive drug test result is likely to occur following the ingestion of foods containing poppy seeds. Poppy seeds may contain opiate residues, which even by a small amount may trigger false-positive results. Alternatively, certain medications such as rifampin and diphenhydramine may trigger similar results for opiate testing. How to flash heroin out of your body As earlier mentioned, heroin metabolizes darn quickly and will, therefore, be out of sight for the majority of the standard drug testing methods. This is good news for a novice user. Therefore, you can only clean your system off of heroin by avoiding continuous usage of the illicit drug once the body eliminates it through metabolic processes. However, for an addict, it is dangerous to quit cold turkey as this would trigger severe withdrawal symptoms. It is advisable to enroll in a rehabilitation center or seek professional help for sound treatment plans.

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Are you ready to give up on your drinking habit? Great decision. Don’t know where to start? Don’t know how to keep up with this decision? Do you also keep falling back into the dark pit of alcoholism? We get that you’re flustered, and it’s okay to feel confused, too. But if you manage to read this blog post till the very end, you’ll have all of the tips you’ll need on your journey to wean off alcohol. Thousands of people have followed these tips, and now they live both alcohol and alcohol-related stress-free. Are you prepared to embark on this journey of a healthier and happier you? Let’s help you wean off alcohol and live your life in a better way. 1. Get Professional Help Now, before we dig into some practical tips on how to wean off alcohol, you need to understand that chronic addiction to alcohol is not just an addiction. It is an actual condition that needs assistance in the form of trained professionals who will provide you with guidance depending upon your specific needs. The sooner you understand this, the better for you. 2. Start Slowly No habit is built overnight, and no habit can be given up overnight as well. The same is true for alcoholism, too. You cannot go from ten drinks a day to no drinks at all in just one day. Even if you try, you’ll hardly be able to keep this up for a maximum of 2-3 days. So, it’s better to start slow and build your tolerance over time. If you have 10 drinks a day, start by reducing it to 9 or 8 drinks and then gradually build up your pace. This way you are more likely to not quit in the middle of your rehab journey. 3. Keep A Diary Keep a record of your daily alcohol intake in a diary. Mention everything from how many drinks you reduced today to any drink you were not supposed to take. This will not only keep you accountable but will also help you keep track of how far you’ve come since the day you started. This will also give you much-needed motivation whenever you feel low. 4. Increase Your Drinking Intervals Next, you want to increase the intervals between your drinks. A long interval between each drink means less number of drinks per day. Don’t push yourself too hard, and start by increasing the one or two-hour gap gradually. You can also go for alternate drinks for your non-alcohol hours if that works for you. The longer you can go without having a drink, the better. 5. Focus More On Mindful Drinking Mindfulness is helpful in every aspect of life, and you can also speed up your alcohol-weaning process if you practice mindful drinking. How? Mindful drinking helps you focus on your body’s cues. You understand what your body needs when your body needs it, and this helps you make more informed choices about your drinking pattern. 6. Get Proper Nutrition If you’re a severe alcohol addict, you’ve probably caused your body severe damage, too. And while your body is working hard to help you wean off alcohol, you also need to help your body recover from the damage alcohol has caused. Treat yourself with good and nutritious food, and stay hydrated to feel healthier and to help your body recover faster. 7. Practice Stress-Reducing Techniques Stress is a very common trigger for people who are on their journey to wean off alcohol. So, if stress is an issue for you, too, you should learn and incorporate some stress-reducing techniques in your daily life. This can include deep breathing exercises or even physical exercises like yoga or pilates, whatever works for you. These practices will not only help you overcome your stress and stay consistent with your alcohol wean-off journey but will also help you improve your overall health and well-being. 8. Celebrate Every Tiny Milestone Weaning off alcohol is a slow process and can take as long as years for you to recover completely. In such a situation where you don’t see very evident and promising results,  it is very easy for anyone to detract from the right path. To prevent this from happening, you should set and celebrate small milestones. This can be anything like a week without alcohol or a 10% reduction in overall alcohol consumption.

Always remember that in your journey of alcohol weaning off, no achievement is small. 9. Keep Looking For New Ways In alcohol weaning, no one method suits all, and it is normal that one technique does wonders for others and does nothing for you at all. This is exactly why you should keep yourself updated on the latest techniques and methods being introduced in the alcohol wean-off circle around you. Stay in touch with your peers who are on the same path as you. Learn from their experiences and pick any message from their story that fits your equation, too. 10. Give Yourself Time This stands true for both yourself and the technique you’re using to wean off alcohol. If you choose a technique, give it some time to work. Put all your sincerity and follow the technique with all your heart before you form an opinion or switch to another technique. And even after all the time and work, if it still doesn’t work out, look for another way. Similarly, you need to give your body and yourself time, too. If the results are not showing just yet, stay consistent, wait and the results will follow. Take Home Message If you’ve decided to get rid of alcohol from your life, first of all, congratulations and bravo! You made a good decision, and soon enough, you’ll see how your life will change because of this one decision. Now, we do know that to wean off alcohol is not going to be easy for you. But is it going to be worth it? One hundred per cent! Give it your best; you've got this!

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Also known as Willis-Ekbom disease, RLS is a neurological condition that induces the intolerable urge to move one’s limbs to alleviate pain or uncomfortable sensations. Despite its name, RLS does not only occur in the legs and feet but its effects can also be felt in the arms, head, and torso. According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders, RLS is most prevalent at night when the body is at rest or late afternoon and evening. Sitting for extended periods can also trigger Restless Legs Syndrome. Who is prone to restless legs? RLS can manifest in all kinds of people; men, women, and children alike. It can also begin at any age.  However, statistics reveal that it is endemic in middle-aged or older individuals and women more than men. What causes restless legs syndrome? Before listing possible triggers for RLS, it is paramount to note that RLS has a genetic component which means the disorder can be passed from one generation to the next. This further leads us to establish the two types of RLS: Idiopathic RLS This kind has no known cause or cure. It is also referred to as primary RLS. Secondary RLS It is the kind that is triggered by the individual’s external environment. For instance, it may occur as a side effect of medications, or drug withdrawal, among others. Besides sitting for long hours, other proven scientific triggers for RLS include: Iron deficiency Low levels of iron in the blood and spinal fluid can induce RLS. Studies conducted on individuals suffering from RLS, through Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), reveal a lower iron content in the brain compared to healthy individuals without the disorder. This section of the brain is known as substantia nigra. Low levels of dopamine Dopamine is a neurotransmitter hormone used in the brain to control muscle activity and motor skills. When this chemical is deficient, RLS symptoms may manifest. Therefore, it is not uncommon for patients with Parkinson’s disease to experience symptoms of RLS Kidney disease Research shows that about 6 to 62% of individuals with chronic kidney disease also suffer from Willis-Ekbom disease. Although the trigger, in this case, is ambiguous, scientists have related this to anemia playing a major role. Pregnancy Restless legs during pregnancy may be triggered by hormonal imbalance. Studies show that there is a 10-30% chance of pregnant women experiencing restless legs episodes. Nevertheless, not all restless legs episodes develop into a disorder and such may fade 4 weeks after giving birth. Opiate withdrawal Opioids, such as oxycodone, methadone, fentanyl, and tramadol can be used as pain medication. However, when abused the body develops an opioid dependence which causes RLS if not fulfilled. Because these drugs relax the body, their withdrawal will induce an opposite effect; the same way an alcoholic would develop restlessness once their dependence is not fed. Read on to know what helps with restless legs from opiate withdrawal. Opiate withdrawal Withdrawal symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence and duration of abuse, among other factors. Like any other drug addiction, it can be problematic for an avid opiate abuser to quit using, especially not the cold turkey way. Some common withdrawal symptoms an opiate abuser may experience include: Restlessness Anxiety Insomnia Dilated pupils Irritability Muscle aches Agitation Symptoms of restless legs from opiate withdrawal RLS caused by opiate withdrawal may manifest in the following ways; Weird sensations within the limbs that are sometimes difficult to explain. They may be related to aching, itching, creeping, crawling, throbbing, or pulling. Twitching of the legs at night. This may get worse during rest or moments of inactivity. Pleasurable relief with movement. Irregular sleep patterns. Other times, individuals may complain of insomnia. How to treat RLS from opiate withdrawal To treat opioid withdrawal-related RLS, one would need to treat opioid addiction. Like any other drug addiction treatment program, this one too takes time.

However, the opiate abuser must first be willing to get treatment. Once this is determined, a doctor may prescribe the following medications to relieve RLS during opiate withdrawal: Take note that these drugs should not be self-prescribed at any point in time. Benzodiazepines Benzos such as Klonopin and valium are sedatives that work to reduce brain activity which will tone down feelings of anxiety, agitation, and irritability. Even so, benzo dosage for opiate withdrawal should not exceed 5 days. Dopaminergic medications Medicines such as Cabergoline, Pramipexole, Rotigotine, and Ropinirole increase the happy hormone in the brain which will alleviate RLS symptoms and help you rest. Clonidine This drug is commonly prescribed to hypertension patients to reduce anxiety, agitation, and muscle aches which makes it convenient for use in opiate withdrawal. It has been reported to help reduce the severity of RLS. Marijuana Although not much research has been provided to unfold how marijuana treats symptoms of RLS, it has been reported to provide positive outcomes when used but only in meager amounts. If the opiate addiction treatment program does not have immediate effects, some coping mechanisms could be incorporated to relieve pain from RLS. How to cope with restless legs syndrome from opiate withdrawal Regular exercise Studies reveal that regular low-intensity workouts reduce RLS symptoms significantly. You do not have to be a fitness maniac but cycling, swimming, stretching, or walking can go a long way toward recovery. Taking RLS supplements Natural herbs such as valerian roots have been reported to alleviate opiate withdrawal restless legs. Also known as “nature’s valium”, valerian herb has compounds that regulate nerve impulses and induce calming/ sedative effects in the body. Magnesium supplements also ease muscle and nervous tension in patients with restless legs syndrome. Epsom salt baths Epsom salt contains sulfates and magnesium which are easily absorbed through the skin to stop opiate withdrawal RLS. Epsom salt bathwater is known to help in exfoliation, improve nutrient absorption and removal of toxins in the body and, last but not least, relax the nervous system. Massage Religiously massaging your legs before bedtime can help stop RLS symptoms. This can be done using a leg massager or handheld massager, or just manually. Getaway message It is possible to treat and cure opiate withdrawal restless legs. Adapting the coping mechanisms and following the prescribed treatment plan will help ease the recovery process. If you or your loved one is struggling with opiate withdrawal-related RLS, seek out professional help as soon as you can. For more insight, here is our guide on how to help someone going through withdrawal.

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Statistics from a John Hopkins Medicine report of 2019 reveal that 5.7 million adults over the age of 50 suffer from drug and substance use disorders (SUD). According to the report, most of these elderly individuals came of age in an era of substance experimentation, hence their likelihood of abusing drugs and alcohol. Although the numbers are appalling, it doesn’t get any better - substance abuse disorders are on the rise as more people encounter economic and social struggles. Drugs have become a convenient getaway. This is reflected by the 3.9 million elderly Americans aged 65 years and above who battled a form of addiction as of 2022, according to the United States National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NDUH). The escalating figures underscore a growing necessity for medical coverage in substance use treatment and rehabilitation programs, begging the question, “Does Medicare cover drug rehab?” Well, read on to find out whether this health insurance cover, with over 65.7 million American beneficiaries, does include treatment for substance-related addictions. What is Medicare and how does it work? Medicare is a federal health insurance program eligible for senior adults aged 65 years and above and younger individuals with disabilities, end-stage renal disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The program helps millions of Americans manage their healthcare needs, including rehabilitation services for substance use disorders. Essentially, Medicare enrollment is pretty straightforward. While most individuals are automatically enrolled once they hit 65, for those who are not, signing up three months prior to your 65th birthday is required. Medicare coverage consists of four major provisions that are crucial when deciding the type of coverage and investment appropriate to a potential prospect. Each of the four parts covers different services. Their breakdown is as follows: Medicare Part A: In-patient care coverage Medicare Part A is your general hospital insurance covering your inpatient care services. Among the care services provided in this package are: Hospital inpatient care, including but not limited to the hospital room, nursing care, and meals among other essential care services. Inpatient rehabilitation services Medication issued as part of treatment. In case you’re wondering how long Medicare Part A provisions will cover you, the coverage period is up to 100 days an inpatient skilled nursing facility care and 90 days of inpatient rehab or hospital treatment. The payment structure under skilled nursing facility care is as follows: Days 1 - 60: Medicare covers the full cost of care. Days 61 - 90: Patient copays a daily amount billed at $408. Days 91 - 150: Patient copays a daily amount billed at $816 with the option of 60 lifetime reserve days. Past 150 days: Patient takes care of all costs. If the inpatient hospital/rehab stay exceeds 90 days, beneficiaries are entitled to an additional 60 lifetime reserve days beyond which they can use past the 90-day limit. However, Medicare Part A covers the full cost of home healthcare services, including skilled nursing care, physical therapy, and speech-language therapy for as long as needed. Medicare Part B: Outpatient and Preventive Services Medicare B generally covers your medical insurance, including outpatient care packages such as doctor visits, therapy sessions, and preventive services. This provision is particularly convenient for persons battling SUDs as it covers any relevant outpatient counseling or therapy required in their recovery plans. For instance, if you need regular therapy sessions to maintain your sobriety, Medicare Part B will cover all visits, ensuring you have access to the support you may need. Additionally, it covers preventive services such as screenings and vaccinations, catering to a patient’s overall well-being. Unlike hospital insurance, Medicare B provides coverage for as long as you remain in the program and keep paying your premiums.

However, Part B comes with a coinsurance fee besides the annual deductible amount paid by the beneficiary. What is Medicare coinsurance? This refers to the percentage of costs in a covered (or insured) healthcare service that you pay after paying your deductibles. The annual deductible amount for 2024 is $240. Coinsurance varies depending on the type of service. Medicare Part B provisions require that all beneficiaries pay a 20% coinsurance of the Medicare-approved amount on outpatient and preventive services. For instance, if the cost of your covered service is $100, you will cover 20% which amounts to $20 while Medicare will cover the remaining 80%, translating to $80. This, of course, is having paid the annual deductible amount. Medicare Part C: Medicare Advantage Plans Also known as the Medicare Advantage Plan, Medicare C is like a one-stop shop for your health insurance needs - it provides all the benefits of Part A (hospital insurance) and Part B (medical insurance) in a single convenient package. If you’re wondering, “Does Medicare cover drug rehab?” the Medicare Advantage plans would be an excellent option as it includes inpatient and outpatient rehab services. Essentially, these are plans offered by private insurance companies approved by Medicare. Without further ado, let’s dissect the plans down below. Types of Medicare Advantage Plans There are several types of Medicare Advantage plans, each catering to different needs and preferences for drug rehabilitation. Here are some you can choose from: 1. Healthcare Maintenance Organization (HMO) plans HMOs require you to use a network of doctors and hospitals, where your primary care physician (PCP) would refer you to specialists within the network based on your needs. Drug rehabilitation services under this umbrella present the following: Network-based care  - your preferred rehabilitation center should be within the network to receive full coverage. Primary care physician requirement (PCP) - to see a specialist or enter a drug rehab program mandates a referral from your PCP. Cost efficiency - unlike Medicare Part A and Part B, HMOs have lower premiums and out-of-pocket costs making them convenient if your rehab facility is within the network. 2. Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) plans Unlike HMO plans, PPOs allow more flexibility as you can select your preferred doctor or specialist within or outside the network without mandating any referrals. However, additional costs may be incurred if the doctor or specialist of choice is outside the network. PPOs accommodate drug rehab in the following ways: Flexible provider choice - you are allowed to choose your healthcare provider or rehab facility, with in-network providers coming at a less costly coverage. No referral needed - you can commence your treatment as promptly as needed without having to seek a referral from a PCP. Higher costs for out-of-network rehabilitation care. 3. Private fee-for-service (PFFS) plans PFFS plans determine how much is paid to doctors, healthcare providers, and hospitals, and how much a beneficiary must pay upon access to care. Below is a breakdown of how PFFS accommodates drug rehab services: Flexible provider choice - this plan allows you to see any healthcare provider that agrees to the plan’s payment options. No network restriction - your preferred rehab facility can be in- or out-of-network, provided they agree to the plan’s terms. Variable costs - due to the flexibility and ambiguity of the term, payment structures may vary. 4. Special needs plans (SNPs) SNPs cater to individuals with special conditions such as specific healthcare needs including chronic illnesses or substance use disorders among others, or dual eligibility for Medicare and Medicaid. Unlike other Medicare Advantage plans, SNP care includes an eligibility criteria of: Medicare Part A and Medicare Part B active insurance. Be a resident of the plan’s service area. Be eligible for one of the three SNPs;

Dual Eligible SNP Chronic Condition SNP Institutional SNP 5. Medicare Medical Savings Account (MSA) plan MSA plans combine a high-deductible health plan with a medical savings account in which you, the beneficiary, have ultimate control over the savings account. The plan accommodates drug rehab in the following ways: High deductibles - MSA plan might expose you to significant out-of-pocket upfront costs for drug rehab. Savings account - Medicare deposits money in your savings account annually, which you can opt to cover your out-of-pocket expenses. Flexible spending - the funds in your savings account can cover any of your qualified medical expenses, including rehab services. Medicare Part D: Prescription drug coverage Medicare Part D covers prescription medication by paying for rehab treatment medications (both during and after rehab) or other ongoing prescriptions during the time of your coverage. Part D coverage helps manage your health without a financial strain. Whether it’s withdrawal medication or mental health medication, Part D allows for accessibility and affordability. This drug plan follows a payment structure that includes: Monthly premiums Annual deductible amount Initial coverage amount Coverage gap costs Enrollment penalty costs Factors to consider when choosing a Medicare plan Having covered the different parts of Medicare, it’s now time we look at the selection criteria for your suitable Medicare plan. Costs Let’s face it - healthcare costs can be unpredictable and sensitive, making it imperative to balance your financial capabilities with your healthcare needs. Choosing a plan that balances your monthly premiums with deductibles and out-of-pocket expenses will ensure you get your healthcare coverage without breaking the bank. Healthcare needs As elaborated above, your medical necessity will determine the healthcare insurance coverage you select. What is your current health status? What medications do you take? Are you under any treatment plans? Are they covered by your preferred plan? How often do you visit your specialist or primary care provider? Answering these questions will help narrow down the suitable plan tailored to your situation. Coverage Different Medicare plans offer varying coverage levels for specific services. Whether you’re under inpatient or outpatient rehab care, or require additional special care such as dental, vision, or hearing services, your plan should offer coverage for all your needs. Flexibility and convenience Consider the plan’s flexibility and convenience. Does the plan offer coverage outside your local area? Are you bound to referrals to access specialists and other relevant healthcare providers or have the freedom to choose your doctors or healthcare facilities? Be keen to choose a plan that matches your comfort level. Provider networks It’s essential to check if your facilities, doctors, or pharmacies are in the plan’s network. This ensures you keep visiting the hospitals and doctors you trust. Your in-network pharmacy should also cushion you from outrageous expenses. FAQs What’s the difference between Medicare and Medicaid? While Medicare involves high-end premiums, deductibles, and out-of-pocket expenses, Medicaid caters to low-income individuals with little to no premiums, out-of-pocket expenses, and lower deductible amounts. Medicaid also covers a broader population including the elderly, pregnant women, children, and persons with disabilities. Is dual eligibility for Medicare and Medicaid possible? Yes, individuals may qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid, drawing benefits from both programs. The dual coverage can significantly reduce the out-of-pocket expenses incurred under Medicare coverage. Is addiction treatment covered under Medicare? Absolutely, different Medicare plans cater to alcoholism and substance use disorder treatment plans. What’s the difference between Medicare Advantage and Medigap plans? Medigap, or Medicare Supplement

Insurance, serves as a supplement to the Original Medicare plan (Part A - hospital insurance and Part B - medical insurance) by filling the ‘gaps’ or costs that may not be covered under the Medicare plans.

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According to recent research, about 30-40% of drug-exposed babies (Drug Addiction on Babies) suffer from various problems such as controlling behavior, developmental problems, congenital anomalies, poor mental health, difficulty in concentrating, and fine motor control disorders. Previous research has already concluded that babies born to addicted mother face long term effects drug exposure in addition to limitations in community and environmental health. Here we will discuss the long-term effects of certain drugs on babies. Cocaine Addiction Cocaine exposure affects the babies in the uterus by interacting with serotonin and dopamine pathways that cause neurological changes. Some of these neurological changes persist even during adulthood which causes behavioral problems, while others may resolve before adulthood at some stage. Prenatal exposure to cocaine leads to various diseases that have been proved via clinical trials. These diseases include seizures, schizophrenia, depression, and Parkinson’s disease. Some researchers also suggest the prevalence of cardiac diseases in babies whose mothers' abused cocaine during the pregnancy. Cocaine reduces the blood supply to the fetus causing fetal distress and growth restriction inside the uterus. Heroin Addiction Heroin addiction during pregnancy is associated with cognitive and behavioral problems in addition to the instability of the home environment in babies. According to epidemiological surveys, a small number of children live with their heroin-addicted biological mothers at the age of five years. More than 65% of children whose mothers are addicted to heroin require special education services or additional time to pass a grade. Heroin addiction is also associated with low birth weight, small head circumference, poor memory and thinking, and low IQ levels. However, according to studies, children adopted by non-addicted parents showed significant improvement in developmental and cognitive functions. Babies born to heroin-addicted mothers are often born with an addiction to heroin and suffer the consequences such as adverse and withdrawal effects of heroin throughout their lives. Caffeine and Nicotine Addiction Caffeine intake in adequate amounts is usually safe for both pregnant mothers and babies. However, consumption of more than 300 mg per day is hazardous and increases the risk of heart defects and low birth weight. Smoking is associated with behavioral and mental issues in addition to growth restriction inside the uterus. According to research, there is a significant decrease in the risk of sudden infant death syndrome in babies whose mothers are chronic smokers and did not quit smoking even during pregnancy. Other problems include learning disabilities and anxiety. Alcohol Addiction According to research, a fetus born to an alcoholic mother has a high risk of suffering from Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder includes a combination of disorders associated with alcohol consumption, which include Fetal Alcohol Effects, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, and Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder. Other abnormalities associated with alcohol addiction during pregnancy include bone deformities, low birth weight, small head circumference, cognitive disabilities, and motor problems. References: The developmental outcome of children born to heroin-dependent mothers, raised at home or adopted. Child Abuse & Neglect Alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, and mental disorders. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience

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The human brain is the most complex and important organ in the body. It is responsible for the coordination and performing of various functions in our bodies; from motor skills to vision, emotions, memory, breathing, and digestion among other processes. limbic system This is done by transmitting signals back and forth to different parts of the brain. The signals are transmitted across billions of small cells in the brain, neurons, which release neurotransmitters to facilitate the flow of information. Drugs interfere with the flow of this information by altering the way neurons send, receive, and process signals. The chemical composition of some drugs may impersonate that of natural neurotransmitters and consequently, create a ‘false positive’ signal which activates the neurons to relay information through the brain’s network. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, three major areas of the brain are affected by drug abuse; the brain stem, the limbic system, and the cerebral cortex. This article will focus on how drugs impact the limbic system. However, before that, let’s look at how the limbic system functions. The limbic system The limbic system is the portion of the brain responsible for emotional, behavioral, and arousal responses. Frankly, it controls our feelings, whether or not we feel hungry, or thirsty, the conscious and subconscious reflexes, and even the flight or fight responses. This is made possible by sub-organs which make up the limbic system. They are: Thalamus It is responsible for processing all the senses in our body apart from the sense of smell. It detects and transmits to the suitable area in the brain where the appropriate response will be prompted. Hypothalamus It is responsible for the production of various hormones required in our bodies. the hypothalamus received messages from different organs of the body and works to keep it stable. For instance, it controls our body temperature, blood pressure, mood, sex drive, hunger, thirst, and sleep. Amygdala Named from their almond-like appearances, the amygdalae are responsible for feelings of fear, anger, anxiety, and pleasure. They are two, each located in each hemisphere of the brain. This is where our memories acquire an emotional attachment and determines how long they are retained in our minds. Hippocampus Like the amygdala and other parts of the brain, the hippocampus is located in each hemisphere resembling a seahorse. It is essentially the memory center of the brain. Besides forming memories and associating them with specific senses (or triggers), the hippocampus is responsible for neurogenesis- the generation of new neurons from adult stem cells. Basal ganglia The basal ganglia perform three paramount roles; it controls the reward processing system, motor learning and control, and habit formation. Now that we are aware of what the limbic system is in charge of, keep reading to explore how drugs of addiction act on the limbic system. What happens to the limbic system during addiction? Drug addiction is defined as a chronic, relapsing brain disorder that causes the inability to resist the urge of using a drug. This way, the user always feels the compulsive need to chase a ‘high’, effects which can linger long after consuming the drug. Also known as substance use disorder, addiction alters the natural reward system in the basal ganglia by surging signaling compounds and neurotransmitters that produce dopamine and endorphins. The link between reward pathway and drug addiction Pleasure, in the brain, is registered the same way regardless of its cause. Drugs, such as stimulants, nicotine, opioids, and sedatives alike, activate the reward circuit to produce dopamine– a hormone responsible for causing pleasurable feelings. Naturally, once a pleasurable feeling is produced, our brains are wired to remember it. Dopamine signals induce neural activity which makes it easier to repeat that activity over and over. After all, the activity still lingers in the human memory and so does the satisfaction it brings forth.

Research reveals that drugs can produce up to 10 times the amount of dopamine produced naturally. Therefore, drugs of abuse work by flooding the reward pathway with dopamine hence, the user feels more inclined to use the drug again. Over time, the neurotransmitters are naturally desensitized and lesser natural rewards are processed successfully in the brain, that is, other pleasurable aspects of life do not produce dopamine. As a result, such surges cause changes in the neural activity in the brain, causing it to be reliant on the substance and addiction develops. Addiction is, therefore, a habit formed in the brain. The same goes for other neurotransmitters such as: Serotonin – is a chemical responsible for mood stabilization, wound healing, sexual desire, and nausea. Norepinephrine – also known as the stress hormone, norepinephrine regulates energy levels, focus, and the fight or flight response. Its functions are similar to those of adrenaline. Gama-aminobutyric acid –is a natural tranquilizer that alleviates stress and lowers anxiety levels. Why the need for more and more drugs over time? As the motivation for substance use to increase the dopamine surges increases, the brain adapts a coping mechanism where less dopamine is produced. This being so, larger amounts of the substance will be required to raise the dopamine levels to the new normal and hence, feed the addiction. Even more, will be needed to achieve the desired high. This is called drug tolerance. Nonetheless, the likelihood of a drug-induced reward activity leading to addiction depends on the following factors: The speed with which the drug will stimulate dopamine release. The intensity of the dopamine release. Method of administration of the drug – drugs ingested intravenously will trigger a faster and stronger dopamine signal compared to those swallowed. The reliability of the drug to trigger a dopamine signal. Click here to learn more about the brain recovery timeline from alcohol abuse.

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Are you facing the heart-wrenching reality of having a child who's struggling with drug addiction? Do you sometimes feel alone and helpless seeing your child live as an outcast? As parents, it's natural to feel overwhelmed, confused, and desperate to help as a part of your body is in pain. Just a reminder for you that you're not alone in this journey. It's essential to remember that there are some steps you can take to support your child and navigate this challenging path together. In this article, we'll explore ten such compassionate and practical things you can do as parents of addicts. It's going to be a long, bumpy ride, so are you prepared for it? 1. Educate Yourself The first step you need to take on this journey is to understand that addiction is a disease, not a choice. You need to learn about the substances your child is using, note the signs of addiction they're facing, and the available treatment options. If you're still in the denial phase, you're constantly trying to justify your kid's behaviors and negating the fact that they're addicted; you need to overcome your delusions as soon as possible. The sooner you detect that there's something wrong, the faster you can act to make amends and the lower the damage. Knowledge is your ally in this battle, so read up as much as you can about drug addiction. 2. Open Communication Next up, you want to initiate an open and non-judgmental dialogue with your child. Sit in a quiet place, ask questions, and listen carefully. Let them know you're there to support them and not to condemn them. Let them know you're there simply as their parents and not parents of addicts. Ask them how you can create a safe space for them to express their struggles and fears. Make them feel heard, and when they talk, just listen to them and don't interrupt. Remember that they want your love and support and not your lectures. 3. Encourage Treatment As parents of addicts, gently encourage your child to seek treatment, whether it's therapy, outpatient programs, or inpatient rehab. How can you make the idea of treatment more appealing to them? You need to find the answer to this question, and then things will become easier for you. Here are a few ways you can encourage your child to go into rehab or treatment: Emphasize the potential benefits of treatment. Explain to your child that it's not just about overcoming addiction but also about improving their overall well-being and quality of life. Share success stories of individuals who have transformed their lives through treatment. Assure your child that you'll be there every step of the way. Offer to research treatment options together, visit facilities if needed, and attend appointments because your presence can provide you with a sense of security. 4. Offer Unconditional Love Put yourself in their shoes to understand their pain and challenges. You need to show them empathy by acknowledging the difficulties they face without downplaying their emotions or experiences. You need to understand that this is not the time to impose your opinions; let your child know you love them, regardless of their mistakes. Addiction can be isolating, but your love can be a lifeline, so offer them words of hope and appreciation. 5. Stay Vigilant The duties of parents are already higher, but as parents of addicts, you need to pay special attention to your children. You need to keep an eye on their progress and setbacks because addiction is often marked by relapses. You're their helping hand and listening ear, so you need to stay active, stay informed, maintain consistent communication, recognize relapses, and offer reassurance from time to time. 6. Set Boundaries One of the most challenging aspects of being parents of addicts is finding the delicate balance between love and discipline. You need to establish clear and consistent boundaries with your child. Why? While it may be tough, setting and maintaining these boundaries is essential to prevent enabling behaviors that can hinder your child's recovery.

Keep your child accountable, but you shouldn't sound doubtful or judgemental, so make sure of that. 7. Practice Self-Care Taking care of a child with addiction can be emotionally draining, and it's very common for parents of addicts to neglect themselves in the process. But how will you make sure your child is alright if you yourself wouldn't be physically and mentally fit to do so? Your child is relying on you for everything, so you need to prioritize your mental and physical health. 8. Embrace Patience Addiction is a complex disease, and as parents of addicts, it's natural to want immediate solutions and quick fixes so that you can get to see your child "back to normal" as soon as possible. However, addiction doesn't conform to our timelines or expectations. It operates on its own terms, so you need to be patient during this time. 9. Seek Professional Help Did you think that only your addicted child needs professional help? Well, guess what? It's not true. If you're constantly overwhelmed, if you think that this path that you're on is leading to nowhere, if you have this pressing urge to give up, you need help, too, and it's normal. Addiction not only affects the child but also the family. So you should reach out to addiction specialists, counselors, or therapists who can guide both you and your child through this process. They can offer insights and strategies to manage addiction effectively, and you can even sign up for collective therapy. 10. Join Support Groups Last but not least, there are numerous support groups for parents of addicts, just like there are for addicts. These groups can provide emotional support, share experiences, and offer valuable advice. Interacting with other parents who are going through similar conditions might help you find answers to the questions you've been pondering. Have you considered joining one yet? Take Home Message (Parents of Addicts) Having a child suffering from drug addiction is an emotional and complex journey. As parents, your love and support can be a cornerstone of their recovery. Remember that you are not alone! Seeking professional guidance, staying informed, and practicing self-care are all vital components of helping your child. Addiction is a long battle, but with the right resources and unwavering love, it's a battle that can be won. Friendly Advice: Be kind to yourselves. Your dedication to your child's recovery is a powerful force, and it's okay to seek help and support for yourself, too. You are doing your best; your love matters more than you know.

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Alcoholism, or alcohol addiction, is a medical disorder where a person develops a dependence on alcohol due to frequent drinking. Statistics reveal that 1.4 percent of the global population suffers from alcohol use disorder (AUD). In the US alone, 1 in every 12 men, and 22 women alike, struggle with alcohol dependence. It has been noted that a good percentage of this population belongs to middle-aged adults. However, it is not uncommon for high schoolers and college students to develop drinking problems. But why the sudden rise in alcohol stats over the years? Some factors have been attributable to alcohol addiction, such as: Risk factors that lead to alcohol dependence Family history It is not strange news to hear of families struggling with alcoholism near you. Studies reveal that AUD is a genetic disorder that can be passed from one family member to the next through the presence of alcohol metabolism genes; ADH1B and ALDH2, which pose as risk factors for the disease. However, genetics alone are not enough to lead to addiction, they only articulate for half the risk. Physical or emotional trauma Individuals who have undergone tragic life events may develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and in turn, use alcohol to numb the pain. At this point, one becomes susceptible to alcoholism as they chase the ‘high’. Mental health issues Patients suffering from depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, and other related mental disorders are at a greater risk of developing AUD. They are also at a high risk of other substance use disorders in an attempt to self-medicate and deal with their condition. Age Well, sometimes people drink simply because they are of age, especially if one is raised in a family of alcohol users. Drinking at an early age predisposes one to addiction at later stages of their life. Binge drinking Taking increased amounts of alcohol in one sitting predisposes your body to high toxicity and raises your blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels. As a result, the body might be unable to metabolize a large amount of alcohol at a go which eventually alters the brain’s functioning. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), a single session of binge drinking is enough to alter one’s immune system and cause acute pancreatitis in individuals with existing pancreatic damage. Therefore, it is rather less damaging to consume smaller doses daily. How much alcohol is too much? Knowing your alcohol threshold limit for harmful drinking will help reduce the risk of developing alcohol dependence. Research by NIAAA describes moderate alcohol consumption to be 2 drinks for men and 1 drink for women per day. These thresholds differ based on sex due to certain biological factors, such as metabolism, among others. In addition, it is equally important to know the contents of your drink. For instance, a standard drink poses a low risk to AUD and contains about 14 grams of pure alcohol. Normally, women can safely consume one standard drink a day while their male counterparts two. How long to get addicted to alcohol? There is no specific timeline for when AUD would hit. This period differs depending on the above-mentioned risk factors and the individual. As your alcohol tolerance levels increase, so do the chances of developing alcohol dependence. Therefore, it is not a one size fits all situation. However, you can always monitor alcohol addiction by checking for any of the following signs and symptoms among you or your loved ones: Signs of alcohol addiction Progressive drinking from morning to evening. Experiencing withdrawal symptoms in case of changes in your drinking routine. Such alcohol withdrawal symptoms include irritability, sweating, seizures, hallucinations, lack of sleep, nausea, and a rapid heart rate. A growing alcohol tolerance over time. Frequently using alcohol as an escape from your problems. Always yarning for the next ‘high’ and satisfying it no matter the cost; wastage of finances, broken relationships, or even the loss of a job.

Alcoholism occurs progressively in stages up to a full-blown condition, AUD, where you experience no control over your drinking. Stages of alcoholism Pre-alcoholic stage This is the very first stage of alcoholism where one engages in social drinking, testing different kinds of alcohol and possibly testing their limits. Episodes of binge drinking are quite common as the tolerance slowly builds up. Early-alcoholic stage Here, drinking is more frequent as the tolerance grows further. Blackouts are prevalent in this stage, accompanied by constant cravings and instances of drinking in secret. Due to the growing urge, one might feel ashamed of their drinking habits but would still be unable to quit. Mid-alcoholic stage At this stage, alcohol consumption gets out of hand and interferes with your daily activities. For instance, you may begin to lose your family, be at loggerheads with workmates and also try quitting repeatedly with no success. The physical effects of alcohol on your health are also visible in lab tests and scans. End-stage alcoholism This is a full-blown alcoholic stage where nothing else matters other than your drink. Alcohol is a top priority. You will be ready to go to severe extents to get a drink. Additionally, acute damage to body organs can be seen in test results. This stage is fatal if it goes untreated. For more knowledge on end-stage alcoholism, click here. Is alcohol use disorder treatable? Yes. AUD is treatable as long as the addict is willing to quit drinking. For this reason, the first step of treatment would be to admit that you need help. Depending on the severity of your alcoholism, an appropriate treatment program is selected by the rehabilitation institution getting you help. It might be an in-patient or out-patient treatment plan. A treatment plan may include one or all of the following: Engaging in support groups with other alcoholics can help eliminate loneliness and encourage one on the journey to sobriety. Finding an AA meeting near your area of residence would suit your convenience. Counseling sessions with a professional can help alleviate the root factor behind your alcoholism. With a mental health counselor, any preexisting mental health issues and disorders will be addressed accordingly. Use of an appropriate detox medical program that will help manage withdrawal symptoms by using Topiramate and Gabapentin. As you or your loved one undergoes treatment, it is vital to keep in mind that no recovery plan is perfect and relapse is also part of recovery.

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What is Klonopin? Popularly known as K-pin, Klonopin is an anticonvulsant or antiepileptic drug used to treat and control seizures and panic disorders by altering brain activity to help the user feel relaxed. It is the brand name for Clonazepam, a tranquilizer from the benzodiazepine class. When ingested, its effects begin within the first hour and last through the subsequent six to twelve hours. The drug carries sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and muscle relaxant properties which block certain receptors in the brain to alleviate anxiety and stress. Klonopin dependency and addiction Klonopin addiction can develop within a few weeks of consumption even when taken under a doctor’s prescription. This is because the brain develops a tolerance for the drug once it can no longer naturally produce feelings of relaxation and calmness. Therefore, a larger dose will be required to achieve the same effect once obtained from smaller doses. Within two to three weeks of daily use, a physical or emotional dependence/ addiction may be developed. Common signs of Klonopin addiction Persistent urge to prolong the dosage despite doctor’s prescription. Inability to quit, although the user may desire to stop. Short-term memory loss. Change in personality. Increased irritability when off the drug. Doctor- shopping to refill prescriptions. Increasing Klonopin dosage predisposes one to a potential overdose. Statistics reveal that more than 30% of opioid-related overdoses involve benzodiazepines, such as Klonopin. Using the drug for too long could result in some long-term side effects such as: Impaired judgment Slowed reaction time/ problems in impulse control Reduced libido Memory damage Fine motor skills Mood swings Mania Development of benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome (BWS) Risk factors for Klonopin overdose Klonopin abuse predisposes one to a potential overdose. The body gets too used to the drug and at one time or another, the addict may consume more than their body could handle. It is not uncommon for Klonopin addicts to combine it with other drugs, such as alcohol or opioids, to intensify its effects. This leads to the multiplier effect and risk of overdose. Besides abusing the benzo, a K-pin overdose can also occur in the event the user forgets they took their dose earlier and decides to double the dosage to cover for the skipped dosage. Underlying medical conditions could also make users vulnerable to an overdose. People with liver disease, acute narrow-angle glaucoma, or are allergic to benzos should keep off Klonopin. As a result, it is important to disclose your full medical and psychological history prior to acquiring related prescriptions. Common Klonopin overdose symptoms include: Confusion Muscle weakness Coma Fainting Weak and rapid pulse Slow reflexes Drowsiness Dilated pupils Impaired muscle coordination Labored breathing Death, if left untreated. How much Klonopin is too much? To begin with, it is not advisable to share clonazepam prescriptions as different dosages are unique for different patients. Although there is no fixed K-pin dosage, most range between 0.125mg to 4mg a day depending on the patient’s condition. Generally, patients begin with a dosage of 0.125mg with gradual increments of 0.25mg or 0.5mg until their symptoms are completely alleviated. However, the dosage can never exceed 20mg a day for both adults and children above 10 years old. For children below ten years, the highest possible dose consumed should be 0.05mg per kg of body weight. Anything past these markers is considered abuse and poses a potential risk of overdose. Additionally, skipping a dose does not warrant double dosing. Instead, doctors advise taking the skipped dose as soon as possible and then reverting to the regular schedule. What to do during a Klonopin overdose If you or your loved one has overdosed on Klonopin, the first thing to do is call for help. Dial 911 and offer as much information as you can about the current condition of the patient.

Some of the required information may include: When clonazepam was taken. How much of the drug was ingested. Other drugs that might have been ingested alongside clonazepam. The medical history of the patient. The patient’s current physical condition, i.e., are they conscious? What is the color of their lips, nails, skin, and eyes? What do their pupils look like? Check their airway to see if they are breathing. Feel for a pulse and report on it. As you do this, try as much as possible to keep calm and wait for further instructions from the emergency line. More often than not, you will be advised on ways to keep the patient in a comfortable position as help arrives. Otherwise, keep them in a recovery position and wait for help. If they are not breathing or have no pulse, consider giving CPR but only if you are trained. Recovery position for an unconscious patient If the person is breathing but unresponsive, roll them to your side as you pull the knee furthest from you into a right-angle position. Extend the arm closest to you at a right angle to their body and the one furthest from you folded in such a way that their cheek lies on the palm. This will ensure their head remains supported. Finally, open their airway gently by tilting back their head and lifting their chin. Stay close to monitor any vital changes as help arrives. Klonopin overdose treatment At the hospital, Klonopin overdose patients are kept in the emergency unit until their condition stabilizes. An antidote, known as Flumazenil, is often administered through an IV to counter the adverse effects of clonazepam. Bloodwork is taken to assess the person’s medical condition. When they are out of harm’s way, an evaluation is done to determine the cause of the overdose. If self-inflicted or any signs of addiction are prevalent, the patient may be kept for further treatment and therapy. Treatment for Klonopin addiction mostly involves tapering; a medical term for gradually reducing the daily dose over time to help ease the body into functioning without the drug.

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Babies born addicted to drugs face unique challenges that can have lasting effects on their health and development. Research shows that most drugs abused by pregnant women can easily cross the placenta and affect fetal neurodevelopment.  In this article, we will talk all things babies born addicted to drugs long-term effects, shedding light on the physical, cognitive, and behavioral impacts of prenatal drug exposure.  What is neonatal drug exposure? This is a situation where a newborn baby is exposed to drugs while still in the womb, during gestation. Such exposure occurs if the mother uses drugs or certain medications during pregnancy.  These substances range from illegal drugs, such as cocaine and heroin to legal prescription medications like certain painkillers or antidepressants. Risks posed by maternal drug or alcohol use during pregnancy Developmental delays – prenatal drug use can lead to delays in the baby’s physical and cognitive development, which may manifest as issues with motor skills, language development, and overall growth.  Premature birth – drug and alcohol use increases the likelihood of premature birth, which carries its own set of complications and health risks for the baby.  Low birth weight – prenatal substance use increases the risk of low birth weight due to reduced fetal growth.  Birth defects – certain drugs, when taken at critical stages of the pregnancy, can increase the risk of birth defects affecting various organs and systems in fetal development. For instance, certain medications or drugs can disrupt the normal formations of the heart, brain, limbs, and other vital organs.  Neonatal drug exposure can have serious consequences for the baby, depending on the type and frequency of drug used, as well as the timing of exposure during the pregnancy.  How does the timing of drug exposure during pregnancy impact fetal development? The timing of exposure is everything! Different stages of fetal development present distinct vulnerabilities and critical periods during the pregnancy.  During the first trimester, 3-8 weeks of gestation, drug use in this period can lead to structural abnormalities and major congenital malformations. The fetus is highly susceptible to substance use in this stage, which can cause permanent damage.  After the first trimester till birth, exposure to drug use can impact the developing central nervous system of the fetus, leading to cognitive and behavioral issues. This is because it is a stage characterized by fetal growth and maturation.  If drug exposure occurs during the third trimester, 29th-40th week of gestation, it may lead to respiratory distress and affect the newborn’s ability to regulate essential functions.  If the exposure is much closer to delivery, the baby may experience withdrawal symptoms shortly after birth, leading to a condition known as Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS). This initial phase can be challenging for the newborn and the medical professionals involved in their care. Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome NAS is one of the notable immediate outcomes of prenatal drug exposure. It occurs as a result of sudden discontinuation of exposure to substances the baby had become dependent on during pregnancy.  Although it is an immediate effect of maternal drug use during pregnancy, the withdrawals can impose long-term changes on the baby’s health and development, affecting physical growth, cognitive development, and behavior.  The intensity of the withdrawals varies depending on the timing, type, and dosage of drugs consumed. Common withdrawal symptoms prevalent in babies born addicted to drugs include: Tremors Irritability Vomiting Diarrhea Feeding difficulties Disturbed sleep patterns. Increased fussiness and crying. Other short-term effects that occur alongside NAS include: Respiratory distress – babies born to mothers who used drugs during pregnancy may experience rapid breathing, nasal flaring, and grunting as a result of drug exposure on the central nervous system.

Fluctuating body temperature – drug exposure may cause difficulty in maintaining a stable body temperature. Newborns may therefore need assistance in regulating their body heat.  Seizures – neonatal drug exposure can lead to seizures in the newborn, especially if the drugs associated are benzodiazepines or barbiturates, which affect the central nervous system.   Long-term complications of maternal drug or alcohol use during pregnancy Maternal drug or alcohol use during pregnancy poses significant risks to both the mother and developing fetus. It may cause complications such as gestational diabetes and legal consequences, where child protective services may be involved for the welfare of the unborn. Babies may also experience certain long-term effects, hence demanding keen attention to ensure adequate support is provided throughout their growth and development.  Long-term effects of prenatal alcohol exposure According to a 2022 survey by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1 in every 10 pregnant women are active alcohol users while 1 in every 22 pregnant women are alcoholic binge drinkers. Alcohol use is highest among women in their first trimester of pregnancy.  Although alcohol is not an illegal drug to use during pregnancy, its baseline for the safe amount to be used is unknown and the more a mother drinks the more severe its potential damage to the fetus is.  Babies born to women who drink moderate to severe amounts of alcohol run the risk of developing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD).  What is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder? FASD is an umbrella term for a spectrum of disorders affecting a newborn exposed to prenatal alcohol use. Each of these disorders has its own set of symptoms and challenges and include: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) This is the most severe form of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and is characterized by distinctive facial features such as a thin upper lip, a smooth philtrum or small eye openings, growth deficiencies, and central nervous system abnormalities. A newborn with FAS may also experience significant cognitive and behavioral challenges. Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (pFAS) This is a mild form of FAS where the baby may exhibit some degree of distinct facial features and neurological impairments. Although there may also be cognitive and behavioral challenges, they are not as severe as those exhibited in FAS.  Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND) ARND lacks the distinctive facial features present with FAS but manifests as a range of neurobehavioral challenges without any physical anomalies.  The neurobehavioral shortcomings can affect the daily functioning of the baby, requiring support interventions.  Alcohol-Related Birth Defects (ARBD) ARBD are the physical abnormalities present in a newborn, which are not part of the facial features associated with FAS. Common birth defects due to prenatal alcohol use include heart, kidney, or bone defects.  Features of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Physical features – they range from distinct facial anomalies to common organ defects in a newborn.  Growth deficiencies – FASD manifests with growth restrictions such as lower-than-average height and weight.  Central Nervous System complications – FASD affects brain development which leads to intellectual disabilities, learning and language disabilities, and behavioral challenges.  Organ and system defects – depending on the type of FASD, there may be associated birth defects in the newborn.  Long-term effects of prenatal nicotine exposure Commonly found in tobacco, nicotine is a highly addictive substance that increases the likelihood of asthma and decreased lung function of the newborn when used in utero. Nicotine can constrict blood vessels and reduce blood flow to the fetus, compromising the delivery of oxygen and nutrients which increases the risk of birth defects. Babies born to smoking mothers have a higher risk of developing respiratory problems later in life.

Scientific research also links prenatal nicotine exposure to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children. There is a correlation between utero nicotine exposure and cognitive impairments which manifests as learning and memory difficulties.  There is also an elevated risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, which is the sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy baby.  Long-term effects of prenatal cocaine exposure Babies exposed to cocaine in the womb experience difficulties with attention, concentration, and memory. They may regularly exhibit impaired planning and impulse control, leading to challenges in academic and social settings.  Studies have also shown babies exposed to cocaine in utero often experience delays in the development of both fine and gross motor skills as well as speech and language delays. This exposure is also linked to an increased risk of behavioral disorders such as ADHD and conduct disorders.  Long-term effects of prenatal heroin exposure Like other hard drugs, utero heroin addiction has been known to cause significant behavioral and cognitive challenges in children.  Studies show that 65% of children exposed to heroin while in the womb repeat at least one grade or require special education services. They are also prone to have low birth weight and growth deficiencies.  Many of these babies experience developmental delays, which manifest as delays in reaching certain milestones such as crawling, walking, and speech. Their social interactions and behaviors are also impacted as they often exhibit impulsivity, hyperactivity, and difficulties with self-regulation. Research also projects that children exposed to heroin in utero are more likely to develop substance use disorders later in life.  Possible interventions for neonatal drug exposure Managing the negative effects of prenatal drug use requires a multidisciplinary approach involving healthcare professionals, caregivers, and support services. Understanding babies born addicted to drugs long-term effects is crucial for developing appropriate interventions. Early interventions, medical care, and therapy can help mitigate some of these challenges.  Some of the interventions employed include: Medical monitoring and care Infants born to addicted mothers exhibiting NAS symptoms receive close medical monitoring under the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) or a specialized nursery. Here, medical professionals receive and manage withdrawal symptoms, providing appropriate interventions whenever necessary.  Nutritional support  Affected babies may experience feeding difficulties. Providing appropriate nutritional support, such as breastfeeding or formula feeding is imperative for their growth and development.  Pharmacological treatment  Under severe cases of neonatal drug exposure, pharmacological treatment may be required. Prescription medication such as morphine or methadone can be administered to help alleviate withdrawal symptoms.  Developmental support  Services such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy would support the developmental needs of infants exposed to drugs. These therapies help address delays in motor skills, speech, and cognitive development.  Preventive measures for future substance exposure Supporting the mothers in addressing substance use disorders is just as crucial as supporting the infants exposed to the drugs in utero. This would help prevent future harm to the child and help the mom address and overcome their addictions.  Possible interventions for maternal drug use include: Addiction treatment. Mental health support. Prenatal and postnatal care and education.  Continued postpartum support.

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Statistics from a John Hopkins Medicine report of 2019 reveal that 5.7 million adults over the age of 50 suffer from drug and substance use disorders (SUD). According to the report, most of these elderly individuals came of age in an era of substance experimentation, hence their likelihood of abusing drugs and alcohol. Although the numbers are appalling, it doesn’t get any better - substance abuse disorders are on the rise as more people encounter economic and social struggles. Drugs have become a convenient getaway. This is reflected by the 3.9 million elderly Americans aged 65 years and above who battled a form of addiction as of 2022, according to the United States National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NDUH). The escalating figures underscore a growing necessity for medical coverage in substance use treatment and rehabilitation programs, begging the question, “Does Medicare cover drug rehab?” Well, read on to find out whether this health insurance cover, with over 65.7 million American beneficiaries, does include treatment for substance-related addictions. What is Medicare and how does it work? Medicare is a federal health insurance program eligible for senior adults aged 65 years and above and younger individuals with disabilities, end-stage renal disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The program helps millions of Americans manage their healthcare needs, including rehabilitation services for substance use disorders. Essentially, Medicare enrollment is pretty straightforward. While most individuals are automatically enrolled once they hit 65, for those who are not, signing up three months prior to your 65th birthday is required. Medicare coverage consists of four major provisions that are crucial when deciding the type of coverage and investment appropriate to a potential prospect. Each of the four parts covers different services. Their breakdown is as follows: Medicare Part A: In-patient care coverage Medicare Part A is your general hospital insurance covering your inpatient care services. Among the care services provided in this package are: Hospital inpatient care, including but not limited to the hospital room, nursing care, and meals among other essential care services. Inpatient rehabilitation services Medication issued as part of treatment. In case you’re wondering how long Medicare Part A provisions will cover you, the coverage period is up to 100 days an inpatient skilled nursing facility care and 90 days of inpatient rehab or hospital treatment. The payment structure under skilled nursing facility care is as follows: Days 1 - 60: Medicare covers the full cost of care. Days 61 - 90: Patient copays a daily amount billed at $408. Days 91 - 150: Patient copays a daily amount billed at $816 with the option of 60 lifetime reserve days. Past 150 days: Patient takes care of all costs. If the inpatient hospital/rehab stay exceeds 90 days, beneficiaries are entitled to an additional 60 lifetime reserve days beyond which they can use past the 90-day limit. However, Medicare Part A covers the full cost of home healthcare services, including skilled nursing care, physical therapy, and speech-language therapy for as long as needed. Medicare Part B: Outpatient and Preventive Services Medicare B generally covers your medical insurance, including outpatient care packages such as doctor visits, therapy sessions, and preventive services. This provision is particularly convenient for persons battling SUDs as it covers any relevant outpatient counseling or therapy required in their recovery plans. For instance, if you need regular therapy sessions to maintain your sobriety, Medicare Part B will cover all visits, ensuring you have access to the support you may need. Additionally, it covers preventive services such as screenings and vaccinations, catering to a patient’s overall well-being. Unlike hospital insurance, Medicare B provides coverage for as long as you remain in the program and keep paying your premiums.

However, Part B comes with a coinsurance fee besides the annual deductible amount paid by the beneficiary. What is Medicare coinsurance? This refers to the percentage of costs in a covered (or insured) healthcare service that you pay after paying your deductibles. The annual deductible amount for 2024 is $240. Coinsurance varies depending on the type of service. Medicare Part B provisions require that all beneficiaries pay a 20% coinsurance of the Medicare-approved amount on outpatient and preventive services. For instance, if the cost of your covered service is $100, you will cover 20% which amounts to $20 while Medicare will cover the remaining 80%, translating to $80. This, of course, is having paid the annual deductible amount. Medicare Part C: Medicare Advantage Plans Also known as the Medicare Advantage Plan, Medicare C is like a one-stop shop for your health insurance needs - it provides all the benefits of Part A (hospital insurance) and Part B (medical insurance) in a single convenient package. If you’re wondering, “Does Medicare cover drug rehab?” the Medicare Advantage plans would be an excellent option as it includes inpatient and outpatient rehab services. Essentially, these are plans offered by private insurance companies approved by Medicare. Without further ado, let’s dissect the plans down below. Types of Medicare Advantage Plans There are several types of Medicare Advantage plans, each catering to different needs and preferences for drug rehabilitation. Here are some you can choose from: 1. Healthcare Maintenance Organization (HMO) plans HMOs require you to use a network of doctors and hospitals, where your primary care physician (PCP) would refer you to specialists within the network based on your needs. Drug rehabilitation services under this umbrella present the following: Network-based care  - your preferred rehabilitation center should be within the network to receive full coverage. Primary care physician requirement (PCP) - to see a specialist or enter a drug rehab program mandates a referral from your PCP. Cost efficiency - unlike Medicare Part A and Part B, HMOs have lower premiums and out-of-pocket costs making them convenient if your rehab facility is within the network. 2. Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) plans Unlike HMO plans, PPOs allow more flexibility as you can select your preferred doctor or specialist within or outside the network without mandating any referrals. However, additional costs may be incurred if the doctor or specialist of choice is outside the network. PPOs accommodate drug rehab in the following ways: Flexible provider choice - you are allowed to choose your healthcare provider or rehab facility, with in-network providers coming at a less costly coverage. No referral needed - you can commence your treatment as promptly as needed without having to seek a referral from a PCP. Higher costs for out-of-network rehabilitation care. 3. Private fee-for-service (PFFS) plans PFFS plans determine how much is paid to doctors, healthcare providers, and hospitals, and how much a beneficiary must pay upon access to care. Below is a breakdown of how PFFS accommodates drug rehab services: Flexible provider choice - this plan allows you to see any healthcare provider that agrees to the plan’s payment options. No network restriction - your preferred rehab facility can be in- or out-of-network, provided they agree to the plan’s terms. Variable costs - due to the flexibility and ambiguity of the term, payment structures may vary. 4. Special needs plans (SNPs) SNPs cater to individuals with special conditions such as specific healthcare needs including chronic illnesses or substance use disorders among others, or dual eligibility for Medicare and Medicaid. Unlike other Medicare Advantage plans, SNP care includes an eligibility criteria of: Medicare Part A and Medicare Part B active insurance. Be a resident of the plan’s service area. Be eligible for one of the three SNPs;

Dual Eligible SNP Chronic Condition SNP Institutional SNP 5. Medicare Medical Savings Account (MSA) plan MSA plans combine a high-deductible health plan with a medical savings account in which you, the beneficiary, have ultimate control over the savings account. The plan accommodates drug rehab in the following ways: High deductibles - MSA plan might expose you to significant out-of-pocket upfront costs for drug rehab. Savings account - Medicare deposits money in your savings account annually, which you can opt to cover your out-of-pocket expenses. Flexible spending - the funds in your savings account can cover any of your qualified medical expenses, including rehab services. Medicare Part D: Prescription drug coverage Medicare Part D covers prescription medication by paying for rehab treatment medications (both during and after rehab) or other ongoing prescriptions during the time of your coverage. Part D coverage helps manage your health without a financial strain. Whether it’s withdrawal medication or mental health medication, Part D allows for accessibility and affordability. This drug plan follows a payment structure that includes: Monthly premiums Annual deductible amount Initial coverage amount Coverage gap costs Enrollment penalty costs Factors to consider when choosing a Medicare plan Having covered the different parts of Medicare, it’s now time we look at the selection criteria for your suitable Medicare plan. Costs Let’s face it - healthcare costs can be unpredictable and sensitive, making it imperative to balance your financial capabilities with your healthcare needs. Choosing a plan that balances your monthly premiums with deductibles and out-of-pocket expenses will ensure you get your healthcare coverage without breaking the bank. Healthcare needs As elaborated above, your medical necessity will determine the healthcare insurance coverage you select. What is your current health status? What medications do you take? Are you under any treatment plans? Are they covered by your preferred plan? How often do you visit your specialist or primary care provider? Answering these questions will help narrow down the suitable plan tailored to your situation. Coverage Different Medicare plans offer varying coverage levels for specific services. Whether you’re under inpatient or outpatient rehab care, or require additional special care such as dental, vision, or hearing services, your plan should offer coverage for all your needs. Flexibility and convenience Consider the plan’s flexibility and convenience. Does the plan offer coverage outside your local area? Are you bound to referrals to access specialists and other relevant healthcare providers or have the freedom to choose your doctors or healthcare facilities? Be keen to choose a plan that matches your comfort level. Provider networks It’s essential to check if your facilities, doctors, or pharmacies are in the plan’s network. This ensures you keep visiting the hospitals and doctors you trust. Your in-network pharmacy should also cushion you from outrageous expenses. FAQs What’s the difference between Medicare and Medicaid? While Medicare involves high-end premiums, deductibles, and out-of-pocket expenses, Medicaid caters to low-income individuals with little to no premiums, out-of-pocket expenses, and lower deductible amounts. Medicaid also covers a broader population including the elderly, pregnant women, children, and persons with disabilities. Is dual eligibility for Medicare and Medicaid possible? Yes, individuals may qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid, drawing benefits from both programs. The dual coverage can significantly reduce the out-of-pocket expenses incurred under Medicare coverage. Is addiction treatment covered under Medicare? Absolutely, different Medicare plans cater to alcoholism and substance use disorder treatment plans. What’s the difference between Medicare Advantage and Medigap plans? Medigap, or Medicare Supplement

Insurance, serves as a supplement to the Original Medicare plan (Part A - hospital insurance and Part B - medical insurance) by filling the ‘gaps’ or costs that may not be covered under the Medicare plans.

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If you’ve lived with an addict, you probably have caught them in a lie every once so often. It could be that they missed school due to an illness, or they resigned while they just got fired, or even they needed money for a quick emergency all the while you were just funding their junkie sprees. But everything has an expiration date - lies included. While the truth process tends to be disappointing, it often causes mistrust and destroys relationships between loved ones. It may also breed some paranoia when dealing with individuals with a drug use history and prompt one to think - is lying a symptom of addiction? But worry not, in this blog we’ll equip you with a biological lie detector, unleashing some of the common lies addicts use to get their way. Although we can’t exhaust the list - some get very creative - we’ll attempt to help you understand the million-dollar question ‘Why do drug addicts lie about everything?’ Psychological factors behind addiction and deceit When it comes to understanding why addicts lie about everything, unveiling the psychological factors behind this behavior is fundamental. More often than not, it’s not just about hiding the truth but a complex overlap of chemical, mental, and emotional changes that drive this behavior. The resulting attributes of these changes are what researchers' term maladaptive behaviors - behaviors that serve to diminish life satisfaction and deter people from confronting their discomforts. For this reason, people turn to deception and addiction. Let’s discuss the psychological factors at play that trigger addictive behaviors and perpetuate a cycle of lying and deceit. Peer pressure Social influence is a powerful tool that influences a person’s behaviors and decisions subconsciously. While peer groups can be a source of emotional and social support, they can also encourage substance use disorders that may spiral into addictions. Peer pressure can manifest in three forms namely: Direct peer pressure: This is the most common form where an individual is explicitly instructed on how to behave. For instance, when a colleague is handed a shot of whisky by their peers. Indirect peer pressure: This is when a person subtly and implicitly acts in line with the norms of a certain group due to perceived expectations. For instance, a student skipping class for a drinking spree just because it is within the norms of his peers and doesn’t want to be left out. Unspoken peer pressure: This is mere knowledge that a person should act in a certain way when they see others acting without explicit encouragement from their peers. It is even more subtle and emanates from an internal sense of expectation. For instance, if a group of teenagers consistently lies to their parents about school attendance, an individual may also feel compelled to lie to fit in. In most cases, peer pressure to lie or engage in substance use is followed by positive reinforcement from peers, encouraging the frequency of the behavior and dependency. Experimentation Openness to experimentation plays a significant role in propelling deceit and reinforcing drug dependency. It is the tendency to be willing to embrace new ideas and experiences with a sense of curiosity. This desire may convict individuals to not only lie to others but to themselves that their substance use is controlled. Such self-deception is common among individuals high in openness. Neuroticism Neuroticism is a personality trait where an individual often tends to be emotionally unstable, anxious, highly irritable, and depressed, and fosters negative feelings. Individuals struggling with this personality trait often turn to drugs as a coping mechanism or a means of self-medication. They’re also more prone to leading deceitful lives to avoid accountability. Studies have revealed that high neuroticism is directly linked to deceptive behavior. Impulse control disorders Impulse control issues directly affect the behavioral patterns of individuals.

People with poor impulse control may often turn to drugs for temporary relief from their anxieties, which in turn may trigger deceitful behavior to protect this habit. According to research, high impulsivity is directly associated with neuroticism and behavioral dysregulation. Why do people with addiction lie? Other reasons why addicts lie besides the overlap of psychological factors include: Fear of rejection and judgment Human beings are social beings who require the warmth of social support throughout their lives. Despite battling addiction, addicts may live in the constant overwhelming fear of what may happen when the truth comes out. This fear drives their manipulative behaviors to maintain a regular relationship with their families and friends. The truth may lead to isolation, disappointments, and a damaged sense of self-worth before their families and friends. To an addict, admitting to an addicting may feel like admitting to being a failure. For this reason, lying becomes a coping mechanism that helps them manage the fear of being rejected or judged. Shame and guilt Shame is the intense feeling of worthlessness and inadequacy while guilt is the feeling of regret or remorse over one’s actions or behaviors. These two emotions are interconnected with addiction. Most people battling addiction struggle with accepting their conditions, often reevaluating how others may perceive them once they are discovered. Would they be held in the same respect? Would their loved ones still love them? They may often feel like addiction defines their identity and therefore, opt to lie to conceal their predicament. For some, it could be that they let their loved ones down and therefore would not want them to discover the truth. Not knowing that lying leads to a guilty conscience. Although they may harbor a desire to make amends, breaking free of addiction is not a one-and-done deal. It is a journey. As they try to break free of the addiction, they often land in compounding lies in order to hide their shame and mask the guilt of relapse. Denial “I don’t have an addiction; I just fancy drinking occasionally.” Sounds familiar? This is a common phrase among addicts. Hardly would any addict admit to themselves they have a substance use disorder and seek professional help. And if at all they, do it is often without considering the severity of this relapsing disorder. Various reasons are attributable to addiction denial including: Believing that one is still in control of their substance use. Shame of admitting the existence of a substance use problem. Believing one is unique or different from the regular drug users who wind up as addicts. Enabling loved ones. Additionally, denial is often accompanied by failed attempts to change one’s behavior pattern and avoid a relapse. As much as they admit there is an existing problem, they are deliberately developing coping strategies to maintain a blank check. During this period, a relapse is seen as a failure and the addict often lies about their well-being and activities that facilitate their addiction. Drug dependency and withdrawal An addict's life is dominated by their compulsion to use drugs. When one develops a physical dependence on a drug, their mind cycles around when their next ‘high’ will be. Whether at work, school, or at home, they are constantly calculating for their next fix even if it means resorting to lies. The fear of experiencing withdrawal symptoms can also compel one to fabricate stories of their need for money or justify their actions to cover up their drug sprees. Withdrawal symptoms can range from acute anxiety and depression to seizures, intense cravings, muscle pain, and vomiting. The intensity of these symptoms depends on factors such as frequency of drug use, duration of drug use, and current physical well-being of the user, among others. Avoid confrontation Due to a lack of other well-developed coping mechanisms, addicts tend to lie to avoid confrontations with their families, friends, or colleagues.

Confrontation puts a strain on relationships and stirs up anxiety and fear, all of which an addict may not be willing and ready to deal with. It is therefore easier to maintain a facade of normalcy by fabricating stories to keep their relationships from falling apart. How to tell when an addict is lying It’s now time to put on our detective badges and become lie detectors. How do you tell when addicts are lying? How can you sift through what is true and what isn’t? Well, no need fret as we will uncover all tell tales told by addicts and the signs to look out for when dealing with one. Signs to watch out for Inconsistency in their activities or events. It is often hard to keep up with many lies as one is likely to forget crucial details. Lack of eye contact when confronted or accounting for their behaviors. Vague explanations. If it seems too perfect or rehearsed it likely didn’t happen. Sudden changes in routine and behavior without logical cause. Deflecting, especially when talking about serious matters. Physical cues such as stammering, sweating, or trembling. Last but not least, always trust your gut. Common lies addicts tell Claiming to be tired or sick when under the influence or experiencing withdrawal. Covering up for their whereabouts with vague excuses such as hanging out with friends, working late, or running errands in unusual hours. Downplaying their addictions with statements like “It’s not a big deal”, “It’s not that much”, “I don’t have a problem” or “I only use occasionally.” Claiming to be in control of their substance use. One of the most classical things you’d hear an addict say is “I can quit any time I want.” Some may repack their drug and lie they are prescription medication. “It’s just medications” or “I still need to manage the pain.” It’s always important to check if a loved one is on any active prescription and how often it should be renewed. Beware of doctor shopping. Lying about getting stressed out at work or school and needing a break. “I need this for work” or “Work/school is intense.” Lying over their need for extra money. “I need extra money for rent/an emergency.”  “I’m clean.” This is a common lie for addicts who relapse on their healing journey. What can be done about this? It’s important to approach these situations with empathy, recognizing that dishonesty might be a sign of a bigger underlying problem or a cry for help. Parents of addicts can help their children by fostering open communication, calmly assuring them that you are there for them and do not judge them. If your family member, spouse, workmate, or friend is fighting addiction and you suspect they are caught up in their lies to cover their tracks, encouraging them to see a therapist or enroll in a rehabilitation program would set them up for recovery. It is crucial to steer clear of addiction shame and present a supportive front that will encourage the addict, letting them know you are committed to seeing them through their recovery no matter how long it takes.

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Cocaine is a powerfully addictive and commonly abused drug with several physical and mental side effects. It gives temporary high energy and a euphoric state. There are two ways to clean your body from cocaine. One is the simple cessation of cocaine and the other includes withdrawal in a medical-assisted environment. The first method is dangerous because a person experiences a large number of withdrawal symptoms, and no preventive measures are available to cope with these effects. However, cleansing your body of cocaine in a medically assisted environment can reduce the number of withdrawal symptoms and there are preventive measures and a fully equipped system in case of any emergency condition. Withdrawal Symptoms of Cocaine Cessation: The best way to clean cocaine out of your body system is to do it in a medically assisted environment. Common effects which a person experiences during the withdrawal phase include the following: Shivering Headaches Nausea and vomiting Irritable behavior Tiredness, Fatigue, and Exhaustion Craving for cocaine Sweating Anxiety Depressive symptoms Suicidal thoughts Behavioral and Lifestyle Changes: If you plan to get rid of cocaine in a medically assisted environment, any of the above manifestations can be dealt with and your effort for withdrawal will not go in vain. While trying to clean your body of cocaine, there are some important behavioral and lifestyle changes to keep in mind. These include the following: Eat a healthy and nutritious diet at proper times, regularly. Increase the intake of fluids such as water and fresh juices. Avoid alcohol, smoking, caffeinated drinks, and coffee. Exercise daily. It will keep you active and energetic. Find ways for entertainment and keep yourself busy. Only these steps will put you on a right track to clean your body from cocaine. However, there is a more important thing for cleaning your system out, which includes avoiding cocaine during and after your withdrawal plan. Prescription medications for treating withdrawal symptoms: Withdrawal symptoms are not lessened by following the above behavioral and lifestyle changes. It is due to the fact that withdrawal symptoms are not caused by cocaine, but rather the absence of cocaine causes these symptoms. But once the body is adjusted to the frequent absence of cocaine, it will reduce the frequency of withdrawal symptoms, gradually leading to the total absence of these episodes.   The withdrawal symptoms can be controlled by the use of prescription medications which makes the process easier and more comfortable. These medications not only reduce the symptoms but also reduce failure rates. Duration of Treatment: Another important thing to keep in mind during the withdrawal phase is to stay in a drug-free environment. When there is decreased stimulus from outside, it will decrease the frequency of missteps or occasional cocaine abuse. That is why the experts recommend an inpatient program for cleaning the body system from cocaine. The duration of the program varies on the degree of cocaine dependence. The person severely addicted to the drug will require more time for a successful crackdown. However, one with less dependence and living in a drug-free environment requires less time and may achieve the goal by an outpatient withdrawal program.

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Secondhand smoke is also known as passive smoke, involuntary smoke, or side-stream smoke. This is the smoke emitted when primary smokers use marijuana, cigarettes, cigars, and other tobacco products, and are inhaled involuntarily by other non-smokers. Passive smoke is indeed as detrimental to a bystander’s health as it is to the smoker. The mythical element to this fact, however, is that a non-smoker would test positive in a drug test after secondary exposure. Nonetheless, depending on factors such as drug potency, period of exposure, and room ventilation, there may be traces of the drug’s compounds in the non-smoker’s urine, but not enough to fail a drug test. According to John Hopkins University, a urine test could show positive results after long hours of exposure to secondhand smoke in a poorly ventilated room with active smokers. Even so, such a scenario is highly unlikely.   Findings from the two most commonly smoked drugs; Cannabis/marijuana Although there are no published studies to prove that a positive drug test could result from secondhand smoke, a study conducted using six casual cannabis smokers and six non-smokers showed an irrefutable outcome. The experienced smokers were placed in an unventilated chamber, smoking marijuana with different concentrations of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a chemical compound in the cannabis plant that causes the ‘high’. The six nonsmokers sat next to them. In another session, all participants were taken to a ventilated room. After numerously testing the non-smokers’ urine in the following 34 hours after exposure, only one participant portrayed high levels of THC exceeding the typical levels of detection. This was visible about six hours after exposure. A more sensitive drug test was also used on this participant’s urine sample and THC was detected in very minimal quantities but only viable for the next 24 hours. The results of the non-smokers in the ventilated room were nowhere near the threshold for a positive test.   Tobacco Nicotine is an addictive substance in all tobacco products. It is not uncommon to undergo pre-employment mandatory nicotine drug tests while joining private institutions or holding federal positions. Some health and life insurance institutions also have this as a requirement. As reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), around 15% of the global population smoked tobacco, by 2015. This number has skyrocketed to a good 20%, making 1 in every 7 adults a tobacco smoker, as of 2020. The above data implies there are as many secondhand smokers as there are primary smokers who almost always pass the drug test. Read on further to understand why.   So how does the drug test work? Whether done via urine, saliva, hair, or blood screening, all drug tests have a threshold limit. This means that the test will measure the concentration of a substance in your body. If it is above the threshold limit, then the results are positive. Cut-off/threshold limits are usually high enough to eliminate the possibility of a secondhand smoker failing the test. This explains why it is highly unlikely for secondhand smoke to show up on drug tests. The drug test provides qualitative and quantitative screening. That is, it identifies the substance in your system, measures its concentration, and tells whether you are a frequent smoker, or you just recently inhaled the substance in question. In addition, the method of testing can influence the results obtained. Therefore, we’ll look at which method is most accurate and why.   What is the most accurate method of testing? Urine testing The most common method of testing is urine screening. Besides making collection easier, urine has a high drug concentration and a longer window of detection, approximately 24-72 hours after last use because the drug has to be metabolized after consumption. However, urine samples are prone to adulteration due to unobserved collection and thereby altering the outcome.   Saliva testing Mouth

swabs are used in the detection of recent consumption, which is in less than 24 hours since the last usage. In the case of cannabis use, it is detectable in less than 4 hours. THC in cannabis is also not detectable as a metabolite but as a compound in saliva. Although it has a shorter detection window, saliva testing is the most sensitive method to rule out any suspicions of recent smoking. Unlike urine testing, saliva testing is 100% observed, eliminating the risk of tampering or cheating.   Hair testing Hair samples are reliable for the long-term detection of tobacco products. It can determine drug use for up to three months since last use. Under high intoxication, nicotine can be detected for up to 12 months in hair follicles. Technically, there is no better testing method than the other. Each of these methods (and more) have their limitations and benefits. Therefore, the most appropriate method is selected with regard to the situation at hand.   Health effects of secondhand smoke According to CDC, secondhand smoke carries more than 7000 chemicals, hundreds of which are toxic and about 70 of them cancerous.   Exposure to secondhand smoke predisposes non-smokers to the following conditions: Heart diseases. Inhaled passive smoke interferes with the normal functioning of the heart and vascular systems by damaging the lining of blood vessels and thus limiting the flow of blood to vital organs. Limited blood flow to the heart can cause cardiac arrest since there is not enough oxygen and nutrient circulation to the blood cells. Respiratory diseases. Adults and children exposed to secondhand smoke are at a higher risk of developing asthma attacks and other frequent respiratory infections. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention statistics show that persons exposed to secondhand smoke increase their chances of developing lung cancer by 20-30%. Tobacco smoke can also cause breast cancer, leukemia, and lymphoma. Pregnant women are also at risk of delivering premature babies due to secondhand exposure.   References healthline.com CDC hopkinsmedicine