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[meyornee]

#NoSnowflakes: The Reality of Online Harassment in Student Culture

The term "Snowflake Generation" has been widely used to criticize young people, particularly university students, for being overly sensitive and unable to handle opposing viewpoints. Critics argue that this generation is too emotionally fragile, often seeking "safe spaces" and "trigger warnings" to shield themselves from discomfort (Keaveney, 2016). However, this stereotype is challenged by recent research.

A study by Haslop et al. reveals that university students actually tolerate high levels of online harassment, contradicting the notion that they are easily offended (Haslop et al., 2021). This research highlights that online harassment is pervasive and often normalized among students, with significant gendered implications (Haslop et al., 2021). Women and transgender students, in particular, face higher rates of online abuse, which can have severe impacts on their mental health and academic performance (Haslop et al., 2021)

This blog post will explore the prevalence, gendered nature, and impact of online harassment on students and why it should be taken seriously. 

The Myth of the "Snowflake Generation"

In recent years, media and political discourse have frequently labeled university students as the "Snowflake Generation," criticizing them for being overly sensitive and unable to handle opposing viewpoints. This narrative suggests that young people are emotionally fragile, often seeking "safe spaces" and "trigger warnings" to avoid discomfort. Such portrayals have been used to mock students' perceived intolerance and hypersensitivity (Haslop et al., 2021).

However, this "snowflake" narrative overlooks significant issues of digital abuse and harassment that students face. Research by Haslop et al. reveals that online harassment is pervasive among university students, with many tolerating high levels of abuse (Regehr & Ringrose, 2018). This harassment is often gendered, disproportionately affecting women and transgender students (Regehr & Ringrose, 2018). By focusing on the "snowflake" stereotype, the media and political discourse divert attention from these serious issues, undermining the real challenges students encounter in digital spaces (Regehr & Ringrose, 2018).  

Understanding Online Harassment

Online harassment, as defined by Haslop et al., involves threats or other offensive unwanted behaviors targeted directly at individuals through digital channels such as the internet and text messaging (Haslop et al., 2021)

This form of harassment can take many shapes, each with its own unique impact on the victim.

Different types of online harassment include:

Abusive Messages: These are hostile or threatening communications sent to an individual, often intended to intimidate or cause emotional distress (Hoyt, 2015).

Cyberbullying: This involves repeated, willful harm inflicted through electronic means, such as social media or messaging platforms (Impactly, n.d.).

Doxxing: The act of publicly revealing private information about an individual without their consent, often to incite harassment (Hoyt, 2015).

Sexual Harassment: Unwanted and inappropriate sexual remarks or advances made through digital channels (Impactly, n.d.).

Hate Crimes: Online actions that target individuals or groups based on race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or other protected characteristics (Hoyt, 2015).

The study by Haslop et al. provides several poignant examples of online harassment experienced by students. For instance, some students reported the non-consensual use of their phones, where their personal information was accessed and misused (Haslop et al., 2021). Others received unsolicited explicit images, which caused significant distress and discomfort (Haslop et al., 2021). These examples highlight the pervasive and harmful nature of online harassment, underscoring the need for serious attention and action.

The Gendered Digital Divide

Women and transgender students are disproportionately affected by online harassment, facing higher rates of abuse compared to their male counterparts (United Nations, 2024). This harassment often includes gender-based hate speech, sexual harassment, and cyberstalking, which can have severe psychological and emotional impacts (Anindita Shome, 2022). The pervasive nature of this abuse creates a hostile online environment, particularly for those who challenge traditional gender norms (Anindita Shome, 2022).

The impact of online harassment extends beyond immediate emotional distress. Many victims resort to self-censorship and withdrawal from online spaces to avoid further abuse . This self-censorship limits their participation in digital discussions and reduces their visibility online, reinforcing existing digital inequalities (Chadha et al., 2020). For instance, women and transgender students may avoid sharing their opinions or engaging in debates, fearing backlash and harassment (Chadha et al., 2020).

Data from the study by Haslop et al. highlights the significant impact of online harassment on students' motivation to engage in online discussions. Many students reported feeling demotivated and anxious about participating in digital forums due to the fear of being targeted (Marzouk Alghahoory, 2024). This withdrawal not only affects their academic performance but also their overall digital presence, further marginalizing already vulnerable groups (Marzouk Alghahoory, 2024).

Why Students Don't Report Online Harassment

Despite the severity of online harassment, many students are hesitant to report it. Findings from various studies indicate that students often choose to handle harassment themselves rather than report it to their institution, friends, family, or law enforcement (Gierdowski & Brooks, 2020). This hesitancy stems from several factors, including fear of not being taken seriously, concerns about retaliation, and a lack of trust in the reporting mechanisms (Gierdowski & Brooks, 2020).

One significant reason for this reluctance is that many students perceive online harassment as the "norm" in digital spaces (Haslop et al., 2021). This normalization of harassment leads to a culture of tolerance, where students feel that enduring such behavior is just part of being online (Haslop et al., 2021). This perception needs to change, as it undermines the seriousness of the issue and prevents effective action against perpetrators.

The rhetoric of freedom of speech is often used to justify online harassment, complicating efforts to address it (George Wright, 2024). While freedom of speech is a fundamental right, it does not protect harmful or abusive behavior. Harassment involves targeted and persistent actions that infringe upon the rights and well-being of others (Greer, 2023). Therefore, it is crucial to distinguish between legitimate free speech and actions that constitute harassment, ensuring that the latter is not excused under the guise of protecting expression (Greer, 2023).

Moving Forward – What Can Be Done?

To effectively combat online harassment, universities must take the issue seriously and implement robust reporting mechanisms. These mechanisms should be easily accessible, user-friendly, and ensure confidentiality to encourage students to report incidents without fear of retaliation (PennState, 2025). Universities should also provide clear guidelines on how to report harassment and ensure that all reports are thoroughly investigated and addressed promptly.

Educational interventions are crucial in fostering a culture of respect and responsibility online. Universities should incorporate digital ethics, consent, and respectful online behavior into their curricula (Team, 2024). Teaching students about the importance of digital citizenship, the impact of their online actions, and how to engage respectfully in digital spaces can help reduce instances of harassment (David, 2023). Workshops, seminars, and online courses can be effective tools in promoting these values (Team, 2024).

Students can also play a vital role in creating safer online spaces by supporting each other and fostering a sense of community. Here are some ways students can contribute:

Peer Support Networks: Establishing peer support groups where students can share their experiences and offer advice can create a supportive environment (Petkov, 2024).

Active Bystander Intervention: Encouraging students to speak up and intervene when they witness harassment can help deter abusive behavior (HogoNext, 2024).

Promoting Positive Online Behavior: Students can lead by example by promoting respectful communication and challenging harmful behaviors in online spaces (HogoNext, 2024).

Creating Safe Spaces: Developing online communities that prioritize safety, respect, and inclusivity can provide a refuge for those affected by harassment (Petkov, 2024).

By taking these steps, universities and students can work together to create a safer and more inclusive digital environment.

In conclusion, the stereotype of the "Snowflake Generation" fails to recognize the real and pervasive issue of online harassment faced by students. Rather than being overly sensitive, students are navigating a hostile digital environment that demands serious attention and action. By raising awareness, implementing better reporting mechanisms, and fostering a culture of respect and support, we can create safer online spaces for everyone. I encourage you to share your experiences or thoughts in the comments, as your voice is crucial in this ongoing conversation.

References

Anindita Shome. (2022). Gendered Experiences in the Virtual World: Online Harassment of Women and LGBTQI. 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0460-8_7

Chadha, K., Steiner, L., Vitak, J., & Zahra Ashktorab. (2020). Women’s Responses to Online Harassment. International Journal of Communication, 14(1), 239–257. https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/womens-responses-to-online-harassment

David, P. (2023, August 15). Digital Citizenship: Empowering Students for Responsible Online Behavior - Eduzoid | Education Blog Website. Eduzoid. https://eduzoid.com/education/digital-citizenship-empowering-students-for-responsible-online-behavior/

George Wright, R. (2024). Cyber Harassment and the Scope of Freedom of Speech | UC Davis Law Review. Ucdavis.edu. https://lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/archives/53/online/cyber-harassment-and-scope-freedom-speech

Gierdowski, D. C., & Brooks, D. C. (2020). Online Harassment (J. Galanek, Ed.). Www.educause.edu. https://www.educause.edu/ecar/research-publications/student-technology-report-supporting-the-whole-student/2020/online-harassment

Greer, J. B. (2023, November 26). Exploring the Boundaries: Is Harassment Free Speech? - Politic Sphere. Politic Sphere. https://www.politicsphere.com/exploring-the-boundaries-is-harassment-free-speech/

Haslop, C., O’Rourke, F., & Southern, R. (2021). #NoSnowflakes: The toleration of harassment and an emergent gender-related digital divide, in a UK student online culture. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 27(5), 1418–1438. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856521989270

HogoNext. (2024, October 6). How to Create a Safe and Respectful Online Learning Environment - HogoNext. HogoNext. https://hogonext.com/how-to-create-a-safe-and-respectful-online-learning-environment/

Hoyt, A. (2015, May 18). 10 Forms of Online Harassment. HowStuffWorks. https://computer.howstuffworks.com/10-forms-online-harassment.htm

Impactly. (n.d.). Social Media Harassment: 4 Types You Should Know. Getimpactly.com. https://www.getimpactly.com/post/social-media-harassment

Keaveney, S. (2016, December 19). Should You Go To Grad School? A Conversation About Higher Education. The James G. Martin Center for Academic Renewal. https://jamesgmartin.center/2016/12/snowflake-generation-real-imagined/

Marzouk Alghahoory, N. (2024). Exploring the Impact of Online Learning on Student Engagement and Academic Performance. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 13(11), 835–838. https://doi.org/10.21275/sr241113214901

PennState. (2025). Guide to Managing Online Harassment. Office of the Executive Vice President and Provost. https://provost.psu.edu/guide-to-managing-online-harassment/

Petkov, A. (2024, July 29). Creating Safe Spaces in Your Online Community: Building a Supportive Environment - StellarUp. StellarUp -. https://www.stellarup.io/blog-articles/creating-safe-spaces-in-your-online-community-building-a-supportive-environment/

Regehr, K., & Ringrose, J. (2018). Celebrity Victims and Wimpy Snowflakes: Using Personal Narratives to Challenge Digitally Mediated Rape Culture. Springer EBooks, 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72917-6_18

Team, L. (2024, October). 10 Principles for Courteous Online Behavior for Students | Learning.com. Learning. https://www.learning.com/blog/principles-online-behavior/

United Nations. (2024, December 5). Cyberviolence Against Women and Girls: The Growing Threat of the Digital Age. United Nations Western Europe. https://unric.org/en/cyberviolence-against-women-and-girls-the-growing-threat-of-the-digital-age/

[meyornee]

The Pulse of Gaming: Communities, Social Gaming, and Live Streaming

Welcome to my blog, where we delve into the dynamic and interconnected world of gaming communities, social gaming, and live streaming. These facets have revolutionized gaming, creating a vibrant ecosystem. Gaming communities cultivate connections and shared experiences, significantly enhancing social interactions and contributing to social capital (Molyneux et al., 2015). Social gaming seamlessly integrates social dynamics into gameplay, fostering strong bonds and promoting teamwork and collaboration (Molyneux et al., 2015). Live streaming empowers gamers to broadcast their gameplay in real-time, opening new avenues for community engagement on platforms like Twitch and YouTube Gaming (Wang & Li, 2020). Join me as we explore the profound impact these elements have on the modern gaming landscape.

1. The Essence of Gaming Communities

Gaming communities are groups of individuals who come together around a shared interest in video games, forming social bonds and fostering a sense of belonging. These communities can be local, such as those seen in Melbourne's indie game scene, or global, connected through online platforms (Molyneux et al., 2015). The importance of gaming communities lies in their ability to enhance social interactions and create shared experiences. According to Keogh (2021), Melbourne's vibrant indie game scene exemplifies how local game development fosters tight-knit communities that support and inspire each other. These communities provide a space for collaboration, mentorship, and the exchange of ideas, contributing to both personal and professional growth. Additionally, gaming communities help reduce feelings of isolation by offering a sense of camaraderie and mutual support, which is crucial for mental well-being (Keogh, 2021). By bringing together diverse groups of people, gaming communities play a vital role in the cultural and social fabric of the gaming world.

Melbourne's indie game scene is a vibrant and dynamic community that plays a crucial role in the city's cultural landscape. Key events such as Melbourne International Games Week (MIGW) and the Freeplay Independent Games Festival highlight the city's commitment to fostering creativity and innovation in game development. MIGW, curated by Creative Victoria, brings together industry professionals and enthusiasts through events like Games Connect Asia Pacific (GCAP) and the Australian Penny Arcade Expo (PAX Expo), showcasing the latest in game development and providing networking opportunities (Games Connect Asia Pacific, n.d.). The Freeplay Independent Games Festival, Australia's longest-running independent games festival, celebrates grassroots artists and game makers, emphasizing the artistic and cultural aspects of game development (Osborn, 2024). These events not only showcase local talent but also create a sense of community by bringing together diverse groups of developers, artists, and gamers. Local game development scenes, such as those in Melbourne, foster collaboration, mentorship, and the exchange of ideas, contributing to both personal and professional growth within the community (Melbourne International Games Week, 2024). By providing platforms for interaction and support, these scenes play a vital role in building a strong, interconnected community of gamedevelopers.

2. Social Gaming: Connecting Through Play

Social gaming refers to video games that emphasize social interaction among players, often through multiplayer modes or online platforms. Examples of social gaming include popular titles like "Among Us," "Fortnite," and "Animal Crossing," where players can collaborate, compete, and communicate with each other in real-time. The role of social gaming in enhancing player interactions is significant, as it allows players to connect with friends and strangers alike, fostering a sense of community and shared experience. Social gaming platforms, such as Discord and Twitch, further enhance these interactions by providing spaces for players to chat, share content, and build relationships beyond the game itself. This interconnectedness transforms gaming from a solitary activity into a social experience, enriching the overall enjoyment and engagement of players (Molyneux et al., 2015).

Social gaming fosters friendships and community bonds by encouraging collaboration, teamwork, and communication among players. In Melbourne's game-making communities, social gaming events and local multiplayer games have been instrumental in bringing people together. For instance, events like the Freeplay Independent Games Festival and Melbourne International Games Week (MIGW) provide opportunities for gamers to meet, play, and share their passion for games, creating lasting connections (Bailey et al., 2011). The impact of social gaming on mental health is also noteworthy. Positive social interactions in gaming can reduce feelings of isolation and loneliness, providing a sense of belonging and support. Stories from Melbourne's indie game scene highlight how social gaming has helped individuals cope with stress and build meaningful relationships, demonstrating the profound benefits of gaming communities on mental well-being (Cerezo-Pizarro et al., 2023). By fostering a supportive and inclusive environment, social gaming contributes to the mental and emotional health of its participants.

3. The Rise of Live Streaming

Live streaming in gaming refers to the real-time broadcasting of gameplay over the internet, allowing viewers to watch and interact with the streamer as they play. This practice gained popularity in the early 2010s, with platforms like Twitch leading the charge. Twitch, launched in 2011, quickly became the dominant platform for game live streaming, attracting millions of viewers and streamers worldwide. Other popular platforms include YouTube Gaming, which launched in 2015, and Facebook Gaming. These platforms provide gamers with the tools to broadcast their gameplay, engage with their audience through chat features, and build communities around their content (Twitch, 2023)

Live streaming plays a crucial role in bringing gamers together, fostering a sense of community and shared experience. Platforms like Twitch and YouTube Gaming allow viewers to interact with streamers and other viewers in real-time, creating a dynamic and engaging environment. This interaction enhances game visibility and community engagement, as viewers can discover new games and connect with like-minded individuals. According to Taylor (2018), live streaming has transformed the gaming landscape by providing a platform for gamers to showcase their skills, share their experiences, and build communities around their content (The Game Expo, 2025). This has led to increased visibility for both mainstream and indie games, as streamers often highlight lesser-known titles, giving them a broader audience.

Melbourne has a vibrant live streaming scene, with several prominent streamers influencing the local gaming community. Streamers like Lachlan Power and Kathleen 'Loserfruit' Belsten have built substantial followings on platforms like Twitch and YouTube Gaming, showcasing their gameplay and engaging with their audiences. These streamers not only entertain but also promote local indie games, helping to boost their visibility and success. The intersection of live streaming and indie game development is particularly significant in Melbourne, where indie developers leverage platforms like Twitch to showcase their games, gather feedback, and build communities around their projects (Influencer Forum, 2025). This symbiotic relationship between streamers and developers fosters a supportive environment that benefits both parties and contributes to the growth of the local gaming scene.

Conclusion

Live streaming, gaming communities, and social gaming create a dynamic and interconnected ecosystem that enhances the gaming experience. Live streaming promotes social gaming by allowing players to share their experiences in real-time, fostering a sense of community and engagement. Platforms like Twitch and YouTube Gaming enable gamers to connect with a broader audience, turning solitary gaming into a shared social experience. This interaction not only builds strong community bonds but also increases the visibility of games, encouraging more players to join and participate.

Despite the challenges faced by gaming communities and live streamers, such as managing online harassment and maintaining a positive environment, these obstacles also present opportunities for growth and innovation. The gaming industry can develop better tools and policies to protect and support its members, while streamers can explore new content formats and engagement strategies. Additionally, the rise of new technologies and platforms offers exciting possibilities for expanding the reach and impact of gaming communities and live streaming. Together, these elements shape a vibrant and inclusive gaming landscape, where connections are forged, and experiences are shared.

References

Bailey, K., West, R., & Anderson, C. (2011). The Influence of Video Games on Social, Cognitive, and Affective Information Processing. Semantic Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780195342161.013.0066

Cerezo-Pizarro, M., Ignacio, F., Jorge Guerra Antequera, & Jairo Melo-Sánchez. (2023). The Cultural Impact of Video Games: a Systematic Review of the Literature. Education Sciences, 13(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13111116

Games Connect Asia Pacific. (n.d.). About GCAP. GCAP22: Ambition. https://gcap.com.au/about/

Influencer Forum. (2025, February 27). Collaborative Gaming Streams and Their Powerful Impact on... Influencer Forum Marketing Resources Reviews. https://theinfluencerforum.com/collaborative-gaming-streams-and-impact/

Keogh, B. (2021). The Melbourne indie game scenes. Independent Videogames: Cultures, Networks, Techniques and Politics, 214–221.

Melbourne International Games Week. (2024, August 22). Careers + Frontiers 2024: Games Education Symposium. Gamesweek.melbourne. https://gamesweek.melbourne/events/2024-events/careers-frontiers-2024-games-education-symposium

Molyneux, L., Vasudevan, K., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2015). Gaming Social Capital: Exploring Civic Value in Multiplayer Video Games. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(4), 381–399. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12123

Osborn, G. (2024). Insulation vs isolation: The question defining the future of Australia’s game industry. Gamedeveloper.com. https://www.gamedeveloper.com/business/insulation-vs-isolation-the-question-defining-the-future-of-australia-s-game-industry

The Game Expo. (2025, March 7). 2025 Artist Zone - The Game Expo. The Game Expo - Esports, Cosplay, Content Creators, Tabletop and Freeplay Gaming! https://www.thegameexpo.com/event-guide/artists/2025-artist-zone/

Twitch. (2023). Melbourne | Twitch. Twitch. https://meetups.twitch.tv/melbourne/

Wang, M., & Li, D. (2020). What motivates audience comments on live streaming platforms? PLOS ONE, 15(4), e0231255. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231255

[meyornee]

Living in a Filtered World

Filters have become an integral part of the social media landscape, transforming the way we present ourselves and interact online. Initially introduced as playful tools for altering appearances or adding quirky effects, filters have evolved into sophisticated features powered by augmented reality and artificial intelligence (Mosley, 2023). Platforms like Instagram and Snapchat have popularized these tools, making them a staple for millions of users worldwide (Rettberg, 2014) (Barker, 2020).

The reasons behind our fascination with filters are multifaceted. They allow us to enhance aesthetic appeal, express creativity, and even experiment with self-identity (Zhang, 2024). For many, filters serve as a form of self-enhancement, offering a quick way to align with societal beauty standards or project an idealized version of oneself (Zhang, 2024). Others use them as a medium for artistic expression, transforming mundane moments into visually captivating stories (Zhang, 2024).

However, the impact of filters extends beyond harmless fun. While they can boost confidence and creativity, they also perpetuate unrealistic beauty standards, contributing to issues like body dissatisfaction and low self-esteem. Studies have shown that frequent use of beauty filters can distort self-perception, leading to a phenomenon known as "selfie dysmorphia" (Kwon, 2022). This raises important questions about the psychological and cultural implications of these digital tools.

The Power of Beauty Filters: Enhancing or Distorting Reality?

Snapchat and Instagram have revolutionized self-expression, offering users creative tools like filters and lenses to enhance their photos and videos (Barker, 2020). These features allow for playful experimentation, artistic storytelling, and even identity exploration. However, their impact isn't purely positive. Filters often alter facial features—making faces appear thinner, eyes larger, and skin tones lighter—aligning with narrow beauty ideals (Rettberg, 2014) (Murphy, 2018). This has sparked concerns about their role in reinforcing problematic standards of attractiveness.

The phenomenon of "Snapchat Dysmorphia" highlights the darker side of these tools. Many users, influenced by their filtered selfies, seek cosmetic surgery to replicate their digitally enhanced appearances (Migala, 2024). This trend underscores the psychological toll of filters, as they blur the line between reality and idealized digital personas.

Source: BBC

Recent findings from the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons reveal a significant rise in the number of patients seeking cosmetic procedures to enhance their selfie appearance. In 2017, 55% of facial plastic surgeons reported seeing patients motivated by improving their selfies, a sharp increase from just 13% in 2013 (Davies, 2018)..

While filters can boost confidence and creativity, they also challenge self-acceptance, raising questions about authenticity and self-worth in the digital age.

Breaking Free: Embracing Authenticity in a Filtered World

Redefining beauty in an age of filters starts with a simple yet radical act: rejecting the unrealistic standards they perpetuate. Filters often distort reality, shaping an unattainable ideal of perfection that no one—not even the ones creating them—can truly achieve. But what if we embraced the messy, the raw, and the wonderfully imperfect instead? Movements like #NoFilter (on TikTok and Instagram) remind us that authenticity is powerful, and flaws are what make us human (Moran, 2022).

It’s also worth pausing to think about the bigger picture: who actually benefits from our filtered faces? Beauty filters are a product, after all, and someone profits from the insecurities they might deepen. Mindful media consumption means asking questions like, “Am I editing this photo for myself, or because I feel pressured to fit into someone else’s idea of beautiful?”

Here’s the real challenge: take a step back and ask yourself—are you the one in control of your filters, or are they controlling you? Experiment with the real, unfiltered version of yourself. Post a photo that’s truly you, untouched and unapologetically authentic. See what happens when you define beauty on your terms, no filters needed. You might just find out that the world is ready to embrace the real you, just as you are.

References

Barker, J. (2020). Making-up on mobile: The pretty filters and ugly implications of snapchat. Fashion, Style & Popular Culture, 7(2), 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1386/fspc_00015_1

Davies, A. (2018, April 19). People are getting surgery to look like their Snapchat selfies. BBC Three. https://www.bbc.com/bbcthree/article/9ca4f7c6-d2c3-4e25-862c-03aed9ec1082

Kwon, M. (2022, November 15). The Filter Effect: What Does Comparing Our Bodies on Social Media Do to Our Health? - Petrie-Flom Center. Petrie-Flom Center - the Blog of the Petrie-Flom Center at Harvard Law School. https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2022/11/15/the-filter-effect-what-does-comparing-our-bodies-on-social-media-do-to-our-health/?form=MG0AV3

Migala, J. (2024, September 10). What Is “Snapchat Dysmorphia”? A Detailed Look at the Trend. EverydayHealth.com. https://www.everydayhealth.com/wellness/united-states-of-stress/what-snapchat-dysmorphia-detailed-look-trend/?form=MG0AV3

Moran, S. (2022, January 19). #nofilter: The Power of Transparency on Social Media. Advertising Week. https://advertisingweek.com/nofilter-the-power-of-transparency-on-social-media/

Mosley, T. R. (2023, February 2). Beauty filters are changing the way young girls see themselves. MIT Technology Review. https://doi.org/1085094/10-breakthrough-technologies-2024

Murphy, R. (2018, July 10). Snapchat’s New Feature Lets You Unlock Lenses Made By Other People. Elite Daily. https://www.elitedaily.com/p/snapchats-lens-explorer-lets-you-unlock-original-lenses-the-options-are-awesome-9711615?form=MG0AV3

Rettberg, J. W. (2014). Filtered Reality. Seeing Ourselves through Technology. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137476661.0004

Zhang, M. (2024, August 14). 9 traits of people who always use filters on their social media pictures, according to psychology. Global English Editing. https://geediting.com/traits-of-people-who-always-use-filters-on-their-social-media-pictures-according-to-psychology/?form=MG0AV3

[meyornee]

Microcelebrity & The Body Mod Boom: A Social Media Obsession

Recently, the rise of social media has brought a new type of celebrity to our attention, which is referred to as microcelebrities or influencers (Chae, 2018). Social media has birthed a new kind of fame, where niche influencers cultivate dedicated followings, turning their bodies into canvases for self-expression, status, and viral aesthetics. From extreme surgeries to DIY procedures, the pursuit of the "perfect" or "unique" look is no longer just about beauty—it's about branding.

Welcome to my blog, where I dive deep into the aesthetics, ethics, and consequences of the microcelebrity-driven body mod movement.

What is “microcelebrity”?

Celebrity is often defined as “individuals who have achieved a significant level of fame that makes them well known in society” (Mark Young & Pinsky, 2006). Traditionally, celebrity endorsers are movie stars, singers, models, and athletes (Hsu & McDonald, 2002). In recent years, the increased popularity of social media has created a new type of celebrity called microcelebrity (Chae, 2018). 

The term "microcelebrity" was first introduced by Theresa Senft in 2008. It refers to individuals who gain fame through self-presentation and interaction on digital platforms, often targeting niche audiences. Unlike traditional celebrities, microcelebrities actively cultivate their online personas and engage directly with their followers, creating a sense of intimacy and accessibility. 

Examples of Microcelebrities:

Bretman Rock: Known for his makeup tutorials and humorous personality, he has built a strong following on platforms like Instagram and TikTok.

Instagram:

Zach King: Famous for his "magic" video edits on platforms like Vine and TikTok, he has captivated a niche audience with his creativity.

TikTok:

The activities of microcelebrities, particularly beauty influencers, on digital platforms have been instrumental in shaping contemporary perceptions of beauty standards, often prompting individuals to engage in body modification procedures to align with these ideals.

What is body modification?

According to Stirn et al. (2011), body modification (BM) comprises procedures to achieve permanent alterations of the human body. It includes all voluntary body projects such as tattoos, piercings (Martin & Cairns, 2015), weight loss/gain, cosmetic surgery (Karupiah, 2013), and also gender reassignment (Aguayo-Romero et al., 2015).

There are four different motivations for bodies to be modified (Lane, 2017). However, the suitable motivation for today's blog, which is also the most documented motivation, is the capacity to take control over one's body to shape a more genuine representation of the self or identity, as highlighted by Atkinson (2003), is often paired with the experience of aesthetic satisfaction, as noted by Thomas et al. (2015).

Microcelebrities often present their body modifications as a means of achieving a more authentic self, inspiring their followers to pursue similar changes in their quest for personal identity and satisfaction. And here are a specific example.

Instagram:

Kim Kardashian and Kylie Jenner frequently showcase their appearances on social media, which reflect the results of various cosmetic procedures, including Botox, fillers, and breast surgeries (Isaac & Shilliday, 2025). The Brazilian butt lift, rumored to be favored by Kim and Kylie Jenner, has become the most popular Kardashian-inspired cosmetic surgery, helping people worldwide achieve shapely backsides, as seen in their social media photos (Cosmedical, 2025). This has raised a powerful impact to the public, which created the “Kardashian Effect”. The 'Kardashian Effect' has normalized cosmetic enhancements such as Botox and fillers, reshaping societal attitudes toward aesthetic procedures (Cosmedical, 2025). The U.K. cosmetic surgery group Transform also states that inquiries from patients mentioning Kardashian family members as inspiration have risen by 73 percent (Olya , 2015). 

The culture of microcelebrities promoting body modification trends raises significant ethical concerns and societal consequences:

Normalization of Unrealistic Standards: Microcelebrities often present heavily curated and surgically enhanced appearances as attainable ideals. This can perpetuate unrealistic beauty standards, leading to body dissatisfaction among their followers

Informed Consent and Transparency: Ethical concerns arise when influencers fail to disclose the extent of their cosmetic procedures, misleading audiences into believing such transformations are natural or easily achievable (Abdoli et al., 2024)

Exploitation of Vulnerability: The promotion of body modifications can exploit individuals' insecurities, particularly among younger audiences, who may feel pressured to conform to these ideals 

In summary, while microcelebrity culture has shaped beauty norms and empowered self-expression, it also raises concerns over unrealistic standards, mental health impacts, and cultural homogenization. Promoting inclusivity, body positivity, and informed choices is crucial to creating a healthier narrative around beauty and identity.

References

Abdoli, M., Scotto Rosato, M., Desousa, A., & Cotrufo, P. (2024). Cultural Differences in Body Image: A Systematic Review. Social Sciences, 13(6), 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13060305

Aguayo-Romero, R. A., Reisen, C. A., Zea, M. C., Bianchi, F. T., & Poppen, P. J. (2015). Gender Affirmation and Body Modification Among Transgender Persons in Bogotá, Colombia. International Journal of Transgenderism, 16(2), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2015.1075930

Atkinson, M. (2003). Tattooed : the sociogenesis of a body art. University Of Toronto Press.

Chae, J. (2018). Explaining Females’ Envy Toward Social Media Influencers. Media Psychology, 21(2), 246–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2017.1328312

Cosmedical. (2025). Celebrity Influence on Cosmetic Surgery Trends | Cosmedical Rejuvenation Clinic. Cosmedical Rejuvenation Clinic. https://cosmedical.ca/blog/the-kardashian-effect-on-the-cosmetic-and-plastic-surgery-industry.html?form=MG0AV3

Hsu, C., & McDonald, D. (2002). An examination on multiple celebrity endorsers in advertising. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 11(1), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1108/10610420210419522

Isaac, P. J., & Shilliday, B. (2025, January 30). Kylie Jenner Is No Stranger to Plastic Surgery: Her Transformation in Before and After Photos. Life & Style; Life & Style. https://www.lifeandstylemag.com/posts/did-kylie-jenner-get-plastic-surgery-see-transformation/?form=MG0AV3&form=MG0AV3

Karupiah, P. (2013). Modification of the body: a comparative analysis of views of youths in Penang, Malaysia and Seoul, South Korea. Journal of Youth Studies, 16(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2012.693588

Lane, D. C. (2017). Understanding body modification: A process-based framework. Sociology Compass, 11(7), e12495. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12495

Mark Young, S., & Pinsky, D. (2006). Narcissism and celebrity. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(5), 463–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.05.005

Martin, C., & Cairns, S. (2015). Why Would You Get THAT Done?! Stigma Experiences of Women with Piercings and Tattoos Attending Postsecondary Schools Pourquoi voudriez-vous vous faire CELA ? ! Expériences de stigmatisation de femmes au niveau postsecondaire qui ont des perçages et tatouages. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=e1d1f761b39ef2b7bce540e1a1ff5dff95d70931

Olya , G. (2015, November 24). The “Dash Effect”: Kardashian-Inspired Plastic Surgery Procedures on the Rise, Say Experts. PEOPLE.com. https://people.com/health/the-dash-effect-kardashian-inspired-plastic-surgery-procedures-on-the-rise-say-experts/

Stirn, A., Oddo, S., Peregrinova, L., Philipp, S., & Hinz, A. (2011). Motivations for body piercings and tattoos — The role of sexual abuse and the frequency of body modifications. Psychiatry Research, 190(2-3), 359–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.06.001

Thomas, J. N., Crosby, L., & Milford, J. (2015). Gender Differences among Self-Reported Genital Piercing Stories. Deviant Behavior, 36(6), 441–462. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2014.944062

Usher, B. (2018). Rethinking microcelebrity: key points in practice, performance and purpose. Celebrity Studies; Informa UK Limited. https://www.academia.edu/119789942/Rethinking_microcelebrity_key_points_in_practice_performance_and_purpose?form=MG0AV3&form=MG0AV3

[meyornee]

Week 6: Digital Citizenship Case Study: Social Media Influencers and the Slow Fashion Movement

MOIDIEN: THE PIONEER IN VIETNAMESE SLOW-FASHION TREND

If you believe that the most polluting industries are radioactive energy production, coal, or gas mining, think again. The fashion industry is actually one of the most environmentally harmful sectors, causing pollution at every stage of its life cycle—from raw material extraction and production to distribution and disposal (Domingos et al., 2022). Its extensive use of water, toxic chemicals, and non-biodegradable textiles contributes significantly to global pollution, making it a major environmental threat. As a consequence, nowadays, some companies are increasingly adopting green initiatives such as cultural innovation and social responsibility as a part of their business philosophy and core values, at the same time, knowledgeable and conscientious consumers prioritize the long-term health of both people and the planet. As a result, a new movement known as Slow Fashion has emerged, emphasizing sustainability, ethical production, and mindful consumption. (Domingos et al., 2022). According to Domingos et al. (2022), "Slow fashion encompasses slow production and consumption. Slow production does not exploit natural and human resources to expedite manufacturing speed, and slow consumption entails a longer product lifespan from manufacturing to discarding."

In Vietnam, a growing number of consumers, particularly the youth, are embracing sustainable fashion choices (Nguyen et al., 2023). Local brands embracing Slow Fashion have experienced remarkable growth, yet Moi Dien stands out above the rest. With its unique fusion of intricate textiles and gender-fluid designs, the brand masterfully balances sustainability with contemporary fashion and trend-forward aesthetics (Moi Dien, n.d.)

Credit: Mensfolio (2022)

Founded in 2016 by Parsons graduate Tom Trandt Minh Đạo, Môi Điên is a Saigon-based fashion studio recognized for its avant-garde designs and dedication to sustainability (Moi Dien, n.d.). Drawing inspiration from both Vietnamese heritage and modern culture, the brand strives to promote ethical fashion practices within the local industry (Somerset House, 2019).

Môi Điên’s creations stand out for their intricate textile work and gender-fluid silhouettes. Committed to environmental responsibility, the studio incorporates surplus, donated fabrics, production remnants, and deadstock materials into its designs (Moi Dien, n.d.).

Credit: Vietcetera (2019)

Môi Điên gained international recognition when it was selected as one of the 16 finalists for the International Fashion Showcase 2019 in London (Hoang, 2018). This achievement underscores the brand's influence in reshaping Vietnam’s fashion industry and its potential for global impact. By pushing the boundaries of traditional fashion norms, Môi Điên seamlessly merges bold, experimental aesthetics with sustainability, playing a key role in the transformation of the local fashion scene (Lace, 2018).

The studio is situated at 28 Tôn Thất Thiệp Street, Bến Nghé Ward, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. To stay updated on their latest collections and news, visit their official website or follow them on Instagram and Facebook.

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/moidienstudio/

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/moidienstudio

REFERENCES:

Domingos, M., Vale, V. T., & Faria, S. (2022). Slow Fashion Consumer Behavior: a Literature Review. Sustainability, 14(5), 2860. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052860

Hoang, B. (2022, October 4). Môi Điên x Piktina: Cú đánh thức tinh thần thời trang bền vững. Men’s Folio Vietnam. https://mensfolio.vn/moi-dien-x-piktina-cu-danh-thuc-tinh-than-thoi-trang-ben-vung/

Hoang, Q. (2018, July 19). Môi Điên và những biên độ sáng tạo. Vietcetera. https://vietcetera.com/vn/moi-dien-va-nhung-bien-do-sang-tao

Lace, N. (2018, November 29). Moi Dien, Vietnam’s Experimental Fashion Brand | Hive Life Magazine. Hive Life Magazine; Hive Life. https://hivelife.com/tom-trandt-moi-dien/

McNeill, L. S., & Snowdon, J. (2019). Slow fashion – Balancing the conscious retail model within the fashion marketplace. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 27(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2019.07.005

Moi Dien. (n.d.). ABOUT. MoiDien. https://moidien.com/pages/about

Nguyen, T. V. A., Vu, T. B. N., & Pham, Q. H. (2023). Sustainable Fashion Consumption Trends Of Vietnamese Youth. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 28(8).

Somerset House. (2019, January 9). Môi Điên – Vietnam. Somerset House. https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/whats-on/international-fashion-showcase-2019/moi-dien-vietnam

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Week 4: Digital Community and Fandom: Reality TV Case Study

Over the past year, Vietnamese media has exploded thanks to a music reality show called "Anh Trai Say Hi". This reality show has become the hottest topic on Vietnamese social media in 2024 according to YouNet Media (Tinh, 2024), thanks to the heat from 30 artists and also thanks to the eye-catching performances, attracting more than 12.7 million discussions and firmly holding the top 1 position.

Photo Credit: YouNet Media

Let's find out 2 special reasons why “Anh Trai Say Hi” in Vietnam has been leading the media trend in recent years. Firstly, reality television is a genre that is designed to elicit talk and shared opinions (Deller, 2019)

VOTING MECHANISM

According to Deller (2019), reality is a genre that privileges ‘liveness’, especially in shows that are broadcast live and implement some form of voting. ‘Liveness’ helps the media emphasise its role as some- thing that can unite society. For “Anh Trai Say Hi”, in each episode of the show, the audience present at the studio will score the performances of the "brothers". This score directly affects the results of each round. In addition, the TV audience can participate in voting for their favorite contestants through the show's official online platforms. The number of votes plays an important role in determining the favorite contestants and can affect the final results.

With the existing fame and fanbases, 30 artists getting voted easier than new artists. It can’t be denied that fandom cultures play a crucial role in shaping the voting mechanisms of reality shows, especially in talent competitions.The larger and more influential a fandom is, the more secure an artist's position in the show becomes (Hill, 2017). Additionally, fandom power plays a key role in amplifying the show's visibility across social media platforms. Supporters actively promote their favorite contestants on Twitter, Instagram, and TikTok, often swaying neutral audiences to participate in voting (Lee et al., 2019).

HUMOUR AND MEMES

Many shows integrate humor into their format and presentation, while audiences have traditionally engaged with humor in their discussions, both in-person and online (Deller, 2019). Anh Trai Say Hi follows this trend, leveraging humor, especially memes to spark conversations on social media, and to extend the life of reality shows and their participants. 

The show's official account will start by creating memes from the artists' funny moments during their participation in the show.

Photo Credit: Youtube Channel: VIE GIẢITRÍ

After that, fans from the show then create their own media buzz by remixing existing memes and posting them across various social media platforms. Social media discussions about reality TV shows are often packed with puns, sarcasm, GIFs, memes, and witty remarks, as audiences engage in performative interactions to gain likes and shares (Deller, 2019). As a result, Anh Trai Say Hi continued to attract attention even after it ended, fueled by the humorous content generated by viewers.

Photo Credit: FC Pháp Kiều- Xa Xa

References:

Deller, R. A. (2019). Reality television : the TV phenomenon that changed the world. Bingley, Uk Emerald Publishing.

Hill, A. (2017). Reality TV Engagement: Producer and Audience Relations for Reality Talent Shows. Media Industries Journal, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.3998/mij.15031809.0004.106

Lee, S. H., Tak, J.-Y., Kwak, E.-J., & Lim, T. Y. (2019). Fandom, Social media, and Identity work: the Emergence of Virtual Community through the Pronoun “we”.. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000259

Tinh, L. (2024, December 19). “Anh trai Say Hi” là chủ đề hot nhất mạng xã hội năm 2024. Nguoi Lao Dong; https://nld.com.vn. https://nld.com.vn/anh-trai-say-hi-la-chu-de-hot-nhat-mang-xa-hoi-nam-2024-196241219141806056.htm

[meyornee]

WEEK 5: What is Digital Citizenship? Hashtag Publics, Political Engagement and Activism

What is Digital Citizenship?

"Digital citizenship using digital platforms responsibly, ethically, and mindfully to protect yourself and others while engaging in online spaces (Choi & Cristol, 2021)."

There are 3 approaches to digital citizenship:

Unidimensional approach

A multidimensional approach

A critical and radical approach

Participatory Democracy is the ultimate aim of Digital Citizenship:

Digital citizenship education promotes participatory democracy by increasing access to information, fostering civic engagement, encouraging community involvement, and holding leaders accountable. It empowers citizens to voice opinions, shape laws, and interact with the government, making democracy more inclusive.

Participatory democracy involves direct citizen involvement in decision-making beyond elected representation, extending to communication, community, and societal development (Visnovsky, 2007). For younger generations, familiar with online self-expression, digital citizenship enhances participation in diverse, fragmented spaces (Choi & Cristol, 2021).

SoundCloud as an example of critical and radical approach:

SoundCloud exemplifies the connection between digital citizenship education and participatory democracy by providing a space where younger generations, already engaged in online self-expression, can actively influence cultural and creative spheres.

Launched in 2007, SoundCloud was created to help artists share music and connect with audiences independently, bypassing traditional record labels and streaming services (Ljung, 2017). This positions the platform within the critical and radical approach to digital citizenship, which challenges existing power structures and social inequalities in digital spaces.

Unlike major streaming platforms dominated by corporate control (e.g., Spotify, Apple Music), SoundCloud empowers independent, underground, and marginalized artists to share their work freely (Hesmondhalgh et al., 2019). This decentralization aligns with radical digital citizenship by promoting peer-to-peer content creation, allowing artists to bypass traditional industry gatekeepers and maintain creative control.

Additionally, SoundCloud provides tools to help emerging musicians distribute, monetize, and grow their careers. Many independent and underground hip-hop artists, such as XXXTentacion, Billie Eilish, and Lorde, gained recognition through the platform, contributing to the rise of the "SoundCloud rap" genre (Grant, 2021).

The platform also fosters remixing, sampling, and music distribution with minimal restrictions, resisting strict copyright laws (SoundCloud, 2023). Furthermore, it has served as a hub for activist and countercultural movements, particularly within spoken-word, techno, and underground hip-hop. SoundCloud enables artists to share politically sensitive music that might otherwise face censorship (News Team, 2024).

References:

Choi, M., & Cristol, D. (2021). Digital Citizenship with Intersectionality Lens: Towards Participatory Democracy Driven Digital Citizenship Education. Theory into Practice, 60(4), 4–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2021.1987094

Grant , R. (2021, December 16). Comfort in the Discomforting: The History of SoundCloud Rap, the Face-Tatted, Hair-Dyed Vision That Showed Hip-hop’s Future. Theringer.com. https://www.theringer.com/2021/12/16/music/juice-wrld-soundcloud-rap-history-retrospective

Hesmondhalgh, D., Jones, E., & Rauh, A. (2019). SoundCloud and Bandcamp as Alternative Music Platforms. Social Media + Society, 5(4), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119883429

Ljung, A. (2017). A note from Alex Ljung [The Soundcloud blog]. Soundcloud. https://community.soundcloud.com/article-index

Visnovsky, E. (2019). The Deweyan conception of participatory democracy. AMERICANA E-Journal of American Studies in Hungary, 3(2). https://www.americanaejournal.hu/index.php/americanaejournal/article/view/45360

[meyornee]

Week 3: Digital Community: Tumblr Case Study

GET TO KNOW TUMBLR:

David Karp founded Tumblr in 2006, a blogging site that specialized in "short form blogging." (Shorey, 2015, p.4). Tumblr has been defined as being somewhere between Twitter and blogging: it allows users to keep a blog with no more effort than typing a single short message or, in most circumstances, pressing a button (Madrigal, 2010).

Tumblr has experienced rapid growth, cultural significance, a controversial policy change, and a decline in usership:

2013: Yahoo acquires Tumblr for $1.1 billion, indicating Tumblr's growing significance in the digital realm. This acquisition increased Tumblr's resources, allowing it to extend its services and reach.

2018: The NSFW ban and platform changes had an influence on consumption patterns and community dynamics, notably for body-positive content (Reif et al., 2022, p.6). The move resulted in a major drop in user engagement and a decrease in Tumblr's user base.

FEMINISM MOVEMENTS ON TUMBLR:

Tumblr, like other social networks like as X (previously Twitter), Instagram, and Facebook, has a high level of hashtag activity.Social internet has transformed the way people engage in activism, allowing marginalized groups to express themselves. It has the ability to create powerful feminist spaces through the usage of hashtags (Dixon, 2014).

#BODYPOSTIVE SPACE'S EXPLORATION:

According to Reif et al. (2022), hashtags facilitate users' connections with other people who share their interests. Over the last five years, feminist scholars and the general public have become increasingly interested in how digital media has assisted the visibility and dissemination of current feminist politics (Keller, 2019).

That is why particular hashtags like #bodypositive, which promotes feminism by removing the existing beauty ideal, have gained a lot of traction. The majority of posts in the #bodypositive space emphasize self-acceptance, which promotes the concept that all bodies are beautiful.

Tumblr's features, including hashtags, reblogging, anonymity, pseudonymity, and NSFW policy, have allowed women and girls to express themselves more freely without fear of trolling. However, feminism movements remain active on other social media platforms. (Keller 2019)

TUMBLR'S ROLE IN FEMINISM MOVEMENTS:

Tumblr has played an important part in feminist movements by providing a forum for various views and empowering marginalized communities. Its distinct blend of customisable blogs, hashtag-driven activism, and the capacity to post multimedia content enabled feminists to organize, raise awareness, and develop solidarity in ways that mainstream social media did not. The platform's sense of community and free expression made it an effective instrument for feminist movement.

References:

Dixon, K. (2014). Feminist Online Identity: Analyzing the Presence of Hashtag Feminism. Journal of Arts and Humanities, 3(7), 34–40. https://doi.org/10.18533/journal.v3i7.509

Keller, J. (2019). “Oh, She’s a Tumblr Feminist”: Exploring the Platform Vernacular of Girls’ Social Media Feminisms. Social Media + Society, 5(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119867442

Madrigal, A. C. (2010, July 30). The 5 Keys to Tumblr for Media Outlets. The Atlantic; theatlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/07/the-5-keys-to-tumblr-for-media-outlets/60694/

Reif, A., Miller, I., & Taddicken, M. (2022). “Love the Skin You‘re In”: An Analysis of Women’s Self-Presentation and User Reactions to Selfies Using the Tumblr Hashtag #bodypositive. Mass Communication and Society, 26(6), 5. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2022.2138442

Shorey, S. (2015). Fragmentary Girls: Selective Expression on the Tumblr Platform. 4. https://doi.org/10.7275/6951232

[meyornee]

✨ Welcome to My Digital Space! ✨

I am so excited because this is my FIRST EVER Tumblr post!! I’m Thanh Mai, a.k.a Mei Hoang, a final-year Social Media student at Swinburne University. This blog is strictly for academic purposes—specifically for my current course, MDA20009 - Digital Communities. So if you’re here, expect a lot of thoughts, discussions, and insights about the digital world!

This is me

A little about me: - Age: 21 | Star Sign: Capricorn - Born & raised in Northern Vietnam, now navigating life in Saigon. - Eldest of three (aka the responsible sibling™). - Freelance video editor by day, indie artist by night—vocalist & songwriter for a local band. -Obsessed with Japanese culture, especially anime and music. -Coffee enthusiast on a mission to uncover every hidden café in Saigon.

I’m excited to share my journey in digital communities with you all! Any support, thoughts, or interactions on my upcoming posts would mean the world.

Let’s connect and explore this ever-evolving digital landscape together!