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These words are the same (in spelling, not necessarily in tone) for both Xhosa and Zulu

English - Singular - Plural

Builder, constructor - Umakhi - Abakhi

Writer, author - Umbhali - Abahali

Killer, murderer - Umbulali - Ababulali

Singer- Umculi - Abaculi

Boy - Umfana - Abafana

Woman - Umfazi - Abafazi

Student - Umfundi - Abafundi

Teacher - Umfundisi - Abafundisi

Farmer, gardener - Umlimi - Abalimi

Cook - Umpheki - Abapheki

Beginner - Umqali - Abaqali

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Constraints are an amazing tool that actually make you more creative. Instead of trying to give your language ALL OF THE FEATUREs, try putting more constraints on it.

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common origins of suffering, euphoria, and ferret

substack

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Does anyone have any Finnish or Karelian dictionary PDFs theyd be comfortable sharing with me? Need them for a linguistics uni project 😊

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Around 10 years ago, a linguist with experience in Haudenosaunee languages, Karin Michelson, was invited by three Oneida women to assist them in going through the archives of one of the world’s best-known museums. The Oneida women went to the Smithsonian Institution as part of a program known as Breath of Life, which enables Onkwehón:we to bring linguistic works back to their home communities. Michelson, who co-authored a dictionary for the severely endangered Oneida language, came along to help them sift through the archives. She first forged connections with the Oneida when she was at the Centre for Research and Teaching of Native Languages at the University of Western Ontario. “I think I would not have stayed in school if I had not met some of the people I got to work with,” she said. She went on to teach at Harvard before finally settling into a role at the University of Buffalo. But Michelson, a non-Indigenous woman who grew up in Chateauguay in the 1950s and 60s, encountered something else in the Smithsonian’s archives that caught her interest and surprised her – an unpublished manuscript called Notes to a Mohawk Dictionary.

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Tagging @politicsofcanada

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💼 vocabulaire métier - job vocabulary

(mf) - masculine & feminine noun

(m) - masculine noun

(f) - feminine noun

acteur (m), actrice (f) - actor, actress

architecte (mf) - architect

artiste (mf) - artist

avocat (m), avocate (f) - lawyer

banquier (m), banquière (f) - banker

boulanger (m), boulangère (f) - baker

charpentier (m), charpentière (f) - carpenter

caissier (m), caissière (f) - cashier

chef (m), cheffe (f) - chef/cook

comptable (mf) - accountant

chanteur (m), chanteuse (f) - singer

entraîneur (m), entraîneuse (f) - trainer/coach

électricien (m), électricienne (f) - electrician

écrivain (m), écrivaine (f) - writer/author

dentiste (mf) - dentist

ingénieur (m), ingénieure (f) - engineer

fermier (m), fermière (f) - farmer

pêcheur (m), pêcheuse (f) - fisherman

jardinier (m), jardinière (f) - garderner

juge (mf) - judge

médecin (m) / docteur (m) - doctor

mécanicien (m), mécanicienne (f) - mechanic

musicien (m), musicienne (f) - musician

serveur (m), serveuse (f) - waiter, waitress

infirmier (m), infirmière (f) - nurse

peintre (mf) - painter

pharmacien (m), pharmacienne (f) - pharamacist

photographe (mf) - photographer

pompier (m), pompière (f) - firefighter

pilote (mf) - pilot

plombier (m), plombière (f) - plumber

policier (m), policière (f) - police officer

professeur (m), professeure (f) - teacher

thérapeute (mf) - therapist

vétérinaire (mf) - veterinarian

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Bad Weather Swedish Vocab

Ett oväder - A storm Ett dåligt väder - A bad weather

Regn - Rain Hagel - Hail Snö - Snow Vind - Wind

En regnstorm - A rainstorm En snöstorm - A snowstorm En stormvind - A storm wind

Varför måste det snöa idag? - Why does it have to snow today? Det haglar ute! - It’s hailing outside!

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Le futur proche & le futur simple

1. Le futur proche

-> for immediate or certain actions

je vais

tu vas

il/elle/on va + verbe infinitif

nous allons

vous allez

ils/elles vont

Examples:

Je vais aller en France.

Je ne vais pas aller en France.

Tu vas manger ce croissant.

Tu ne vas pas manger ce croissant.

Vous allez écouter attentivement.

Vous n'allez pas écouter attentivement.

Examples of "verbes pronominaux":

Je vais me doucher en 5 minutes.

Le soir, ils vont se coucher vers 22 heures.

Vous allez vous coiffer tous les jours.

2. Le futur simple

-> for hypothetical actions in the near or far future; predictions, dreams, promises, weather forecasts; after "quand", "lorsque", and "dès que"

je + ai

tu + as

il/elle + verbe infinitif + a

nous + ons

vous + ez

ils/elles + ont

Some irregular verbs:

être (serai, seras, sera, serons, serez, seront)

avoir (aurai, auras, aura, aurons, aurez, auront)

faire (ferai, feras, fera, ferons, ferez, feront)

voir (verrai, verras, verra, verrons, verrez, verront)

aller (irai, iras, ira, irons, irez, iront)

Examples:

J'irai en France.

Je n'irai pas en France.

Tu mangeras ce croissant.

Tu ne mangeras pas ce croissant.

Vous écouterez attentivement.

Vous n'écouterez pas attentivement.

Examples of "verbes pronominaux":

Je me doucherai en 5 minutes.

Le soir, ils se coucheront vers 22 heures.

Vous vous coifferez tous les jours.

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English vocab for level B2 and higher #6

impious: showing no respect, especially for God or religion

poignant: causing or having a very sharp feeling of sadness

stupefying: making someone unable to think clearly, usually because they are extremely tired or bored, or have taken drugs; very surprising or shocking

forthwith: immediately

citadel: a strong castle in or near a city, where people can shelter from danger, especially during a war

vault: a type of arch that supports a roof or ceiling, especially in a church or public building, or a ceiling or roof supported by several of these arches; a room, especially in a bank, with thick walls and a strong door, used to store money or valuable things in safe conditions; a room under a church or a small building in a cemetery where dead bodies are buried

to seep: to move or spread slowly out of a hole or through something

smattering: a very small amount or number

masonry: the bricks and pieces of stone that are used to make a building; the skill of building with brick and stone

ooze: a thick brown liquid made of earth and water, found at the bottom of a river or lake

ingenuous: honest, sincere, and trusting, sometimes in a way that seems silly

to palpitate: (of the heart) to beat very fast and in a way that is not regular

to embark: to go onto a ship or an aircraft; to put goods or passengers onto a ship, aircraft, or train

baleful: threatening to do something bad or to hurt someone

non-committal: not involving or revealing commitment to any particular opinion or course of action

tottering: walking with difficulty in a way that looks as if you are about to fall; shaking and moving from side to side, and likely to fall

lapsed: no longer involved in an activity or organization; no longer being continued or paid

to induce: to persuade someone to do something; to cause something to happen

chasm: a very deep, narrow opening in rock, ice, or the ground; a very large difference between two opinions or groups of people

complement: a number of people or things that makes something complete

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Greek Youtube Channels

Άκης Πετρετζικης - Cooking

Ευτύχης Μπλέτσας - Travel

Easy Greek - Language

Do You Speak Greek - Language

i Mikri Ollandeza - Vlog, Lifestyle

Evelina Nikoliza - Vlog, Lifestyle

Greek Cooking Made Easy - Cooking

Linguatree - Culture, Language

Helinika - Culture, History

Learn Greek with Zoi - Language

Learn Greek with Katerina - Language

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Navajo Phonology: Consonants

Part 2/2 - Navigate to my "Grammar Posts" page to see Part 1!

This does not cover every possible way of expressing sounds, as regional varieties are very diverse. This is just a general guide based on my experiences with my family’s language. This is also not an official way of grouping sounds, its just how I organized this post.

Consonant Group 1

These are ones that are identical/similar to the Latin characters they are written with in English. Some consonants are written with more than one character.

Ch = [tʃ] - Similar to church

J = [dʒ] - Similar to jam, though at times its less voiced

L = [l] - Similar to love

M = [m] - Similar to mom

N = [n] - Similar to no

S = [s] - Similar to sun

Sh = [ʃ] - Similar to shoe

W = [w] - Similar to win

Y = [j] - Similar to yes

Z = [z] - Similar to zoo

Consonant Group 2

These are ones that have sounds essentially found in English, but the way they are written does not align exactly with English.

B = [p] - Similar to spot

D = [t] - Similar to stop

Dz = [ts] or [dz] - Similar to hands

G = [k] - Similar to sky

Hw = [hʷ] - Similar to which

Kw = [kʷʼ] - Similar to quick

Zh = [ʒ] - Similar to pleasure

Consonant Group 3

These are the remaining letters/sounds that are in English, but in Navajo they are more aspirated and stronger.

K = [kʰ]

T = [tʰ]

Ts = [tsʰ]

Consonant Group 4

These are ones that are not easily found in English, so may take bit of extra effort to learn.

' = [ʔ] - The glottal stop

Gh = [ɣ] or [ɰ] - Sometimes softens to be like a [w] or semi-vowel

Ł = [ɬ] - Voiceless Alveolar Lateral Fricative

Dl = [tl] or [tɬ]

Tł = [tɬ] - Some may aspirate this sound as well.

Consonant Group 5

This group consists of the Navajo ejective/glottalized consonants.

Ch' = [tʃʼ]

K' = [k']

T' = [t']

Tł' = [tɬʼ] - This is considered the hardest sound in Navajo!

Ts' = [ts']

Consonant Group 6

This consists of only H, which has two different pronunciations.

H at the beginning of a word/syllable = [x]

H at the end of a word/syllable = [h]

If an H comes after the letter S, but is not meant to be the sh digraph, it is written as sx.

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french: prepositions of place

(trying to get these memorized! corrections appreciated. also if you're wondering about à + dans, i'm working on learning the difference ;) so hold tight)

à côté de - next to, beside

à droite de - to the right of

à gauche de - to the left of

au-delà de - beyond

au-dessous de - below

au-dessus de - above

à travers - through

derrière - behind

devant - in front of

en face de - across

hors de - outside of

loin de - far

près de - near

sous - under

sur - on (sp. sobre)

vers - towards

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Revitalizing the Western Armenian language in Los Angeles

The Western Armenian language is endangered, but now a new generation of speakers is learning it in Los Angeles!

Armenian is a unique language in that it has an entire branch of the Indo-European language family to itself:

Also, isn’t the Armenian alphabet so cool??

(If you want to learn more about the world’s languages, you’re in the right place! Hit Follow for more!)

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Zulu is a prodrop language, since verbs already have the pronoun prefix in them you don’t need to put the pronoun separately in the sentence.

As part of a verb the pronoun prefixes are:

Ngi - I

U - You (low tone)

U - he/she (high tone)

Si - we

Ni - you all

Ba - they

And then the actual pronouns that I have yet to ever see used in front of the verb but probably should try to start remembering for other contexts:

Mina - I

Wena - You

Yena - He/she

Thina - We

Nina - You all

Bona - They

*As a side note for the few of you that will read this the subject prefix (a.k.a. subject concord) needs to agree with the case of the subject so while I’ve listed the key ones used for people there are several more I have not included here for the cases that don’t involve people