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The Power and Identity Dynamics Displayed In Fashion: Examining the Spring 1993 Perry Ellis Show Through Critical and Feminist Theories

A Senior Project Presented to The Faculty of the Communication Studies Department California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Arts

By Taylor Abouzeid Winter 2021

Every day that you wake up and get dressed, you are engaging with fashion. Every time you shove a pair of glasses further up your nose, you are engaging with fashion. From the shoes that protect your feet to the hat that warms your head, fashion, quite literally, surrounds you. The fictional character of Miranda Priestly said it best “…it’s sort of comical how you think that you’ve made a choice that exempts you from the fashion industry, when, in fact you’re wearing the sweater that was selected for you by the people in this room” (Frankel, 2006, 1:25:27). While it is well worth nothing the pervasive nature of the fashion industry, I desire to dig deeper.

I yearn to interpret the meaning of a garment beyond its threads. To examine the power a collection of clothing has over society, is to hold a magnifying glass up to a mirror. Fashion is created from society, by society, and for society.

The Perry Ellis Spring 1993 show exemplifies this deeper meaning of clothes. The grunge boots, deep tones, and fruitful florals rocked the brand’s traditional style with deafening deviancy (Condé Nast Archive, 1992). The radical and everlasting style that graced this runway was not immediately matched with the same awe and appreciation as it is given today. In fact, the Perry Ellis Spring 1993 show marked the final show for the coveted designer Marc Jacobs (Yaeger, 2015).

It is through critical analysis that we are able to see fashion communicate with the outside world. Marc Jacobs was privy to this concept. He understood the power of fashion and by taking a deeper look, through critical analysis, into his final show for Perry Ellis one can see the hidden concepts of power and identity dynamics. Jacobs was removed from the Perry Ellis show immediately after the launch of his Spring 1993 collection (Yaeger, 2015). Despite this expulsion from a top fashion house, Jacobs went on to create his own successful brand under his own name, Marc Jacobs (“International,” n.d.). Under new branding, Jacobs was able to create more contemporary and avant-garde designs than he was previously allowed under Perry Ellis.

By way of a critical evaluation, and through a feminist lens, I aim to explore the power and identity dynamics demonstrated in the Perry Ellis Spring 1993 show, designed by Marc Jacobs. Specifically, I seek to uncover the hidden meaning behind this selection of garments and take a closer look at the underlying inspirations behind the looks.

Throughout this paper we, author and reader, will embark on an amazing journey of discovery. First, we will set the stage with a literature review encompassing fashion communication, Critical Communication Theory, Feminist Theory (and fourth-wave feminism), power dynamics, aspects of identity, Cultural Capital Theory, and trend dynamics. This lengthy section provides us with pertinent knowledge to bring all audience members to the same level of understanding. At the end of this literature review lies my research question, left for your eyes to gaze and your mind to ponder. Then I begin to explore my given unit of analysis, the Perry Ellis Spring 1993 Show designed by Marc Jacobs in the Methodological section of this paper. In the outcomes and evaluations section I begin to answer my own pressing questions and explain why exactly this study has an impact of the given field of Communication Studies. And if that’s not enough, I wrap it all up with a bow in my final summary. Here we go, thanks for joining me on this journey!

Literature Review Critical Communication Theory Critical theory, largely credited to Habermas (1968) is highly influenced by the works of Karl Marx (Fuchs, 2018). Marx mimicked many of Habermas’ ideations, such as language as a gear within capital and power, rather than a sperate function within itself (Fuchs, 2018). In order for Critical Communication Theory to avoid contradiction it must transcend the typical Habermasian approach (Fuchs, 2018). While Critical Theory has withstood the test of time, and continues to develop as of today, it is not outside its bounds to include and credit the work of Marx with the theory.

To review the cyclicality of a trend is to view an artifact as ever changing, malleable as the audience changes throughout time. One must first diagnose the age within its construction, and then apply Critical Theory work unto a given artifact (McLuski, 2007). The theory of critical communication is deeply reflexive, McLuskie (2007) uncovers the discourse surrounding mutual recognition by articulating the same flexible fundamentals as seen in this paper. Critical Theory has moved well beyond its starting position, for decades it has been applied and reapplied to dig deeper into the theory itself (McLuski, 2007). Critical Theory, as explained by McLuski (2007) observes an artifact as a worldly experience, with ties to separate and disconnected theories beyond the communicative realm. After all the explaining of positivism and Marxism, one theory remains at the center of it all: Critical Communication Theory.

Critical Theory was developed with the ability to continuously expand, and it is well within the reach of this paper to move beyond the more common applications of critical communication theory. Marx has long gone without appropriate accreditation for his work on Critical Theory (Fuchs & Mosco, 2012). It is in fact, the building blocks of Marx that communicative social change becomes feasible. The calls for a critique on exploitation, class and capitalism come from the work of Marx (Fuchs & Mosco, 2012) and are often an integral part of defining Critical Theory. By applying Fuchs & Mosco’s work on Marx (2012) one can begin to further expand this important theory. This expansion, exemplified by the current paper, must demonstrate the materialism between communication and culture, highlight the same activity from which information and communication intersect, and draw attention to the social construction of meaning (Fuchs & Mosco, 2012). At this intersection lies the Perry Ellis show, a show that broke boundaries of fashion and spoke to an audience beyond the traditional high fashion community.

Feminist Theory Although self-titling a paper to include feminist critiques can often lead to assumptions of false intent and outdated intentions (Dare, 2007), Feminist Theory maintains a strict balance of inclusion and artifact criticism. It is throughout Dare’s (2007) article that we can identify the necessity of dismantling the historical separation of active and passive actions, which has often been used to strip away one’s ideology of individual capital. The important shift explored by Dare (2007) follows that one must not question the speaker themselves, but rather the forces that allowed a given speaker the stage presence to have their voice to be heard. Feminist Theory is far from reaching an outdated status update, but as these monumental shifts continue to happen, it is imperative that young scholars track this budding discourse.

While traditional approaches to Feminist Theory can be criticized for falling behind the times, modern fourth-wave feminism strives to move beyond common misconceptions. While the basic intentions behind the different segments of historical feminist movements have largely remained the same, it is more accurate to differentiate the waves by the tools used by modern feminists (Looft, 2017). For instance, fourth-wave feminism is characterized by the ability to create and maintain online networks of community across national border lines (Looft, 2017). The feminist lens and efforts though which this scene will be evaluated is the same feminist lens that Loof (2017) describes as seeking to understand and revolutionize reproductive rights, freedom of speech, and workplace rights. This fourth wave of feminism was chosen due to the nature of my argument and because fourth-wave feminism remains the most current feminist perspective in 2021.

As seen in Biesecker (1992), Feminist Theory needs to be separated from the status quo. As women begin to be written into recent histories of rhetoric there needs to be a drastic shift in the processes of accepting new literature into the field. Women must be allowed in the public sphere of rhetorical content, in order for the field to continue its compounding exponential growth. It is within Biesecker’s (1992) article that the common criticisms of feminist theory, especially regarding inclusivity of content, are radically exposed.

Through the present application of fourth-wave feminism, and the perspective that Dare (2007) explored, the Spring show can be evaluated as not only an act of defiance, but an outright criticism of the power dynamics evident in the fashion industry. A clash between what is popular and what has always been, led to the capsule that is this collection. Femininity is explored though its contrast: strong women walked in low sole combat boots, stepping on the heads of patriarchy throughout the length of the catwalk. These details are what must be explored, for in the smallest crease of a garment there is the potential for pushing this feminist agenda.

Power & Identity The negotiation process of social status is highly tied to one’s perception of others, and further, the ways in which all parties interact with one another (Pasztor, 2019). Pasztor (2019) utilized theories and experiences with power dynamics between tattoo shop clients and artists to uncover ritualistic actions that can be taken to assert higher or lower levels of power/dominance in a given interaction. Certain aspects of the “negotiation process” exposed personal motivations such as obtaining a consensus, or a perceived “win” over the countering party (Pasztor, 2019). Power dynamics are further explained to function as a mutual understanding between speaker and listener (Pasztor, 2019), through which rational conversation assumptions are held in play. As long as little listener maintenance is required to follow and interpret the message, power dynamics flow throughout the conversation through verbal and non-verbal paralanguage (Pasztor, 2019).

Identity dynamics hold a wealth of power over one’s own perceptions of an artifact and can be seen to define and characterize a given artifact by creating passages of understanding for audience members. While foundational understanding of identity typically originates within oneself, a crucial aspect of identity dynamics is the role that a single identity plays among others (Fredriksson & Johansson, 2014). There are strong ties from one’s identity to their surrounding experiences, and socially shared knowledge. From this common knowledge an understanding is further implied between author and audience. Identity dynamics can be seen at play in any given artifact. They hold the potential to collect or divide an audience, or in this case, a collection.

When examining external approaches to a given artifact, creating audience identity connections improves audience perceptions of the show. Cooper (2019) examined audience reactions to different female standup comedians to expose that audience members perceive shows to be more widely appealing if they consider themselves to be a part of the target audience. Here we see that identity work places the power in the hands of the audience members, such that they are the ones who decide the authenticity of the performance (Cooper, 2019). It is though the work of Cooper (2019) that we see the foundational elements of identity dynamics on the field of media and communication studies.

Pertaining to the current analysis, there are two main identities to examine in the Perry Ellis show. First, the assertion of power from the presented new wave of individualistic and grungy fashion over the standardized and subordinate ways of the past. This exemplification of power dynamics places the Perry Ellis show in an interesting position. By putting forth a collection that critiques the industry in which it resides, Marc Jacobs directly challenged not only the participation of his audience members, but also the entire foundation on which elitist fashion originates. Second, it is crucial to examine the identity work of this collection. The presented styles spoke to a younger and more modern audience, one that understood and deeply engaged with the underground music scene. Perhaps unsurprisingly, this collection was the final show Marc Jacobs presented at Perry Ellis (Yaeger, 2015). The attitude of the show was so groundbreaking, that Jacobs became a risky designer – one who was not preoccupied with prioritizing the wants of industry officials, but rather desired to reflect society as it truly was.

Cultural Capital Theory & Trend Dynamics Cultural Capital Theory is commonly sourced as a fundamental component of fashion trend prediction. Yoganarasimhan (2017) examined and researched trend adoption patterns to prove fashion was a signifier of cultural capital. Alongside Cultural Capital Theory often runs Wealth Signaling Theory, a concept which is disproven in the Yoganarasimhan article (2017). Within Yoganarasimhan’s (2017) conclusion a solidifying statistic substantiates ties between Cultural Capital Theory and predicted trend cyclicity.

Power over a given subject’s cultural capital is maintained by the ruling class. In this case, society’s elite, and those who control fashion investments, are considered to be the “ruling class.” An examination of the different power structures within Afrikaans arts journalism highlighted the important strength of human agency on already changing structures of power (Cultural Capital and Change, 2012). Indeed, even after monumental shifts in power have occurred, cultural capital is still used by the newly instated class of leaders (Cultural Capital and Change, 2012). Cultural capital is used to self-prescribe and reinforce one’s assumed power and is seen in the transfer of power between human interactions well beyond physical conversations.

While the cultural capital at the time of the Spring 1993 Perry Ellis show contrasted Jacobs’ runway, it is important to examine the ways in which the underground grunge subculture began to seep into the mainstream, in this instance, through fashion. This trend went against classical rules of Cultural Capital Theory. Models adorned smudged eyeliner and walked with heavy feet, decisions that, at the time, were groundbreaking. However, by bringing this Nirvana-influenced wave of fashion motifs to a “high culture” runway show, Marc Jacobs made the standout decision to change the present structures of power (AnOther, 2015). This show claimed a space in fashion history by unapologetically presenting a new, harsher take on fashion’s cultural capital.

In sum, the culmination of this research has led me to the following question: “How have the power and identity dynamics evidenced in the Spring 1993 Perry Ellis Ready-to-Wear collection influenced today's social landscape?” I explore this question through looking at the present-day fashion scene.

Methods Unit of Analysis The unit of analysis for the current paper is the Spring 1993 Perry Ellis fashion show, designed by the well-accredited Marc Jacobs. This show is unique in that it can stand alone as a moment in the past, encompassing all the amazing musical, political, social, and cultural influences that it grew from. While this show held tremendous value in that particular moment, its social worth continues today. This is in part due to the coincidental parallel growth of fashion and technology. For without the amazing documentation of this show, there is no way to guarantee its current social capital. Seventy-one looks have been eternally frozen in the once glossy pages, now the internet, of Conde Nast’s Vogue (Condé Nast Archive, 1992). These images have gone well beyond a singular audience, as the exact images and at-home replicas continue to grace the dashboards of Pinterest, Instagram, Twitter, and Tumblr.

Looking at these images evokes ideation of timeless design. The variety of presented silhouettes allows for this show, in particular, to evade the confines of a style’s given decade. Arguably, Dr. Marten’s boots have always been in trend, but now, in 2021, we have seen a revival like no other. This particular footwear choice cannot be chalked up to one individual inspiration, but it would be foolish to not admit at least a small portion of Ellis’ contribution to the combat boot renaissance. From cropped cardigans, midi and maxi dresses, sheer tops, and embroidered details, many trends displayed in this show are still easily shoppable in today’s racks of retail storefronts.

Let it be known, this particular show was not selected on a whim. After looking into the Anna Sui Spring 1993 show, the Jean Paul Gaultier Fall 1995 show, and my selection of choice –the Perry Ellis Spring 1993 show – I was left to my own decisions. I finally made my choice to move forward with the Perry Ellis show as the central focus of my senior project because the available coverage of information regarding the inspiration and the execution of this show is much greater than that of the other shows I explored. Furthermore, my selection was also heavily influenced by a personal desire to better understand the importance of Marc Jacobs as a designer for Perry Ellis.

Critical Analysis To best honor the traditions set forth by Critical (Communication) Theory (Habermas, 1968). I had to first, metaphorically, place my artifact well within a given span of time. While there are obvious and definite boundaries for the literal time frame of the show, the interpretations of the show make the time seem indefinite. Alas, like Critical Theory would suggest, I had to look outside what I should expect. I placed the artifact in the past and allowed the consequential river of reactions to flow forth without restraint.

By examining the artifact in this manner, I was better able to recognize the power structures at play within the garments. The contrast of flowing fabrics tethered to the runway with a thick soled boot and the loud music paired with graceful models demonstrate ways in which power was created on the runway. By creating these harshly contrasting dynamics, a storyline can be implied through the dramatic threads. The clothing spoke of a rebellion, a lack of guilt, and a desire for control. While these claims may seem distant, it was only through Critical Theory that they became evident.

Analyzing Power and Identity Dynamics In order to apply and examine the power and identity dynamics at hand, I had to deeply engage with the materials surrounding the show. I was able to discover that Marc Jacobs sourced many inspirations from the grunge subculture headed by Nirvana superstar Kurt Cobain, and the likes of Courtney Love and other “reckless” celebrities of the era (AnOther, 2015). Through this analysis on the available inspirations, positions of power became more and more apparent. The models, though their garments, held the power. It was the combination of socially deviant clothes and traditionally accepted beauty that shocked the audience and placed the power in the models’ hands. By giving the audience the unexpected, the show took place at the highest position of power. As for the concepts of identity surrounding this collection, I have previously noted the importance of the grunge subculture on the Perry Ellis show, but further the nature of the show explores concepts of individuality and beauty within the unfinished.

Feminist Application For the final part of my analysis, I wanted to include a feminist perspective. To best match the concept of this artifact not only existing on the past but living in our future, I selected a moderate take on fourth-wave feminism. This decision to include feminist perspectives came naturally. This third and final lens gave me the ability to interpret the available dynamics at play in a more applicable manner. Through a feminist perspective the show serves a rebellious purpose, like a pungent fist in the air, or a march through a crowd. The Perry Ellis Spring 1993 show encapsulated feminist acts of defiance.

In sum, fashion provides one way to interrogate our own reflections, both literally and figuratively. Created by individuals not removed from cultural conversation, fashion allows us to take a step back and reflect on our own lives. Critical Theory applies best to this moment of communication. By utilizing the strengths of the theory, the Perry Ellis Spring 1993 show can be viewed as an artifact within a given cultural moment. It is only through the use of Feminist Theory, however, that we can examine aspects of power and identity within the collection. Feminist thought provides a perspective of dynamicism, one that allows us to view objects, in this case individual garments, as signifiers of value. Cultural Capital Theory describes the process of creating and passing on trends. Within the Perry Ellis show we see prevalent cultural capital though the cyclicality and long-term reign of the presented trends. Having the Perry Ellis show as my unit of analysis allowed for greater exploration and in-depth evaluation of a broader range of topics, and with the application of my given theories the show is able to stand out as not only a moment in history, but a curtail aspect of today’s society.

Findings Power in Fashion One of the most prevalent social dynamics in fashion is power. Commonly seen through shoulder pads, asymmetrical hems, sharp edges and dark colors, power is quite literally sewn into a large portion of runway garments. These exact design elements were foundational to Jacobs designs for the Spring 1993 show. Fashion, however, is not often limited by boundaries of such elements. Power can be shown through a multitude of other factors that play significant roles in a season’s presentation. In the Perry Ellis show, power is further exhibited through the dark Dr. Marten’s boots, sullen faces of the models, bold red stripes, and tonal patterns that adorned the more feminine garments.

Contrast is another gigantic signifier of power in fashion. The clash of “high,” avant-garde, fashion and “low,” street, fashion is a more common example of this dynamic. Within Jacobs’ designs one can see this difference in style through his outfitting. Models in shiny, pink silk gowns wore smudged, dark makeup. While the soft colors and flowing fabric exude calamity and beauty, the “heroin chic” makeup speaks to Jacobs’ grunge influences (Condé Nast Archive, 1992). The distinction, yet simultaneous display of the two styles is a unique characteristic embodied by this show.

Designers often use color pallets to convey messages of power in their projects. I identified this tactic in the Perry Ellis show most specifically in Jacobs’ printed designs. While the garments in soft and neutral tones lacked fabric embellishments, the black, red, purple, and green items were all printed with various beaded textures, plaid or striped prints, and often a mixture of them all (Condé Nast Archive, 1992). Jacobs’ decision to mix these patterns and prints in his runway show gave the presentation an edge that, at the time, was relatively new.

This evidenced power dynamic has continued to influence audiences even today. Outfitting, both on the runway and off, continues to follow Jacobs’ trend of contrast. Whether through chunky sneakers with dresses, or Dr. Martens with feminine prints, contrast is still highly applicable in modern trends. As for coloration, black has long reigned as a color of power, which even today we see at play. Suits, a typical part of powerful dressing, are most commonly black, a sentiment that is undoubtfully influenced through color selection. Although these aspects of power may have not originated with Jacobs, it is through his final Perry Ellis show that we can see them most clearly featured.

Identity Threads While identity my not seem to be an individual aspect of fashion, the essence of alternative and individualistic societal precepts carries throughout the entirety of the Spring 1993 runway. Individuality of one’s own fashion can come in many forms, in the Perry Ellis show it was best evidenced through the inclusion of grunge aesthetics. By drawing inspiration from the grunge subculture and more specifically the band Nirvana, Marc Jacobs’ collection oozed identity (AnOther, 2015). The formation of subcultures comes from the diversity of society (Ulusoy & Schembri, 2018). Through the inclusion of the grunge subculture into his work, Marc Jacobs was able to create an identity with his collection.

Creating and maintaining an identity with fashion is more common than you would think. Brands often select the subcultures that most closely align with their target audience to include in their shows. However, in the Spring 1993 Perry Ellis show, Jacobs stunned audiences by giving them what they least expected: grunge. Whereas the fashion market has often been associated with “high culture” contexts, the presented grunge culture forced audience members to engage with what had traditionally been viewed as “low culture.”

We all make decisions regarding fashion; thus, we all have a fashion identity. By adhering to a particular subculture’s aesthetic, blatantly neglecting it, or some middle ground of the two, everyone engages with fashion identities. The adherence to a given subculture has the power to give the clothing a genre, an identity. It is this concept, that was polished by Jacobs, that allows an essence of identity to be seen in the show.

Cultural Capital of Clothing Cultural capital is that which holds influence in our society (Yoganarasimhan, 2017). However, in the context of fashion this can be most clearly seen through the presented runway shows each season. Quarterly (occasionally more often though), fashion houses create presentations to walk down their runway. The top houses, most outspoken brands, or cutting-edge designers hold the season’s cultural capital.

This sense of influence/capital is strongly maintained by top brand houses each season and is later mimicked by “lower’ houses in the subsequential shows. While the terms “higher” and “lower” do not necessarily mean better or worse, there is often an implication that those brands who covet newer ideas sooner hold more cultural capital. This is exactly why the Spring 1993 Perry Ellis Ready-to Wear show was so substantially influential. It accomplished what no other brand had done before.

The Perry Ellis show broke cultural capital norms. I believe that this show in particular was a standout in creating a new wave of fashion’s cultural capital scene. For after Marc Jacobs was fired from Perry Ellis following the debut of his Spring 1993 collection, other brands began to catch on to Jacobs’ genius. No longer did top houses hold the entirety of fashion’s capital. Small brands began to have more influence as they experimented with new concepts and continued to push new designs.

Trend Implications We see individual expression through clothing in many ways, but most pungently through the decision to engage with particular trends. Similar to the decision to adhere to subculture aesthetics, trends are presented by a season’s designers and trickle down through the retail market. While the average person only gathers a general idea of trends from what is sold to them on the racks and major retail outlets, designers and a whole team of trend forecasters are responsible for paving the way.

This is where that Devil Wears Prada quote chimes in, “…it’s sort of comical how you think that you’ve made a choice that exempts you from the fashion industry, when, in fact you’re wearing the sweater that was selected for you by the people in this room” (Frankel, 2006, 1:25:27). As Miranda Priestly goes on to renounce, even a specific color can be attributed to a singular choice made by designers. From the cut of your jeans, the height of your heel, or the print on your coat, trends are inescapable.

There is no way to passively engage with fashion trends, every time you mix feminine blouses with hard plaid and call it “grunge” Marc Jacobs is to be thanked. Fashion shows across the decades have been responsible for the cyclicality of trends. It was the consequence of this very show that the presented trends still run rampant today. In reality however, it is quite rare to account a given trend all the way back to its original designs, as through the market chain they change and adapt with their audience.

Discussion Through powerful silhouettes, harsh stripes, and heavy boots, the Perry Ellis Spring1993 show is notable for its statement of power. This show gave fashion the chance to break down and challenge traditional runway presentations. The loud music and desire to reject fashion norms spoke of an identity given to the project. Through this formation of identity, the show itself became a trend. By examining the formation of trends through Cultural Capital Theory, it became obvious that the Perry Ellis show ranked in a position where its power could create an influence. These conclusions have consequences outside of the show’s legacy. This exploration of the Perry Ellis Spring 1993 show, designed by Marc Jacobs, has expanded the limits of Critical Communication Theory and challenged the ideas of feminist thought for power and identity work.

Implications for Critical Theory It is through the work of Critical Theory that artifacts, such as the Perry Ellis Spring 1993 fashion show, are able to be deeply analyzed on an artifact-specific scale. The work of Critical Theory allowed for Jacobs’ show to be seen as highly influential, and remarkably pertinent. Through the Perry Ellis show, Critical Theory took on new grounds. By applying Critical Theory to such a topic as fashion, the theory as a whole can be seen as more applicable. Further, because Critical Theory was created with the intent to never stop expanding (Habermas, 1968), this paper provides an outlet through which the entire theory itself can be seen as continuing to grow and encompass more, and widely different, terrain.

The work completed through this analysis of Jacobs’ designs also captured a new intersection of Critical Theory and media artifacts. While the unit of analysis is often a modern-media piece up for critical analysis, by focusing on a fashion show, Critical Theory’s scope of analysis has stretched to encompass an entirely new group of discourse. Given this newfound inclusion, Critical Theory can now be widely applied to projects outside of Communication Studies. As the groundwork for expanding Critical Theory has now be laid, others can easily begin their own expansion of the theory.

Implications for Feminist Thought The analytical discussion that preceded was grounds for a reclamation of fashion as wholly feminist. By focusing on power and identity dynamics, the conversation centered fashion in an manner that presented its feminist capabilities. In the past, fashion has been seen as superficial and even potentially as a patriarchal crutch. Serving as a scapegoat for sexist behaviors and comments regarding feminine interests, fashion has rarely been engaged in such a way with feminist studies. However, with a closer examination of the Spring runway, it has become radically clear that the garments were made in defiance of such societal and patriarchal rules and are actual evidence of defiance.

From this paper, fashion has proven to be a weapon against norms and oppressive culture, and a beacon for all things individual and powerful. Allowing fashion to serve its intended purpose has expanded the previous limits of Feminist Theory. Engaging with fashion, previously used to dumb down, or discredit the interests of women, can now be seen as an intentional, critical, and even political choice. Feminist Theory, now with the addition of fashion, can begin to examine other ways in which clothing is used to empower, and potentially disenfranchise, feminine autonomy.

Real World Implications Every day, we all wake up and engage with fashion. With, or without, notable intent we select what trends we desire to follow, and we confidently present them to the world. Without our knowledge, the Perry Ellis show has influenced every single individual, for it has continued to influence the entire fashion industry since its original exposition. It’s presented trends have rippled outward and could be seen as undetectable to the untrained eye. However, this analysis has provided the lens though which one can see the designs’ influence.

This show, designed by Marc Jacobs, is remarkable for this influence yet remains unrewarded for its daily application. Although for many, the influence that Marc Jacobs has had on the fashion industry will continue to go unnoticed, this paper has set a prescient to appreciate the center of origin for current and past trends. Similarly, at the hand of this exploration, fashion has become a topic worthy of critical exploration; one that is conducive for further research.

Limitations and Thoughts for Expansion While this paper was able to completely grasp at the importance of fashion, and more specifically the Spring 1993 Perry Ellis Ready-to-Wear fashion show, designed by the incredible Marc Jacobs, it lacks evidence of other shows continuing this strong wave of influence. Undeniably, fashion has, and continues to be, influenced by a rage of different collections. From designers, to music, to various subcultures, fashion gains inspiration from everywhere. To strengthen the argument that fashion affects everyone, it is very necessary to examine other potential areas of trend inspiration.

If we, as a society, are to continue to expand our understanding of fashion to include noteworthy moments of inspiration, it is crucial for others to expand my presented topic. Many other shows hold similar relevancy to the Perry Ellis collection, and many other designers deserve similar accreditation. Thusly, for future efforts, I would deem it highly necessary to continue the application of the given theories to a multitude of differing shows.

Conclusion I wrote this paper with the intention of expanding the limits of Critical Theory, and feminist thought. I wanted to explore the range that power and identity dynamics had within these houses of thought. It is through the Perry Ellis Spring 1993 show that I was able to accomplish such work. Through both a feminist lens and Critical Theory, power and identity dynamics have been emphasized as key aspects of fashion. By drawing attention to the minute details of the designs and approaching the analysis with a concrete understanding of fourth-wave feminism, this paper exemplified my goals. This culmination of thought is now able to show how applicable high-fashion concepts are in every-day life.

Fashion no longer has to be seen as an abstract office hidden somewhere in New York, fashion is everywhere around us. By taking a closer look at the fashion that surrounds you, it becomes apparent that what once could have been seen as a drab jacket, is actually a statement of power through its broad shoulders, dark colors and sleek fabric. Fashion is more than just the clothes we throw on our bodies, fashion is a deeper reflection of society than many know. With this paper, the Spring 1993 Perry Ellis show, designed by Marc Jacobs, has become eternally influential for all of us who engage with fashion.

References AnOther. (2015, June 4). Marc Jacobs' S/S93 nirvana tribute at Perry Ellis. https://www.anothermag.com/fashion-beauty/7476/marc-jacobs-s-s93-nirvana-tribute-at-perry-ellis Biesecker, B. (1992). Coming to Terms with Recent Attempts to Write Women into the History of Rhetoric. Philosophy & Rhetoric, 25(2), 140-161. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40237715 Condé Nast Archive. (1992). Perry Ellis spring 1993 ready-to-wear [image gallery]. Vogue. https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-1993-ready-to-wear/perry-ellis/slideshow/collection Cooper, S. K. (2019). What’s so funny? Audiences of women’s stand-up comedy and layered referential viewing: Exploring identity and power. Communication Review, 22(2), 91-116. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu/10.1080/10714421.2019.1599666 Cultural capital and change: Afrikaans arts journalism and the democratic transformation of South Africa. (2012). Conference Papers – International Communication Association, 1-30. Dare, A. (2007). Shifting tides: Transnationalizing feminist communication theory. Conference Papers – National Communication Association, 1. https://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cms&AN=35506504&site=ehost-live&scope=site Frankel, D. (Director). (2006). The devil wears prada [film]. Fox 2000 Pictures. Fredriksson, M., & Johansson, B. (2014). The dynamics of professional identity. Journalism Practice, 8(5), 585-595. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu/10.1080/17512786.2014.884746 Fuchs, C. (2018). Towards a critical theory of communication with George Lukács and Lucien Goldman. Javnost-The Public, 25(3), 265-281. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu/10.1080/13183222.2018.1463032 Fuchs, C., & Mosco, V. (2012). Intrduction: Marx is back – The importance of Marxist theory and research for critical communication studies today. TripleC (Cognition, Communication, Co-Operation): Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society, 10(2), 127-140. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu/10.31269/triplec.v10i2.421 Habermas, J. (1968). Knowledge and human interests. John Wiley & Sons. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Knowledge+and+Human+Interests-p-9780745694177 International. (n.d.). Marc Jacobs Official Site. https://www.marcjacobs.com/default/aboutmarc/louis-vuitton-1997.html Looft, R. (2017). #girlgaze: Pornography, fourth wave feminism, and social media advocacy. Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, 31(6), 892-902. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu/10.1080/10304312.2017.1370539 McLuskie, E. (2007). The “recognition turn” in critical theory as a communication theory for peace. Javnost-The Public, 14(4), 19-36. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu/10.1080/13183222.2007.11008950 Pasztor, S. K. (2019). Parlez in the parlor: Greeting rituals, power dynamics, negotiation, and goal achievement in tattoo artist-client discourse on TLC’s NY Ink. International Journal of Communication & Linguistic Studies, 17(1), 23-41. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu/10.18848/2327-7882/CGP/v17i01/23-41 Yaeger, L. (2015). Slammed then, celebrated now, Marc Jacobs’s Perry Ellis grunge show was a collection before its time. Vogue. https://www.vogue.com/article/marc-jacobs-perry-ellis-grunge-collection-90s-fashion Yoganarasimhan, H. (2017). Identifying the presence and cause of fashion cycles in data. Journal od Marketing Research (JMR), 54(1), 5-26. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu/10.1509/jmr.15.0119 Ulusoy, E., & Schembri, S. (2018). Subculture as learning context: Subcultural music consumption as language, channel and journey. Consumption, Markets & Culture, 21(3), 239–254. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu/10.1080/10253866.2018.1447463

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morethanjustmediocremusings · 2 years ago

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Hidden Solutions for Invisible Problems

Taylor Abouzeid is a fourth year Communication Studies student with a minor in Women & Gender Studies. After learning about Cal Poly’s connections to Safer, a confidential resource that supports survivors of sexual assault and intimate partner violence, she began her own research into the topic. After two years of exploration, she continues to study within the field and hopes to take this fundamental work with her into her career. “The support you can give to other survivors of sexual assault, has been the most cherished part of my journey. Learning to help myself has ultimately helped hundreds of others.”

One of the hurdles in finding solutions for intimate partner violence remains to be that each situation is completely unique. Sadly, there is not a single solution that could end all violence. Thankfully, there are many options. Getting discrete and urgent help doesn’t have to be frightening or exhaustive. Across the world, institutions have been put in place to help survivors throughout their lives; from current programs to future plans for change, here are hidden solutions for invisible problems.

According to Evans et al. (2020) the majority of people experiencing intimate partner violence don’t seek help. During more normal global circumstances there are precautions in place at doctors’ offices, OBGYN offices, and other health care settings, to help identify those experiencing this trauma. However, as COVID-19 restrictions forced many people back into their homes, these visits became less and less frequent, and on occasion were moved to online formats. These online visits were a stark difference from the privacy and comfort provided with in person meetings. Stuck at home, many patients live without reliable internet, and with their abusers in the home, without the guarantee of confidential conversations (Evans et al., 2020).

Despite these harsh conditions there was still a reported 9% increase in total contacts for the National Domestic Violence Hotline (Schnur, 2020). Even given these large obstacles the increase in outreach alludes to even more violence that goes reported. If the numbers shot up at such a rate, and it remains that intimate partner violence goes hugely underreported, there must be a surge of violence that we are still not seeing.

Currently, many stay at home orders have lifted and COVID-19 restrictions have steadily grown less strict, however if you are still unable to leave your home, you are not alone. Lockdowns created harmful spaces that separated many survivors from existing support networks. These same orders also reduced many families’ access to childcare services, food, and education outlets (Schnur, 2020). The pandemic also resulted in many large-scale layoffs and loss of income for houses, creating financial stress and tensions which could eventually lead to violence (Schnur, 2020). Coupled with heightened anxiety surrounding pandemic-related deaths and illness, strain in community strength, and international threats to individual safety, these circumstances created a storm of fear, and induced conditions propagating intimate partner violence for many individuals.

The need for discrete and accessible help has never been higher. Many institutes have begun of offer more services online, including hotlines, chat rooms, therapist appointments, and case worker hours. There are a plethora of these hotlines that operate 24 hours and can be coded for non-private conversations.

The National Domestic Violence Hotline 1-800-799-SAFE (7233) The National Sexual Assault Hotline 1-800-656-HOPE (4673)

These hotlines can provide real-time crisis intervention, confidential referrals, and information services (American College of Surgeons, 2021). The National Domestic Violence Hotline also provides chat and text options for the most optimum comfort level of patients (The National Domestic Violence Hotline, 2020). The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence works to “lead, mobilize and raise our voices to support efforts that demand a change of conditions that lead to domestic violence such as patriarchy, privilege, racism, sexism, and classism. We are dedicated to supporting survivors and holding offenders accountable and supporting advocates” (NCADV, n.d.). Their website provides resources for survivors of intimate partner violence, as well as support for those working with survivors.

With simple searches for local domestic abuse and intimate partner violence therapy sessions, many options become available to those in need. Another search for intimate partner violence shelters, or women’s shelters provides even more opportunities for those in need. Organizations such as Stand Strong and RISE work to provide these resources and provide information and help for survivors (Stand Strong, 2021; RISE, n.d.).

While for some these resources may be enough support and help to reduce the risk of harm, Sharma and Borah (2020) outline several other options to help mediate the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on intimate partner violence. By encouraging the expansion of social safety nets, neighbors, community members and bystanders can become more informed about the topic and can become active participants of reporting suspected cases of intimate partner violence. With increased numbers in calls and outreach, a streamlined reporting system was also recommended (Sharma & Borah, 2020). Allowing for more flexible avenues for reporting and increasing response time are all fundamental aspects of improving the current systems. The authors also recommended that any, and all, systems should be laden health care responses, and a provided time window for which survivors can have guaranteed support (Sharma & Borah, 2020). Lastly, Sharma and Borah (2020) mention a focus on high-risk populations, namely: immigrant communities, immunocompromised individuals, the elderly, and those with chronic illness.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2020) has published a series of practices for nurses to follow in order to foster safe and healthy relationships. By implementing social-emotional youth learning programs and couple’s heathy relationship programs health care providers can begin to teach safe and healthy skills for all relationships. The CDC (2020) also mentions that by recruiting influential community members, bystander education and family programs will have stronger effects on the targeted communities. With tactics in place such as early childhood home visitations, preschool family enrichment, parenting and family programs, and heightened treatment for at-risk individuals supporting survivors can become deeply engrained in our society.

Opportunities for further growth in the field could include more equitable access to necessary broadband internet services, and a normalization of intimate partner violence screenings (Evans et al., 2020). While intimate partner violence remains largely unseen due to under-reporting, there are many efforts currently being made to help survivors. These solutions range along the scales of intervention and discretion, hopefully allowing for each unique individual to find the help they need tailored to them. For further information and other recommended sources please explore the Further Readings tab. Remember, you are not alone.

References American College of Surgeons. (2021, March 29). Intimate partner violence resources. https://www.facs.org/member-services/ipv/resources Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, October 9). Intimate partner violence. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/index.html Evans, M. L., Lindauer, M., & Farrell, M. E. (2020, December 10). A pandemic within a pandemic — Intimate partner violence during COVID-19. New England Journal of Medicine. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2024046 The National Domestic Violence Hotline. (2020, August 30). https://www.thehotline.org NCADV. (n.d.). National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. https://ncadv.org RISE. (n.d.). Other community resources. Respect. Inspire. Support. Empower. https://www.riseslo.org/other_community_resources.php Schnur, M. B. (2020, October 26). Domestic violence surges with COVID-19. Lippincott Nursing Center. https://www.nursingcenter.com/ncblog/october-2020/domestic-violence-surges-with-covid-19 Sharma, A., & Borah, S. B. (2020, July 28). COVID-19 and domestic violence: An indirect path to social and economic crisis. Journal of Family Violence. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10896-020-00188-8 Stand Strong. (2021, May 20). Services & Programs. https://standstrongnow.org

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morethanjustmediocremusings · 2 years ago

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How Epidemics Have Unexpectedly Changed My Life

Taylor Abouzeid Dr. Ruszczycky WGS 302-01 16 March 2021

Approaching a class essentially focused on the HIV/AIDS epidemic, I was honestly very intimidated. While I have always been curious about AIDS, I have never been privy to a space where it could be openly discussed. Therefore, I was highly uneducated on the subject, and if I am being honest, I was terrified of my own ignorance of the subject. As a queer woman I felt like a “bad” member of the LGBTQIA+ community due to my lack of knowledge in the area. I am so thankful that this class has given me the safe space to begin learning about such an important topic.

One of the most interesting concepts I have engaged with this quarter was the caricature of the “Truvada Whore,” as discussed in the Gonzalez reading (27-47). This subject had initially gained my interest because a close friend of mine had recently started their own journey with Truvada for PrEP. Their journey began a few months before this class and until then I had no clue of the stigma that surrounded this small pill. The Truvada Whore is described as gay male who goes on Truvada for PrEP with the intent of having lots of “unprotected” sex with many different partners, and through this action can proliferate with spread of STIs within the community (Gonzalez 27-47). By expanding my knowledge even further, I selected this reading for my in-class presentation. I was better able to start to understand the stigma my friend had to face daily being of PrEP.

Through the Gonzalez reading I was also able to discover many parallels between the HIV/AIDS epidemic and our current Covid-19 pandemic (27-47). The same scapegoating that had occurred with the start of the AIDS crisis has occurred today. With the AIDS crisis, gay men were targeted for their “unsafe” actions, they faced ats of hatred and more what felt like a target upon their back every day. Today, we have seen this same group stigmatization with Asian communities. Asian-American hate crimes have skyrocketed (Mai), and even in my hometown, local Chinese businesses have had to close due to a hatred of their community. It is through fear tactics that we can see the rise in hatred continue. Labeling Covid-19 as a “Chinese disease” (Vazquez) was horribly reminiscent of the common labeling of AIDS as a “gay disease.”

Another point of interest of mine throughout this class was in the Alexander reading “Bathhouses and Brothels: Symbolic Sites in Discourse and Practice” (221-249). I found the discussion of gay spaces to be absolutely fascinating. Prior to this class I has zero knowledge on this specific aspect of queer history. Personally, I found it terrifying to read about the targeting of queer spaces as sites of disease. While, yes, I can admit that the closure of such sites could be seen as beneficial for the community at large, the city mandate was a political intervention that I felt was unnecessary. In general, I have found the existence of such safe spaces for queer individuals to be difficult, and for such habitats to be taken away was shocking.

Although not directly applicable, with our current pandemic many safe queer spaces have once again been taken away from community members. We have seen Covid-19 disproportionally affect queer, disabled, POC and the total removal of these spaces just adds to their hardship. While many other sites of community resources have been reopened during the pandemic, I have still seen the permanent closure of many queer businesses, and subsequent safe spaces, in my own community. In such a time of peril, the removal of community spaces could not be more detrimental.

My final aspect of this course, and the thing that struck me the hardest, was seeing how close to home the AIDS epidemic was for so many individuals. When speaking with my mother for my HIV/AIDS interview I was heartbroken to hear the stories of her friends and loved ones. In the past I couldn’t even begin to comprehend just how much of an impact the AIDS crisis had on everyone, even on those outside the queer community. In recent years, like many, I have often found myself watching RuPaul’s Drag Race (RuPaul and Bailey). There have been numerous contestants on the show that share their story of HIV/AIDS and speak to their personal effects, and how those around them have reacted to their test results. Until this class, there is no way that I could have begun to understand the magnitude of their statements. I feel now, more than ever, that their courage and strength to share such intimate information is highly powerful for informed audience members.

While it is hard to tie this realization to just one reading, I accredit most of my emotional impact to the viewing assignment “How to Survive a Plague” (France 2012). The people that spoke and the stories they told were so real. To see their lives affected in such a monumental way was disheartening, their strength inspired me to continue my learning process. So many individuals gave everything they has to the cause, and for me to go so many years without appreciation now encourages me to continue learning myself and educating those around me of their efforts. Similar to how almost everyone could find a close relative or friend of a friend who had a story with HIV/AIDS, we all have connections to someone who has experienced a pandemic related hardship.

This course has changed my life. Gone are my days of thinking Dallas Buyers Club (Valee 2015) was the epitome of AIDS education. I now know that I have just begun my journey into the exploration of HIV/AIDS. Never before have I felt so passionate and attached to a course. I intend to continue my exploration alongside my peers, and I even have a scheduled call over Spring break with a few family friends who have been directly impacted by HIV/AIDs. I have made new connections with people I had never expected, I have found a community though my path of learning, and to my new friends I am eternally grateful.

Works Cited Alexander, Priscilla. “Bathhouses and Brothels: Symbolic Sites in Discourse and Practice.” Policing Public Sex: Queer Politics and the Future of AIDS Activism, by Ephen Glenn Colter, South End Press, 1996, pp. 221–249. France, David, director. How To Survive A Plague. Alexander Street, ACT UP, TAG, ProQuest, 2012. Gonzalez, Octavio. “HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP), ‘The Truvada Whore," and the New Gay Sexual Revolution.” RAW: PrEP, Pedagogy, and the Politics of Barebacking, by Ricky Varghese, University of Regina Press, 2019, pp. 27–47. Mai, H.J. “Asian Americans Experience 'Far More' Hate Incidents Than Numbers Indicate.” NPR, NPR, 11 Mar. 2021, www.npr.org/2021/03/11/975592502/asian-americans-experience-far-more-hate-incidents-than-numbers-indicate. RuPaul, and Fenton Bailey. RuPaul's Drag Race, Logo TV, VH1, 2009. Valee, Jean-Marc, director. Dallas Buyers Club. Koch Media, 2015. Vazquez, Marietta. “Calling COVID-19 the ‘Wuhan Virus’ or ‘China Virus’ Is Inaccurate and Xenophobic.” Yale School of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 12 Mar. 2020, medicine.yale.edu/news-article/23074/.

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morethanjustmediocremusings · 2 years ago

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Theory as Liberatory Practice

Taylor Abouzeid Professor Williams WGS 450-01 9 March 2021

Theory as Liberatory Practice

Approaching a course dedicated totally, and completely to unpacking and understanding feminist theory was albeit, daunting, but alas I have found it to be highly applicable. I began this quarter-long journey with the intent of selfishly sucking out all the information I could from the given ten weeks of instruction with the goal of simply being able to regurgitate nonsense factoids and lifeless data. However, I was pleasantly surprised to find myself taking to this course a fondness that has now gone unparalleled throughout my time here at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo.

For my final research paper, I have decided to examine a fundamental idea presented in bell hooks’ essay “Theory as Liberatory Practice.” hooks argues that the act of reading and engaging with theory can be a healing process (3). This is how I have decided to view his class- as a healing experience, one where I am able to make sense of those things that seem to happen around me. By selecting to analyze this specific take on theory in its entirety I will be able to not only completely decipher the idea presented by hooks, but also make space for my own interpretations.

hooks begins her essay by recounting her youth. In the instances she describes, the audience is able to grasp a firm understanding that hooks was able to find a sense of escapism with theorizing (3). Similar to how many kids can get lost in the fictional world of movies or books, hooks was able to fabricate and make meaning of a new reality, one in which she could feel in control. “Most importantly, I wanted to make the hurt go away. I saw in theory then a location for healing” (3). This site for healing that hooks describes is exactly the central focus of this course. Theory, when placed under the correct analytical lens, can be deeply healing and fundamentally safe.

These feelings of fear, and this desire for “a sense of home” that hooks describes in her essay are obviously sites of pain for the author (4). A need for space and time are blatantly present in her accounts of her childhood experiences, and thus this desire to make sense of the world makes complete sense. More often than not, people fear what they don’t understand. Children are scared of the dark because a lack of light is unfamiliar to them and has yet to be explained away. Just as a cat with too many toes can be off putting, or a dark spot under your fingernail is cause for concern, as humans, what we desire most, is an explanation.

For hooks, theory was able to provide the information and perspective necessary to make sense of the world around her. hooks herself admits that theory is not at its core intended to do such work. “Theory is not inherently healing, liberatory, or revolutionary” (4). Further she goes on to state that “It fulfills this function only when we ask it to do so and direct our theorizing towards this end” (4). By making such a concise yet terrifically bold statement hooks is able to set perimeters for the applicability of her theory. The suggestion that only when one is able to set their intentions, they can engage with theory in such a manner, allows for her theory to apply only to those most capable of such work. One could even make such an argument, that without having similar practice as hooks had during her childhood, interpreting theory in a healing manner may be impossible for some.

hooks continues her argument to define those who are capable at engaging in such a level. She holds that simply throwing the words “theory” and “feminism” around does not make one a theorist, nor a feminist (5). For one to reach this healing level of theory it takes real effort at sense making. An effort that cannot be simply put into such few words.

In a section focused on the students of feminist theory, hooks addresses the unnecessary difficulty students must face to engage with theory (7). Calling upon the lived experiences of many women, hooks writes:

As feminist activists we might ask ourselves of what use is feminist theory that assaults the fragile psyches of women struggling to throw off patriarchy’s oppressive yoke. We might ask ourselves, of what use is feminist theory that literally beats them down, leaves them stumbling bleary-eyed from classroom settings feeling humiliated, feeling as though they could easily be standing in a living room or bedroom somewhere naked with someone who has seduced them or is going to, who also subjects the to a process of interaction that humiliates, that strips them of their sense of value (7).

Here hooks desire for healing theory is clearly applied to the masses. Feminist scholars, activists, and all audience members alike are able to relate to this feeling on some level. Written in a vernacular that is not colloquially shared, theory is sometimes inextricable. This, according to hooks, is where the gap between theory and practice becomes most visible.

hooks’ application of theory as practice strives to bridge this gap. By quite literally practicing theorizing, one is able to create a healing environment; where one is in control of making sense of the surrounding world; where one can begin to heal from that which has caused pain. It is only here, in this space that hooks suggests we can fully engage with theory in practice. hooks takes the opportunity to give her readers a purpose, and through that, giver her piece more emphasis. Simply, through the application of theory as a liberating practice one is able to practice theory.

As previously mentioned, throughout my engagement with this work, I have made the conscious decision to view this class in a similar light to hooks. I have placed emphasis on viewing this class as an act of liberation. Our course engagement with feminist theory has been lengthy and highly informational. This class has created a beautiful space where individuals are able to mimic hooks intentions. This course, especially under the current prescribed lens, has served as an outlet through which one is able to practice sensemaking-or rather-theorizing.

It is through the important first reading of the course, that student intentions were set. Luckily for us students, the “Theory as Liberatory Practice,” written by bell hooks (the piece under current examination), was our first exposure. Beginning a course centralized around theory with a piece dedicated to making theory personal was an amazing opportunity for us to take this course well beyond our figurative classroom. As we continued our journey through the course and read from authors such as Dworkin, and The Combahee River Collective, this sentiment stayed with me. By deciding to conduct my final research paper on the first assigned reading I have turned this course into my own full circle liberatory practice. Making every theory a personal endeavor, I was able to create a healing space not unlike that described by hooks.

My space for healing was defined by the range of theory we were able to cover in our given ten-week period of discussion. I felt a wide expanse of emotions, filled pages of notes with rage, love, and often confusion. Expressing and making sense of my own emotions became a regular act following our class time. I followed the recommendations of hooks and gave myself the opportunity to heal. I engaged with theory in, and outside of, the classroom. I read books that challenged my ideas and fed my brain with only the most choice of readings. Through this passage of time, I found myself sense making. I began to theorize about my own world, my own life.

hooks places a necessary emphasis on taking theory beyond the pages from which it is written. As a class we have had many discussions about the importance of “real world” applications to the theories we have drove deep into. It is only through my own journey with the hooks piece that I have been able to make such a jump. To take theory into our everyday lives is no simple task, but rather one that takes consistent work and effort. Even now, as I walk down a street or find myself daydreaming, I have begun to interpret that which surrounds me. I have taken words from pages and attached meaning to the leaves on trees. I have finally been able to make theory my practice.

This is no small feat for any individual, yet alone someone still engaging with the studies of feminism in the most basic of forms. Taking oneself outside of their experience takes effort and practice. I would even like to acknowledge that it is much easier to theorize about theory than it is to actually practice it. Taking theory into the place that hooks describes is difficult, and for me, took weeks to finally begin to conquer. I still have a long road to pave for myself moving forward, but by continuing to practice the words of hooks I hope to accomplish deeper theorizing. I hope that for my peers this class has had the same momentous effect.

Throughout her piece “Theory as Liberatory Practice,” bell hooks askes her readers to think of theory as a place for healing, and a place for discovery. We must all heal from something and by providing such a space to ourselves we are allowing for, and encouraging, a personal liberation. Theory helps us make sense of our environment, and even ourselves. For one to make the conscious effort to engage in such a quest one must acknowledge the intense work required for a productive practice. I have decided to take the wise words of bell hooks with me, and work to practice theory as liberation every single day.

Works Cited hooks, bell. Feminism: Theory as Liberatory Practice. Anna Maria van Schuurman Centrum, 1992, pp. 1-21.

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morethanjustmediocremusings · 4 years ago

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Manne and Misogyny

What is the naïve conception of misogyny according to Manne, and how does it differ from Manne’s preferred conception of misogyny? How does misogyny differ from sexism, according to Manne?

Misogyny according to Manne is often naively described to exclude the influence of society. While misogyny is described as a hatred having ownership on an individual level, Manne argues that misogyny is rather constructed and continually strengthened by our governing societal norms. Further, Manne points out that under this flawed definition only men can hate women on the sole degree that they are women. Similar to arguments of intersectionality, Manne suggests that misogyny can function on multiple planes of discrimination allowing for misogyny to have a more targeted audience of hate.

In brief summary of Manne's third chapter the contrast of sexism and misogyny can be exemplified in their societal applications. While sexism is described to provide an explanation (or "justify" as Manne states) for the standing patriarchy seen throughout the world, misogyny protects and upholds the social norms in place that govern a hierarchy of sex. Manne also holds that sexism is the standing ideology through which our society functions, and within this, misogyny works to defend the incumbent patriarchy.

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morethanjustmediocremusings · 4 years ago

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Led Away

Taylor Abouzeid

California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo

Prompt for a ten minute “art-ing” session in WGS 350:

Reflect on your own experiences in & observations of people in STEM. What were "critical moments" in your own path to and/or away from STEM?

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morethanjustmediocremusings · 4 years ago

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Critical Article Analysis of Dixon, Schell, Giles, and Drogos’ article “The Influence of Race in Police-Civilian Interactions: A Content Analysis of Videotaped Interactions Taken During Cincinnati Police Traffic Stops”

Taylor Abouzeid

California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo

By taking a close analytical lens to the article “The Influence of Race in Police-Civilian Interactions: A Content Analysis of Videotaped Interactions Taken During Cincinnati Police Traffic Stops” by Dixon, Schell, Giles, and Drogos, the results found present a perspective on reality that expose racialized injustices. The current climate of the United States (nation-wide protesting for the Black Lives Matter movement) begs for more information and evidence of institutionalized racism, especially in the police and law enforcement sector. A background in Communication Studies and a highly influential emphasis on Women and Gender Studies provides a critical frame through which this article is observed.

Regarding the “literature review” portion of the article, the beginning paragraphs serve more as a foundation for key terms and concepts such as Communication Accommodation theory and intergroup communication, than a traditional comprehensive review. The authors chose to create a space where critical definitions could be flushed out. By giving these concepts the space needed, the article was able to move forward with a strong base in theory. The researchers failed to point out a specific hole in the literature where this article could fit in, but by providing a strong base for the rest of their research the literature review could be seen as nearly complete.

Dixon, Schell, Giles, and Drogos had three hypotheses in their article. Their first statement predicted that in comparison to White drivers, Black drivers would have a more extensive policing experience (H1). This first hypothesis was well backed with relevant research and allowed for the prediction to seem naturally occurring. The second hypothesis explored the idea that interracial communication between drivers and police would be less accommodative than same-race communication (H2). Although this specific hypothesis was thoroughly backed with research of power dynamics, there was a gap in the presented research leading from power to race. The acknowledgement of this racialized power dynamic was necessary for this second prediction to have a solid base. The researchers’ final prediction laid out the precedent expectation that Black drivers would be less accommodative than White drivers, especially with White police officers, and continually less accommodative when experiencing more extensive policing (H3). This final hypothesis was the least supported out of the three presented by the authors. Coincidentally, this was also the shortest section of hypothesis explanation. Due to the lack of foundation of this final hypothesis, the statement read as a tinge stereotypical, as if to have its roots in racial bias. This skepticism of intent carried through to the methodology.

The article mentioned that the funding for this project was sourced from the City of Cincinnati and was actually used in tandem to a case settlement by the American Civil Liberties Union. Due to the fact that the sourcing of this research came from the intention to settle an instance of potential police racism, questioning the validity of the methods is necessary. While the original sample size of three-hundred and thirteen was ideal, by accounting for and removing poor quality recordings the sample size was reduced to one hundred and ninety-four. Although the reduction in sample size is monumental, by accounting for potential error the researchers redeemed this aspect of their methodology. By only examining a single month’s worth of footage the authors took the liberty of mentioning further research should examine more than just one month. Accounting for the other potential areas of error, the coding section of this content analysis was strong. By creating one coding book with clear instructions the authors accounted for their necessary reliability. Their use of coding procedures created a consistent method for all coders to follow. This thorough and complete coding section also blocked many potential threats to internal validity. This was clearly seen through the implementation of coding checks and accounting for potential fatigue.

Specifics from the actual code book were not provided, but by explaining the experiment from the perspective of what the coders were aware of allowed the authors to articulate the clarity of the methods. By explaining the process of coder training the internal consistency present in the content analysis was almost inevitable. Most clearly, the criterion validity was almost perfected by the use of codebook masters. The preemptive empirical tests of reliability were clearly explained and provided a foundation for the audience to follow the researchers’ intent.

Throughout the entire methodology section of this article the authors proved that the content analysis’s validity was technically sound. By removing poor quality audio and visual police recordings they reduced potential error. Not informing the coders on the specific desired, race-related outcomes of this research allowed them to account for testing as a potential threat to the internal validity. Further, Dixon, Schell, Giles, and Drogos accounted for coding fatigue and ensured all coding participants were exposed to and coded for the same number of police interactions.

While the results were alarming, they were not shocking. In light of the recent events in early June 2020, and more specifically the protests and riots surrounding the Black Lives Matter movement, the results were expected for the given climate of today’s environment. This is not to dispel the importance of these results. Repetition of the proof of institutionalized racism is fundamental to the continuation of growth within this revolution. Although facing such disheartening results can be extremely difficult to engage with, it is important to see tangible instances of racism so that there can be no reason for it to be labeled as propaganda without a foundation in truth. By providing factual evidence of these instances of racial communication discrepancy, progress can be made in the sector of police bias training and further aspects of law enforcement.

Whereas it would be hard to describe the given results as novel, new, or groundbreaking it is the repetitive nature of these acts of racial conflict that push the field forward. In fact, it is not in the novelty (or lack thereof) of this content analysis that speaks volumes, but rather the prolonged repetition of this sentiment that amplifies Black voices across the world who speak out against the injustice of racialized policing. It has been proven, by this article and many others, that racism in the police system is highly problematic and deeply systemic. The field continues to be pushed forward by a force much larger than the impact of one, singular article that stands alone. The filed moves forward as the roar of injustice magnifies by decibels.

Whereas the literature review, methods, and results served to prove the reliability and validity of the researchers’ claims, it is the discussion portion that provided the strongest information. By analyzing the actual results from the content analysis alongside a consistent comparison to the foundational hypotheses, a clear meaning could be gathered from otherwise lost sentiments. The discussion of Dixon, Schell, Giles, and Drogos’s results was clear and concise, making the numerical nature of the results tangible to a wider audience (potentially with less experience handling proper analytical terminology). The researchers also made it a point to acknowledge that their sample was nonrepresentative of the Cincinnati Police force as a whole. They even went on to clarify that although the results supported H1, most of H2, and all of H3, the findings did not provide direct evidence of racial profiling on behalf of the Cincinnati Police Department.

This research article occupies a very important space in the communicative field of literature. As previously noted, the results continue to show tangible products of institutionalized racism, especially within the police force. This article is important more now than ever. Dixon, Schell, Giles, and Drogos’s work should be used in the face of criticism to the Black Lives Matter movement to dispel the falsehoods of ignorance that claim racism is not an epidemic affecting America. Sadly, the results are not surprising. In the face of protests across the nation, this information is not groundbreaking. However, it is within the repetition of this sentiment that the real consequences of racism in the police force can be proven to those questioning its existence.

Dixon, Schell, Giles, and Drogos have provided an article that is ethically sound, internally and externally valid, and overall, reliable. The methodology of their content analysis was clear and defined the ways in which the researchers imposed catches in their methods to better track the coding process of their research. The discussion portion of this article was the most impactful, as it was able to take numerical data regarding complex statistical analyses and create a tangible explanation for the sampled recordings. The results were clearly important to the growth of knowledge surrounding the topic, but by stating the findings were not applicable beyond the instances sampled, it became unclear where these important results were actually pertinent. Despite this potential space for confusion, the article blatantly articulated a need for better police training, especially in regard to racial bias training.

Although the information presented by Dixon, Schell, Giles, and Drogos cannot be considered groundbreaking, their findings are extremely important in today’s society. In this nation where many have disregarded the Black Lives Matter movement, some admitting their racism while many others continue to deny it, research that proves institutionalized racism has enveloped law enforcement is crucial to creating change. Protests have broken out across the country, and the police have responded with continued and presidentially backed violence. This article is more important now, than ever before. The findings of this content analysis of the Cincinnati Police Department’s communicative interactions with both Black and White drivers, present the field with harsh facts of racialized influence.

References

Dixon, T. L., Schell, T. L., Giles, H., & Drogos, K. L. (2008). The influence of race in police-civilian interactions: a content analysis of videotaped interactions taken during Cincinnati police traffic stops. Journal of Communication, 58(3), 530-549. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00398.x

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morethanjustmediocremusings · 4 years ago

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Feminist Killjoy Club

Taylor Abouzeid

California Polytechnic State University San Luis San Luis Obispo

collage created for WGS 201-02 Spring2020

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morethanjustmediocremusings · 4 years ago

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The Abbreviation Speech

Taylor Abouzeid

California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo

You see, I was born into a world where violence against women has an abbreviation- an acronym. It is so prevalent in discourse that experts had to shorten those three words. Violence against women became scholastically palatable with the ideation of “VAW.” Those three letters hold no individual meaning, but when I first came across them, I knew what they meant in an instant. I knew that “VAW'' separated emotion and discussion, and further, by subtracting emotion, the conversation would be… different. Personally, I believe that emotion is necessary in all forms of communication. Of course, there are socially appropriate norms that dictate to what level these emotions can be expressed at, but nonetheless I find their presence to be fundamental. The removal of emotion from the topic of violence against women removes humanity from the discourse. That three-letter abbreviation took the breath away from our stories.

By shorting the shared experience that freeze, traumatize, scar and kill innumerable amounts of women every year, I knew a gag had been ordered. Not by some higher-up figure, but by our own society. Society has become so numb to violence against women that we grew tried of straining our eyes to read the words. We became so exhausted with second-hand hearing of the censored, appropriate for media, sweetened, edited down, versions of survivor stories that we needed an abbreviation. Society had placed a gag order on violence against women.

You see, there are these words in our common language that tend to evoke feelings- feelings that are not exclusive from human to the next- feelings that have the power to create great change. I would like to make the claim that violence against women evoked said feelings. “Violence” is a word with great range, but the common denominator that society holds is that “violence” is bad. The word “against” gives people direction in the statement. It shows that in order for these violent acts to occur, someone must have caused it. “Against” requires both an aggressor and the aggressed. By placing “women” on the receiving end of this “violence against-” there is a tangible end to the phrase. It gives us a who to our question. Violence against women directly states what it is. There are no words up for interpretation. Therefore, returning to my earlier point, these words held within their existence the potential to evoke feeling. Whether this feeling became too overwhelming, too powerful, too sad, too aggressive, or too direct, I cannot say. But somewhere in our recent history, society as a collective allowed for the abbreviation of violence against women.

I am sad to say I live in a world where violence against women is seen as a topic that is not deserving of its full weight and impact. I am sad to say that when I speak on the topic of violence against women people wince away and turn towards ignorance. I am sad to say that violence against women has become so mind-numbingly hard for me to process that I too have turned away from the conversation.

I recently took a course from my university on violence against women, and I had my Dad sit with me for one lecture. At the end he sighed and asked me how it was that I can have a happy day after hearing the statistics on the prevalence of rape in Native America? I told him that I had just gotten used to it. And now, as I look back at that moment, that sucks! I had gotten used to it?! How? How had I become a part of the brain-dead society I speak so negatively about? I had internalized the abbreviation.

I’m not just making a fuss about an abbreviation. I am calling out a society that has allowed for violence against women to become easy to read. Violence against women should not be easy to read! It should make your stomach turn, make your palms sweaty, it should make you mad, it should get you riled up!

What I’ve learned is that you should not be afraid to talk about violence against women, in fact I would encourage everyone to talk about it more. I would like to make violence against women so talked about that its existence and prevalence cannot be refused or denied. I want everyone to learn what I learned in that course. I want everyone to feel what I have felt. But ultimately, I want the abbreviation to evaporate.

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morethanjustmediocremusings · 4 years ago

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A Communication Studies-based Critique on Changing Media Coverage of Violence Against Women: Changing Source Practices?

Taylor Abouzeid

California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo

In an attempt to examine the changing dialogue on violence against women, Simons and Morgan (2017) interviewed employees from a traditional print media source and a popular television news channel in Australia. Their findings concluded that the shift in reporting violence against women as a societal issue was potentially temporary. Rather than focusing on survivor narratives or expert research to report cases, there was an overwhelming reliance on police as the primary narrators. Further, event-based reporting framed many cases as mere incident, rather than acknowledging the larger societal influence on the reoccurrence of violent acts against women. By pushing for comprehensive sourcing and sustainable reporting, the authors were able to promote a culture-based accountability approach to discussing violence against women in the media.

As noted by the authors, violence against women was cited as the main cause of death, disability and ill-health in women aged fifteen to forty-four (VicHealth, 2004). When societal issues reach a tipping point there can be fatality in the slippery slope of “not me”-narratives (Gladwell, 2006). By removing oneself from the issues faced by society, an ignorance is cast over one’s eyes. The problematic reporting of violence against women leads to a flawed logic in the consumers of such media. When this systematic violence is framed as single, non-related instances, with gender-power dynamics often erased, society shields itself from the truth. The study of Communications sets out to examine and analyze all aspects of communication, and as I enter this field I hope to do so with the intent of unveiling the truth historically masked by flawed media reporting.

In the article by Simons and Morgan (2017), the researchers point out a lack of topically-educated experts contacted for the media reports. They also mentioned shockingly low numbers of advocate outreach. In a mere six per cent of articles containing quoted sources was the source a domestic violence advocate (Sutherland et al., 2019). This number is unacceptable. Within media outlets there is a level of responsibility to the consumer. When an expert can be brought in, they should. This concept of expert-sourcing would inevitably bring about questions regarding who should make the first move. To this Simons and Morgan (2017) acknowledged that within their closed study, all instances of expert representatives as sources, stemmed from an approach on behalf of the media company. To which, these experts played a reactive role to media questioning. Although an added level of outreach is needed, topics on violence against women tend themselves toward expert advice. The article also noted a predominant usage of police forces as representatives for the case (Simons and Morgan, 2017). While police are highly educated and specialized in trainings for violent cases, their involvement removed the sentiment of societal causes from the discussion.

The use of police accounts in media reporting gave way to an influx of event-based reporting. “First, generally dealing with individual instances of crime, police sources are unlikely, it has been argued, to frame intimate partner violence as a social issue that needs to be addressed by society as a whole” (Simons and Morgan, 2017). Event-based reporting holds a problematic position in the media because it frames reports of violence against women to be unrelated to the issue on a larger scale. By using language such as victim and perpetrator, the gender-power dynamics present in acts of violence against women can be erased by officials. “The gendered nature of intimate partner violence is likely to disappear, and the violence will appear as individual instance after individual isolated incidents” (Simons and Morgan, 2018). When violence against women is reported in varying forms of media through an event-based lens, greater social consequences are erased from the image. To understand society’s role in the issue as a whole, it is crucial that media outlets utilize a society-based frame when reporting.

Although the authors acknowledged a shift towards better practices of reporting violence against women in the media, Simons and Morgan (2017) stressed the temporary trend of this change. When addressing concerns surrounding the sustainability of improved reporting practices, Simons and Morgan wrote “the sourcing practices have not fundamentally changed,” implying that without such change these progressive reporting methods will diminish (2017). While further, more permanent, changes are necessary to see adequate reporting of violence against women, this progress should not be ignored. There have been many battles to bring these topics into the media, and by calling for more action, it is in no way intended to disregard the hard work that paved the way prior to today.

There are many opportunities to push this progress forward. As we look towards a future of comprehensive media communication there is an obvious need for inclusion efforts. The authors “suggest that the role of key women in senior roles both in the newsroom and in the key source institution… was also inﬂuential. We would suggest this despite the fact that Whinnett herself denies that her gender was a signiﬁcant factor” (Simons and Morgan, 2017). This study shows that with increased levels of female senior-leads, media outlets tracked a more progressive reporting of violence against women (Simons and Morgan, 2017). By including women in the higher conversation and furthering efforts of gender inclusion in the industry, there is hope for more accurate and comprehensive reporting on the social issue. Regarding silenced experts, there is currently a deficit in expert-formulated public agendas. While prevention and impact experts on the topic of violence against women further their studies, it is up to the greater media to spread their voices, and provide a platform for their knowledge.

Within the media industry there is a significant need for improved reporting on acts of violence against women. Experts in the field are often left out of public discourse, and large outlets turn to the police for statements of incident facts. However, the issue of event-based reporting causes greater damage; by not holding society accountable for its influence on the inter-related culture of violence against women many people turn to ignorance. Outlets such as Women In Media & News and the National Organization for Women use their platform to outline their efforts to combat this flawed reporting. While many voices remain silenced it is a scholar’s duty to share light on those they can. Although faced with conclusions of temporary results, right now people are fighting for our future.

References

Gladwell, M. (2006). The tipping point: How little things can make a big difference. Little, Brown.

(n.d.). National Organization for Women. https://now.org/

Simons, M., & Morgan, J. (2017). Changing media coverage of violence against women. Journalism Studies, 19(8), 1202-1217. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2016.1266279

Sutherland, G., Easteal, P., Holland, K., & Vaughan, C. (2019). Mediated representations of violence against women in the mainstream news in Australia. BMC Public Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6793-2

VicHealth. (2004). The health costs of violence: Measuring the burden of disease caused by intimate partner violence. VicHealth The Victorian Health Promotion Foundation. https://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/media-and-resources/publications/the-health-costs-of-violence

WIMN Resource guide for media activists. (n.d.). Women In Media and News. https://wimnonline.org/education/resource_guide.html

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morethanjustmediocremusings · 4 years ago

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A Meditation on “Culture”

Taylor Abouzeid

California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo

Culture is an enigmatic force that simultaneously governs and echoes those with which it pertains to. We live within it, and create it, synchronously. Culture is highly subjective, on the individual and group scale. Variables of the individual create a multitude of layers within one’s own culture, creating a multi-dimensional understanding of culture. The complexity of this force dictates its details. These complex combinations of individual attributes hold the power to distinguish cultures. It is within the pervasiveness of culture that we see ourselves reflected. Culture reflects the world in which it is created. As change happens around its’ barriers, culture transforms within itself. By reflecting a dynamic concept, culture must also fluctuate. Culture is the product of history and statute of today.

When Looking towards Miner’s (1956) argument and conceptualization of ethnorelativism, one can see the beginnings of culture. He states that everything is relative to culture (Miner, 1956). We understand ourselves, and the world around us, through a cultural lens. This subjectivity of culture also holds the potential pit of ethnocentrism, which Miner further describes as the assumption of one’s own culture as the norm (1956). It is the individuality of humanity that allows the unique variance of cultures. No two people have the same experiences, or same understanding of how their world is constructed, therefore no two people will retain the exact same culture. As we move through life, our experiences shape our perspective, thus shaping our culture.

Individual identities hold aspects of culture within the self. As humans, we all hold many identities as our own, which in summation represent our whole. Culture is complex because the individual is complex. Within the numerous variables one can hold in their identity, a personal culture is created. The individuality coexists with the greater societal context of culture, but is distinctly singular. There are many aspects to a being that create one’s culture: race, color, gender identity, gender presentation, sex, sexuality, socio-economic status, marital status, familial status, and so on. On this basis, culture is dimensional. Rather than perceiving it to be a flat in inanimate object, to better understand culture it is important to recognize the multidimensionality of its nature.

Culture’s complexity in relation to the identity can be better understood when one recognizes culture to be reflective. Culture itself, and its’ given impact reflect the world in which it lives. Just as we are a product from the culture and society around us, culture is a product of our making as well. Miner (1956) describes the phenomena as social construction, a perspective constructed by society around us, pertaining to any idea, and widely agreed upon governing norms. While culture is constructed by society, we mustn’t forget the aspect of perspective. Hall (1989) makes this distinction by implying culture merely reflects what we see as our own normative experiences. Culture reflects the ideas of the individual, and although this can be highly problematic when showing harmful ideals, this concept can be translated to culture’s larger plane of existence. As society faces shifting tides, culture reflects the changes.

Building upon the concept of a reflective culture, the everchanging qualities of society imply a dynamic element to culture itself. For culture mimics that with which it creates, holding society as the product, places culture in a position of adaptation. Individuals are constantly experiencing new things; groups produce new outcomes; society creates new norms; culture, as an output of these factors, must continually match this societal rate of change. The dynamic nature of culture makes specific definitions difficult, but a broad understanding of culture’s reigning factors can give one the ability to choose their own definition. Succinctly, and to use a logical reasoning approach, society is everchanging, and culture reflects society, therefore culture is dynamic by nature.

Culture is consequential. It is the consequence of those that shaped society prior to today. Whereas humans are able to relish in historical ignorance, culture contains remnants of past creations. Within modern culture, the consequences of historical oppression remain present. Lifetimes of individual cultures have created a society in which the expectations of people are racism, homophobia, fascism, xenophobia, etc. A trail is left by the path of culture. While culture influences communicative practices, and is carried out and reinforced though communication, communication can also serve as a sword with which one can contest an existing dominant culture (Martin & Nakayama, 2012). Culture serves as a filter through which today’s society can see the consequences of yesterday’s actions.

There is a merit in noting that culture also has an impact on the given society it exists within. The consequence of our culture is us. We have the power to create the world around us. It is within the grasp of every one of us to alter our culture. Where many are quick to blame injustice on individual targets, culture (and this presented understanding) begs us to rather blame the institutions and norms in place that allowed these injustices to happen in the first place. If society is not happy with the world around it, one must recognize that it is within the fibers of our culture that we grasp the autonomy to enact such a desired change.

There is a great weight associated with the responsibility of influencing culture. As scholars, we have been given the tools to understand the definitions set forth in an attempt to meditate on its characteristics. However, it is important to note the subjectivity of all individuals. One can only view culture though their own eyes. There are, of course, opportunities to widen one’s visible horizon, but claiming a culture not of one’s own is a falsehood without potential triumph. Culture regulates societal cognitions and individual behaviors. It forges communication and echoes its’ past. Culture is a highly subjective, complex, reflective, dynamic, and consequential characteristic of that which it defines.

References

Hall, E. T. (1989). Consistency and life. In Beyond culture (pp. 41-55). Anchor.

Martin, J. N., & Nakayama, T. K. (2012). Culture, communication, context, and power. In Intercultural communication in contexts (7th ed., pp. 82-120). McGraw Hill.

Miner, H. (1956). Body ritual among the Nacirema. American Anthropologist, 58(3), 503-507. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110856064.134

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morethanjustmediocremusings · 4 years ago

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A Tryptic on Motherhood

Taylor Abouzeid

California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo

“Women are supposedly drawn into motherhood by their inner instincts which at the same time guarantee their children’s healthy growth and development. This natural ability makes the woman the best possible educator. Motherhood was equated with femininity. It was considered the most beautiful and the most natural profession for the woman, as were the relations within a heterosexual family which could not be avoided or concealed” (Leskošek 2019).

“Before, I was a wife who cowered before her husband and brought no income to the family. Now I am a community leader, an income earner and equal partner in my marriage” (Rosalba 2020).

“The second shift is a term coined and popularized by sociologist Arlie Hochschild. It refers to the household and childcare duties that follow the day's work for pay outside the home. While both men and women experience the second shift, women tend to shoulder most of this responsibility” (��Exploring the Second Shift”).

Works Cited

"3 Reasons Why Triptych Art Is Successful." Fine Art Tips & The 2020 Club with Lori McNee, 27 Apr. 2020, www.finearttips.com/2014/01/3-reasons-why-triptych-art-is-successful/.

"Definition of EMPOWERMENT." Dictionary by Merriam-Webster: America's Most-trusted Online Dictionary, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/empowerment.

"Exploring the Second Shift: A Data-Driven Learning Guide." Child Care and Early Education Research Connections, ICPSR, www.researchconnections.org/icpsrweb/instructors/biblio/resources/111143?collection%5B0%5D=INSTR&subject%5B0%5D=Family. Accessed 11 May 2020.

Leskošek, Vesna. "Historical Perspective on the Ideologies of Motherhood and Its Impact on Social Work." SW&S, University of Wuppertal, 2019, www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/270/445. Accessed 11 May 2020.

Rosalba. "Women's Empowerment Through Women Empowered." PCI (Project Concern International), 21 Feb. 2020, www.pciglobal.org/empowering-women/. Accessed 11 May 2020.

"What It Means to Be an Empowered Woman." Maria & Elizabeth, mariaandelizabeth.com/what-it-means-to-be-an-empowered-woman/.

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morethanjustmediocremusings · 4 years ago

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Hello Again! Passenger Seat is back & in this episode I discuss Dean Spade’s Compliance is Gendered: Struggling for Gendered Self-Determination in a Hostile Economy.

Pretty please pardon my stutter at times, CVOID-19 has heightened many of my symptoms of anxiety.

Please reference the discussion questions below:

1. How would you better design a shelter system to be more inclusive of trans* individuals, keeping in mind needs for the safety of all individuals?

2. To what extent, if any, should gender identity, sexuality, current socio-economic status, & other potentially oppressed identities play a role in the application/hiring process of jobs?

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morethanjustmediocremusings · 4 years ago

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U.S. Experience Praxis Activity: Republican Motherhood

An outline of Republican Motherhood

I. The expectation of women

a. To serve their husband

b. To maintain the house

II. Following the enlightenment

a. All educated peoples have the ability to ration reasonably

b. Therefore, women have the ability to think ration ably

III. The changed 1950s Republican Motherhood

a. Because women have the new ability to think rationally

i. Now their duty to educate their children

b. A successful mother will have patriotic children

i. Women must abide by this republican motherhood

ii. It is the mother’s job to grow patriotic children

IV. This importance of patriotic children

a. The fate of a country depends on the patriotism of the upcoming generation

i. For they will uphold these standards of the republic

Works Cited

Algoo, Jennfer. "In Photos: The Best of 1950s Fashion." Photograph. Harper's Bazaar, Hearst, 12 June 2017, www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/trends/g9996928/50s-fashion-trends/. Accessed 11 May 2020. American Gardening Programs of World War I. "Sowing the Seeds of Victory." Book Cover. McFarland Books, 2014, mcfarlandbooks.com/product/sowing-the-seeds-of-victory/. Accessed 11 May 2020. MedCity News. "Carrot Health is keeping consumers at the center of the healthcare conversation." Transparent Graphic. MedCity, 26 Nov. 2017, medcitynews.com/2017/11/carrot-health/. Accessed 11 May 2020. Vintage Dancer. "Vintage Children’s Clothing Pictures & Shopping Guide." Photograph. 13 Mar. 2017, vintagedancer.com/vintage/vintage-childrens-clothing/. Accessed 11 May 2020. "Vintage Watering Can." Photograph. 1stdibs, www.1stdibs.com/furniture/building-garden/garden-ornaments/vintage-watering-can/id-f_9822043/. Accessed 11 May 2020.

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morethanjustmediocremusings · 4 years ago

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Information Overload Compiled Research: An Annotated Bibliography

Taylor Abouzeid

California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo

Chae, J., Lee, C., & Jensen, J. D. (2016). Correlates of cancer information overload: focusing on individual ability and motivation. Health Communication, 31(5), 626–634. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu/10.1080/10410236.2014.986026

Chae et al. (2016) wanted to examine Cancer Information Overload (CIO) as it relates to low ability and motivation to process cancer topic information. The researchers used four sample groups. In sample one’s mailed questionnaire, three-thousand, nine-hundred and fifty-nine respondents participated. Sample two consisted of an online survey of three-hundred and nine communication, undergraduate students. The third sample was comprised of three-hundred and eight participants from an online crowdsourcing website who participated in an online questionnaire. Unlike the first three samples (from people living in America), the fourth sample was from eight-hundred and thirteen participants from North Korea via an online questionnaire. Education level and participant anxiety were used to establish one’s objective ability to process. Overall, the study found that CIO has more determining dimensions than individual ability and motivation. For example, the researchers found a correlation to familial cancer history and processing ability. To better account for external influence of individual factors, the researchers could have specified survey groups to those already in cancer-related facilities, which could have accounted for variability in knowledge levels. I also think a pretest could have been beneficial in determining processing ability, rather than relying on education level, as many different subjects could be studied in higher education. The researchers acknolowged that further factorial research could have been more representational, but collecting that data would not have been cost effective. For future research, they suggested identifying more situational factors of significance within CIO. My major takeaway from this experiment was that specificity in research groups can have a major role in getting accurate data and results, especially when researching a niche topic like CIO.

Cho, J., Ramgolam, D., Schaefer, K., & Sandlin, A. (2011). The rate and delay in overload: an investigation of communication overload and channel synchronicity on identification and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 39(1), 38–54. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu/10.1080/00909882.2010.536847

Cho et al. (2011) examined the relationship between levels of synchronicity in diverse communication channels and information overload. The study used one-hundred and three participants from a governmental agency. Three-hundred and forty-eight participants reported their answers through an online survey, and the remainder five-hundred and fifty-five respondents used a paper and pencil survey method. The researchers used four hypotheses. H1 articulated that the use of low-synchronous channels would correspond to more communication overload than higher-synchronous channels of communication. The second hypothesis (H2) placed information overload as a negative predictor for organization identification within respondents. Thirdly (H3), Job satisfaction and communication overload were proposed to have a negative relationship. The last hypothesis (H4) stated organization identification would positively interact with the relationship between job satisfaction and information overload. The results of this study found that both high- and low-level synchronicity channels experienced increased level of information overload, whereas medium level synchronicity held insignificant results. The researchers also discovered the interference of organizational identification and the job satisfaction/information overload relationship. Finally, they noted a significant effect of information overload on the relationship between organization identification and low synchronous channels of communication. I think that in order to apply the results of this study to a generalized mass, the study would need to be replicated across many different companies/organizations with differing primary forms of communication. The researchers acknowledged two limitations, the first acknowledged that due to the temporal nature of the results, there could be a discrepancy from changes across multiple variables; secondly, they recognized that there are more variables to account for organizational member dependency. For future research, the researchers recommended a longitudinal study to account for change over time, and more research on an organization-level approach in regard to a lack of group-level analyses in communication literature. I identified most with the interference of organizational interference on the relationship between job satisfaction and information overload. Personally, the loyalty I feel to my company outweighs any level of information overload I experience on the job.

Crook, B., Stephens, K. K., Pastorek, A. E., Mackert, M., & Donovan, E. E. (2016). Sharing health information and influencing behavioral intentions: the role of health literacy, information overload, and the internet in the diffusion of healthy heart information. Health Communication, 31(1), 60–71. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu/10.1080/10410236.2014.936336

Cook et al. (2016) wanted to see the effects of internet health information overload and the consequences on health literacy. They asked many questions; firstly (H1), they suggested that internet usage frequency would correspond with higher health literacy levels; second (H2), those with higher perceived health knowledge will claim higher internet usage levels, have higher health literacy, have more positive attitudes towards information, and perceive lower levels of information overload; their third hypothesis (H3) claimed that those with higher health literacy will have perceived lower levels of information overload, and have overall positive attitudes towards the information; further (H4) they predicted that the perceived level of information overload would negatively predict one’s attitude towards the information. Regarding persuasion and decision making (H6), the researchers claimed that intention to share would positively predict one’s behavioral intent, and attitudes regarding the information would also positively predict behavioral intent, and likelihood to share information. Their last hypothesis (H6) stated that attitudes towards the information would impact the correlation between health literacy and behavioral intent, and between perceived information overload and likelihood to share information. The researchers also included one research question (RQ1): does health literacy correlate with information sharing intentions? One-hundred and eighty participants from a health care clinic in Texas were shown a conglomeration of “Healthy Heart Information” and were then asked to complete a questionnaire. All hypotheses except for perceived knowledge as a positive predictor for health literacy, and health literacy corelated to positive attitudes (which ended up having the exact opposite effect), were found to hold true. Their research question (RQ1) was removed from their final model because they could not find a direct correlation between health literacy and information sharing. By having such a large number of independent variables within the study I found the number of participants to be low. The data also could have been more representative had this questionnaire been proctored at multiple health clinics. There is also some discrepancy with having individuals rate their own knowledge levels, for one cannot know what they do not know. The researchers said future research should focus around information sharing groups of individuals and examine potentially non-linear models of communication diffusion. I found most interesting the negative relationship between health literacy ad positive attitudes, as it reflected notions of mean world syndrome. Applying this information to today’s particular CVOID-19 climate, the more information I see the less positive my attitudes are for the future recovery of this pandemic.

Hahn, M., Lawson, R., & Lee, Y. G. (1992). The effects of time pressure and information load on decision quality. Psychology & Marketing, 9(5), 365–378. https://doiorg.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu/10.1002/mar.4220090503

Hahn et al. (1992) hypothesized that in the presence of time pressure, people would experience information overload. Conversely, without time pressure, people would not experience the same levels of information overload. They also wanted to test if involvement level has a positive correlation to decision quality in groups with time pressure. They examined four hundred and twenty-one students across eight classes in Seoul, Korea. Students were given varying amounts of attributes for different college paths, and level of involvement was also manipulated in time-pressure sensitive groups. The researchers found that H1 held true, and further saw that when attributes increased from three to twelve there was stronger decision making, but when attributes increased from twelve to twenty, participants gave weaker decisions, implying the presence of information overload. As for H2, involvement level of participant groups played a significant role in decision quality only among time pressure groups. The researchers used a best choice measure which they acknowledged was flawed due to its lack of adequate scaling. Hahn et al. also reported wanting clearer and more sound results for the involvement-level manipulation moving forward. I found it interesting that time pressure only showed increased decision making in low-level involvement groups. Translating this into a university testing setting, it seems as though time pressure is detrimental to student decision making. So ultimately, I wonder why time restraints are still used in high-level involvement exams?

Ji, Q., Sypher, U., & Ha, L. (2014). The role of news media use and demographic characteristics in the prediction of information overload. International Journal of Communication (19328036), 8, 699–714.

Ji et al. (2014) set out to examine the correlation between level of exposure to news media and the likelihood of experiencing information overload. The first set of hypotheses (H1) held that when controlling for gender, young age was a positive indicator for information overload; when controlling for age, women are more likely to experience information overload than men; when controlling for age, gender, and education, higher household income and likelihood to experience information overload will have a positive correlation; and when controlling for age, gender, and income, higher education levels will correspond with a greater likelihood of experiencing information overload. Their second hypothesis (H2) stated that when controlling for demographic variance and internet news usage, mid-level traditional news media use will correspond to a higher likelihood of reporting information overload than those with a low-or high-level use. In RQ1, Ji et al. questioned if when controlling for demographic variance and traditional news media usage, how does internet news media usage corelate to perceived information overload? Their final hypothesis (H3) wanted to explore how when controlling for demographics and news media use, those with higher information searching efficiency will have a negative relationship to experiencing information overload. Two-hundred and twelve Ohio residents responded to a mailed questionnaire, and four-hundred and forty-five college students participated in an online survey. All aspects of H1 were supported, except for education levels indicating likelihood of information overload. H2 was only partially supported with insignificant relationships between the amount of news media relating to information overload. Data analysis confirmed no existing relationship for RQ1. H3 was supported. As with all online surveys, there is always a possibility of low-quality data, especially in this study when extra credit was offered in response to participation in the survey. The researchers simply asked for new research to expand on the ability of communication methods to affect information overload. I found most interesting, that overall, demographic factors played a significant role in information overload. I would love to see a further cultural breakdown, maybe from a cross-cultural study in which comparisons between cultures could be examined.

Scammon, D. L. (1977). “Information load” and consumers. Journal of Consumer Research, 4(3), 148–155. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu/10.1086/208690

Scammon (1977) wanted to test the effects of information simplicity and the amount of information given in reference to peanut butter purchasing decisions. The first tests were used to assess higher objective choice quality and dimensions of information (H1), and objective choice quality and simplicity of information (H2). To test subjective choice quality, the researcher hypothesized higher choice quality with dimensions of information (H3), and simplicity of information (H4). The experiment also tested for a positive relationship between information dimensions and higher subjective evaluation (H5), and a negative relationship between simplicity and higher subjective evaluation (H6). To examine participants ability to recall information the researcher forecasted that high and low dimensions of information would correspond to low recall, whereas intermediate dimensions of information would correspond to high recall (H7), and a positive correlation between simplicity of information and recall ability (H8). The researcher utilized a pretest-posttest methodology to examine the effects of the manipulated variable. Five groups of sixty participants each (totaling 300 participants) were subjected to a questionnaire, followed by a commercial screening and ended with a final questionnaire. H1 and H2 found that some information is better than none in objective choice quality. H3 and H4 found that neither quantity nor simplicity had a significant effect on subjective choice quality. H5 and H6 showed results in the hypothesized directions, but were not deemed significant. H7 was disproved, as the higher levels of information were correlated with lower recall, and H8 held true. I think that by not providing a distraction task or allowing significant time to pass between the pretest and posttest, subjects within the study may have caught on to what the researcher was trying to study. Scammon realized the importance of time pressure in the study, and suggested to better evaluate information overload, time constraints must be taken into consideration. I found most interesting that the number of dimensions presented on the information in the commercial led to a lower recall, which speaks directly to information overload’s tie to an abrupt halt in information processing.

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