myrandompieces

[myrandompieces]

In To The Forest

"A long walk in peebles and pine needles" In life we need to take a rest. Take a walk and relax our mind and body. Inhale fresh air for us to have the courage to have a fresh start. Every new day is a gift, a new day to be beautiful. To wake up and get out of bed is enough courage we show to continue fighting for life, passing through each obstacle, solving each problem and being able to be stronger, keener. And all we need is to take a walk "In the presence of glorified trees". To let out our frustrations and let our mind free of any thoughts. If your tired, take a walk. If your angry, take a walk. If your feel anxiety, take a walk, clear your mind and rethink again but this time see it in a different perspective. We can shout, we can cry, we can be angry and no one would witness how ugly we become. Only the trees and they are their to listen and ease those pain by just being beautiful. Look up to them, see how strong they stand no matter the wind blow them or how strong the rain would pour and wash the land. But they did not give up instead their roots reach deeper into the land and stayed buried. If you knew you can't do it alone, ask for help, reach out your hand. Because we never know when someone is just waiting for you to ask. It's never a weakness to ask for help rather you are strong enough to ask help by lowering your pride. This hands are what we call "Ropes that tie the bridge of happiness". Like an anchor that held us sane. They are the one's we love, our friends, colleagues, family, lover or even pets. They are the reason we want to be strong, to be the best version of ourself. Because after all its the best way to present ourself. But in some cases we do not always find happiness from the people around us. Some people choose to be alone and be their own happiness. But for us to be truly happy, we must learn how to accept even the tiniest things that the world can offer.

"Fierce me; Calming environment". It's just like a burning sensation. All of the emotions coming together to bombard you. You were too overwhelmed and accidentally let out those feelings on someone who's important. And you know where to calm your senses, so you take a long walk. Along your way, you idly pass through a forest. For the first time your eyes see a new world. It was so beautiful and captivating that it took away your breath. All those colours, the silent music, and the chilling wind. Suddenly you feel ligh hearted because while rethinking your past decisions and actions you found a solution you never thought you could think of.

Those "Brown" eyes that see through everythings. All the pain and sufferings of a person can be seen from just one look on those brown eyes. When we say I love you we look at those eyes, when we confess our sins we look at those eyes. We use this eyes to see how beautful this world is. How colourful and bright the universe and how can a single star could light up a whole universe.

This single star is a "Blinding sunshine" that also lifts up our mood.

No matter what happens, get up, smile and have a "Good Morning".

[myrandompieces]

FAKE NEWS

In Politics

In Showbiz/Entertainment

In Sports

Photo References

[myrandompieces]

FAKE NEWS (Part 2)

In Academe

In Medical Field

Fake news is the act of intentionally disinforming or decieving the people. The surge of fake news is ridiculously going up. Specially during this time where people are confined inside their homes. They are looking for an activity to pass the time. Sadly, each persons screen time is increasing. They are becoming more and more focused in different social media platforms. Younger people are more susceptible to fake news. They can be fooled by this informations specially if it was shared by one of their trusted friend or family members. Nobody really wins in this game of spreading fake news. Anyone can be a target and be fooled by this wrong informations.

The way I see it fake informations are spread by a person, group or organizations that has ill intentions like defaming a person, group or organization. The spread of false information causes hate, rally, even violence. We should learn how to protect ourselves and the people around us against false informations. This is by learning the different way of spreading false informatiin and its different types. How can we determine if the information is altered or not. And what can we do to stop the spread of this false informations.

Rumors should stop at you and it goes the same with false information. If you knew it wasn't the real deal, you should not share it anymore. Do not share this kinds of informations for some laughs. It is not helping the community and it will never help anything. What will happen is that, it will only worsen the already existing problem.

Here are some questions to ask yourself to help determine if the information is false or real.

1) Does the account that shared the post have emotional or professional stakes in these claims?

2) What is the content asking you to focus on?

3) Is this information reasonable?

4) Is it reputable, or does it cite reputable sources?

5) Why is it valuable to the account that shared it?

With this questions you are one step closer in knowing if the information you have read is real.

Some people also uses the term "fake news" if the informations does not go with what they believe or stand for. They use it to stifle news informations they do not like. Affecting other people who are able to see it also.

I will be ending this blog with a qoute by Amit Ray

"In this era of fake news and paid news artificial intelligence is more and more used as a political tool to manipulate and dictate common people, through big data, biometric data, and AI analysis of online profiles and behaviors in social media and smart phones. But the days are not far when AI will also control the politicians and the media too."

Photo References

[myrandompieces]

Our passion is burning

We flung our bodies in open space

Wasting our energy

Taking risk

Conquering danger

Our dreams are fuels

To our unrelenting

Desire to flourish

And reach our goals

I do have many goals that I want to accomplish before I turn 50. But I will share to you three of it. First, I want to graduate in college which is one year away from now. I'm so glad I was able to get through all academic and non academic challenges and be here where I am. To all graduating students let's continue to endure and success will descend upon us. Let's cheer and help each other up so that no one gets left behind. Let's all graduate, grow up, make money and one day let's meet again and tell stories about our struggles and how we get through it. Next, is that I want to earn enough money, save and invest. This will be a key factor that would help determine my future goals and life. By the time I turn 30, I would like to retire from work. But I must have save enough money. Because finally, after I retire I would travel around the world. Reach the places I have only dreamed of when I'm young. Discover places that would heal my soul and heart. Record my experienced and adventure to be able to share it to the world and bring joy to whomever is watching. I want them to share the experience with me even though it was just only half of what it truly feels to be their for real.

Ambitions, they may be good or bad for a person. One who has so much ambition may be problematic. In some cases where ambitions are driven by strong and raw emotions, one will not stop and would do anything to have this ambitions within their grasp. Even though it means pain or worst death. Just to be able to feel the joyful victory, to boast it. But I would want my ambitions to be simple but precise. I would like to learn five different languages. English and my native tongue is not counted in this. So that would be German, Italian, Korean, Greek. and Japanese. It's not just about learnin..g their language but also their culture, tradition and beliefs. How their language is made and how did they came up with a wonderful language. Then I want to see the famous northern lights. I want to see it with my own eyes how beautiful they really are. I want to be blessed by their colorful lights that is brighter than any lights combined. Even more beautiful than the sun or the moon.

On the other hand my dream would be to have a peaceful, loving, caring world. That wars would be over. Pandemic and epedimic would never experience by our children and grandchildren. All kinds and shape of religion will come to an understanding and know that one belief is not different from the other. It's just that we see the world different but we interpret things in the same way. This world is Eden. We just have to believe in it. I dream that someday, people of all races and religion would sit in one table. Eat together, talk happily, no fight, no war, no differences, nothing but peace.

[myrandompieces]

On Social Media

© Google

What are the reason/s that children waste their time on social media? What do they gain? How are they feeling before and after using social media? Is it really a distraction or an escape route from reality? This are the questions that came into my mind after watching this video.

Its true that social media are a distraction but for me it is not always the case. Have the NIH considered other reasons why children or adolescent often check on social media? For me, the reason why I mostly spend my leisure time in social media is to refresh my mind, to see other things and to maybe look for some ideas that could help me in my activities. To see an adorable photo or video about animals help me to relieve my stress it also allows me to lossen up my mind. It really depends on how we use social media to our advantage or make it as a disadvantage that could ruin how we live.

Social media are created in an attempt to make a virtual bridge that connects the people with different culture, practices, race and communicate in the very easy and comforting way possible. But it doesn't mean that we must forget the difference of virtual and reality. As much as we love chatting, surfing or reacting on social media we must also not forget to react, talk and feel in reality because that is the only way to say we have live in this world.

Studying how human brains work during the times that we use our mobile phones to check on our social media accounts like twitter, facebook, instagram. It really helps us to understand how this brains work and what is so addicting in this social media platforms. For parents, it helps them understand that this social media platforms are a distraction and it lessens the time for sleep, time for family, and other important things. When this pandemic started the world stop functioning for a moment. When it resumes and tries to go back to the old ways, we can't. As everything slowly starts to resume where the world left off the businesses sales are decreasing, Philippines has a huge amount of debt, people are going hungry, less incomes, and schools have resumed anyway. In this 'new normal' there's also a new way of learning and that is having online classes for the safety of the students and teachers, even when we are in the comfort of our houses the distractions are bigger. For example, noisy neighbors and pets and our favorite the social media. I admit that I open facebook most often than opening Canvas (an online classroom app) and spent a lot of time in surfing than making my activities which results to low quality activities. But when I decided to set it aside do first my activities and then surf facebook later on I tend to produce a better quality of activities. And so studies like this are really important and helpful for a wider perspective on how to help kids, teens and parents to learn manage time properly and in an effective way.

[myrandompieces]

A Silent Battle yet Deadly

Source: Google

The sun shines so bright

People gather on the street

Laughing, hugging, kissing

Pure blithe enjoyment

A wave of disease and

Dire days are comming

No one new, no one expected

God bless this earth

Dark days have come

Compromised livelihoods

Starving citizens

Our Country in debts

A never ending battle

Because of obstinate attitude

Selfishness lingering in the air

A defeaning silence

As you heard howls the

Cold breez of the night

touches your pale skin

making you shiver

How I miss the busy street,

those laughter of childrens

that play's wrestle in the park,

Oldies on their sumba outfit

source: OFW Pinoy Star; WheninBaguio

Missing your friends

Missing your family

Missing your work

Missing your colleagues

What good does it bring?

When all you hear are cries

All you see is death,

sadness and grievances

The saying goes

There's a light in every darkness

Somehow nature healed from

the abuse of humankind

Families get to bond together

eating in the same table

sharing smiles and laughter

cherishing every moment

Fate in humanity is restored

Helping and understanding

each other, together

We heal as one

source: When in Manila

The things that are happening today have its good and bad effects to our society. This pandemic forces a lot of establishment to close and workers to stop working, but at the same time it gives us time to be with our family. Make up for the time that we chooses work over them, it gives us the opportunity to work from home. Unfortunately, workers who serves in public service is unable to do so and they are the most affected in this situation. Also because of this we were able to revive the "bayanihan," e.g, feeding our frontliners, giving extra fairs, donations, and any other you can think of. I've learn that through this pandemic we became resilient and stronger, we deny the pandemic to take ou fellow men.

This teaches us to be more kind to one another, respect every living things, protect those who cannot protect themselves. Prioritize those who are important in your life because we'll never know when we are going to leave them behind. Show respect and love, care for our love one's while there's still time and when the time comes they leave we will not grieve rather we reminisce the memories that will forever be cherished.

There's no permanent in this world and so does this pandemic. We shall continue to fight our eay out in this silent battle, we can do more than what we can do now. It is the duty of the government to impose law and it is within us the discipline that will make changes to win this war. No matter how hard this times are we still manage to laugh and find happiness within the depth of darkness brought by the virus. And that's what I want to carry with me in this lifetime, passing it from generation to generation. Learning lessons from the mistakes and wrong choices that this generation had done to make changes for a better future. Lets keep showing respect, love, care, empathy, and love shall prevail.

[myrandompieces]

The Battle for Press Freedom

Photo courtesy: Time Magazine

When Covid-19 hits the Philippines, the economy went down. The struggle for life, food to survive and the freedom to know has been crucial. News provides necessary information that we need to be able to understand the virus, to know what are the do's and dont's. But the government deprived this country the freedom to know when they chooses to imprisoned Miss Maria Resa and denying ABS-CBN to renew their franchise amid the Covid-19. "This is a big blow against press freedom in our country and deprived millions of Filipinos of new, entertainment and assistance!" Rodriguez said in a Viber message. (Cepeda, 2020)

There's no exact law that protect and uphold press freedom in the Philippines but there's the 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – ARTICLE III. The Bill on Rights Section five says "No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances."

This is the reason why the Philippines is the fifth deadliest country for journalist (Salaverria, 2019) because it's not directed to protect the life and right of every journalist to press freedom disintegrating the media.

President Rodrigo Duterte has personally vowed to put the channel and its subsidiaries out of business, even telling its executives to just sell the company. He earlier also publicly spoke about his ire against ABS-CBN for not airing his political ads during the May 2016 elections, where he eventually won. However, Calida insisted that the case is not motivated by politics. (CNN, 2020)

Photo courtesy: The New York Times

Last May 4 the franchise of ABS-CBN has expired and the government denies for renewal because of the "network’s alleged violations of its franchise, the Constitution, labor and tax laws, and biased reporting and meddling in politics." (Dela Cruz, 2020) "The National Telecommunications Commission has since ordered it to cease its television and radio operations and to stop broadcasting its TV Plus and Sky Direct channels." (Cepeda, 2020)

When the dual citizenship of ABS-CBN chairman emeritus Eugenio “Gabby” Lopez III was questioned, the Department of Justice confirmed he is both Filipino and American. Bureau of Internal Revenue officials also repeatedly told lawmakers that ABS-CBN had been paying the proper taxes in the past two decades. (Cepeda, 2020)

Even the defenders of ABS-CBN in the House of Representative insisted the network deserve a new franchise because the government officials cleared them of any wrong doing. Which is ironic because the government agencies contradicts the allegations of lawmakers.

The hearing ended with 70 votes denying the network for franchise renewal and 11 in favor, two inhibited and one abstained.

Photo courtesy: ABS-CBN

1. Rep. Raneo Abuse

2. Rep. Cyrille Abueg-Zaldivar

3. Rep. Gil Acosta

4. Rep. Atonio Albano

5. Rep. Samantha Louise Alfonso

6. Rep. Juan Miguel Macapagal Arroyo

7. Rep. Cristal Bagatsing

8. Rep. Julienne Baronda

9. Rep. Elpidio Barzaga Jr.

10. Rep. Claudine Bautista

11. Rep. Juan Pablo Bondoc

12. Rep. Antonio Calixto

13. Rep. Prescious Castelo

14. Rep. Joaquin Chipeco Jr.

15. Rep. Ma. Theresa Collantes

16. Rep. Anthony Peter Crisologo

17. Rep. Francisco Datol

18. Rep. Mike Defensor

19. Rep. Paulo Duterte

20. Rep. Faustino Michael Dy

21. Rep. Faustino V. Dy

22. Rep. Ian Paul Dy

23. Rep. Conrado Estrella III

24. Rep. Ria Christina Fariñas

25. Rep.Dan Fernandez

26. Rep. Bayani Fernando

27. Rep. Luis Ferrer IV

28. Rep. Pablo John Garcia

29. Rep. Janette Garin

30. Rep. Sharon Garin

31. Rep. Weslie Gatchalian

32. Rep. Sandro Gonzales

33. Rep. Eduardo Gullas

34. Rep. Bernadette Herrera-Dy

35. Rep. Dulce Ann Hofer

36. Rep. Eleandro Jesus Madrona

37. Rep. Dale Malapitan

38. Rep. Esmael Mangudadatu

39. Rep. Rodante Marcoleta

40. Rep. Eric Martinez

41. Rep. Francisco Matugas

42. Rep. Raymond Mendoza

43. Rep. Roger Mercado

44. Rep. John Marvin Nieto

45. Rep. Jose Fidel Nograles

46. Rep. Jericho Nograles

47. Rep. Henry Oaminal

48. Rep. Joseph Stephen Paduano

49. Rep. Wilter Palma II

50. Rep. Enrico Pineda

51. Rep. Jesus Crispin Remulla

52. Rep. Strike Revilla

53. Rep. Yedda Romualdez

54. Rep. Ferdinand Martin Romualdez

55. Rep. Xavier Jesus Romualdo

56. Rep. Deogracias Savellano

57. Rep. Frederick Siao

58. Rep. Jose Singson Jr.

59. Rep. Jose Antonio Sy-Alvarado

60. Rep. Alyssa Sheena Tan

61. Rep. Sharee Ann Tan

62. Rep. Arnolfo Teves Jr.

63. Rep. Abraham Tolentino

64. Rep. Allan Ty

65. Rep. Christian Unabia

66. Rep. Rolando Valeriano

67. Rep. Luis Villafuerte Jr.

68. Rep. Camille Villar

69. Rep. Eric Yap

70. Rep. Divina Grace Yu

11 voted in favor for networks franchise renewal:

1. Rep. Sol Aragones

2. Rep. Christopher De Venecia

3. Rep. Carlos Zarate

4. Rep. Gabriel Bordado

5. Rep. Vilma Santos

6. Rep. Lianda Bolilia

7. Rep. Jose Tejada

8. Rep. Bienvenido Abante

9. Rep. Stella Quimbo

10. Rep. Mujiv Hataman

11. Rep. Edward Maceda

Rep. Alfred Vargas and Rep. Micaela Violago inhibited from voting. Rep. Alfredo Garbin Jr. abstained.

Photo courtesy: Philstar News

Reference

Cepeda, M. July 10, 2020. Rappler.com. Retrieved from

GOV.PH. Official Gazette. Retrieved from

https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-iii/#:~:text=No%20law%20shall%20be%20passed,prohibiting%20the%20free%20exercise%20thereof.

PFA. 2020. Philippine Franchise Association. Retrieved from

Dela Cruz, D. July 8, 2020. The Manila Times. Retrieved from

CNN. February 10, 2020. CNN Philippines. Retrieved from

Rubio, B. July 10, 2020. Philstar Global. Retreived from

Salaveria, L. December 2019. Inquirer.Net. Retreived from

[myrandompieces]

ABS-CBN's Abused on Philippine Depositary Reciepts (PDR)

Photo courtesy: Youtube

ABS-CBN issued PDR's to foreigners.

ABS-CBN Holdings Corp. issued over 298 million PDRs valued at PHP 46 per PDR. It admits that only 111 million PDRs (37.4% of the total) with a value of about PHP 5 Billion were issued to Filipinos. The bulk of said PDRs, about 187 million (62.6% of the total) amounting to about PHP 8.6 Billion were issued to foreigners/non-Filipinos.While ABS-CBN claimed that these PDRs were approved by SEC, SEC clarified that it had no control as to the buyers of these PDRs.

REP. M. T. DEFENSOR.

"Pero kung sino pong bibili nun, kung saan ibebenta, hindi niyo po alam iyon, hindi niyo po ina-approve iyon. Bahala na po sila."

MR. AMATONG.

"That is correct, Your Honor. That was the point I was trying to make kanina, that in the actual buying and selling, that’s not reported to the SEC. It’s really our self-regulatory organizations, the PSE and the PDEC that are aware of the actual transfers."

REP. M. T. DEFENSOR.

"Thank you po. Thank you, Mr. Chairman"

The PDRs appear to have been utilized to allow foreign ownership in ABS-CBN which could have violated the 1987 Constitution

To this Committee, the mechanism of corporate layering employed by ABS-CBN and ABS-CBN Holdings effectively makes the PDR holders the indirect owners of the underlying shares of stock of ABS-CBN. Indeed, while ABS-CBN Holdings is the nominal owner of the shares of stocks, it cannot exercise the full rights of ownership because it entered into a contract of pledge over the shares of stock with the Philippine Central Depository, Inc., to hold on behalf of the PDR holders the shares as security for certain obligations of ABS-CBN Holdings Corp.

Because of the pledge securing the PDRs, both ABS-CBN and ABS-CBN Holdings cannot dispose the underlying shares covered by the pledge agreement in favor of PDR holders. Similarly, the holding company is neither in legal possession of the shares nor entitled to the fruits (cash dividends given to stockholders of ABS-CBN). The cash dividends, less the operating expenses and taxes of ABS-CBN Holdings, belong to the PDR holders.

ABS-CBN’s PDR's appear to have allowed foreigners a measure of control in the company which could have violated the 1987 Constitution.

Based on the corporate papers of ABS-CBN, the issuer of PDRs ABS-CBN Holdings owns more than one-third, i.e. 34.67%, of all outstanding shares of stock of ABS-CBN. This is crucial because the remaining owners of ABS-CBN shares are already less than two-thirds, i.e. at only 65.03%, which would not allow them to effect any fundamental changes in the ABS-CBN without the participation of ABS-CBN holdings. However, as established during the proceedings, ABS-CBN Holdings has admitted to pledging almost two-thirds, i.e. 62%, of its ABS-CBN shares to non-Filipinos. This pledge appears to have allowed foreigners a measure of control on 62% of ABS-CBN shares held by ABS-CBN Holdings, which in effect, upon the desire of these non-Filipinos exercising rights over their ABS-CBN shares, can prevent ABS-CBN Holdings from consenting to the required two-thirds vote of outstanding shareholders of ABS-CBN.

The rationale for the issuance of PDR's already ceased, but ABS-CBN’s issuance of PDR's continued. It is said that the PDRs were brought about to address the 1997 Asian financial crisis to raise funds as a remedy for ailing companies. Said rationale already ceased when the world economy recovered from the downturn. More than two decades had already passed since the crisis and ABS-CBN no longer suffers from the plunge it took as evidenced by the billions of income it has been earning over the past years. What then is the current underlying motive for the issuance of PDRs in favor of foreigners?

Full copy of The Technical Working Group (TWG) Findings and Recommendations on ABS-CBN's Franchise Renewal obtained from www.scribd.com

[myrandompieces]

ABS-CBN Chairman emeritus Eugenio "Gabby" Lopez III Issue on Dual Citizenship

Photo courtesy: Scoopnest

Mr. Lopez became the Director, Chairman of the Board of Directors, President and Chief Executive Officer of ABS-CBN before he was recognized as Filipino.

ABS-CBN chairman emeritus Eugenio “Gabby” Lopez III dual citizenship made a big impact on the renewal of the networks franchise.

Mr. Lopez became the Chairman Emeritus of ABS-CBN on 19 April 2018. Prior to this, in 1992, he became a Director of the corporation and was elected as the Chairman of the Board of Directors in 1997. He was Chief Executive Officer of ABS-CBN since May 26, 1993 to January 1, 2013, and was President from May 26, 1993 to May 26, 1997 and then from March 16, 2006 to March 3, 2008. He applied for recognition of his Philippine citizenship only in 2001, and this recognition was granted by the Bureau of Immigration and DOJ in 2002, when Mr. Lopez was already fifty (50) years old.

There is a cloud of doubt on Mr. Lopez’s Filipino citizenship and allegiance to the Philippines.

Mr. Lopez hinges his Filipino citizenship on the fact that both his parents are Filipino citizens at the time of his birth. A closer examination of the records from the DOJ and the Bureau of Immigration, however, reveals that there is no clear and convincing proof that Mr. Lopez’s parents were Filipino citizens at the time of his birth, which is the operative fact that would be the basis for his Filipino citizenship. Apart from a sworn affidavit of his mother, which for all legal purposes is considered self-serving, no other evidence was adduced to prove that Mr. Lopez’s mother, Conchita La’O Lopez, was a Filipino citizen at the time of Mr. Lopez’s birth. In fact, Mr. Lopez was not able to produce the authenticated birth certificates of his parents when he applied for recognition of his Filipino citizenship or during the hearings by this Committee. Neither were the Philippine passports of his parents presented to this Committee.

Mr. Lopez himself does not have a Philippine government issued birth certificate, which could have served as conclusive proof that he is a Filipino citizen. As pointed out during the proceedings, Mr. Lopez has not submitted his Philippine birth certificate, i.e. his Philippine Report of Birth as authenticated by the Philippine Statistics Authority. His parents were required under Philippine regulations to immediately report his birth at the nearest Philippine Embassy/Consulate to document his Filipino citizenship, but they failed to do so. His parents, including Mr. Lopez himself, could have applied for delayed registration of birth, but they likewise failed to do so.

REP. BAUTISTA.

"While you live in… as an American citizen in the US, did you ever vote in the US election?"

CHAIRPERSON SY-ALVARADO.

"Mr. Lopez."

MR. LOPEZ.

"Yes, Your Honor, I voted in 2016, the 2016 elections."

Voting in elections is the supreme act citizenship of an individual, proclaiming to the world his exercise of sovereignty to choose government leaders of a State. “It is a recognition that the people in their sovereign character are the fountainhead of governmental authority, and that their right to participate in the power process is indispensable for democratic government to constitute an effective instrument of social control.”

Mr. Lopez exercised this supreme sovereign right not as a Filipino citizen, but as an American citizen. In sum, Mr. Lopez’s birth as a Filipino was never registered. It took him 50 years to apply for recognition as Filipino citizen, presenting no clear and convincing evidence that his parents were Filipino citizens at the time of his birth. From birth even to the present, he continues to use his US passport. He even voted during the last US Presidential elections. All these acts taken together demonstrate a pattern and ultimately cast doubt on the Filipino citizenship and allegiance of Mr. Lopez.

Full copy of The Technical Working Group (TWG) Findings and Recommendations on ABS-CBN's Franchise Renewal obtained from www.scribd.com