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Volume #41 The Venice Issue
Land of Hope and Glory Arjen Oosterman - ᅵᅵᅵæãšæ å
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This yearâs Venice Architecture Biennale breaks with two mechanisms that defined its presence over the last fifteen to twenty years. First is the setting of a grand, though conveniently abstract theme that suggests a connection between current development and the state of architecture. The ethics of architecture (or of the architect?), the architect as seismograph, architecture is for people, that kind of stuff. These past themes suggested a critical position of the curator on duty, but hardly succeeded in influencing the debate, let alone affairs. At best they added flavor to the core element of the Biennale: a presentation of who matters in architecture. And that brings us to the second mechanism: no matter the main curatorial theme, every pavilion was totally at liberty to present their best architecture and architects. Some pavilions succeeded in selling an idea more than products and some (rarely) attempted to raise an issue, but the âwhoâs doing whatâ element was dominant. - ä»å¹Žã®ãŽã§ããã¢å»ºç¯ããšã³ããŒã¬ã¯éå»15幎ãã20幎以äžã«ããã£ãŠãã®ãã¬ãŒã³ã¹ãèŠå®ããŠããäºã€ã®ã¡ã«ããºã ããæãåã£ãŠãããã²ãšã€ã¯ãçŸåšã®çºå±ãšå»ºç¯ã®ç¶æ
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An exception in this series was Ricky Burdettâs research-based attempt to shift attention to the global city, stop architecture from navel-gazing, and call for an engagement with greater urgencies, in 2006. Not really early warning, but a useful intervention at the time, making some issues intelligible for a broader audience. It didnât prevent most national pavilions to do what they generally do: show some young developments inside its national borders or present an established voice. - ãã®ã·ãªãŒãºã®äŸå€ã¯ãªãããŒã»ããŒãããã«ããã2006幎ã«å®æœããããªãµãŒãããŒã¹ã®å±ç€ºã ããã®å±ç€ºãéããŠåœŒã¯ãã°ããŒãã«éœåžãžãšæ³šæãã·ããããããã建ç¯å®¶ãã²ãšãã§ãã£ãããšèããã®ãããããããããããŠãŸããŸãå«ç·ãšãªãåé¡ãžã®é¢äžãæ±ããããšãããããã¯å®éã®æ©æèŠæãšããããã§ã¯ãªãã£ãããåœæããã¯ããåºã芳客ã«å¯ŸããŠåé¡ãåããããããã®ã«ãããæå¹ãªä»å
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This Biennale has very little of that. By setting a theme that is based on curiosity more than conviction, posing questions rather than making a point, it opens perspectives on a variety of themes. For the Elements of Architecture, one could argue about quality of individual presentations, about consistency in the way material is presented (and whether that matters), and comprehensiveness of the selected elements, but that is evaluating results, not idea and approach. - ãã®ããšã³ããŒã¬ã¯ãããã»ãšãã©ãªãã£ãã確信ããã奜å¥å¿ã«æ ¹ä»ããããŒããèšå®ãã䞻匵ãããããåããç«ãŠãããšã«ãã£ãŠæ§ã
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On that level there were harsh criticisms: people said that this Biennale is not about architecture, that it is about one manâs deficiencies, that weâre looking at a giant ego show. That may not be the most interesting and productive way to look at whatâs being presented. No matter the autobiographic origins of the two subthemes Elements of Architecture and Absorbing Modernity 1914-2014, both set relevant topics and produce a wealth of material. There is no denying for instance that architecture is highly influenced by a building industry that transformed from making to producing in over a century. The recent development of reuse only adds complexity to this; it doesnât change the fundamental that architecture has become the art of combining and connecting. So to use the Biennale to pose a question and start researching as an open-ended project is innovative and powerful. - æå³ããæ¹è©ããã£ãŠããã®ããšã³ããŒã¬ã¯å»ºç¯ã«é¢ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšããããã¯ã²ãšã®äžåšã«é¢ãããã®ã ããšãã巚倧ãªãšãŽã®èŠäžç©ãèŠãŠãããããªãã®ã ããšãèšãããŠãããããã¯æ瀺ãããŠãããã®ã«å¯Ÿããæãèå³æ·±ãçç£çãªèŠç¹ã§ã¯ãªãã ãããäºã€ã®ãµãããŒãããšã¬ã¡ã³ãã»ãªãã»ã¢ãŒããã¯ãã£ãŒããšãè¿ä»£ã®åžåã1914 - 2014ãã®èªåäŒçèµ·æºããšãã«é¢é£æ§ã®ãããããã¯ãèšå®ãããããªã¢ã«ã®è±ãããçã¿åºãããšããŠãã建ç¯ã¯ãã100幎ã®éã«ãã€ããããçç£ãããžãšå€å®¹ãã建èšç£æ¥ã«åŒ·ã圱é¿ãåããŠããããšãåŠå®ã§ããªãã®ã ãè¿å¹Žã®ãªãŠãŒã¹ã®çºå±ã®ã¿ããããç«äœåãããã§ãããã®çºå±ã¯ãæãããã€ãªããããšããæ¹æ³ãšãªã£ãŠãã建ç¯ã®åºç€çãªéšåãå€åããããšã¯ãªãããšããããšã§ãã®ããšã³ããŒã¬ããåããç«ãŠããªãŒãã³ãšã³ããªãããžã§ã¯ããšããŠèª¿æ»ãå§ããããšã«äœ¿ãã®ã¯é©æ°çã ãå¹æçã ããã
Where the Elements asked architecture to look at its own fundamentals, the  âabsorbing modernityâ theme formed the other end of the spectrum (with Monditalia in the Arsenale as an extensive case study). That theme was proposed to the national pavilions and absorbed by them with remarkable enthusiasm. To move away from the hottest or most topical, dig into oneâs own history and reflect on defining moments and developments seemed an attractive option.  It produced some very interesting presentations and overall helped to create a more complex and layered story of what twentieth century revolutions brought about. For instance, that âmodernityâ as a spreading disease, touching ever-larger parts of the globe, was received quite differently, and that the mix of generic and specific produced different cocktails. Modernism (as most pavilions took the theme) had serious trouble from the start to incorporate cultural and local specificity as it seemed to water down its main assumptions and goals. So to be presented with what countries and nations contributed to modernism or how they transformed formulas and forces to their needs and capacities is refreshing to see. - ããšã¬ã¡ã³ããã建ç¯ã«èªèº«ã®åºç€ãèŠãããŠããäžæ¹ã§ããè¿ä»£ã®åžåããšããããŒãᅵᅵᅵãã®ã¹ãã¯ãã©ã ã®ããäžæ¹ã®æ¥µãïŒå€§èŠæš¡ãªã±ãŒã¹ã¹ã¿ãã£ãšããŠã®ã¢ã«ã»ããŒã¬ã«ãããã¢ã³ãã£ã¿ãªã¢ãšãšãã«ïŒããã¡ã¥ããããã®ããŒãã¯ååœããŽã£ãªãªã³ã«å¯ŸããŠæ瀺ãããåè¶ããç±æãšãšãã«åžåããããæãããããªããšããæã話é¡ã®ããšãã£ããšããããé¢ããååœã®æŽå²ãæãäžããããç¹åŸŽçãªç¬éãçºå±ãæ€èšããããšã¯é¢çœãéžæè¢ã ãããããã¯ãããã€ãã®æ®ã«èå³æ·±ããã¬ãŒã³ããŒã·ã§ã³ãçã¿åºããå
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But what do we see when we reverse the perspective, not look at how modernity or modern architecture landed in different contexts, but look at how architecture contributed to defining state and nation. There have been moments in the recent past when nation-building was not really an issue. It was a program alright, but not a contested one. It simply was a consequence of what was being done, a program and way to go about things based on wide consensus. And that includes the destruction of (state) identities that had fallen from grace. The struggles expressed by strikes and demonstrations in the 70s through to the 90s were targeting inequality (pay) and foreign policy (war) mainly, not the nation as project. The current tribalization of societies around the world does pose questions to architecture, however. The assumption that in the longer run weâre moving to ever more homogeneity, that cultural, religious, and political differences will be absorbed by this global melting pot of connectivity and economic interrelations is being challenged by recent developments. At present it looks more like the global economic system itself needs these tensions and contradictions to function; that âsmoothâ space is not a real option. On a more pedestrian level this relates to architecture directly. If the state as representation of the nation is eroding â its powers seeping away to local and regional levels and to larger conglomerates like the EU â and the nation is no longer an unambiguous project in its territorial claims â splintering into rivaling groups each claiming to represent âthe nationâ or refusing to be part of the larger entity â architectureâs role is at stake. Should it fall back on the partisan option and become good or bad depending on the political inspiration underpinning the project? Can it provide credibility to (or for) minorities, can it (again) help build a nation? Answers to that question presented in this issue vary from quite pessimistic (architecture can, but only in a synthetic and questionable way), to pragmatic (architecture does anyway, no matter what architects say or think), to reluctant optimism: its role wonât be major, but something should be possible at least. ïŒLetâs sleep on it.ïŒãæ¬æã¯ïŒBefore we move that last direction, it would be good to answer the question: is doing nothing the better option?ã - ãããããã®ããŒã¹ãã¯ãã£ããå転ããããšããç§ãã¡ã¯äœãèŠãŠããã®ã ããããããã¯ç°ãªã£ãæèã«çéžããã¢ãããã£ãã¢ãã³å»ºç¯ãèŠãã®ã§ã¯ãªããããã«å»ºç¯ãåœå®¶ãåœæ°ã®èŠå®ã«å¯äžããã®ããšããããšãèŠãããã ãè¿éå»ã§ã¯ãåœæ°åœå®¶å»ºèšããã»ã©ã®åé¡ã«ãªã£ãŠããªãã£ãææããã£ããããã¯ç¢ºãã«ããã°ã©ã ã§ã¯ããããäºç¹ãšãªãããã§ã¯ãªããããã¯åã«ãªãããŠããããšã®åž°çµã§ãããããªãã¡ãåºãã³ã³ã»ã³ãµã¹ãåºã«ãããã®ãåºãã£ãŠããããã°ã©ã ãšãã®æ¹æ³ãªã®ã ããããŠããã¯ãä¿¡é Œã倱ã£ãïŒåœå®¶ã®ïŒã¢ã€ãã³ãã£ãã£ã®ç Žå£ã§ãããã1970幎ããã90幎代ãŸã§ç¶ããã¹ãã©ã€ãããã¢ã«ãã£ãŠè¡šåºãããéäºã¯ããããžã§ã¯ããšããŠã®åœæ°åœå®¶ã§ã¯ãªããäž»ãšããŠäžå
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Volume#40 Architecture of Peace Reloaded
Loaded Arjen Oosterman -- ããŒããã ãšãŒãžã§ã³ã»ãªãŒã¹ã¿ãŒãã³ http://volumeproject.org/2014/07/loaded/
The busier this globe gets, the more impact disturbances have. Take the recently published UNHCR figures on refugees. An all time record â for as far as these statistics date back to (1986) â of over fifty million refugees worldwide. This is a massive stream of people on the run, mainly caused by violence. More than the entire population of South Korea, or South Africa, or Spain. It is a disturbing and sad figure of course, but why did we pay attention, why did it hit the news? Because the exceptional attracts attention, not a condition per se. -- äžçãããããªããªãã°ãªãã»ã©ãè¡çªã®é害ãå¢ãããé£æ°ã«é¢ããè¿åã®UNHCRã«åºãŠããæ°åãèŠãŠã¿ããšãäžçäžã®é£æ°ã5åäžãè¶ãããšããå²äžæãé«ãèšé²â1986幎ããã®çµ±èšããŒã¿ã®äžã§ããšãã話ã ãâãåºãŠãããããã¯åããŠãã人ã
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Reading about this, a whole series of questions came to my mind. What is the difference between a refugee and an asylum seeker (the report differentiates between fifty million refugees and 1.2 million asylum seekers) and does that make a difference on a humanitarian level? Is the figure indicative of a more violent world today (some research suggests that weâre living in a safer world than ever before) and should we look at this subject in terms of the number of conflicts, the number of people affected, or the risk per capita, per region, or per ethnic background? -- ãããèªã¿ãªãããããã€ãã®é£ãªã£ãçåãç§ã®é ã«æµ®ããã§ãããé£æ°ãšäº¡åœåžæè
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The moment you zoom in on a remarkably round figure like fifty million its simplicity and directness evaporate. So it is a matter of framing to get the message across. -- 5åäžãšãã泚ç®ãã¹ãæŠç®ã«è¿ã¥ããŠã¿ããšãããã®ç°¡çŽ ããçŽæ¥æ§ã¯æ¶ããŠãªããªããã€ãŸããããã¯ãã®ã¡ãã»ãŒãžãç解ãããããã®ãã¬ãŒãã³ã°ã®åé¡ãªã®ã ã
And this is precisely why the subject of this issue of Volume is such a wicked one: the role of architecture in the context of post-conflict reconstruction. There is no simple message, no record to break; there is only complexity to present. Take a look up close. Construction, consciously designed or not, is intimately connected to the post-conflict condition. The local situation is usually fundamentally changed by the conflict â after, it is a different world. But physically the more profound change happens after the armistice and the start of peacekeeping. Peacekeeping itself is a major influence, bringing in a modernity that was not asked for by at least part of the population. Then, various flows of people are changing the scene (the homecoming of demobilized combatants, the return of refugees), creating a huge demand for housing that drives both speculation and construction. There is of course destruction to cope with â to replace what has been lost (should we rebuild or reconstruct, should we erase or restore? Dilemmas). And then all sorts of unregulated streams of capital flow mostly solidified in property construction. The list is incomplete, but the picture is clear in its blurriness and confusion. -- ãªãä»å·ã®Volumeããããªå€ãã£ãããŒãã«ãªã£ãã®ããã®çç±ããŸãã«ããã ããã¹ãã³ã³ããªã¯ãã®åæ§ç¯ãšããæèã«ããã建ç¯ã®åœ¹å²ãã·ã³ãã«ãªã¡ãã»ãŒãžã¯ãªããç Žãã¹ãèšé²ããªããæ瀺ãã¹ãè€éæ§ã®ã¿ããããããã«è¿ãã£ãŠèŠãŠã¿ãããæèçã«ãã¶ã€ã³ããããã®ã ãããããã§ãªããããã建èšã¯ãã¹ãã³ã³ããªã¯ãã®ç¶æ³ãšæ·±ãã€ãªãã£ãŠãããå°åã®ç¶æ³ã¯ãããŠãåºæ¬çã«ã¯ã³ã³ããªã¯ãã«ãã£ãŠå€åãããããŠããŸãâãã®åŸãç°ãªã£ãäžçããã£ãŠãããã§ãç©ççã«ã¯ãåæŠãšå¹³åç¶æã®ã¯ããŸãã®åŸã«ãããæ ¹æ¬çãªå€åãèµ·ãããå¹³åç¶æãã®ãã®ã¯å€§ããªåœ±é¿ã§ãã£ãŠãå°ãªããšãããŸãã人ã
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It is not easy to frame this in simple terms as challenge or task. The situation is complex and so is the role of architecture. To understand this complexity is crucial for any contribution or intervention in this arena aiming at a positive effect in the long run. If Volume 26 was a cry for attention to this very subject and indicating some major themes, Volume 40 is a zoom-in on whatâs happening on the ground. We actually wanted to look at a longer period, from initial intervention up to the point where a society is stable and self-sustaining again, but contributors were reluctant to address this time span. It is difficult of course. There is no laboratory to try out various architectural solutions and test their outcome in an objectively comparable way. On the other hand, if intention and result are in concord, that can be taken as an indication that the project was not wrong. -- ããããã£ã¬ã³ãžã ãšãã¿ã¹ã¯ã ãšããšããç°¡åãªèšèã§åãåãããšã¯é£ãããç¶æ³ã¯è€éã§ã建ç¯ã®åœ¹å²ããŸãåããªã®ã ããã®è€éããç解ããããšã¯é·æçãªèŠç¹ããèŠãŠå¹æçãªåœ±é¿ãããããã®åå£ã«å¯äžããä»å
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In the exhibition that followed Volume 26, called The Good Cause, we gathered projects we think are convincing contributions, believable attempts towards a positive peace. This exhibition, created for the CCA in Montreal, was also shown in Kigali, Rwanda. This year we were able to expand the exhibition with a chapter on âPeace and Justiceâ, as shown at Stroom Den Haag in spring. And now, you are reading this text after the opening in the Architekturmuseum der TU MÃŒnchen, with an additional chapter on âDivided Cities in Europeâ â weâve included the catalogue as an insert in this issue. So we continue to explore the theme in its various aspects. Next year the exhibition will travel to Istanbul and Ankara with a focus on refugees. This is only to say that to understand the very complexity is of the essence. -- Volume26å·ã«ç¶ãå±èŠ§äŒãThe Good Causeãã«ãããŠãå¯äžãå€ããªããŠãããšãšããããããããªãç§ãã¡ãèãããšããã®ãããžãã£ããªå¹³åã®ããã®ä¿¡é Œã§ããè©Šã¿ãè¡ã£ãŠãããããžã§ã¯ããéãããã¢ã³ããªãªãŒã«ã®CCAã®ããã«çµã¿ç«ãŠããããã®å±èŠ§äŒã¯ãã«ã¯ã³ãã¯ãã¬ãªã«ãå·¡åããããã®å¹Žç§ãã¡ã¯ãæ¥ã«ã¹ãããŒã ã»ãã³ã»ããŒã°ãèš»ïŒãªã©ã³ãã«ããã¢ãŒãïŒå»ºç¯ãã¥ãŒãžã¢ã ãã§èŠãããããªããå¹³åãšæ£çŸ©ãã«é¢ããäžç« ããã®å±èŠ§äŒã®ããã«ä»ãå ããããšãã§ããããããŠä»ãᅵᅵᅵã¥ã³ãã³å·¥ç§å€§åŠå»ºç¯ãã¥ãŒãžã¢ã ã§ã®ãªãŒããã³ã°ã®åŸã«ãã®ããã¹ããèªãã§ããã£ãŠããããããšãŒãããã®åæãããéœåžãã«é¢ãããããªãäžç« ãå¢ããŠããâãã®å·ã«ããã®ã«ã¿ãã°ãä»é²ãšããŠã€ããããšããããšã§ç§ãã¡ã¯ãã®ããŒããæ§ã
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It seems the times are with us on this subject. The attention has shifted in architecture from author to project and social effect, but also the need for architects to find their own projects instead of receiving assignments, to create a market instead of delivering to the market, makes it easier to engage talented designers to dedicate time and energy. Because that is what it asks. There is no quick fix in post-conflict situations and hardly any glory. It requires stamina and dedication, and a feel for the adventurous, because the pay, in general, is poor. -- ãã®ããŒãã«é¢ããŠãæ代ã¯ç§ãã¡ãšãšãã«ããããã«èŠãããé¢å¿ã¯å»ºç¯ã«ãããŠäœè
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There are more signs of hope: a cautious mentality shift in the military on the role and effect of peacekeeping missions; and an awareness among institutions and organizations that spatial issues need extra expertise; but maybe most importantly the awareness that after an age of absorbing modernity, we can no longer by-pass the local. It has to be integrated in our procedures and approach. -- åžæã®å
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Volume#39 Urban Border
A City in the Making Arjen Oosterman -- çãŸãã€ã€ããéœåž ãšãŒãžã§ã³ã»ãªãŒã¹ã¿ãŒãã³
Itâs rare that a cityâs birth certificate survives, but here it is: a map of Hong Kong full of marks and notes. It is an intriguing document, but our attention should go to the upper left corner, where in the âwhite spaceâ of mainland China the Shekou peninsula is encircled as the new harbor and industrial location of what was to become the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone; conveniently situated and easy to control. The map with personal marks and handwritten notes makes history tangible. It all started with an idea and a location. - éœåžã®åºç蚌ææžãæ®ã£ãŠããããšãªããŠããŸããªããã§ããããèŠãŠã»ãããèšå·ãã¡ã¢ã§æº¢ããéŠæž¯ã®å°å³ã ã奜å¥å¿ããããããèšé²ã ããå·Šäžã®äžåœæ¬å³¶ã®ãäœçœããèå£ãShekouãå島ããæ°ããªæž¯ãšããŠããããŠæ·±å³çµæžç¹åºãšãªãã¹ãç£æ¥å°åºãšããŠãå²ãããŠãããšããã«ç®ãè¡ãã䟿å©ãªäœçœ®ã«ãã£ãŠãã³ã³ãããŒã«ã容æãªãšãªã¢ãå人çãªèšå·ãšææžãã®ã¡ã¢ã€ãã®å°å³ã«ãã£ãŠãæŽå²ãå
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At the time, Shenzhen was internationally recognized for its big numbers. Itâs phenomenal growth rate and speed of development tickled the imagination. While Rem Koolhaas lectured about the speed of production in the Pearl River Delta â stunning his audience with calculations indicating that an architect in that area would have less than eleven hours to design a whole skyscraper â we were confronted with this practice for real. Inside a Shenzhen school of architecture, looking out a window, my eye was attracted by five apartment towers in the distance. They looked quite similar to a graduation project I had just seen. Asking the Dean about it I couldnât stop myself saying: âThat student didnât go far for his inspirationâ, pointing at the towers outside. âOn the contraryâ, the Dean replied, âthose towers were built to his design after he graduatedâ. While young architects in the west would be really happy to have a villa extension or five row houses as first assignment, here a thirty floor multi-tower apartment complex seemed to be the norm. - åœæãæ·±å³ã¯åœéçã«ã¯ãã®å€§ããªæ°ã«ãã£ãŠèªèãããŠããããã®æ°ãšã¯ãé©ç°çãªæé·çãšæ³åãããããçºå±ã¹ããŒãã®ããšã ãã¬ã ã»ã³ãŒã«ããŒã¹ãç æ±ãã«ã¿ã«ãããçç£ã¹ããŒãã«ã€ããŠã¬ã¯ãã£ãŒãããªãã§âãã®å°åã®å»ºç¯å®¶ã§ããã°11æéãçµããªãéã«é«å±€ãã«ãã²ãšã€èšèšããŠããŸãããšãããããªããšã瀺ãèšç®ãããŠãèãã«æ¥ãŠãã人ãã¡ãåç¶ãšãããŠããâãç§ãã¡ã¯å®éèµ·ãã£ãŠããããšãç®ã®åœããã«ããããã ãæ·±å³ã®å»ºç¯åŠæ ¡ã®äžããçªã®å€ãèŠããšããé ãã«èŠãã5ã€ã®ã¢ããŒãã¡ã³ãã¿ã¯ãŒã«ç®ã奪ãããããããã¯ç§ãã€ããã£ãèŠãåæ¥èšèšäœåãšãšãŠã䌌éã£ãŠãããåŠé·ã«ãã®ããšãå°ãããšããç§ã¯å€ã®ã¿ã¯ãŒãæããªããã€ãã€ãããèšã£ãŠããŸã£ããããã®åŠçã¯èªåã®ã€ã³ã¹ãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ãããŸãçãããŠããŸããããããšãåŠé·ã¯ããè¿ãããããšãã§ããªãããããã®ã¿ã¯ãŒã¯åœŒãåæ¥ããåŸã圌èªèº«ã®ãã¶ã€ã³ã«æ²¿ã£ãŠå»ºãŠããããã®ã§ããã西æŽã®è¥ã建ç¯å®¶ã§ããã°ãæåã®ä»äºãšããŠãŽã£ã©ã®å¢ç¯ã5é£æ£ã®äœå®
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Returning after sixteen years, the city has matured. The 1997 model was for real, the proposed center did materialize, and also on a more general level the city has become more normal, a bit easier to relate to. Easier, not easy, since structurally the city is an intricate patchwork of historic relations and autonomous developments, held together by the main road structure and metro lines. It is mind-boggling to realize that in a city of fifteen million, almost every building or piece of infrastructure is 35 years old at most. But looking around, there is a growing sense of history, a mix of older and newer, of well-designed and improvised parts, of decay and renewal that creates a sense of place. - 16幎ãçµã£ãŠããã®éœåžã¯æçããã1997幎ã®ã¢ãã«ãçŸå®ãšãªããææ¡ãããŠããäžå¿ãå®çŸããããäžè¬çãªã¬ãã«ã§ãéœåžã¯ããæ®éã«ãã¡ãã£ãšã ãèªåãã¡ã«ãšã£ãŠãç解ããã容æã«ãªã£ãããããã容æã«ãªã£ããã®ã§ãã£ãŠã容æã«ãªã£ãããã§ã¯ãªãããªããªãæ§é çã«ãã®éœåžã¯æŽå²çé¢ä¿æ§ãèªåŸçãªçºå±ã®å
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And here the new story begins. Shenzhen was produced by borders, by drawing a line and defining a zone of exclusion. Yet its aim was and is to mediate between territories and in the long run to do away with the borders altogether â the Hong Kong border is to expire in 2047, finally integrating that territory in the Pearl River Delta megalopolis uninterruptedly. The city was created and built as a tool for a purpose, a production and prosperity machine, a commodity; now it faces the challenge to stay subservient to this political-economic agenda or start working on its own reality. Should the conclusion be that once this goal of balancing developments inside different parts of China (Hong Kong being one of them) and of China with economically more developed parts of the world has been achieved, Shenzhen can be discarded, dissolved like the inner border with China was gradually dissolved? To move away, follow the money, follow capital on its search for better profit, like factories in Shenzhen already do, moving to cheaper labor countries like Vietnam? Or should we conclude that Shenzhen has been animated successfully, that it has a soul that deserves fighting and caring for, a soul that will become more profound with age? - ãããŠããã§æ°ããªç©èªãå§ãŸããæ·±å³ã¯å¢çç·ã«ãã£ãŠãããªãã¡ç·ãåŒãããšãæé€ã®é åãèŠå®ããããšã«ãã£ãŠçã¿åºãããããã ãã®ãããã¯ãé åéã仲ä»ããããšã ã£ãããããŸãããã§ãé·ãç®ã§èŠããšãçµå±ã¯ãã®é åãæé€ããããšã«ããâéŠæž¯å¢çç·ã¯2047幎ã«å€±å¹ããããšã«ãªã£ãŠããŠãæçµçã«ãã®é åã¯çããªãç æ±ãã«ã¿ã®ã¡ã¬ãããªã¹ãžãšçµ±åãããããã®éœåžã¯ã²ãšã€ã®ç®çãã²ãšã€ã®çç£ãšç¹æ æ©æ¢°ãååã®ããã®ããŒã«ãšããŠçã¿åºãã建ãŠãããŠãããããŸãããã¯æ¿æ²»çµæžçã¢ãžã§ã³ãã«åŸå±ãã¯ãããŠããããèªèº«ã®ãªã¢ãªãã£ã«åãçµã¿ã¯ãããŠãããããšãã課é¡ã«çŽé¢ããŠãããäžåœã®åå°åïŒéŠæž¯ã¯ããã€ããããããã®äžã®ã²ãšã€ïŒå
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Asking the question is answering it. At least Shenzhenâs planning department did, when they launched this Bi-City Biennale of Urbanism\Architecture (UABB) in 2005. At first this may have looked like a branding operation. To make Shenzhen visible on the global cultural scene, a biennial seems the effective thing to do. Other port towns did. Rotterdam was not known for its cultural climate, nor was Liverpool. It is something to work on, with minor investment a lot can be done. The UABB could also be seen as the application of a by now well-known and tested redevelopment formula, deployed in almost every larger city in the world: attract a creative class of small entrepreneurs by offering empty industrial building stock for next to nothing, and witness a creative industry blossom, transforming the industrial production economy into a postindustrial service economy. One could even argue that the UABB is a local affair, that Shenzhen is taking care of its own problems and uses the biennale as a tool to experiment and kick-start redevelopment. All this can be said and all this is not untrue. - åããç«ãŠãããšã¯ããã«çããããšã ã2005幎ã®ãã®ãBi-City Biennale of Urbanism/ArchitectureïŒUABBïŒã¢ãŒãããºã ãšå»ºç¯ã®ãã€ã»ã·ãã£ããšã³ããŒã¬ïŒããã¯ããããšãã«ã¯ãå°ãªããšãæ·±å³ã®éœåžèšç»å±ã¯ãããããæåããã¯ãã©ã³ãã£ã³ã°æäœã®ããã«ãèŠãããããããªããäžççãªæåã·ãŒã³ã«ãããŠæ·±å³ãç®ç«ãããããã«ãããšã³ããŒã¬ã¯å¹æçãªããšã«æããããä»ã®æž¯çºã¯ããããããããã«ãã ã¯ãã®æåç颚朮ã«ãã£ãŠç¥ãããŠããããã§ããªããããªãããŒã«ã ã£ãŠåããããã¯ããããã®ããšãã§ããå°èŠæš¡æè³ããããŠåãçµãã¹ããã®ãªã®ã ãUABBã¯ãããŸã§ã¯ãäžçäžã»ãšãã©å
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But it is fascinating to witness this transformation of an urban condition, the growing awareness and will to give direction. - ã§ãããã®éœåžç¶æ³ã®å€å®¹ããããªãã¡ãæ¹åæ§ãäžããŠããããããªããŸããŸãå€ããªãæ°ã¥ããšææãç®æããã®ã¯é
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Shenzhen is redefining its attractions, is redefining the way to go about it too. Potentially it is an example for other cities in China and beyond. That makes this UABB interesting on an international scale. No need to compare this biennale with Venice for instance; it is a different animal. In Shenzhen there is something at stake. The bigger plan is to synchronize with Hong Kong, the urgency is to reinvent the economic formula based on labor-intensive industrial production and upgrade to a service economy, the challenge is to create a city that sustains such transformations. Up to now the city could deliver demands, and accommodate needs. Now it has the chance to transform in something more permanent, more sustainable. That quest starts with this fifth UABB\Shenzhen, presenting an inventory of phenomena and an experiment with space. As its creative director Ole Bouman put it aptly: the biennale as risk. - æ·±å³ã¯ãã®ã¢ãã©ã¯ã·ã§ã³ãåå®çŸ©ããåãçµã¿ã¯ãããæ¹æ³ãåå®çŸ©ããŠãããæœåšçã«ã¯ãäžåœããããè¶
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Volume#38 THE SHAPE of LAW
Law on the Line Arjen Oosterman and Brendan Cormier -- å¢çç·äžã®æ³ ãšãŒãžã§ã³ã»ãªãŒã¹ã¿ãŒãã³ïŒãã¬ã³ãã³ã»ã³ã«ããŒã«
Letâs talk about law and faith. The law requires a certain faith â faith that it will perform in our collective best interest. Last year in particular, it was easy to lose that faith. Several high-profile cases brought to light incongruities in our judicial systems that unduly exonerated some, while persecuting others. Take the case of Wall Street. Following the 2008 crash, the US government put together its best legal team to root out what went wrong and who were the culprits. In a case where rapacious greed and gross misconduct were clearly at play, the government failed to prosecute a single major banker. Or look to the cold-blooded murder of Trayvon Martin by neighborhood vigilante George Zimmerman. Using Floridaâs âStand Your Groundâ law, lawyers were able to justify the racially-charged murder of a defenseless boy. Then thereâs Guantanamo Bay, a prison run by the âmost democratic nationâ in the world, still holding people stripped of their rights. All of this is technically legal. - æ³ãšä¿¡å¿µã«ã€ããŠè©±ããŠã¿ãããæ³ã¯äžå®ã®ä¿¡å¿µãæ±ããâç§ãã¡ã®éåçãªæ倧å©çã«å¯ŸããŠæ©èœãããããªä¿¡å¿µãããšãããæšå¹Žã¯ããããªä¿¡å¿µã容æã«èŠå€±ããããªäºä»¶ããã£ããããã€ãã®æ³šç®ã济ã³ããããªäºä»¶ããäžæ¡çã«ãããã®ã解æŸããä»ã迫害ãããããªåžæ³ã·ã¹ãã ã®ãªãã®äžèª¿åã«å
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As usual with these matters, we run the risk of straying too far from architecture. But the law is an inherently spatial affair; it conditions not only our behavior but also the spaces we build. Think of the balcony at the Ecuadorian Embassy, where Assange was able to deliver a press conference. In this case, architecture via the law, created a podium for a wanted man to speak. Or look at the transit zone at Sheremetyevo airport where Snowden was able to plot his next move, without technically stepping foot on Russian soil. - ããããåé¡ã«ã€ããã®ã§ã¯ããããVOLUMEã«ãšã£ãŠãã®ãããã¯ã¯ã建ç¯ããããŸãã«ãé ãã«è¡ãéããŠããŸãã®ã§ã¯ãªããããšï¿œï¿œï¿œããªã¹ã¯ãããããããæ³ã¯æ¬è³ªçã«ç©ºéçãªãã®ã ãããã¯ç§ãã¡ã®ãµããŸãã®ã¿ãªãããç§ãã¡ãã€ãã空éãæ¡ä»¶ã¥ããŠãããã¢ãµã³ãžããã¬ã¹äŒè°ãè¡ã£ããšã¯ã¢ãã«å€§äœ¿é€šã®ãã«ã³ããŒãèããŠã¿ããããã®å Žåãæ³ãçµç±ããããšã§ã建ç¯ã¯æåæé
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These are exceptional cases, to be fair. Far more banal yet arguably more impactful, is the long list of rules an architect must abide by to run a successful practice. Procurement processes, professional certification, liability insurance, copyrights and patents â dull for sure â but it all restricts what an architect can do. Furthermore it incites the specter of litigation, the death knell for any small practice. And the regulations keep coming â over the last decades, architectural practice has heaped on more codes and protocols to both protect itself but also restrict its agency. - æ£çŽãªãšããããããã¯äŸå€çãªã±ãŒã¹ã ããã£ãšãã£ãšå¡åºžã§ãã§ãã»ãŒééããªãããã€ã³ãã¯ãã«æº¢ããŠãããã®ã¯ãã²ãšãã®å»ºç¯å®¶ãå®è·µãæåãããããã«åãæ¢ããªããã°ãªããªãã«ãŒã«ã®é·ããªã¹ããªã®ã ã調éæé ããããã§ãã·ã§ãã«ãªèªèšŒãæå®³è³ åä¿éºãã³ããŒã©ã€ããšããã³ãâ確ãã«éå±âã§ããããã¯å
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Then there are the laws that define what gets built, mostly well-intentioned rules designed for safety and well-being: maximum heights, fire codes, setbacks, etc. But the slow pace at which the laws change, insure that some absurdities remain â for instance a British standard that mandates all windows be a height and size cleanable by a 65 year-old woman. These local peculiarities stick out when an architect travels abroad and sees the absence of regulations in similar situations. For the globally ambitious architect, such laws become a thorn in the side, seen increasingly as parochial in a globalized world. Furthermore when engineering and new digital production can create impossible architectural forms, the law remains the limiting factor. - ãã ã建ãŠããããã®ãèŠå®ãããããªæ³ããããã»ãšãã©ã¯å®å
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At a broader level, architecture is dictated by the laws that shape society, and in turn the kinds of commissions being offered. For instance, in a nation that legally promotes home ownership, but also allows for extreme income disparities, the demand for luxury villas will far outweigh that for public housing. For the socially-minded architect, this, of course, causes friction. How does an architect, with an ambition to create open democratic spaces, deal with the anti-homosexual laws of Uganda, or the abortion laws of Ireland, or slave labor in Qatar? - ããåºãã¬ãã«ã§ã建ç¯ã¯ç€ŸäŒã圢ã¥ããæ³ã«ãã£ãŠæ±ºããããããããŠãã®ãããã«ããçš®ã®ã³ããã·ã§ã³ãå¿
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Perhaps most alarming, which the case of Guantanamo Bay makes clear, is that there is an outside to the law. Law is not all pervasive. When civil law stops, military law doesnât simply take over. The most alarming is not a lack of law, but the discovery that âoutsideâ can coexist with âinsideâ. That the legal system can declare moments, places, and individuals as being outside when it chooses to. The right of exclusion. - ãããããã°ã¢ã³ã¿ãã¢æ¹Ÿã®äºäŸãã¯ã£ãããšãããããã«ããã£ãšã泚æããªããã°ãªããªãã®ã¯ãæ³ã«ã¯å€åŽãããããšããããšã ãæ³ã¯ãããããã®ã«è¡ãæž¡ã£ãŠããããã§ã¯ãªããæ°æ³ãæ¢ãŸã£ããšããè»æ³ã¯å®å
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At this point we might all throw our hands up, and give in. For the law has the look and posture of an immovable beast. But noisily giving up is an adolescent attitude. While the law might be obstinate, it isnât static, and a mature position is to look at how to ultimately change it rather than simply deny it. For instance, the other day it was reported that the eighty-five richest people in the world owned about as much wealth as the poorest fifty percent. A terrible statistic, but that didnât just happen overnight. It was created through decades of lobbying for laws that favored the one percent, through the creation of special zones of exception, through disingenuous rhetoric of trickle-down and freedom. - ããã§ç§ãã¡ã¯ãæäžãã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããè«ŠããããåŸãªããªããæ³ã¯åããåŸãªãç£ã®ãªããšæ
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To give a negative picture some light, history is marked by the many great figures and movements that have successfully fought for rights and legislation to improve society. Weâve come a long way. And that fight continues with countless NGOs and organizations trying to tackle contemporary social problems. Architects need to steal a page from their playbook. They have a toolset to work with, to expose, subvert, by-pass and even ignore the law. Or create new facts on the ground, changing the law by consequence. In the end, architecture is not just about making good buildings; itâs about insuring that the proper conditions exist to make good buildings. - ãã¬ãã£ããªçµµã«å
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Volume#37 Is this not a pipe?
Machines for Architecture to Be Lived in Jeffrey Inaba -- äœãããã®å»ºç¯ã®ããã®æ©æ¢° ãžã§ããªãŒã»ã€ãã
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Volume#03 Broadcasting Architecture
The C-LAB case file on Broadcasting Architecture Jeffrey Inaba, Felicity D. Scott, Nadar Vossoughia -- ãããŒããã£ã¹ãã£ã³ã°ã»ã¢ãŒããã¯ãã£ãŒC-LABã±ãŒã¹ãã¡ã€ã«Jeffrey Inaba, Felicity D. Scott, Nadar Vossoughia
The escalation in output was especially true for academic institutions. Schools of architecture put more titles into print than ever before. By subsidizing development and production, they enabled a wide range scholarly and experimental material to come onto the market that would have otherwise never seen the light of day. In the late 1990s we hit a high point in quantity. Architecture publications overall and U.S. school-sponsored print runs both hit record highs and have subsequently peaked (see, "Avery Index" and "American Publishing System"). The only thing that continues to rise is amount we charge. According to a study sponsored by the Association of Research Libraries, the Association of American Universities, and the Pew Higher Education Roundtable, the price tag for academic journals in general during the decade increased at a rate more than three times greater than that of the U.S. consumer price index and at twice the growth rate of health care costs. In other words, we supplied a ton of print at inflated prices. The cooling period we're currently experiencing offers a moment to pause and wonder if publishing should remain the medium we primarily use to make knowledge publicly available. Publishing will not perish. But can it be sustained as the nearly exclusive way we transmit knowledge? For schools of architecture can publishing remain synonymous with meaningful communication? -- ãšãããåŠè¡æ©é¢ã«ãããŠã¢ãŠããããã®æ¿åãèµ·ãã£ãŠããã建ç¯æè²æ©é¢ã¯ããŸãŸã§ã«ãªãã»ã©å€ãã®ã¿ã€ãã«ã掻åã«ããŠããããããã掻åãžã®æ¯æŽã«ãã£ãŠãããã§ãªããã°æ¥ã®ç®ãèŠãªãã£ãã ããå¹
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The conventional wisdom is that mainstream broadcasting is up to its keister in content. To reach valued viewers, the 'industry' is narrowing the beam, customizing what it packages to target the interests of coveted demographic niches. Narrowcasting is what the field of architecture does well. But have we become so effective at addressing our core readers that we've saturated our market for ideas? A glance at the mainstream media world suggests that while we may be over-stocking our niche we are underselling ourselves in the open market. -- æ
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Far and wide, images of architecture are being broadcast. Even in the medium of print, architecture circulates in the public domain more than any architecture publishing mogul has envisioned, or has at least dared to mention in print. New forms of architecture (logo, money shot, head shot, sound-bite, backdrop) are appearing everywhere. Advertisements, newspapers, big-time magazines, postage stamps, all make use of these forms for material and meaning. Architecture even appears prominently on money. For example, the euro is one of the highest circulating forms of printed matter to use images of architecture to substantiate its value (see, "Selling Money"). And as the presence of architecture increases in other media, as it hits the airwaves from public radio to MTV and it travels through digital environments, in what way will we be involved in the transmission, rhetorical management, and licensing of its use? Take Frank Gehry's architecture as a case in point. A look at his work in this regard might warrant a re-coining of the term, "The Bilbao Effect," to something that refers to the identifiable imagery of his work, like simply, "The Gehry Effect." While "The Bilbao Effect" profits a city that commissions a building, "The Gehry Effect" refers to the benefit any authorized or unauthorized broadcaster receives from the use of an image of a Gehry building or its design facsimile. His buildings frequently appear in ads and music videos - all without compensation to the architect. Gehry's work is so widely recognized, appreciated and freely broadcast that it has garnered the ultimate form of street respect, the Gehry re-dux. His projects are being re-mixed, his exteriors are being mirrored, sampled into interiors, scaled, and composed into new upbeat or down-tempo forms for the purposes of backdrop value (see, "The Two Franks"). As architecture gets broadcast, how can we influence, inspire and program the architecture of broadcasting? -- åºç¯å²ã«å»ºç¯ã®ã€ã¡ãŒãžãäŒéãããŠãããããšãå°å·ç©ãšããã¡ãã£ã¢ã«ãããŠã§ã建ç¯ã¯å
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The essays here explore how architects and designers are negotiating the expanded media exposure of their disciplines. For "Architecture Goes Public" David Stark and Monique Girard have documented architects' media performances during the urban design process for the WTC site. They argue that the architect's role as a director of presentations is a contemporary form of social and political demonstration. Laura Kurgan's poster maps of the WTC site then and now serve as a practical public guide to the current state of development. Keller Easterling offers observations on broadcasting inside the field of architecture. In, "Only the Many," she considers architecture's internal channels of communication, and in particular systems of collaboration developed by younger architects. In her introduction to C-LAB's, "Timeline of the Timeline," Jeannie Kim comments on the field's expertise at image production, describing our profession's skill to parse and explain history through images. Finally, two contributions present broadcasting projects conducted at hybrid academic institutions. Felicity Scott identifies untapped political strategies in her study of Emilio Ambasz's Universitas project. An allied "production agency," Universitas was to promote design as a strategic instrument 'for action' in social and media networks during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Nader Vossoughian interviews Bruce Mau on the Institute Without Boundaries, a contemporary academic enterprise that employs design toward a collective agenda that bridges 'commerce, ecology and the social realm.' -- ãã®è«èã¯ããã«å»ºç¯å®¶ããã¶ã€ããŒããèªèº«ã®åéã®åºãæå³ã§ã®ã¡ãã£ã¢é²åºãšæãåããã€ããŠããã®ããšããããšãæ¢ç©¶ããŠããããArchitecture Goes Publicããã€ãŸã建ç¯ãå
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Volume#26 Architecture of Peace
PEACE FIGHT Arjen Oosterman -- å¹³åã®æŠã ãšãŒãžã§ã³ã»ãªãŒã¹ã¿ãŒãã³
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