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Case study in Syria

Internet censorship in Syria is extensive. Syria bans websites for political reasons and arrests people accessing them. Filtering and blocking was found to be pervasive in the political and Internet tools areas, and selective in the social and conflict/security areas by the OpenNet Initiative in 2009.

Internet connectivity between Syria and the outside world shut down in late November 2011 and in early May 2013 (Thomson 2012). Syria's Internet was cut off more than ten times in 2013, and again in March 2014 (Peterson 2014). The Syrian government blamed terrorists for the cut off. 

In addition to filtering a wide range of Web content, the Syrian government monitors Internet use very closely and has detained citizens "for expressing their opinions or reporting information online." Vague and broadly worded laws invite government abuse and have prompted Internet users to engage in self-censorship to avoid the state's ambiguous grounds for arrest. 

Internet and social media restrictions in Syria 

The ongoing events in the Arab revolutions have shown the power of social media as a tool for revealing the current situation within each region. People living outside of these revolting countries have been able to follow the events on social media over the past four years, since the 2011 Syrian civil war.

There are a million Syrians who have registered to create social media accounts. However, only a low number of users are active, which is 6 percent active Facebook users and 3 percent active Twitter users from the population. Most Syrians usually use social media to give information/opinion, connect to other Syrians, raise awareness about politics inside and outside the country, but only a low number of Syrians use it to create a public sphere as well as be potential activists and youth leaders. Therefore, a low number of inactive users reduce political actions in mobilizing and sustaining Syria and Syrian activists to challenge the regime’s framing of the conflict regardless of whether those individuals side with the regime or the opposition. Even though Syrians are given some freedom to use social media platforms, restricted contents need to be avoided. Citizens who employ with internet regime challenge or human rights, their accounts and sites will be blocked.

Conclusion 

Personally, I believe that during the Covid 19 Pandemic, the internet has become an indispensable tool for interacting with other people across vast distances in order to prevent infection and to save the country money on expensive treatment for the enormous number of individuals who contract the virus. 

Reference 

Thomson, I. (2012, November 29). Syria cuts off internet and mobile communications. Retrieved April 17, 2021, <https://www.theregister.com/2012/11/29/syria_internet_blackout/>

Peterson, A. (2019, April 24). Syria hit with a near nationwide Internet outage for seven plus hours. Retrieved April 17, 2021, <https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2014/03/20/syria-hit-with-a-near-nationwide-internet-outage/>. 

[maddieblogs]

Social gaming

RWith the rising of new technologies, we have all played at least one video game in our lives. I cannot think of anyone who has never played video games. Even little children as young as 3 years old have already experienced a game. In addition, playing video games with friends or other people, is always very fun. Heard of Among Us before? Super fun. 

Defining social gaming 

Social gaming is a term used to describe online games that allow users to participate socially. Despite the fact that it has been around for a long time, social gaming has just just become a popular trend, particularly in 2020. Many people stayed at home in 2020 because to COVID-19, physically isolating themselves from family and friends. 

According to Logan (2021), there are a few general characteristics that can be used to define ‘social gaming':

Multi-player: Multiple players participate in social games at the same time. These players might collaborate together or compete against one another.

Social platform: Social games are built on a platform that allows people to engage with each other. Social games can either 'piggyback' on current social platforms (enabling players to use their current social networks) or they can be built from the ground up.

Awareness & interaction: An individual player in a social game is aware of the existence, activities, and successes of other players. Players in social games can also communicate with one another.

Among Us 

Growing in popularity is interactive internet game Among Us. "Among Us" is a multiplayer video game that debuted in 2018, but got a lot of attention in 2020 (Montelli 2021). With its virtual gameplay and emphasis on social connection, Among Us was a natural fit for online socialising, similar to a board game. Twitch streamers began playing Among Us with their peers in July, recording their gaming and exposing the game to their large audience (Rose 2020).  

Toxic gaming culture in cyberbullying 

Gamer cultures, on the other hand, have evolved into what is commonly referred to as "toxic cultures," and have come to be linked with exclusion rather than inclusion if you don't match a certain mold. 

According to recent figures from U-Report Malaysia, 28 percent of 6,953 young people in Malaysia polled indicate they have been victims of online bullying, with 43 percent experiencing it through online gaming. 

While traditional physical bullying is more common among males, cyberbullying is more common among females, according to a study of northeastern middle school pupils (Connell et al. 2013). According to Connell et al. (2013), females were much more likely than males to engage in and be victimised by the following three modes of cyberbullying: (1) posting unkind or hurtful things on the Internet; (2) calling, texting, or e-mailing mean things; and (3) instant messaging unkind or hurtful things. Almeida et al. (2012) support these findings, suggests that girls were substantially more likely than boys to report being victims of cyberbullying, regardless of age. Because of their proclivity to cyberbully others, girls may be more vulnerable to becoming victims of cyberbullying. 

The best chance we have of reducing toxicity from gaming communities and social gaming is to simply be polite to each other and remember that it is only a game.

Almeida, A, Correia, I, Marinho, S & Garcia, D 2012, "Virtual but not Less Real", Cyberbullying in the Global Playground, pp. 223-244.

Connell, N, Schell-Busey, N, Pearce, A & Negro, P 2013, "Badgrlz? Exploring Sex Differences in Cyberbullying Behaviors", Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 209-228.

Logan, B 2021, ‘Social gaming – a usability usage’, Spotless, viewed 15 May 2021, <https://www.spotless.co.uk/insights/social-gaming-usability/>.

Montelli, C 2021, "What is 'Among Us?' The wildly popular social deduction and deception game, explained", Business Insider, viewed 29 May, 2021, <https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/how-to/what-is-among-us-the-wildly-popular-social-deduction-and-deception-game-explained/articleshow/83061549.cms>.

Rose, S 2020, How games like Among Us have become popular in a pandemic - The Cougar, viewed 29 May, 2021, <http://thedailycougar.com/2020/10/29/among-us-popular-in-pandemic/>.

[maddieblogs]

Fandom

Fandom  

A fan is anyone who expresses interest or appreciation for something or someone, such as a celebrity, a sport or a sports team, a genre, a politician, a book, a movie, or a performer. For example, I am in a fandom called Beliebers which is a fanbase of Justin Bieber, ever since I was 10 years old. Back then (I grew out of it), I used to get news and updates about Justin Bieber through Twitter. I had a stan account dedicated to him where I followed other Beliebers and shared memes, videos and etc. I gotta say, being took a lot of passion and dedication. I guess I just had too much time on my hands as a kid… but nonetheless it was very fun!

Here is one of Justin Bieber’s appreciation tweet towards his Beliebers.

A fandom is a group of people who are deeply enthusiastic about someone or something (Cambridge Dictionary 2021). A community of people who all respect or endorse a specific individual in popular culture, has come to be known as a "fandom”.

According to Jenkins (2010), fandoms have evolved into a modern type of popular culture. People regularly engaged with culture before the advent of professional mass media through storytelling, which is now being integrated into modern-day online folk culture. Fandoms have migrated to online spaces as digital culture continues to influence our society. The rise of fandoms is largely due to the internet's creation, as well as features designed to encourage participation. Fans no longer have to wait for their next convention to share their ideas; instead, they can enjoy their favorite pop culture pieces on a global scale almost instantly through online communities.

You can easily find groups on fandom engaging online on social media especially on Twitter. In my experience, Stan Twitter is a community of Twitter users who share their opinions and discuss topics relating to their favourite celebrities (and more) , and a competitive battleground among the various fandoms. The culture is known for its unique common jargon.

Beneficial to Mental Health

Finding groups of people with whom you share similar values is a good place to start if you want to feel like you belong to a ‘tribe’. It's no surprise that so many people are attracted to fandoms for this purpose alone: they provide a shared ground in a world that is otherwise divided and disconnected world. According to Wiest (2021), she states that connecting with others over common passions and interests is beneficial to mental and emotional wellbeing because it fosters a sense of belonging, similar to that of a fraternity or family. It's also a lot of fun to plan and get excited about something with others, and it gives them something to chat about that they know will be reciprocated well.

Although, there are some bad impressions on fandoms (example in image below),

 I personally think being in a fandom is great because you get the sense of belonging, especially when you don’t feel accepted elsewhere. So, what do you think? Is being in a fandom good or bad?

Reference List

Cambridge Dictionary 2021, fandom, Cambridge Dictionary, viewed 7 May 2021, <https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/fandom>.

Jenkins, H 2010, "Fandom, Participatory Culture, and Web 2.0 -- A Syllabus", Confessions of an aca-fan, viewed 5 May, 2021, <http://henryjenkins.org/blog/2010/01/fandom_participatory_culture_a.html>.

Wiest, B 2021, "Psychologists Say That Belonging To A Fandom Is Amazing For Your Mental Health", Teen Vogue, viewed 7 May, 2021, <https://www.teenvogue.com/story/psychologists-say-fandoms-are-amazing-for-your-mental-health#:~:text=Psychologists%20Say%20That%20Belonging%20To%20A%20Fandom%20Is%20Amazing%20For%20Your%20Mental%20Health,-%E2%80%9CFandoms%20are%20big&text=%E2%80%9CFandoms%2C%E2%80%9D%20as%20they',%2C%20movies%2C%20artists%20or%20performers.>.

[maddieblogs]

Crowdsourcing & Crowdfunding

What is crowdfunding?

Crowdsourcing is the method of enlisting the help of a large number of people to perform tasks, generate ideas, or create material (Brunelli 2020).

Consumers, residents, entrepreneurs, experts, and enthusiasts make up the crowd. Crowds can be tasked with a variety of goals, including citizen or consumer participation, demand validation, user-centred product growth, brand recognition, and solving unanswered problems, to name a few.

Crowdsourcing Company That Is Killing It

LEGO

LEGO created the LEGO Ideas website, which allows users to submit new LEGO set ideas. Consumers can also vote and provide input on the proposals that have been submitted. LEGO evaluates every proposal that has earned more than 10,000 votes. If a submitter's concept is chosen, he will have the opportunity to collaborate with the LEGO team to bring his vision to life, as well as receive revenue from sales (Anon 2018). By allowing users to engage in the design process, the group gains confidence, and they appreciate the creative outlet as a result. The Beatles' "Yellow Submarine" set is one of the most well-known collections to date.

  Advantage and Disadvantage of Crowdsourcing

Advantage: A Lighter Management Load

When a company innovates internally, the person in charge of leading and coordinating the project is always burdened with a significant management responsibility. Thinkers and designers need to be reminded and even encouraged to contribute their ideas. With crowdsourcing, a company or organisation simply establishes specific terms and conditions for the exercise, then sits back and waits for the ideas to come in. This hands-off approach saves time compared to conventional ideation processes and allows people to concentrate on more interesting things.

Disadvantage: Intellectual property and confidentiality

Although delegating the task to third parties has several advantages, it also has intellectual property implications. If a participant submits a great idea, and the organisation implements it, all parties must be transparent about who owns the idea and who should profit from it.

If a company is looking for solutions to a product packaging problem, for example, this may indicate a flaw in the company's current packaging systems.

Crowdfunding: GoFundMe

GoFundMe allows regular people to accomplish extraordinary things with easy-to-use personal donation websites. From exciting life events like weddings & graduations to challenging circumstances like accidents & illnesses, the GoFundMe fundraising software remains one of the best ways to raise money online.

According to Smith (2020), George Floyd's death sparked not only mass demonstrations against police violence and institutional injustice, but also a generous — and record-breaking — outpouring of donations to help those affected by these problems.

 To summarize, crowdsourcing, when used appropriately, can be an effective tool for gathering information for design decisions. However, if used inappropriately, it may introduce skewed data that degrades usability. As for crowdfunding, it can be a cost-effective way to collect capital with no upfront costs. Using the internet to pitch a project or company can be a powerful means of marketing and can result in media attention.

What are your thoughts on crowdsourcing and crowdfunding?

References

Anon 2018, How Lego Uses Crowdsourcing for New Product Ideas | "Buy the Way…" Insights on Integrated Marketing Communication, viewed 4 May, 2021, <http://buytheway.ascjclass.org/how-lego-uses-crowdsourcing-for-new-product-ideas/>.

Brunelli, L 2020, What Is Crowdsourcing?, viewed 2 May, 2021, <https://www.thebalancecareers.com/what-is-crowdsourcing-3542321>.

Smith, M 2020, "More Than 500K People Helped GoFundMe Set Single-Day Giving Record After George Floyd’s Death", People, viewed 4 May, 2021, <https://people.com/human-interest/more-than-500000-people-donated-to-gofundme-campaigns-on-june-2-setting-single-day-record/>.

[maddieblogs]

Public Health and Social Media: Campaign and Communities

Social media can be used in many ways and it is without question that it can be used to spread information about public health. Personally, I use social media almost every day and I constantly see news or information regarding public health. For example, information about the current Covid-19 pandemic through the MySejahtera app.

But what is public health? 

According to the CDC Foundation (n.d.), Public health is referred to as the science of maintaining and improving the health of communities and their people. The work of public health includes identifying, preventing, and responding to infectious diseases, promoting healthier behaviors, and studying disease and injury prevention. The aim of those who work in the line of public health is to try to prevent problems from happening or recurring by educating the public through educational programs, recommending policies, administering services and conducting research to help limit problems relating to health. 

Public Health and Social Media 

To control the spread of epidemic or pandemic diseases, public health organisations have often used messaging to inform the public. As new technology evolved, early attempts that focused on word-of-mouth and poster campaigns shifted to radio and television, but these modes of communication are likely to be less successful in a crowded, noisy, and confrontational online environment. Emerging media channels have become more advanced, targeted, and sensitive in their ability to reach and influence the public over the last decade (Merchant, South & Lurie 2021).

In my opinion, I think social media and the internet is a good communication medium for the production, distribution, and consumption of information especially now during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although COVID-19 announcements made through texts by Majlis Keselamatan Negara (MKN) is efficient, however it may not be favourable for those who cannot read or understand the Malay language.

 Effective Public Health Social Media Campaigns

The Movember Foundation

Men's wellbeing is the priority of the Movember Foundation. They pledge to fight prostate cancer, testicular cancer, mental wellbeing, and suicide prevention in order to save men's lives. #Movember, their annual social media initiative, offers an appealing challenge to ditch the razors and grow a moustache for the month of November in order to raise awareness and funds (Anon 2021).

Many celebrities, including Justin Bieber, Sylvester Stallone, Mel Gibson, Kevin Connolly, Clive Owen, and Kellan Lutz, have grown moustaches in support of Movember.

 In conclusion, social media analytics research shows that there are more advantages than drawbacks, and the technology brings exciting technologies to people's lives, both inside and outside of public health. However, as with any technology, it can be abused.

As the world reacts to the COVID-19 pandemic, we are confronted with an overabundance of virus-related information. Some of this knowledge may be incorrect and harmful. Inaccurate information travels quickly, making it more difficult for the public to recognize validated evidence and recommendations from reliable sources like their local health authority.

 References 

Anon 2021, 2 Most Viral Social Media Campaigns of this Decade so far!, viewed 27 April, 2021, <https://www.omnicoreagency.com/most-viral-social-media-campaigns/>.

CDC Foundation n.d, What is public health, CDC Foundation, viewed 27 April 2021, <https://www.cdcfoundation.org/what-public-health>.

Merchant, R, South, E & Lurie, N 2021, "Public Health Messaging in an Era of Social Media", JAMA, vol. 325, no. 3, p. 223, viewed 27 April, 2021, <https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2774732>.

[maddieblogs]

Digital Citizenship 2: Activism & Protest

What is activism and protest?

According to Merriam-Webster (n.d.), the definition of activism is a doctrine or practise emphasising direct, punitive stance, notably in support of or opposition to one side of a controversial topic.

Your Dictionary (n.d.) states that a protest is a demonstration intended to sway public opinion, express dissatisfaction, bring attention to injustice, or share details about something going on in your community. The sit-ins and marches organised by Black Lives Matter are well-known examples of national mass protests.

Racial Injustice in America Movement

Black Lives Matter (BLM) is an international social movement committed to combating racism and anti-Black violence, especially in the form of police brutality. It was founded in the United States in 2013 (Anon 2020).

After the police shootings of two unarmed Black men, Eric Garner and Michael Brown, the BLM movement grew in 2014. Garner died in Staten Island, New York, after a white police officer put him in an unconstitutional chokehold for an extended period of time, which was caught on camera by a bystander. In Ferguson, Missouri, a white police officer shot and killed Brown, a teenager.

In 2020, George Floyd, an unarmed Black man, was pronounced dead in 2020 after a white Minneapolis police officer knelt for several minutes on Floyd's stomach, prompting Floyd's repeated cries that he couldn't breathe. The widespread distribution of a bystander's video of Floyd's last moments sparked huge protests in cities across the United States and around the world (Anon 2020). Large protests in the name of Black Lives Matter drew national and international attention to these deaths. Following that, the BLM campaign continued to play a leading role in anti-police violence and anti-racism protests.

The Role of Social Media in Activism and Protests

We've seen a slew of social media campaigns, including Blackout Tuesday, that, though ostensibly intended to highlight Black voices, raised concerns that it simply drowned out crucial information and updates for protesters. Local Black Lives Matter marches, guides for people looking to become allies in the fight against racial injustice, and political discussions about race and equality in America have all become hotbeds for liking, reflecting on, and exchanging information (Granillo 2020).  

Social media's position in provoking and sustaining social movements cannot be overstated, from recording and distributing unfiltered images and videos of police brutality to inciting policy reform from local leaders, and it demonstrates the value of preserving an open and democratic virtual space. In my opinion, there are many ways to consider the effect of social media on social movements. One example is "slacktivism," in which users exchange information and resources through likes, shares, retweet and hashtags such as #BlackLivesMatter. Despite its reputation as noncommittal, feel-good politics, there is some evidence that this form of activism may be beneficial.

References

Anon 2020, Black Lives Matter | Definition, Goals, History, & Influence, viewed 11 April, 2021, <https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Lives-Matter>.

Buchanan, L, Bui, Q & Patel, J 2020, "Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History", The New York Times, viewed 11 April, 2021, <https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html>.

Granillo, G 2020, The Role of Social Media in Social Movements, viewed 11 April, 2021, <https://www.pdxmonthly.com/news-and-city-life/2020/06/the-role-of-social-media-in-social-movements>.

Definition of ACTIVISM, viewed 11 April, 2021, <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/activism>.

Protest Meaning | Best 25 Definitions of Protest, viewed 11 April, 2021, <https://www.yourdictionary.com/protest>.

[maddieblogs]

​DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP 1: POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT

It is not a surprise that politicians are now on social media in this new era and I can name some of these famous politicians like Barack Obama, Navendra Modi, Donald Trump and the list goes on. Fun fact, Barack Obama, the former president of the United States, is the front-runner, having been the first politician to cross 200 million social media followers.

Social Media and Political Engagement

Regarding this week’s topic, we are looking into how politicians use social media as a communication tool to reach a larger audience. According to Lartaud (2020), he states that for many politicians, social media is a new and perplexing communication method. However, politicians have had to learn whatever communication method was prevalent at the time in American history if they wanted to be successful. Ben Franklin distributed pamphlets to the public. Franklin Delano Roosevelt fireside chats were transmitted on the radio. With the aid of television, John F. Kennedy was able to gain prominence in the United States. However, now it's all about the social media. Also, social networking also provides a low-cost means for lesser-known candidates to interact and gain attention.

Barack Obama is a prime example of a politician who uses social media to support his campaign in 2008 where he made history by being the first African-American to defeat Republican nominee John McCain in a presidential election (Aaker & Chang 2009).

Other than that, Trump was able to acknowledge the significance of social media and its effect on today's society. Through examining the similarities between Obama and Trump, the public can see how social media has changed how people communicate and how elections are decided (Harris 2019).

Downsides to Politicians using Social Media

According to Fung (2021), Donald Trump has been suspended from Twitter. Twitter announced that his account was suspended because his tweets has violated the company’s policy against glorification of violence. Spangler (2020) states that Twitter has attached warning labels to 200 of President Trump's tweets or posts that he has retweeted (and counting) in the 24 days since Election Day, indicating that they contain inaccurate, disputed, or misleading information. Also, Governments and political parties are steadily paying private companies to manipulate public opinion using social media networks, according to a study from Oxford University's Oxford Internet Institute (OII) (Anon 2021).

Social Media and Politic Engagement in Malaysia

The only Malaysian politician that I am able to think of who uses social media is Syed Saddiq. He uses his platform on social media such as Twitter, Instagram and, Facebook to address political issues. Syed Saddiq has recently used hashtags like #Undi18Now to bring up the issue of voting rights based on age. If you are interested to know more, below is a video of Syed Saddiq on Malaysian Youths and Undi 18.

What are your thoughts about politicians use of social media? Is it good or bad?

References

Aaker, J & Chang, V 2009, Obama and the Power of Social Media and Technology, viewed 4 April, 2021, <https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/case-studies/obama-power-social-media-technology>.

Anon 2021, Governments increasingly using private companies to manipulate public opinion, viewed 4 April, 2021, <https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2021/01/governments-increasingly-using-private-companies-to-manipulate-public-opinion/>.

Brian Fung, C 2021, Twitter bans President Trump permanently, viewed 4 April, 2021, <https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/08/tech/trump-twitter-ban/index.html>.

Harris, C 2019, "Missing the Mark: Obama and Trump ' s use of similar communication strategies", New York.

Laurtaud, D 2020, How (and WHY) Politicians Use Social Media | KQED Education, viewed 4 April, 2021, <https://www.kqed.org/education/534692/how-and-why-politicians-use-social-media>.

Martinez, C 2018, Year One: How Donald Trump Used Social Media to Win (and Maintain) the Presidency, viewed 4 April, 2021, <https://medium.com/rta902/year-one-how-donald-trump-used-social-media-to-win-and-maintain-the-presidency-fef7f7175d2c>.

[maddieblogs]

Is Tumblr a blog or a social network site?

Hello, I’m Madeline. I have not been on Tumblr for years and let me tell you, it feels very weird and nostalgic, almost like looking into a time capsule. But I am glad this unit has brought me back here because it reminded me that I had an account in the first place. So, thanks Bertha!

Now let’s discuss if Tumblr is a blog or a social network site.

What is a blog?

According to Mineav (2021), a blog (short for "web log") is an online publication or informative website that displays content in reverse chronological order, with the most recent articles at the top. It's a platform where a writer or a group of writers may express their thoughts on a particular issue. Winer (2003) states that a blog is a chronologically ordered hierarchy of text, images, media objects, and data that can be accessed in an HTML browser. What is Blog (n.d.), states that a blog is also a personal online journal, discussion, or informative website that is published on the internet and consists of isolated, often informal diary-style text entries that are regularly updated and designed for general public consumption. 

What is a social network site?

We define social network sites as web-based services that allow users to create a public or semi-public profile within a bounded structure, express a list of other users to whom they share a link, and display and navigate their list of connections as well as those created by others. The essence and terminology of these relations can differ from one site to the next (boyd & Ellison 2007).

What is Tumblr?

As a user of Tumblr, in my opinion Tumblr is the product of combining Twitter and conventional blogging. You make your own blog and post photos, videos, connections, and personal reflections on it. People can then follow you and like your posts, or reblog them on their own Tumblr. If you have a particular interest, such as memes, you can use the tag to find those that share your interest. E.g: my current favorite meme 

Conclusion

Summarily, the big question here is, is Tumblr a blog or a social network site? I would argue that Tumblr is a hybrid of both social network and blog. It is, after all, just a blogging platform but think of it as a long-form Twitter where you can post original content or reblog others'. Complete with hashtags to make discovering similar posts a breeze. However, Tumblr allows users to interact with other users as well. According to Moreou (2020), The more you connect with other people, the more exposure you'll get back, just as on every other social network.

boyd, d & Ellison, N 2007, "Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship", Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 210-230.

Minaev, A 2021,  What is a blog? – Definition of terms blog, blogging, and blogger, First Side Guide, viewed 24 March <2021, https://firstsiteguide.com/what-is-blog/>.

Moreou, E 2020, The Complete Beginner's Guide to Using Tumblr, viewed 27 March, 2021, <https://www.lifewire.com/how-to-use-tumblr-4049305>.

What is Blog | IGI Global, viewed 27 March, 2021, <https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/security-web-servers-web-services/2643>.

Winer, D 2003, "Weblogs At Harvard Law", Harvard Blogs, viewed 27 March, 2021, <https://blogs.harvard.edu/whatmakesaweblogaweblog.html>.