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Will it be beneficial to study SDN if you are CCNA certified?

Will it be beneficial to study SDN if you are CCNA certified?

CCNA is the leading IT certification course provided by Cisco for those IT experts working in the networking field. Upon completion of this job, the IT professionals can easily demonstrate to their companies that they understand how to strengthen Cisco ideas into the networking field.

To comprehend the SDN, think about just two technical functions in the IT networking field. One is programming, and the other one is dealing with the entire networking gadgets physically. So the SDN relates to the programming skills, which make it possible for any specific to interact with the Cisco devices. It is helpful to study SDN if any individual is in the networking field, regardless of whether he holds any Cisco certification.

SDN represents Software Defined Network, and besides Cisco, many other suppliers have likewise begun releasing this software-based integration to streamline their production efficiency and communicating with them rapidly. This automation is still in progress, which implies understanding SDN can be a plus for any CCNA. It would always be better to get certified in any higher-level IT certification course provided by Cisco.

They can then use these higher-level Cisco IT certs to get promoted to higher-level ranks and earn more money. In brief, many arguments support both two theories of getting licensed with one additional Cisco technical certification to discover SDN.

The reason behind the SDN popularity increase is also because of some restrictions to traditional networking. Traditional networking utilizes a distributed model where procedures like ARP, EIGRP, STP, and so on can be run independently on every network device, making these networking gadgets independent of interacting without any primary device having control over the whole network. Utilizing an SDN controller, the entire network can be managed and monitored according to the vendor’s requirement.

The SDN and CCNA, when combined with the skills of any IT professional working in the networking field, can be helpful to the individual, so it will be a great concept initially to get CCNA certified — going through the SDN and taking the abilities to the next level by getting other Cisco IT accreditations, which unquestionably requires some real difficult work and preparation and correct planning.

The individuals will need to stick with an excellent plan to plan for their whole career lead through all the Cisco IT accreditation courses. Cisco Exam disposes of can be used as an extra supplement in learning and quickly acquiring the abilities while practicing PASSHOT Cisco practice tests. These tests dispose and practice tests can be readily available all over the web.

The Cisco certified trainers are already preparing the PASSHOT Cisco practice tests, and practicing them guarantees to pass any of the Cisco exams in the first attempt.

Therefore, concluding to the end, it is easy to ascertain that the IT experts can enhance their abilities utilizing IT certification courses, which have now ended up being obligatory for these people to showcase their talent by becoming accredited from worldwide reputed technology giants like Cisco, Google, Amazon, RedHat, and so on. Those who choose to become certified get picked by the employers over their non-IT certified peers.

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Why SD-WAN is better choice than MPLS in 2021

Why SD-WAN is better choice than MPLS in 2021

Thinking about both of the above technologies in mind, we have to through each of them, including their advantages and shortcoming; we can easily choose which of them can be the best choice in 2020. Before taking a glimpse at both of them, SD-WAN is the innovation that has reinvented the IT networking market. SD-WAN has enabled companies to acquire better control over their networking gadgets utilizing a software-defined solution.

Formerly, the standard networks do not enable organizations to have more control over the gadgets since each of the networking devices, including routers and switches, has its own EIGRP, STP, ARP, etc. This indicates that they can be independently communicated; however, utilizing a software-defined technology, they can be more scalable and efficient at the same time.

Cisco SD-WAN solutions provide a cloud-based networking architect that can be handled quickly using Cisco’s vManage software application. This SD-WAN option can be monitored on a real-time basis.

On the other hand, MPLS is a multiprotocol label switching typically used to transfer crucial details over the internet utilizing dedicated links leased by Internet Service Providers (ISPs). When utilizing MPLS, the packets’ story is tagged with their particular labels permits the router to process them without doing thorough package analysis. Multiprotocol label switching circuits are likewise an ubiquitous yet crucial part of lots of services’ IT facilities.

These MPLS have extremely steep bandwidth expenses because they are much pricey than the essential broadband connections and priced per bandwidth basis. The banks mainly use them for their ATM services. MPLS have their advantages and some disadvantages, and cost issues are among the top of such impediments. Numerous companies have accepted using SD-WAN options besides their traditional networking options. This may not be as much affordable for them now. Still, in the future, they can quickly discover SD-WAN options cheaply when they switch utilizing hybrid options, i.e., running both SD-WAN and traditional networks parallel.

In short, the SD-WAN innovation will be a more cost-effective, highly trusted, and scalable technology that will replace the traditional networking options in the future. Cisco and its other rivals have been offering such SD-WAN options to their vendors. However, it is tough to count on other than Cisco as if the service provided by Cisco’s competitor is software-defined or not.

Cisco is the pioneer in the network options market, making it an innovation giant that also provides IT experts certifications for enhancing their skills. These accreditations are challenging since they are developed to examine the person’s technical knowledge thoroughly. Those who want to take these accreditation tests need to prepare before appearing in this exam. The individuals have to prove their abilities in the examination before getting these abilities validated by Cisco.

There are many methods where the individuals can prepare for their upcoming tests, and the resources like Cisco examination discards and the PASSHOT Cisco practice tests can be a simple alternative for supplementing the brain.

They also include related info about the SD-WAN and MPLS and concluding the topic. Both SD-WAN and MPLS have their applications; however, the SD-WAN up until now can be the much better choice to be selected in 2021.PASS HOT

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What are the curricula in the brand-new CCNA?

What are the curricula in the brand-new CCNA?

You could use the CCNA syllabus to help the prospects choose whether you want to attempt this certification. The CCNA 200–301 course syllabus would offer you a great idea of what you would need to discover to end up being accredited.

IP Data Networks

The course would include information on how information networks work and how the network’s gadgets would work. It would be covering what TCP/IP models are and how information flows within the information network.

LAN Switching

It would likewise teach you the basics about working with switches work and running switches within a network. It would likewise teach you about verifying your networks using telnet, ping, and SSH and setting up and verifying switch operations.

IP Addressing

Courses covering this part of the syllabus are required to teach you about the requirement for IPv4 and IPv6. They ought to teach you the significant difference between personal and public IP addresses for IPv4. When you would have completed, you are required to describe what proper address plans would be for both IPv4 and IPv6, and you need to be able to discuss the running of IPv4 and IPv6 concurrently. You must also have the ability to define and explain the technologies required to run IPv4 and IPv6 together.

IP Routing

IP routing must be covering the essentials of what a router is in addition to basic routing ideas. It needs to teach you about the process of booting a Cisco router, how to set up a router using the command line process and validating your serial and Ethernet interfaces.

IP Services

A course in IP Services that would be preparing you for the CCNA accreditation test need to teach you what DHCP is and about verifying DHCP on your Cisco router. It needs to explain what ACL is and what would be the functions and applications of type of ACL would be. It needs to also teach and explain to you the critical operation of NAT and the setup of NAT.

Network Security

A course in network security needs to teach you about Network Security. You also need to be proficient in the configuration of other networking gadget security functions.

Troubleshooting

The CCNA accreditation examination might concern various troubleshooting problems, so a CCNA certification course should consist of details about repairing numerous networking problems. It would help if you needed to learn to troubleshoot fundamental router operations. It would help if you discovered how to monitor data and how to make use of NetFlow.

Now that you have obtained the knowledge about what you would have in your CCNA Exam, you must be looking forward to getting in-depth knowledge concerning the same and acquire this certification. If so, you ought to check out the PASSHOT CCNA Braindump to attain success in your first attempt.

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Obtain These 4 Core Abilities and Become an IT Pro in 2021

Obtain These 4 Core Abilities and Become an IT Pro in 2021

With great deals of prospective locations of development in IT, how would you have the ability to narrow your focus? After looking into completely, the tech recruiters and professionals to share some crucial tech locations, you could consider building the skills as an IT Professionals this year.

1. Agile:

Over the previous year and 2020, we would have been investing significantly in my nimble abilities, as per the founder of Project Management Essentials, Alan Zucker. Scrum Alliance now would be providing Advanced Scrum Master and Scrum Professional accreditations beyond the foundational Scrum Master training.

2. Programming as well as web application advancement:

Some technical abilities spaces would continue to develop opportunities for tech professionals thinking about growing their professions or increasing their marketability. In particular, the two of the hottest requirements for new functions right now are Python and React.

Python (setting language) is considered rather popular right now, mainly for its detailed possible utilization in different software advancement, facilities management, and information analysis workflows, according to the director of recruitment of TalentLab, Sarah Doughty. Reacting would be presented as the most popular JavaScript library for web application development and would likely to be continuing to be an essential sought-after skill throughout 2020.

3. Data analytics:

Understanding your data would be motivating smarter as well as quick service services. My recommendation for specialists who want to stay significant in the IT workforce is to dig into company data analytics. You could begin by trying out or getting trained in using the Data Studio, Microsoft Power BI, or Mixpanel for the product and user behavioral analytics.

4. Open source tools:

Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana are thought to be another thing worth looking into if you wish to get the upskilled. ELK is considered to be an intelligent tool for handling your logs. The system would help you gather records from various systems, places, and applications and put them in one place. The plan would allow you to evaluate the logs, develop visualizations for applications, and infrastructure monitoring and security analytics.

Top core abilities: Showcase your EQ.

Complex tech abilities could only take you so far in your career, according to the employers. To play a more integral function in your company, you would likewise have to develop core abilities, which are likewise referred to as soft skills — such as interaction, versatility, and emotional intelligence.

Honing complex abilities, like experience with an in-demand shows language, would have the ability to assist you out in tech specialists advance their professions; however, having a specific technical knowledge is thought about to be no longer sufficient to see your tech profession grow. Business leaders would be providing more weight to soft skills in 2020 than they would be ever had before, based on the words of Doughty.

Now that you have obtained the knowledge about the abilities required to endure in the IT Sector, you should also get the PASSHOT IT Certification Exam Dumps to assist you to attain success in your very first effort.

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Newest CCNP Security Salary & Job Description in 2021

Newest CCNP Security Salary & Job Description in 2021

Software and networking would be ending up being increasingly more interconnected day by day, developing an even higher requirement for scalable, robust security throughout all platforms, from networks to mobile phones.

With intent-based networking, security groups would benefit from automation for scaling their security solutions. For taking advantage of these opportunities, today’s security professionals would need a broader series of abilities and a more in-depth focus in strategic innovation locations.

The CCNP Security accreditation program would be able to provide you precisely that breadth and depth. Also, you would need to enlist yourself in excellent and reputable training courses like such used by the PASSHOT for getting this certification.

Cisco would have created the CCNP Security certification to help the prospects prove their skills in the ever-changing landscape of security technologies. The certificate would be covering core technologies as well as a security focus location of your option.

Advantages

· Showing the world you know your things by getting a high-value accreditation

· Customizing your accreditation to your technical focus.

· Positioning yourself to achieve improvement in the busy world of security innovations.

· Adding security automation skills to your locations of proficiency.

· Earning a Specialist accreditation for clearing any CCNP examination — core or concentration.

· Qualifying for the CCIE Security lab exam by clearing the CCNP core exam.

· Linking that CCNP accreditation badge to all your social media profiles would provide you the recognition.

Earning your CCNP Security accreditation

The CCNP Security accreditation program would be preparing you for today’s professional-level job roles in security technologies. One of the industry’s most appreciated certifications, CCNP, would verify the core understanding you require while offering the versatility to choose a focus location.

For making CCNP Security, you would require to clear two exams: a core examination and a concentration exam of your choice.

The core examination, otherwise known as Implementing and Operating Cisco Security Core Technologies v1.0 with examination code 350–701 SCOR, would be concentrating on your understanding of security facilities which would be consisting of network security, content security, exposure, cloud security, endpoint detection, and protection, safe network gain access to, and enforcement.

· The core examination is likewise considered the exam through which you could even get approved for CCIE Security accreditation.

Concentration examinations would be concentrating on emerging and industry-specific subjects like the Cisco Firepower, e-mail security, identity services, web security, VPNs, and automation. You would have the ability to prepare for concentration exams by taking matching Cisco training courses.

You could select your CCNP Security concentration exam from these options:

· Automating and Programming Cisco Security Solutions

· Implementing and Configuring Cisco Identity Services Engine

· Implementing Secure Solutions with Virtual Private Networks

· Securing Email with Cisco Email Security Appliance

· Securing Networks with Cisco Firepower

· Securing the online with Cisco Web Security Appliance

Salary and Job Opportunities:

The CCNP Security certification and training program would provide real-world, job-focused abilities in essential locations. CCNP Security would be verifying the understanding which you require to master your job. If we speak about the salary, the CCNP Security expert salary would be ranging from around $87,915 per year for the post of Network Engineer to $109,474 per annum for the Network Security Engineer position.

Hence, if you wish to get your profession in Informational Security, you ought to obtain the CCNP Security Certification. For that, you will require proper and reliable training and research study discards providers like the PASSHOT.

Why Choose PASSHOT?

– 100% Pass Rate PASSHOT can guarantee

– 100% Real Exam and Questions PASSHOT supplies

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What are CCNP Data Center jobs in Dubai?

What are CCNP Data Center jobs in Dubai?

Over the last few years, Cisco accreditations have gotten popular astonishingly. Undoubtedly, Cisco certifications would be deemed the outright most necessary certificates in the field of computer system networking. About Cisco certifications, there would be an extensive range of choices. To help your career and assist you in opening brand-new doors in your career, you need the ideal accreditations.

Cisco introduced its primary certification program in 1998. The essential idea behind the accreditations was to supplement the CCIE or Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert program. Cisco would have extended its qualifications and supplies lots of certifications for experts of all experience levels from that point forward.

CCNP Overview:

CCNP or Cisco Certified Network Professional is considered the certification available for IT specialists with one year of expert experience in computer system networking. A diploma or equivalent in a significant field is also mandatory.

The CCNP accreditation would be created for professionals trying to find particular training programs to preserve, implement, and plan Cisco’s extensive range of high-end network option items. This distinct certification would cover an extensive range, which would spread out the fundamentals of computer system networking. A portion of these would be including:

Cisco advanced routing

Cisco multilayer changing

Cisco remote access

Converged network optimization

Scalable internet works

CCNP Data Center Certification and Training would cover core technologies and an information center that would be a focusing area of your option. You would be selecting where you prefer to focus. You choose where to take your career.

Amongst the industry’s most commonly respected and recognized certifications, CCNP would be setting you apart. It would be informing the world that you know about what you are doing. Also, completing any CCNP certification exam would have the ability to make you a Cisco Specialist certification to acquire recognition for your accomplishments along the way.

Advantages:

Seeing the world, you know your items with a high-value certification

Personalizing your certification to your technological focus

Positioning yourself for development in the hectic world of information center technologies

Adding information center automation skills to your areas of proficiency

Making a Specialist certification for clearing any CCNP examination — core or concentration

Receiving the CCIE Data Center lab exam by removing the CCNP core examination

Linking that CCNP certification badge to all your social media profiles

Here are a few of the job roles in addition to the Salary:

Network Administrator: AED 114k

Security Architect, IT: AED 390k

Network Architect: AED 192k

Systems Engineer (Computer Networking/ IT): AED 119k

Network Engineer: AED 87k

Sr. Network Engineer: AED 193k

Information Technology (IT) Manager: AED 131k

Suppose you wish to get the CCNP Data Center Certification and the job opportunities. In that case, you need to gain correct study products and likewise acquire the PASSHOT CCNP Data Center Exam Dumps. PASSHOT has assisted great deals of candidates to accomplish success in their highly first effort.

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Can I pass CCNA without experience?

Can I pass CCNA without experience?

I think that acquiring a CCNA accreditation is the initial step to prepare for an IT innovation career. To get the CCNA certification, you need to clear an examination based on software application advancement skills, the latest network innovation, and task functions, covering IT careers’ broad fundamentals. CCNA offers you the basis for advancement in any direction.

You may want to enter an innovation profession. Otherwise, you may want to climb up. Networks, software, and facilities will be significantly interconnected. To sign up with a technology career in this quickly changing environment, you require to understand the current network innovation and automation, security, programmability, and working with supervisors, which needs your knowledge. CCNA accreditation will take you where you wish to go.

The CCNA examination will cover a large variety of subjects, including network access, network fundamentals, security essentials, IP services, IP connectivity, and automation and programmability. The CCNA training courses and examinations have actually been re-adjusted with the latest technologies and positions and will supply you with the basis for advancement in any instructions.

The industry’s most appreciated and recognized associate-member level accreditation, the CCNA process, could not be more simple. All you have to do is pass an examination, and after that, you can finish it.

Prerequisites

There are no formal requirements for CCNA accreditation, but you should comprehend the exam subject before the examination begins.

CCNA candidates normally likewise have:

- One year or more of experience in managing and implementing Cisco services

- Basic IP addressing understanding

- Fully understand the basics of the network

It is unneeded to have a CCNA experience, but it is suggested that you understand a specific field.

Obtained CCNA accreditation

The CCNA program supplies you with extensive associate-level training and certifications that will focus on the technologies needed to manage and execute networks and IT infrastructure.

The CCNA accreditation just requires one exam, that is, 200–301 Cisco Certified Network Assistant (CCNA). This test will cover broad standard knowledge in any direction you want to attain. The management and application courses of Cisco Solutions (CCNA) can help you get ready for passing exams through hands-on laboratory practice to enhance practical work abilities.

In conclusion

Now that you have gotten in-depth information about the CCNA certification, and you may want to succeed with one effort. It is suggested that prospects get a dump of the PASSHOT CCNA examination to prosper in the very first attempt.

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5 Study Tips for Passing the CCNA Certification Exam

5 Study Tips for Passing the CCNA Certification Exam

CCNA certification is considered the most in-demand credential, and it stands among the most popular accreditations offered by Cisco. It would likewise help the candidates get high development in their careers with much better job opportunities and wage increments. CCNA exam would not be that easy for clearing as the preparation needs a lot of hard work and severity. The preparation for this examination ought to likewise be done correctly to clear it in the first attempt.

Let us briefly introduce a few of the suggestions you require to follow for success in the CCNA assessment.

1. Comprehending the Exam

For the prospects, it is extremely vital to have a correct understanding of the sort of difficulty they are going to deal with. This info would be readily available from the Cisco Certification guide, which they could discover on the Cisco site giving all the information about the examination, sort of concerns, designated time, and the passing score.

2. Preparation your Study Schedule

Adequate Study Schedule preparation is highly recommended, without which you may fail to pass the exam. Preparation and arranging the examination well before time and providing yourself an affordable amount of time for preparation is much necessary. This preparation would depend on many other aspects, like the time you could spare for the research study each day, selecting the research study or training approach, and about much you know already.

3. Enroll yourself in a training course

It is highly recommended that registering for an accreditation training course as the examination requires knowledge of lots of topics and subjects and a thorough understanding. The experts or the fitness instructors would have the ability to assist the candidates in understanding the nitty-gritty of a test and enabling them to pass it more quickly. It would be ending up being much comfier to clarify complicated ideas and share issues or experiences with fitness instructors and fellow trainees while preparing for the test. Have a look at the PASSHOT CCNA 200–301 Exam Dumps to gain success in your CCNA Exam.

4. Exam formats

It is considered to be crucial for obtaining an understanding of the test format ahead of time. The test format will convey the number of questions, the type of concerns asked, and weightage for each subject, which is essential to have. A correct understanding of the exam format would help you figure out the time that should be set aside for each case throughout the preparation.

5. Sign up with online forums

Signing up with online neighborhoods and online forums could be beneficial. This would allow you to share experiences and learn the current methods evolved from others’ success or failure stories.

Apart from all this, it would help if you remained calm and composed on the day of your evaluation. Keep your test resources prepared and reach the exam center well on time to prevent any trouble. Understanding the questions completely before responding to and keeping a continuous look is far more necessary during the evaluation.

Follow these research study tips and obtain the PASSHOT CCNA 200–301 Exam Dumps to achieve success in your very first effort.

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What jobs pay a million dollars a year?

What jobs pay a million dollars a year?

1. Big Data engineer

Organizations need individuals who can alter many unrefined details into important information for strategy setting, vibrant, and development — and compensate somewhat for individuals with these capabilities. The settlement midpoint (or mean public payment) for big details engineers is $166,500. These specialists usually make an organization’s product, equipment engineering, and frameworks that people require to work with the information. Substantial info styles typically have a degree in software application engineering and ability in math and information sets.

2. DevOps Engineer

DevOps engineers are the extension of coding and creating. To procure a midpoint compensation of $120,000, these experts work throughout departments to help increment a company’s efficiency by developing and improving different IT frameworks. DevOps styles regularly need insight with coding dialects, programming and security structures, solid clinical, critical thinking, and collaboration abilities.

3. Information systems security supervisor

Presently like never before, managers need gifted IT security experts to help guard touchy info and frameworks. These IT stars similarly need to remain aware of security patterns and government guidelines. Bosses frequently require affirmations like the Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP), CompTIA Security+ or Cisco CCIE Security.

4. Mobile applications developer

Take a gander at your telephone or tablet applications, and it’s effortless to figure out why portable applications engineers are searched for. These IT geniuses need the skill to create applications for well-known stages, like iOS and Android. They furthermore must have experience coding with flexible structures and portable improvement dialects and details on web improvement dialects. The settlement midpoint for versatile applications designers is $135,750.

5. Applications architect

Regardless of considerable specialized capacities, applications designers require to operate very well in groups — and here and there supervise them. This is one of the most lucrative IT jobs since every company needs to enhance existing applications or make brand-new ones.

6. Data architect

They interpret organization prerequisites into details base arrangements and handle info stockpiling (server farms) and how the statement has collaborated. The compensation midpoint for info modelers is $145,500.

Many other IT jobs might earn you a million dollars per annum; thus, to have more on this, you can likewise visit us on PASSHOT IT Exam Dumps, where you would find extensive information on this. When it concerns the preparation of IT Exams, PASSHOT IT Exam Dumps are the very best ones.

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Should I go for CCIE security as a fresher?

Should I go for CCIE security as a fresher?

Mean you wish to give you launch your career in Network Security and acquire the most generously compensated compensation package. In that instance, you ought to pick the CCIE Security certification course, which is viewed as the best IT certification course for controlling in-network innovations.

CCIE Security Integrated Course is viewed as one of the most kindly made up, generally lofty, just as requested IT Certification training course offered by Cisco Systems. The system fundamentally handles the organization’s safety only as on-line protection professionals with the right stuff and details to actualize, developer, designer, and explore advancements using Cisco innovations. Hence, essentially as a fresher, you might pick this career. It would assist if you experienced loads of researches that you could obtain on the PASSHOT courses’ off chance.

Profession Scope and Job Growth of CCIE Security:

Countries like the USA, China, India, and so forth are seen as the IT/Networking centers of the truth where CCIE Security’s passion is extremely high. For example, IT goliaths, TCS, Aricent, Cisco, HCL, Orange, Accenture, IBM, and so on, welcome the CCIE Security guaranteed professionals totally.

CCIE Security Certified candidates are used different bundles from one nation to an additional. You could make concerning 100k-150k USD each year if you are in the United States. A Fresher might start their vocation at 32k to 40k per annum. Undoubtedly, even non-insured competitors with simply CCIE Security Written achievement might get over 25k to 30k USD per annum as fresher with no experience whatsoever.

I could originally intend to cause you to discover the fact concerning the PASSHOT CCIE Security Results. Currently, this would certainly be probably the most considerable review of CCIE Security Engineers produced by any foundation on the planet. Possibly it is the total plans of CCIEs given by PASSHOT to the World. Allow me to claim this with overall power and the quality that we are considered the most significant CCIE Security Lab results everywhere on the planet in the previous 10 years. Nothing else foundation around the world would certainly come even 20% nearer to our outcomes. We are the pioneers in different accreditation areas of the IT Sector.

Currently, you would certainly have viewed what factor to obtain the CCIE Security Certification and how to accomplish it. I would certainly recommend that whether you are fresher, or you might be having some understanding about Information Security, the CCIE Security affirmation would certainly end up being the best certification in the area of IT Security.

Remember that to get it with however much fewer ventures as could sensibly be expected, and you are needed to accomplish the finest prep work offered by the PASSHOT.

CCIE Security Integrated Course is checked out as the most generously made up, usually soaring, just as requested IT Certification course provided by Cisco Systems. Nations like the USA, China, India, and so forth are checked out as the IT/Networking centers of the reality where the interest rate for CCIE Security is really high. Even non-insured rivals with just CCIE Security Written accomplishment may obtain over 25k to 30k USD per year as fresher with no experience at all.

Enable me to say this with complete power and quality that we are watched as the most significant maker of CCIE Security Lab results everywhere in the World in the previous 10 years.

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How to use 802.1X protocol to solve network internal loopholes

Today we will consolidate the concept and application of the 802.1X protocol.

In traditional corporate networks, it is generally believed that the corporate intranet is safe, and threats mainly come from outsiders. But in fact, the internal loopholes in the network damage the network more seriously.

In addition, internal employees lack security awareness and malicious software such as various plug-ins, spyware, and Trojan horse programs will unknowingly be downloaded to the computer and spread on the corporate intranet, creating serious security risks. With the continuous escalation of security challenges, traditional security measures alone are no longer enough. You should consider starting with the security control of the terminal connected to the network, and the security status of the terminal and the network.

802.1x is mainly based on Client/Server access control and authentication protocol. It is mainly used to restrict unauthorized users from accessing the LAN/WLAN network through the access interface. 802.1x authenticates users connected to switch ports. After the authentication is passed, normal data can pass through the Ethernet port smoothly. It is an interface-based network access control method.

802.1x includes three entities of the client, the device and the authentication server.

The user terminal for 802.1x authentication is usually the user, who initiates the 802.1x authentication by starting the client software. Generally, it is an entity located at one end of a LAN link and is authenticated by a device at the other end of the link.

The device side usually refers to a network device that provides an interface for the client to access the LAN and supports the 802.1x protocol. Used to authenticate the client.

The authentication server is used to authenticate, authorize, and account for users, and is usually a RADIUS server. An entity that provides authentication services to clients.

802.1x supports port and MAC-based authentication mode. When the port-based mode is adopted, as long as the first user under the port is successfully authenticated, other access users can use network resources without authentication. But when the last user goes offline, other users will also be denied access to the network. If the MAC address-based mode is adopted, all access users under this port need to be authenticated separately.

The above is the news sharing from the PASSHOT. I hope it can be inspired you. If you think today' s content is not too bad, you are welcome to share it with other friends. There are more latest Linux dumps, CCNA 200-301 dumps, CCNP Written dumps and CCIE Written dumps waiting for you.

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Learn network port mirroring technology in 3 minutes

Today we come to understand the network port mirroring technology.

Port mirroring is to copy the packets of the specified port (source port), VLAN (source VLAN) or CPU (source CPU) to other ports (destination ports). The destination port will be connected to the data monitoring device, and the user will use these data to monitor The device analyzes the packets copied to the destination port for network monitoring and troubleshooting. Without seriously affecting the normal throughput of the source port, the network traffic can be monitored and analyzed through the mirror port.

Source port: It is the monitored port, and the user can monitor and analyze the packets passing through the port.

Source VLAN: It is the VLAN to be monitored. Users can monitor and analyze the packets passing through all ports of this VLAN.

Source CPU: The CPU on the monitored board. The user can monitor and analyze the packets passing through the CPU.

Destination port: It can also be called a monitoring port. This port forwards the received message to the data monitoring device for monitoring and analysis of the message.

Mirror direction:

Incoming direction: Only the packets received from the source port/source VLAN/source CPU are mirrored.

Outgoing direction: Only the packets sent from the source port/source VLAN/source CPU are mirrored.

Bidirectional: Mirror the packets received and sent from the source port/source VLAN/source CPU.

According to the division of mirroring functions, port mirroring is divided into two types:

Flow mirroring: If ACL is configured and enabled on the port, it is considered to be flow mirroring. Flow mirroring only collects data packets filtered by ACL, otherwise it is regarded as pure port mirroring. For ACL traffic collection methods, it is supported to bind standard access lists and extended access lists in the direction of the port (outgoing, incoming, and bidirectional).

Pure port mirroring: mirror the traffic in and out of the port.

According to the scope of mirroring work, port mirroring is divided into two types:

Local mirroring: The source port and destination port are on the same router.

Remote mirroring: The source port and the destination port are distributed on different routers, and the mirrored traffic is encapsulated to achieve cross-router transmission.

The implementation of local port mirroring:

Local port mirroring can mirror all messages (including protocol messages and data messages). It is realized by a local mirroring group, that is, the source port/port in the source VLAN/source CPU and destination port are mirrored locally In the group, the device copies the packets from the source port (or source VLAN) and forwards them to the destination port. The local mirroring group supports cross-board mirroring, that is, the destination port and the source port/port/source CPU in the source VLAN can be on different boards of the same device.

Remote mirroring is divided into cross-layer 2 remote port mirroring and cross-layer 3 remote port mirroring:

Cross-Layer 2 remote port mirroring:

Cross-Layer 2 remote port mirroring can mirror all messages except protocol messages. It is realized by the cooperation of the remote source mirroring group and the remote destination mirroring group.

The user creates a remote source mirroring group on the source device and a remote destination mirroring group on the destination device. The source device copies the source port/source VLAN/source CPU message, broadcasts it in the remote mirroring VLAN through the reflection port, and sends it to the destination device via the intermediate device. After the destination device receives the message, if its VLAN ID is the same as the VLAN ID of the remote mirroring VLAN of the remote destination mirroring group, it forwards it to the destination port.

In this way, the data monitoring device connected to the destination port can monitor and analyze the source port/source VLAN/source CPU packets on the source device. The user needs to ensure the interoperability of the Layer 2 network between the source device and the destination device in the remote mirroring VLAN.

Since the source port/source VLAN/source CPU message will be broadcast in the remote mirroring VLAN of the source device, the local port mirroring function can be realized by adding other ports on the source device to the remote mirroring VLAN.

Mirroring across three layers of remote ports:

Cross-Layer 3 remote port mirroring can mirror all messages except protocol messages. It is realized by the cooperation of remote source mirroring group, remote destination mirroring group and GRE tunnel.

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2020 SIP technology introduction

SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) is a multimedia communication protocol formulated by IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force).

It is an application layer control protocol for multimedia communication on an IP network. It is used to create, modify and terminate the session process of one or more participants. SIP is an IP voice session control protocol derived from the Internet, which is flexible, easy to implement, and easy to expand.

SIP interoperates with the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) responsible for voice quality. It also collaborates with several other protocols, including Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) for location, Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service (RADIUS) for authentication, and RTP for real-time transmission.

With the advancement of computer science and technology, the IP data network based on packet switching technology has replaced the core position of the traditional telephone network based on circuit switching in the field of communication with its convenience and low cost. The SIP protocol, as an application layer signaling control protocol, provides complete session creation and session modification services for a variety of instant messaging services. Therefore, the security of the SIP protocol plays a vital role in the security of instant messaging.

SIP appeared in the mid-1990s and originated from the research of Henning Schulzrinne and his research team in the Computer Department of Columbia University. In 1996, he submitted a draft to the IETF, which contained important content of SIP. In 1999, Shulzrinne deleted irrelevant content related to media content in the new standard submitted. Subsequently, the IETF released the first SIP specification, RFC 2543.

The SIP protocol is a protocol under development and continuous research. On the one hand, it draws on the design ideas of other Internet standards and protocols, follows the principles of simplicity, openness, compatibility, and scalability that the Internet has always adhered to in style, and fully pays attention to the security issues in the open and complex network environment of the Internet.

On the other hand, it has also fully considered the support for various services of the traditional public telephone network, including IN services and ISDN services. Use SIP invitation messages with session descriptions to create sessions so that participants can negotiate media types through SIP interactions. It requests the user's current location through proxy and redirection to support user mobility. Users can also register their current location. The SIP protocol is independent of other conference control protocols. It is designed to be independent of the underlying transport layer protocol, so it can expand other additional functions flexibly and conveniently.

SIP sessions use up to four main components: SIP user agent, SIP registration server, SIP proxy server, and SIP redirect server.

These systems complete SIP sessions by transmitting messages that include the SDP protocol.

1. User agent

SIP User Agent (UA) is an end-user device, such as mobile phones, multimedia handheld devices, PCs, PDAs, etc., used to create and manage SIP sessions. The user agent client sends a message. The user agent server responds to the message.

2. Register the server

The SIP registration server is a database containing the locations of all user agents in the domain. In SIP communication, these servers will retrieve each other's IP address and other related information and send them to the SIP proxy server.

3. Proxy server

The SIP proxy server accepts the SIPUA session request and queries the SIP registration server to obtain the address information of the recipient UA. Then, it forwards the session invitation information directly to the recipient UA (if it is in the same domain) or proxy server (if the UA is in another domain). The main functions are: routing, authentication, billing monitoring, call control, service provision, etc.

4. Redirect server

The SIP redirect server maps the destination address in the request to zero or more new addresses, and then returns them to the client. The SIP redirect server can be on the same hardware as the SIP registration server and the SIP proxy server.

SIP uses the following logic functions to complete communication:

User location function: Determine the location of end users participating in communication.

User communication capability negotiation function: Determine the type and specific parameters of media terminals participating in communication.

Whether the user participates in the interactive function: Determine whether a terminal joins a specific session.

Call establishment and call control functions: including "ringing" to the called party, determining the call parameters of the calling party and the called party, call redirection, call transfer, call termination, etc.

SIP is not a vertically integrated communication system. SIP is more appropriately called a component, and it can be used as a part of other IETF protocols to construct a complete multimedia architecture.

Therefore, SIP should work with other protocols to provide complete services to end users. Although the functional components of the basic SIP protocol do not depend on these protocols. SIP itself does not provide services. However, SIP provides a foundation that can be used to implement different services.

SIP does not provide conference control services and does not suggest that conferences should be managed as such. A conference can be initiated by establishing other conference control protocols on SIP. Since SIP can manage the sessions of all parties participating in the conference, the conference can span heterogeneous networks. SIP cannot and does not intend to provide any form of network resource reservation management. Security is particularly important for the services provided. To achieve the desired degree of security, SIP provides a set of security services, including denial of service prevention, authentication services (user-to-user, agent-to-user), integrity assurance, encryption and privacy services.

Comparison of H.323 protocol and SIP protocol:

H.323 and SIP are protocols introduced by the two camps of the communications field and the Internet respectively. H.323 attempts to treat IP telephones as well-known traditional telephones, but the transmission mode has changed from circuit switching to packet switching.

The SIP protocol focuses on using IP telephony as an application on the Internet. Compared with other applications (such as FTP, E-mail, etc.), it adds signaling and QoS requirements. The services they support are basically the same, and they all use RTP as a media transmission. Agreement. But H.323 is a relatively complicated protocol.

H.323 defines special protocols for supplementary services, such as H.450.1, H.450.2 and H.450.3. SIP does not specifically define a protocol for this purpose, but it conveniently supports supplementary services or intelligent services. As long as you make full use of SIP's defined header fields, and simply extend SIP (such as adding several fields), you can implement these services.

In H.323, the call establishment process involves the third signaling message: RAS signaling channel, call signaling channel and H.245 control channel. Only through the coordination of these three channels can the H.323 call be carried out, and the call establishment time is very long. In SIP, the session request process and the media negotiation process are carried out together.

Although H.323v2 has made improvements to the call establishment process, it is still incomparable compared to SIP which only requires 1.5 loop delays to establish a call.

The H.323 call signaling channel and H.245 control channel require reliable transmission protocols. SIP is independent of low-level protocols, and generally uses unconnectable protocols such as UDP, and uses its own credit layer reliability mechanism to ensure reliable message transmission.

In short, H.323 follows the traditional telephone signaling mode. H.323 conforms to the traditional design ideas in the communication field, carries out centralized and hierarchical control, and adopts the H.323 protocol to facilitate connection with traditional telephone networks.

The SIP protocol draws on the design ideas of other Internet standards and protocols, and follows the principles of simplicity, openness, compatibility, and scalability that the Internet has always adhered to in style, which is relatively simple.

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How does the IPSec protocol ensure network security?

IPSec (Internet Protocol Security) is a set of open network security protocols formulated by IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force).

It is not a single protocol, but a collection of protocols and services that provide security for IP networks. It provides high-quality, interoperable, and cryptographic-based security guarantees for data transmitted on the Internet.

IPSec mainly includes security protocols AH (AuthenticationHeader) and ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload), key management exchange protocol IKE (Internet KeyExchange), and some algorithms for network authentication and encryption.

IPSec mainly uses encryption and verification methods. The authentication mechanism enables the data receiver of IP communication to confirm the true identity of the data sender and whether the data has been tampered with during transmission. The encryption mechanism guarantees the confidentiality of the data by encrypting the data to prevent the data from being eavesdropped during transmission. To provide security services for IP data packets.

The AH protocol provides data source authentication, data integrity verification and anti-message replay functions. It can protect communications from tampering, but it cannot prevent eavesdropping. It is suitable for transmitting non-confidential data. The working principle of AH is to add an identity authentication message header to each data packet, which is inserted behind the standard IP header to provide integrity protection for the data.

The ESP protocol provides encryption, data source authentication, data integrity verification and anti-message replay functions. The working principle of ESP is to add an ESP header to the standard IP header of each data packet, and to append an ESP tail to the data packet. Common encryption algorithms are DES, 3DES, AES, etc.

In actual network communication, you can use these two protocols at the same time or choose to use one of them according to actual security requirements. Both AH and ESP can provide authentication services, but the authentication services provided by AH are stronger than those provided by ESP.

basic concepts:

1. Security alliance: IPsec provides secure communication between two endpoints, which are called IPsec peers. It is the foundation of IPsec and the essence of IPsec.

2. Encapsulation mode: IPsec has two working modes, one is tunnel mode and the other is transmission mode. The tunnel mode is used in the communication between two security gateways, and the transmission mode is used in the communication between two hosts.

3. Authentication algorithm and encryption algorithm: The realization of authentication algorithm is mainly through the hash function. The hash function is an algorithm that can accept an arbitrarily long message input and produce a fixed-length output. The output is called a message digest. The encryption algorithm is mainly realized through a symmetric key system, which uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt data.

4. Negotiation mode: There are two negotiation modes for SA establishment, one is manual mode, and the other is IKE auto-negotiation mode.

The working principle of IPSec is similar to that of a packet filtering firewall, and can be seen as an extension of the packet filtering firewall.

When a matching rule is found, the packet filtering firewall will process the received IP data packet according to the method established by the rule.

IPSec determines the processing of received IP data packets by querying the SPD (Security Policy Database). However, IPSec is different from packet filtering firewalls. In addition to discarding and direct forwarding (bypassing IPSec), there is another method for processing IP packets, that is, IPSec processing.

IPSec processing means encrypting and authenticating IP data packets. Only after the IP data packets are encrypted and authenticated, can the confidentiality, authenticity, and integrity of the data packets transmitted on the external network be guaranteed, and secure communication via the Internet becomes possible. IPSec can either only encrypt IP data packets, or only authenticate, or it can be implemented at the same time.

IPSec provides the following security services:

①Data encryption: The IPsec sender encrypts the packet before transmitting it through the network.

②Data integrity: The IPsec receiver authenticates the packet sent by the sender to ensure that the data has not been tampered with during transmission.

③Data source authentication: IPsec at the receiving end can authenticate whether the sending end of the IPsec message is legal.

④ Anti-replay: The IPsec receiver can detect and refuse to receive outdated or duplicate messages.

The way that IPsec protects IPv6 routing protocol messages is different from the current interface-based IPsec process. It is service-based IPsec, that is, IPsec protects all messages of a certain service. In this mode, all IPv6 routing protocol packets generated by the device that require IPsec protection must be encapsulated, and the IPv6 routing protocol packets received by the device that are not protected by IPsec and that have failed to decapsulate are discarded.

Since the key exchange mechanism of IPsec is only suitable for communication protection between two points, in the case of one-to-many broadcast networks, IPsec cannot realize automatic key exchange, so manual key configuration must be used.

Similarly, due to the one-to-many nature of the broadcast network, each device is required to use the same SA parameters (same SPI and key) for the received and sent messages. Therefore, only SAs generated by manual security policies are supported to protect IPv6 routing protocol packets.

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2020 Knowledge points of wireless network coverage system

What is AP?

AP-Wireless Access Point (WirelessAccessPoint) AP is the HUB in the traditional wired network, and it is also the most commonly used equipment when building a small wireless LAN.

AP is equivalent to a bridge connecting wired and wireless networks. Its main function is to connect various wireless network clients together, and then connect the wireless network to the Ethernet to achieve the purpose of network wireless coverage.

AP is divided into thin and fat?

Thin AP (FITAP):

Also known as wireless bridges, wireless gateways, and so-called "thin" APs.

Popular understanding of thin AP: It cannot be configured by itself, and a dedicated device (wireless controller) is required for centralized control and management configuration.

"Controller + thin AP + router architecture" is generally used for wireless network coverage, because when there are a large number of APs, only the controller is used to manage the configuration, which will simplify a lot of work.

Fat AP (FATAP):

The so-called fat AP in the industry is also called a wireless router. A wireless router is different from a pure AP. In addition to the wireless access function, it generally has two interfaces, WAN and LAN, supports address translation (NAT), and supports DHCP server, DNS and MAC address cloning, as well as VPN access, firewall and other security Features.

What is AC?

The Wireless AccessPoint Controller is a network device used to centrally control the controllable wireless APs in the local area network. It is the core of a wireless network and is responsible for managing all wireless APs in the wireless network. The management of APs includes: Send configuration, modify related configuration parameters, radio frequency intelligent management, access security control, etc. (All ACs and APs currently circulating in the market are from the same manufacturer to manage each other)

What is a POE switch?

POE (PowerOver Ethernet) POE is also known as a local area network-based power supply system (PoL, Powerover LAN) or Active Ethernet (Active Ethernet), sometimes also referred to as Power Over Ethernet, which refers to the existing Ethernet Cat .5 Without any changes to the wiring infrastructure, while transmitting data signals for some IP-based terminals (such as IP telephones, wireless LAN access points, network cameras, etc.), it can also provide DC for such devices Power supply technology.

POE technology can ensure the normal operation of the existing network while ensuring the safety of the existing structured cabling, minimizing costs.

The POE switch can not only provide the transmission function of the ordinary switch, but also provide the power supply function to the other end of the network cable. The integration of power supply + data transmission does not require an additional power supply module or POE power supply module to supply power to the device, and a Cat.5 cable completes all the work.

PoE power supply difference

Standard poe: According to the IEEE802.3af/at specification, it is necessary to first detect the 25K characteristic resistance of the receiving terminal and perform a handshake. Only when the handshake is successful, can the power supply be supplied; otherwise, only data (data) is passed.

Example: Plug the POE power supply into the computer network card, the computer network card will not be burned, only normal Internet access because the data can pass.

Non-standard POE: also called forced supply type, the AC power is supplied as soon as the power is turned on; the receiving terminal is not detected first, and the handshake is not performed, and the power is directly 48V or 54V.

Example: Plug the POE power supply into the computer network card, you can go online normally, but if you don’t negotiate to directly supply 48 or 54V, it may burn the device.

There are roughly 48V, 24V and 12V output voltages (DC) on the market

The software and hardware needed to deploy wireless engineering?

Basic hardware: router POE switch AC controller wireless AP

High-end hardware: firewall router traffic and behavior management bypass main switch floor switch POE switch AC controller wireless AP

Is the greater the power of the AP, the better?

No, the higher the power of the AP, the higher the transmitted signal strength. Literally speaking, it will lead you to a misunderstanding. The stronger the signal, the better, but the stronger the signal is for itself, which is transmitted in the entire wireless network. Signals belong to both parties. Both the transmitter and the receiver will transmit data to each other. If the signal at the transmitter is too strong, it will inevitably affect the return of data from the receiver, which will cause network transmission delays or packet loss.

Popular understanding: In a space, you and another person are talking at the same time, and the other person’s voice is too loud, and your voice is too small, which will cause the other person to not hear what you are saying, thus affecting the quality of the call.

In a large-scale wireless project, what are the key points and the most important points?

Key points of engineering perspective:

design

The actual construction drawing, determining the routing position of the wiring, need to consider such as: concealment, damage to the building (characteristics of the building structure), avoiding power lines and other lines while using the existing space, and pairing cables in the field Necessary and effective protection needs.

The location of the router

The router is generally selected in an underground weak current room (far away from a strong current room to avoid strong electromagnetic interference). Pay attention to ventilation and keep it dry. It is best to have a cabinet and put it together with the core switch.

POE power supply switch location

The location of the POE switch should be selected reasonably, located in the middle of the AP point, to reduce wiring costs and shorten the distance between the switch and the AP.

AP location selection

The point layout of the AP selects the central area of the scene and radiates it toward the periphery. The coverage areas of AP parts should overlap to reduce signal blind areas. The distance between the AP and the POE switch should not exceed 80 meters (a genuine Anpu network cable as an example)

Network cable laying

As the transmission carrier of the network signal, the network cable should be protected during the laying process, and there should be no breaks or dead angles. If necessary, iron pipes should be worn or placed in the roof bridge. Special attention is paid to the principle of high-voltage wires to reduce interference to the signal.

Precautions for practical debugging and post-maintenance:

a. External network and routing: The external network cable is connected in place to ensure the normal Internet access conditions of the line, and the routing is connected to ensure that the routing itself can normally communicate with the Internet. During the construction, the main exchange and the construction floor exchange are connected to ensure the normal communication of the backbone network.

b. Debug walkie-talkie: During the commissioning stage, a set of walkie-talkie equipment needs to be seconded to the mall to facilitate the debugging work.

c. During the construction and debugging stage, sufficient spare parts shall be reserved for AP, switch, network cable, and other construction and debugging hardware.

d. Construction drawings: Before each construction, please ask the constructor to give us two copies of the construction drawings.

Construction network topology: requirements, detailed floor switches, routing information and location, number of APs on each floor, and connection methods.

Construction equipment connection line identification diagram: requirements, routing and switch and AP connection information, corresponding ports, etc., all connection lines are theoretically approximate network cable length (including road-switch-AP).

e. Construction wiring and line marking planning:

Information identification record: AP point Mac information record: when the construction party places the AP location, it is necessary to record the floor number and location number of the AP and the corresponding Mac information (note the corresponding floor plan AP number, for example: 1st floor No. 1 mac information format is 1F- 1: AC:11:22:33:44:AP ). This information is uniformly recorded in the Word document floor shopping mall construction drawing according to the floor distribution or directly manually recorded in the free space on the side of the construction drawing, which is convenient for later maintenance and use.

Wire mark identification record:

(1) The input and output lines of the switch: It is necessary to indicate which floor and location number of the AP connected to the terminal of the identification or serial number, (note the corresponding floor plan AP number, for example: the format of 1st floor 1 is 1F-1), Lines coming in from the external network should also be marked with a cable: "External network access should be marked."

(2) Interconnection between switches on all floors: The source of the wiring connector with the identification or serial number should be marked at the head of the line interconnection line of the switch. (Pay attention to write the floor and switch label, such as: switch 1 on the first floor, the format is 1F-1 SW)

Check on the spot whether the installed AP is powered on and working normally:

After the construction is completed, the construction personnel shall check all APs on the spot to be energized normally, and the normal state under the power-on condition: the green indicator on the AP is always on. If the routing is in place and running, the software can be used to detect whether the AP normally emits signals and connects to the Internet.

If the above information is completely clear, there is no need for the construction personnel to be on site. If the above information is completely unclear, the construction personnel need to cooperate on site for each commissioning.

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The difference between OSPFv3 and OSPFv2

OSPF is a link state routing protocol. It has many advantages such as open standards, rapid convergence, no loops, and easy hierarchical design. The OSPFv2 protocol, which is widely used in IPv4 networks, is too closely related to IPv4 addresses in terms of message content and operating mechanism, which greatly restricts its scalability and adaptability.

Therefore, when we first considered extending OSPF to support IPv6, we realized that this was an opportunity to improve and optimize the OSPF protocol itself. As a result, not only did OSPFv2 be extended for IPv6, but a new and improved version of OSPF was created-OSPF v3.

OSPFv3 is described in detail in RFC2740. The relationship between OSPFv3 and OSPFv2 is very similar to the relationship between RIPng and RIPv2. The most important thing is that OSPFv3 uses the same basic implementation mechanism as OSPFv2-SPF algorithm, flooding, DR election, area, etc. Some constants and variables like timers and metrics are also the same. Another similarity to the relationship between RIPng and RIPv2 is that OSPFv3 is not backward compatible with OSPFv2.

Whether it is OSPFv2 or OSPFv3, the basic operating principles of the OSPF protocol are the same. However, due to the different meanings of the IPv4 and IPv6 protocols and the size of the address space, the differences between them are bound to exist.

Similarities between OSPFv2 and OSPFv3:

1. The router types are the same. Including internal routers, backbone routers, area border routers and autonomous system border routers.

2. The supported area types are the same. Including backbone area, standard area, stub area, NSSA and completely stub area.

3. Both OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 use SPF algorithm.

4. The election process of DR and BDR is the same.

5. The interface types are the same. Including point-to-point links, point-to-multipoint links, BMA links, NBMA links and virtual links.

6. The data packet types are the same, including Hello, DBD, LSR, LSU, and LSA, and the neighbor relationship establishment process is also the same.

7. The calculation method of the metric value has not changed.

The difference between OSPFv2 and OSPFv3:

1. In OSPFv3, the "subnet" concept of OSPFv2 is changed to the "link" concept, and two neighbors on the same link but belonging to different IPv6 subnets are allowed to exchange data packets.

2. The router ID, area ID, and LSA link state ID values are still expressed in 32 bits, so they cannot be expressed in IPv6 addresses.

3. On the link between the broadcast network and the NBMA network, OSPFv2 neighbors are identified by their interface addresses, while neighbors on other types of links are identified by RID. OSPFv3 cancels this inconsistency, and all neighbors on all types of links are identified by RID.

4. OSPFv3 retains the area (or AS) and area (area) flooding range of OSPFv2, but adds a link local flooding range. A new link LSA (Link LSA) is added to carry information that is only associated with neighbors on a single link.

5. The IPv6 protocol uses an authentication extension header, which is a standard authentication process. For this reason, OSPFv3 does not require its own authentication for OSPFv3 packets, it only needs to use IPv6 authentication.

6. Use the link-local address to discover neighbors and complete automatic configuration. IPv6 routers do not forward data packets whose source address is the link address. OSPFv3 believes that each router has assigned its own link address for each physical network segment (physical link) it connects to.

7. In OSPFv2, unknown LSA types are always discarded, while OSPFv3 can treat them as link local flooding range.

8. If an IPv4 address is set on the interface of the router, or a loopback interface is set, OSPFv3 will automatically select the IPv4 address as the router ID, otherwise, you need to set the ID number for the router.

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4 filtering ways of spam help your network safety

E-mail is a communication method that provides information exchange by electronic means and is the most used service on the Internet. Through the network's e-mail system, users can communicate with network users in any corner of the world at a very low price and very fast.

E-mail can be in various forms such as text, image, and sound. At the same time, users can get a lot of free news and special emails, and easily realize easy information search. The existence of e-mail greatly facilitates the communication and exchanges between people and promotes the development of society.

There are many email formats, such as SMTP, POP3, MUA, MTA, etc.

Spam refers to emails sent forcibly without the user's permission. The emails contain advertisements, viruses, and other content. For users, in addition to affecting normal mail reading, spam may also contain harmful information such as viruses; for service providers, spam can cause mail server congestion, reduce network efficiency, and even become a hacker attacking mail server. tool.

Generally speaking, a dedicated server is used to send spam. Generally speaking, it has the following characteristics:

1. Emails sent without the consent of the user are not relevant to the user.

2. Criminals obtain email addresses through deception.

3. The email contains false advertisements, which will spread a lot of spam.

The anti-spam method is basically divided into technical filtering and non-technical filtering in terms of technology, mainly technical filtering, active filtering, and establishing a filtering mechanism in the process of mail transmission;

Non-technical filtering includes: legal and regulatory documents, unified technical specifications, or social moral advocacy, etc. In the process, mail filtering is divided into server-side filtering and receiving-side filtering. The receiving-side filtering is to check the received mail through the server system program after the mail is sent to the mail server. It is passive filtering, mainly by IP address and keywords. As well as filtering for other obvious characteristics of spam, it is feasible and has a low error rate of normal mail. It is currently one of the main anti-spam methods.

From the beginning of spam, the majority of network providers and Internet companies have begun to make trouble for this. However, it is clear that 30 years of development have not produced effective anti-spam technologies or methods. One of the important reasons is that the situation is huge. The amount of spam and high-complexity filtering technology has not been until recent years, the development of artificial intelligence, machine learning and other disciplines has made progress in anti-spam work.

Common spam filtering methods:

1. Statistical method:

Bayesian algorithm: Based on statistical methods, using the method of marking weights, using known spam and non-spam as samples for content analysis and statistics to calculate the probability that the next email is spam, and generate filtering rules.

Connection/bandwidth statistics: anti-spam is achieved by counting whether the number of attempts to connect to a fixed IP address within a unit time is within a predetermined range, or limiting its effective bandwidth.

Mail quantity limit: Limit the number of mails that a single IP can send in a unit time.

2. List method:

BlackList and WhiteList respectively record the IP addresses or email addresses of known spammers and trusted email senders. This is also one of the more common forms of email filtering. At the beginning of anti-spam activities, this This kind of designated mail filtering is very limited because of the lack of list resources.

3. Source method:

DomainKeys: Use to verify whether the sender of the email is consistent with the claimed domain name and verify the integrity of the email. This technology is a public key + private key signature technology.

SPF (SenderPolicy Framework): The purpose of SPF is to prevent forgery of email addresses. SPF is based on reverse lookup technology to determine whether the specified domain name and IP address of the email correspond exactly.

4. Analysis method:

Content filtering: Filter spam by analyzing the content of emails and then using keyword filtering.

Multiple picture recognition technology: Recognize spam that hides malicious information through pictures.

Intent analysis technology: Email motivation analysis technology.

The sending and receiving of mail generally needs to go through the SMTPServer, and the SMTP server transfers messages through the SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) protocol.

The email transmission process mainly includes the following three steps:

① The sender PC sends the mail to the designated SMTPServer.

②The sender SMTP Server encapsulates the mail information in an SMTP message and sends it to the receiver SMTP Server according to the destination address of the mail.

③The recipient receives the mail.

POP3 (Post OfficeProtocol 3) and IMAP (Internet Mail Access Protocol) stipulate how the computer manages and downloads e-mails on the mail server through the client software.

Spam prevention is an IP-based mail filtering technology that prevents the flood of spam by checking the legitimacy of the source IP of the sender's SMTP Server. The proliferation of spam brings many problems:

① Occupy network bandwidth, cause mail server congestion, and reduce the operating efficiency of the entire network.

②Occupy the recipient's mailbox space, affecting the reading and viewing of normal mail.

When the firewall is used as a security gateway, all external mails need to be forwarded through the firewall. By checking the IP address of the sender's SMTP Server, spam can be effectively filtered.

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