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Most Essential Vocabulary #1
I decided to compile a list of some of the most basic and essential vocab for Spanish since I couldn’t totally find a lot.
These are going to be the words that you’re going to be using and seeing the most for Spanish, so it will come across as very basic for some
I decided to do this in multiple parts because there are lots of topics - so if you have suggestions on certain topics, please let me know! There probably will be words repeated for different “categories”
Pronouns
yo = I
tú = you [informal]
usted = you [formal]
nosotros = we [m+m, m+f] nosotras = we [f+f]
ustedes = you all [for Spain it’s formal, for Latin America it’s formal and informal]
vosotros = you all [m+m, m+f; informal, Spain] vosotras = you all [f+f; informal, Spain]
él = he
ella = her
~
elle = they [no specified gender; this is not considered “proper” Spanish, but it is used in many queer communities for someone non-binary; “proper” Spanish only really has “he” or “she” or refers to someone of unknown or unspecified gender in vague terms like alguien “someone” or una persona “a person” and conjugates them with 3rd person singular]
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Question Words
qué = what que = that [connecting clauses] lo que = what, “the thing that”, that which [a stand in for a noun]
por qué = why el por qué = “the reason why”, “the motive” porque = because [connecting clauses]
cuál, cuáles = which, which ones
dónde = where donde = where [connecting clauses]
cuándo = when cuando = when [connecting clauses]
cómo = how como = as, like [connecting clauses]
cuánto/a = how much/many cuanto = so much [or en cuanto “insomuch” or “as far as”]
~
cuánto/a is used with countable objects
For using “how + adj/adv” you have to use a separate expression; in more literary Spanish this is cuán which is not used very much now except in some lyrics and poetry. For everyday Spanish there’s a separate word/phrase:
qué tan = how + adj/adv [Latin America] ¿Qué tan rápido es? = How fast is it? ¿Qué tan larga es la historia? = How long is the story? ¿Qué tan profundo es el océano? = How deep is the ocean?
cómo de = how + adj/adv [Spain] ¿Cómo de grande es? = How big is it? ¿Cómo de alta es la montaña? = How high is the mountain? ¿Cómo de ancho es el río? = How wide is the river?
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Prepositions
Please be aware certain prepositions are used differently than others. The main ones to be very aware of are: a, de, en, por, para, and con
…By far, a is the most versatile and has the most uses, followed by de
Primarily this is just a list of things to know, but some of them require proper context to fully understand in my opinion
a = to
de = of / from
en = on / in
por = for / by, via
para = for / up to / in order to
con = with
sin = without
sobre = on, upon / about, pertaining to acerca de = about, pertaining to
hacia = toward, towards
bajo = under debajo (de) = under, underneath
encima (de) = on top of
desde = from, since
hasta = until, up to
según = according to
antes = before
después = after
tras = following, after
entre = between
enfrente (de) = in front of, facing
junto/a = together junto a = next to, beside
al lado de = next to
durante = for (a period of time) / during
mientras = while
a través de = through a lo largo de = throughout
alrededor de = around, surrounding
mediante = through, via, by means of por medio de = through, via, by means of
vía = via
versus = versus [exactly like English… because it’s Latin; the pronunciation is different obviously]
contra = against, versus/vs / against, up against [e.g. contra la pared “(up) against the wall”]
-
Standard Spanish 101 Vocab
algo = something
nada = nothing la nada = nothingness
alguien = someone
nadie = no one
el hombre = man el caballero = gentleman / man [lit. “knight” or “horseman”] el señor = sir, gentleman / lord / Mr.
la mujer = woman [potentially “wife”] la dama = lady / woman la señora = lady / madame, Mrs. la señorita = miss, (young/unmarried) lady
alto/a = tall, high
bajo/a = short, low
gordo/a = fat
flaco/a = skinny, thin delgado/a = skinny, thin
grande = big
pequeño/a = small
inteligente = intelligent
(ser) listo/a = (to be) smart (estar) listo/a = (to be) ready
rico/a = rich
pobre = poor
guapo/a = good-looking
lindo/a = cute, good-looking bonito/a = cute, good-looking
feo/a = ugly
joven = young
viejo/a = old
menor = younger / minor
mayor = older, elder / major
justo/a = fair, just
injusto/a = unjust, unfair
fácil = easy
difícil = hard, difficult
apenas = hardly, barely a duras penas = just barely
fuerte = strong
débil = weak
veloz = quick rápido/a = fast [adj] rápido = quickly, fast [adv]
lento/a = slow [adj] lento / lentamente = slow, slowly [adv]
trabajador(a) = hard-working
perezoso/a = lazy
tonto/a = stupid, silly
ingenioso/a = ingenious, clever
bueno/a = good
bien = good, well [adv]
malo/a = bad
mal = badly, wrong [adv]
equivocado/a = wrong, incorrect
genial = wonderful, amazing
maravilloso/a = wonderful / wondrous, marvelous
p��simo/a = really bad, awful
alegre = happy
feliz = happy
triste = sad
enojado/a = angry
preocupado/a = worried
asustado/a = surprised / scared
enfermo/a = sick
mejor = better el/la mejor = the best
peor = worse el/la peor = the worst
largo/a = long
corto/a = short
vivo/a = alive, living
muerto/a = dead
presente = present, here
ausente = absent
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Time - Days
Note: All days of the week and all months are masculine
lunes = Monday
martes = Tuesday
miércoles = Wednesday
jueves = Thursday
viernes = Friday
sábado = Saturday
domingo = Sunday
la semana = week
el fin de semana = weekend el finde = weekend [regional slang]
el calendario = calendar
el horario = schedule, timeframe
el día [m] = day
la fecha = date (calendar)
la cita = appointment / date (romantic)
hoy = today
ayer = yesterday anteayer = the day before yesterday
esta noche = tonight
anoche = last night
mañana = tomorrow pasado mañana = the day after tomorrow
la tarde = afternoon / evening el atardecer = evening, dusk
la mañana = morning el amanecer = morning, daybreak, sunrise
el mediodía = noon
la medianoche = midnight
la madrugada = the early morning, “wee hours of the morning” [when it’s morning but still dark]
el alba [f] = dawn la salida del sol = daybreak, sunrise
la puesta del sol = sunset ponerse el sol = for the sun to set
el crepúsculo = twilight / dusk
diario/a = daily [adj] a diario = daily, happening every day [adv] cotidiano/a = daily, everyday
temprano/a = early temprano = soon [adv]
tarde = late [adj / adv]
próximo/a = next
siguiente = following al día siguiente = the next day, the following day
anterior = previous
primer, primera / primero = first
segundo/a = second
la mitad = half [n]
medio/a = half [adj]
tercer, tercera / tercero = third el/un tercio = a third / one-third, 1/3
cuarto/a = fourth
quinto/a = fifth
sexto/a = sixth
séptimo/a = seventh
octavo/a = eighth (or “octave”)
noveno/a = ninth
décimo/a = tenth el décimo = decimal
último/a = last, latest
-
Time - Months
enero = January
febrero = February
marzo = March
abril = April
mayo = May
junio = June
julio = July
agosto = August
septiembre = September
octubre = October
noviembre = November
diciembre = December
el mes = month
mensual = monthly
la quincena = fortnight, two weeks
nuevo/a = new la luna nueva = new moon
lleno/a = full la luna llena = full moon
la medialuna = half moon / crescent
creciente = growing la luna creciente = crescent moon
la primavera = spring
el verano = summer
el otoño = autumn, fall
el invierno = winter
la estación = season
la fiesta = holiday [or “party”]
la Navidad = Christmas
la Nochebuena = Christmas Eve
el Año Nuevo = New Year’s
la Nochevieja = New Year’s Eve
la víspera = eve / evening [with holidays it’s used as “the day before”, or sometimes “vigil”; so la Nochevieja is also sometimes la víspera del Año Nuevo]
Día de los Reyes Magos = Three Kings Day / The Epiphany
San Valentín / el Día de San Valentín = Valentine’s Day
la Cuaresma = Lent
Miércoles de Ceniza = Ash Wednesday
el Carnaval = Carnival / Mardi Gras
la Semana Santa = Holy Week
la Pascua = Easter
el Día de (los) Muertos = Day of the Dead (el) Halloween = Halloween
el Día de Acción de Gracias = Thanksgiving [North America; sometimes just called Thanksgiving or Sangiving]
el Día de Todos (los) Santos = All Saints Day
Día de (la) Independencia = Independence Day
Other countries have their own holidays like Día de la Constitución “Constitution Day” or Día de la Revolución “Revolution Day”, or something more regional like la Tomatina in Spain, or Día de los Santos Inocentes which is “the Day of Holy Innocents” but sometimes translated as “April Fool’s Day”
This is also not counting certain religious holidays or folk holidays, which can vary from country to country
~
For dates in Spanish, you typically use the number + the month: el diecisiete de marzo for example reads as “the 17th of March” or “March 17th”
The ONLY exception is the 1st of every month is el primero instead of saying el uno. As an example: el primero de enero is “January 1st” or “the 1st of January”; this is done because it would be awkward to say “the one of January”
For days of the week you will see something like Viernes 13 [trece] “Friday the 13th” or Martes 13 “Tuesday the 13th” (which is the day of bad luck in Spanish)
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Nature / The World
el sol = sun
la luna = moon
la estrella = star
el planeta [m] = planet
el mundo = world
el árbol = tree
la flor = flower
la hoja = leaf
la semilla = seed
el jardín = garden
el bosque = woods, forest
la selva = forest
el océano = ocean
el mar = ocean [sometimes feminine]
el río = river
el arroyo = stream
el lago = lake
el estanque = pond
la orrilla = shore
la isla = island
la ola = wave (water)
el volcán = volcano
la montaña = mountain
la sierra = mountain range [or “saw” in tools]
la piedra = stone la roca = rock
el tiempo = time / weather [or “grammatical tense”]
la hora = hour
la lluvia = rain
la nieve = snow
el granizo = hail / hailstone
el hielo = ice
el viento = wind
la ventisca = blizzard
la tormenta = storm
la nube = cloud
la niebla = fog, mist la neblina = mist, haze
el relámpago = lightning [commonly refers to “the flash of lightning” specifically]
el rayo = lightning, bolt (of lightning) [commonly “lightning” or “lightning strike”]
el trueno = thunder [refers to “the sound” specifically]
la arena = sand
el desierto = desert
el cañón = canyon
el risco = cliff
el monte = wilderness / mountain, mount
la hierba = grass / herb las malas hierbas = weeds [lit. “bad grasses”]
alto/a = tall, high la altura = height
profundo/a = deep poco profundo/a = shallow la profundidad = depth
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The Human Body - Basics
el cuerpo = body
el peso = weight
la altura = height la estatura = height, stature
el hueso = bone
el órgano = organ
la sangre = blood
la vena = vein
el sudor = sweat
la cabeza = head
la cara = face
el cerebro = brain
el ojo = eye
la nariz = nose
la oreja = ear [outer]
el oído = ear [inner]
la ceja = eyebrow
la frente = forehead
el cuello = neck
la garganta = throat
la espalda = back
la columna (vertebral) = spine / spinal column el espinazo = backbone, spine
el hombro = shoulder
el brazo = arm
la mano = hand
la muñeca = wrist
el dedo = finger el pulgar = thumb el índice = index finger, pointer finger el dedo medio = middle finger el dedo anular = ring finger el meñique = pinky
el puño = fist
el nudillo = knuckle
el tronco = torso [or “trunk” for trees]
el pecho = chest
el seno = breast / bosom [in everyday speech - and vulgar speech - this is la teta “boob” or “tit”]
el estómago = stomach
la barriga = belly / gut la panza = belly
los intestinos = intestines, bowels la tripa, las tripas = “stomach” / innards, entrails
las entrañas = innards, entrails, “one’s insides”
la cintura = waist
la cadera = hip
la pierna = leg
la rodilla = knee
el tobillo = ankle
el pie = foot
el dedo de pie = toe el dedo gordo = big toe el meñique (de pie) = pinky toe [the other toes are known as el segundo dedo “second toe”, el tercer dedo “third toe”, and el cuarto dedo “fourth toe”]
el corazón = heart
el pulmón = lung
el hígado = liver
el músculo = muscle
el tejido = tissue (medical)
la uña = nail (finger/toe)
el pelo = hair (any kind)
el cabello = hair (specifically on the head)
los sentidos = the senses
la vista = eyesight, sight
el oído = hearing, sense of hearing
el olfato = smell, sense of smell
el gusto = taste, sense of taste
el tacto = touch, sense of touch
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Around the House
la casa = house
el hogar = home / hearth
el apartamento = apartment
el piso = floor [el piso in Spain is typically “apartment”, most commonly translated as “flat” for British English]
el techo = ceiling / roof
el tejado = roof
la mesa = table
la silla = chair el sillón = large chair / armchair
la cama = bed
la almohada = pillow
el sofá [m] = sofa, couch
los muebles = furniture [el mueble is one piece]
el espejo = mirror
el reloj = clock / watch, stopwatch
el estante, los estantes = shelf, shelves / shelving
el gabinete = cabinet
el refrigerador / la refrigeradora = refrigerator la nevera = refrigerator
el congelador = freezer
la tarea = task, chore [commonly meaning “homework”] los deberes = chores / duties los quehaceres = chores
la puerta = door
la ventana = window
la sala = room el salón = room / large room
el cuarto = room
la habitación = bedroom el dormitorio = bedroom [lit. “dormitory” or “sleep-room”] el cuarto = bedroom, personal room
la sala de estar = living room el salón = living room [again, just “big room”] la sala = living room [again, just “room” but it’s any kind of room you might invite someone into] [some places have other words for it]
la cocina = kitchen [also “cuisine” or “cooking”]
el comedor = dining room [or “mess hall”; but any room for “eating”]
la lavandería = laundry room / laundromat
el vestíbulo = foyer, vestibule
la escalera = staircase / stairwell las escaleras = steps, stairs
el baño = bathroom [lit. “bath”] el cuarto de baño = bathroom
el inodoro = toilet bowl [sometimes el váter]
el clóset / el armario = closet / armoire, wardrobe
el garaje = garage
el sótano = basement
el ático = attic el desván = attic
el pasillo = hallway
el estudio = study
el gimnasio = gym
la biblioteca = library
la despensa = pantry / cupboard
el almacén = storeroom, storage closet [you might see this as “warehouse” for buildings; it means a “storage area” literally]
la oficina = office
la lámpara = lamp
la luz = light las luces = light
encender = to turn on (electronics) [otherwise it’s “to kindle” or “to set on fire”]
apagar = to turn off (electronics) [others it’s “to extinguish” or “snuff out (fire/candles)]
la televisión / la tele = television / TV
el teléfono = telephone, phone
el celular = cellphone [more Latin America] el móvil = mobile, cellphone [more Spain]
el tenedor = fork
el cuchillo = knife
la cuchara = spoon
el plato = plate
el tazón = bowl el bol = bowl el cuenco = bowl
el horno = oven
la estufa = stove, stovetop
el vaso = glass [for water]
la taza = cup / mug [for tea/coffee]
la copa = glass [for wine]
la vela = candle
los trastes = “the dishes” [regional, I think]
la plancha = iron (for clothes) [lit. la plancha is a metal thing you use to “press” on either food or clothes; not to be confused with el hierro “iron” the metal in English]
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Basics of Clothing
la ropa = clothes, clothing
la prenda = garment, item of clothing
la ropa interior = underwear el calzón / los calzoncillos = underwear las bragas = panties, female underwear
el sostén, el sujetador = bra
los calcetines = socks
las medias = socks [las medias��can also mean “stockings” or “tights”]
la camisa = shirt
la camiseta = t-shirt
los pantalones = pants, trousers
los zapatos = shoes los tacones = heels las botas = boots
el vestido = dress
la blusa = blouse
la falda = skirt
la chaqueta = jacket
el abrigo = coat, overcoat [usually a “warm coat” or sometimes “winter coat”; a coat specifically to keep you warm outside]
el cinturón = belt
la bufanda = scarf
el guante, los guantes = glove, gloves
la cartera / el monedero = wallet
las gafas / los lentes = glasses las gafas de sol = sunglasses [the older word for “glasses” is los anteojos - it comes across like “spectacles” and shows up in some textbook, but las gafas is the most common one today]
el bolso = purse [some people will use la bolsa - typically though, la bolsa is “bag” like a shopping bag or trash bag]
el bolsillo = pocket
el botón = button
el broche = clasp, fastener, button
la joyería = jewelry
el collar = necklace
el anillo = ring
el pendiente, los pendientes = earrings [regional] el aro / el arete = earring [regional]
el brazalete = bracelet [often on the arm] la pulsera = bracelet [often at the wrist where one’s “pulse” is]
el pijama / los pijamas = pajamas, PJs
el paraguas = umbrella la sombrilla = umbrella [regional]
el impermeable = raincoat [regional]
la gorra = cap [small hat]
el sombrero = hat [with a wide brim, usually all the way around]
el suéter = sweater
la sudadera = sweatshirt
los jeans = jeans los bluyines = jeans [lit. “blue jeans” but could be any color in Spanish] los vaqueros = jeans [Spain; lit. “cowboy (pants)”] [there are LOTS of regionalisms for jeans]
la seda = silk
la piel = leather / skin el cuero = leather
el algodón = cotton
la lana = wool
el terciopelo = velvet
el encaje = lace
la tela = fabric
el mezclillo = denim
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Basics of Colors
Note: Some names of colors do not change for gender as they are derived from nouns - to distinguish them, I’m not including the definite articles to identify them as adjectives.
As an example, rosa “pink” comes from “rose”, so la camisa rosa “pink shirt” or el abrigo rosa “pink coat”
Note 2: When talking about colors as “the color” itself, it is always masculine; el rojo is “the color red”. This is important for distinguishing certain nouns - el naranja is “the color orange” vs. la naranja “orange (fruit)”, or el rosa “the color pink” vs. la rosa “rose (flower)”, or el turquesa “the color turquoise” vs. la turquesa “turquoise (gem)”
rojo/a = red
naranja = orange anaranjado/a = orange, orangey
amarillo/a = yellow
verde = green
azul = blue azul claro = light blue azul celeste = light blue / sky blue azul oscuro = dark blue azul marino = navy blue
añil = indigo
turquesa = turquoise
lila = light purple / lilac, lavender (color)
morado/a = dark purple
púrpura = purple
rosa = pink rosado/a = pink, rosy
marrón = brown (color) café = brown
negro/a = black
blanco/a = white
gris = gray
oro = gold dorado/a = gold, golden
plata = silver plateado/a = silvery
bronce = bronze bronceado/a = bronzed, tanned
arcoíris, arco iris = rainbow
oscuro/a = dark
claro/a = light (color)
castaño = brown (hair/eyes) [lit. “chestnut”]
caoba = mahogany, auburn (hair/eyes) [lit. “mahogany”]
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💼 vocabulaire métier - job vocabulary
(mf) - masculine & feminine noun
(m) - masculine noun
(f) - feminine noun
acteur (m), actrice (f) - actor, actress
architecte (mf) - architect
artiste (mf) - artist
avocat (m), avocate (f) - lawyer
banquier (m), banquière (f) - banker
boulanger (m), boulangère (f) - baker
charpentier (m), charpentière (f) - carpenter
caissier (m), caissière (f) - cashier
chef (m), cheffe (f) - chef/cook
comptable (mf) - accountant
chanteur (m), chanteuse (f) - singer
entraîneur (m), entraîneuse (f) - trainer/coach
électricien (m), électricienne (f) - electrician
écrivain (m), écrivaine (f) - writer/author
dentiste (mf) - dentist
ingénieur (m), ingénieure (f) - engineer
fermier (m), fermière (f) - farmer
pêcheur (m), pêcheuse (f) - fisherman
jardinier (m), jardinière (f) - garderner
juge (mf) - judge
médecin (m) / docteur (m) - doctor
mécanicien (m), mécanicienne (f) - mechanic
musicien (m), musicienne (f) - musician
serveur (m), serveuse (f) - waiter, waitress
infirmier (m), infirmière (f) - nurse
peintre (mf) - painter
pharmacien (m), pharmacienne (f) - pharamacist
photographe (mf) - photographer
pompier (m), pompière (f) - firefighter
pilote (mf) - pilot
plombier (m), plombière (f) - plumber
policier (m), policière (f) - police officer
professeur (m), professeure (f) - teacher
thérapeute (mf) - therapist
vétérinaire (mf) - veterinarian
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Autumn in Czech
Hey guys, autumn is in full swing in the Czech Republic so I thought it's time for some autumn vibes and vocabulary! Enjoy~
podzim (m)- autumn
list (m) - leaf
strom (m) - tree
mrholení (n) - drizzle
déšť (m) - rain
bláto (n) - mud
kaluž (f) ; louže (f) - puddle
deštník (m) - umbrella
kabát (m) - coat
pláštěnka (f) - raincoat
šála (f) - scarf
čaj (m) - tea
kakao (n) - hot cocoa
svíčka (f) - candle
krb (m) - fireplace
dýně (f) - pumpkin
kaštan (m) - chestnut
šípek (m) - rosehip
září (n) - September
říjen (m) - October
listopad (m) - November
počasí (n) - weather
špatné počasí (n) - bad weather
Verbs:
pršet – to rain
zmoknout - to get wet from the rain
Phrases:
venku je zima – it is cold outside
venku prší – it is raining outside
venku je ošklivě – it is bad weather outsider
Czech proverbs:
počasí že by psa nevyhnal – weather that one couldn't even get the dog outside
meaning that the weather is so bad, that even the dogs (who usually love to be outside) do not want to go outside
* f = feminine, m = masculine, n = neuter
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Places In Chinese
大学 - dà xué - university
学院 - xué yuàn - institution，college
医院 - yī yuàn - hospital
图书馆 - tú shū guǎn - library
银行 - yín háng - bank
学校 - xué xiào - school
商店 - shàng diàn - store
酒店 - jiǔ diàn - hotel
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Bad Weather Swedish Vocab
Ett oväder - A storm Ett dåligt väder - A bad weather
Regn - Rain Hagel - Hail Snö - Snow Vind - Wind
En regnstorm - A rainstorm En snöstorm - A snowstorm En stormvind - A storm wind
Varför måste det snöa idag? - Why does it have to snow today? Det haglar ute! - It’s hailing outside!
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Le futur proche & le futur simple
1. Le futur proche
-> for immediate or certain actions
je vais
tu vas
il/elle/on va + verbe infinitif
nous allons
vous allez
ils/elles vont
Examples:
Je vais aller en France.
Je ne vais pas aller en France.
Tu vas manger ce croissant.
Tu ne vas pas manger ce croissant.
Vous allez écouter attentivement.
Vous n'allez pas écouter attentivement.
Examples of "verbes pronominaux":
Je vais me doucher en 5 minutes.
Le soir, ils vont se coucher vers 22 heures.
Vous allez vous coiffer tous les jours.
2. Le futur simple
-> for hypothetical actions in the near or far future; predictions, dreams, promises, weather forecasts; after "quand", "lorsque", and "dès que"
je + ai
tu + as
il/elle + verbe infinitif + a
nous + ons
vous + ez
ils/elles + ont
Some irregular verbs:
être (serai, seras, sera, serons, serez, seront)
avoir (aurai, auras, aura, aurons, aurez, auront)
faire (ferai, feras, fera, ferons, ferez, feront)
voir (verrai, verras, verra, verrons, verrez, verront)
aller (irai, iras, ira, irons, irez, iront)
Examples:
J'irai en France.
Je n'irai pas en France.
Tu mangeras ce croissant.
Tu ne mangeras pas ce croissant.
Vous écouterez attentivement.
Vous n'écouterez pas attentivement.
Examples of "verbes pronominaux":
Je me doucherai en 5 minutes.
Le soir, ils se coucheront vers 22 heures.
Vous vous coifferez tous les jours.
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English vocab for level B2 and higher #6
impious: showing no respect, especially for God or religion
poignant: causing or having a very sharp feeling of sadness
stupefying: making someone unable to think clearly, usually because they are extremely tired or bored, or have taken drugs; very surprising or shocking
forthwith: immediately
citadel: a strong castle in or near a city, where people can shelter from danger, especially during a war
vault: a type of arch that supports a roof or ceiling, especially in a church or public building, or a ceiling or roof supported by several of these arches; a room, especially in a bank, with thick walls and a strong door, used to store money or valuable things in safe conditions; a room under a church or a small building in a cemetery where dead bodies are buried
to seep: to move or spread slowly out of a hole or through something
smattering: a very small amount or number
masonry: the bricks and pieces of stone that are used to make a building; the skill of building with brick and stone
ooze: a thick brown liquid made of earth and water, found at the bottom of a river or lake
ingenuous: honest, sincere, and trusting, sometimes in a way that seems silly
to palpitate: (of the heart) to beat very fast and in a way that is not regular
to embark: to go onto a ship or an aircraft; to put goods or passengers onto a ship, aircraft, or train
baleful: threatening to do something bad or to hurt someone
non-committal: not involving or revealing commitment to any particular opinion or course of action
tottering: walking with difficulty in a way that looks as if you are about to fall; shaking and moving from side to side, and likely to fall
lapsed: no longer involved in an activity or organization; no longer being continued or paid
to induce: to persuade someone to do something; to cause something to happen
chasm: a very deep, narrow opening in rock, ice, or the ground; a very large difference between two opinions or groups of people
complement: a number of people or things that makes something complete
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Greek Youtube Channels
Άκης Πετρετζικης - Cooking
Ευτύχης Μπλέτσας - Travel
Easy Greek - Language
Do You Speak Greek - Language
i Mikri Ollandeza - Vlog, Lifestyle
Evelina Nikoliza - Vlog, Lifestyle
Greek Cooking Made Easy - Cooking
Linguatree - Culture, Language
Helinika - Culture, History
Learn Greek with Zoi - Language
Learn Greek with Katerina - Language
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Navajo Phonology: Consonants
Part 2/2 - Navigate to my "Grammar Posts" page to see Part 1!
This does not cover every possible way of expressing sounds, as regional varieties are very diverse. This is just a general guide based on my experiences with my family’s language. This is also not an official way of grouping sounds, its just how I organized this post.
Consonant Group 1
These are ones that are identical/similar to the Latin characters they are written with in English. Some consonants are written with more than one character.
Ch = [tʃ] - Similar to church
J = [dʒ] - Similar to jam, though at times its less voiced
L = [l] - Similar to love
M = [m] - Similar to mom
N = [n] - Similar to no
S = [s] - Similar to sun
Sh = [ʃ] - Similar to shoe
W = [w] - Similar to win
Y = [j] - Similar to yes
Z = [z] - Similar to zoo
Consonant Group 2
These are ones that have sounds essentially found in English, but the way they are written does not align exactly with English.
B = [p] - Similar to spot
D = [t] - Similar to stop
Dz = [ts] or [dz] - Similar to hands
G = [k] - Similar to sky
Hw = [hʷ] - Similar to which
Kw = [kʷʼ] - Similar to quick
Zh = [ʒ] - Similar to pleasure
Consonant Group 3
These are the remaining letters/sounds that are in English, but in Navajo they are more aspirated and stronger.
K = [kʰ]
T = [tʰ]
Ts = [tsʰ]
Consonant Group 4
These are ones that are not easily found in English, so may take bit of extra effort to learn.
' = [ʔ] - The glottal stop
Gh = [ɣ] or [ɰ] - Sometimes softens to be like a [w] or semi-vowel
Ł = [ɬ] - Voiceless Alveolar Lateral Fricative
Dl = [tl] or [tɬ]
Tł = [tɬ] - Some may aspirate this sound as well.
Consonant Group 5
This group consists of the Navajo ejective/glottalized consonants.
Ch' = [tʃʼ]
K' = [k']
T' = [t']
Tł' = [tɬʼ] - This is considered the hardest sound in Navajo!
Ts' = [ts']
Consonant Group 6
This consists of only H, which has two different pronunciations.
H at the beginning of a word/syllable = [x]
H at the end of a word/syllable = [h]
If an H comes after the letter S, but is not meant to be the sh digraph, it is written as sx.
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french: prepositions of place
(trying to get these memorized! corrections appreciated. also if you're wondering about à + dans, i'm working on learning the difference ;) so hold tight)
à côté de - next to, beside
à droite de - to the right of
à gauche de - to the left of
au-delà de - beyond
au-dessous de - below
au-dessus de - above
à travers - through
derrière - behind
devant - in front of
en face de - across
hors de - outside of
loin de - far
près de - near
sous - under
sur - on (sp. sobre)
vers - towards
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Revitalizing the Western Armenian language in Los Angeles
The Western Armenian language is endangered, but now a new generation of speakers is learning it in Los Angeles!
Armenian is a unique language in that it has an entire branch of the Indo-European language family to itself:
Also, isn’t the Armenian alphabet so cool??
(If you want to learn more about the world’s languages, you’re in the right place! Hit Follow for more!)
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Zulu is a prodrop language, since verbs already have the pronoun prefix in them you don’t need to put the pronoun separately in the sentence.
As part of a verb the pronoun prefixes are:
Ngi - I
U - You (low tone)
U - he/she (high tone)
Si - we
Ni - you all
Ba - they
And then the actual pronouns that I have yet to ever see used in front of the verb but probably should try to start remembering for other contexts:
Mina - I
Wena - You
Yena - He/she
Thina - We
Nina - You all
Bona - They
*As a side note for the few of you that will read this the subject prefix (a.k.a. subject concord) needs to agree with the case of the subject so while I’ve listed the key ones used for people there are several more I have not included here for the cases that don’t involve people
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Aquatic etymologies
The Modern Greek word for water is νερό (neró). However, this is not the standard word used historically in the Greek language. In Ancient and Koine Greek, the standard word for water was ύδωρ (íðor). As I also said in a post recently, there are not really dead words in the Greek language. For instance, ύδωρ might not be used in everyday speech anymore but nothing prevents you from doing it and being understood as long as you don’t care to be called an eccentric. But that’s the weakest of the arguments.
If you want to use a plural, namely “waters”, which is more common in Greek than in English, then the plural of ύδωρ suddenly becomes a standard, common word to use! The plural of ύδωρ is ύδατα (íðata) and it is way more acceptable in official contexts. For example, if you want to say “territorial waters”, you will say χωρικά ύδατα (horiká íðata). The plural of νερό is νερά (nerá) and it can be used only in more informal situations.
But there’s another way the word ύδωρ beats the seemingly prevalent word νερό. Although the singular νερό for water is by far the standard everyday choice and whereas the plural of both words is used in different scenarios, all, literally all derivative words associated with water come from ύδωρ only. This is something evident in the English language as well with words of Greek origin with the hydro- root i.e hydrogen, hydrological, hydrophobic and so on. The root hydro- or ύδρο- in Greek is a form coming from ύδωρ. There is resolutely no derivative word coming from νερό.
So one could make the assumption that νερό is a foreign loanword entering the language only recently or some modern lingual creation, while all water derivatives remain traditional. But the funny part is that it is not. Νερό is as Ancient Greek as ύδωρ. Νερό (neró) comes from the ancient νηρόν (nērón) meaning fresh, young, rejuvenating. The ancient Greeks would often use the phrase «νηρόν ύδωρ» (nērón hüdor in a more ancient pronunciation) meaning “fresh, rejuvenating water”. It could also mean “drinkable water”. Evidently, the word for water (νερό) in modern Greek is linked to the word for young (νεαρό - nearó) and both of course originate from the PIE root for “new” (νέο - néo in Greek).
While νερό means generally fresh and rejuvenating, it has been specifically linked to these desirable qualities of water since antiquity. This is why there is the God Νηρεύς (Nereus), son of Pontus (the Sea) and Gaea (the Earth), an old god of the sea with the powers of shapeshifting and prophecy. Nereus was the father of the Nereids, lesser deities of the calm sea, one of which was Thetis, Achilles’ mother.
And here’s how the everyday plain word νερό is not at all more modern and unimpressive than the posh and archaic word ύδωρ.
Nereus
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African Animals in Zulu
Isilwane: animals
Indlovu: elephant 🐘
Inhubesi: lion 🦁
Ingwe: leopard
Inyathi: buffalo
Ubhejane: black rhino
Umkhombe: white rhino
Ikhanka: jackal
Inkentshane: wild dog 🐶
Impisi: hyena
Ingulule: cheetah 🐆
Insimba: wild cat 🐱
Insele: honey badger
Ingungumbane: porcupine
Isambane: aardvark or anteater
Ivondwe: cane rat 🐁
Uchakide: weasel
Ingulube Yehlathi: wild pig 🐷
Unogwaja: rabbit 🐰
Initbane: warthog
Idube: zebra
Indlulamithi: giraffe
Imvubu: hippopotamus
Ingwenya: crocodile 🐊
Imfene: baboon
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Greeting + Intro in Zulu
sawubona - hello
ujani - how are you
yebo - hello too
bhuti- brther
sisi - sister
baba
mama
ngiyaphila - I am well
nkosazana - miss
sala kahle - stay well
hamba kahle - go well
mkhulu - grandpa 👴🏾
igama lami - my name
igama lakhe - her/his name
neh - right
eLondon
eNew York
eSandton
igama lakho - your name
ngihlala - i live
ngifunda - i study
ngijabulela ukukwazi - nice to meet you
sizobuye siboname - see you later
ngikhuluma - i speak
isiNgisi
isiSwahili
isiZulu
○ igama lami ngu (name)
○ igama lakhe ngitu (name)
○ igama lakho ngu (name)
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Best language learning tips & masterlists from other bloggers I’ve come across
(these posts are not my own!)
THE HOLY GRAIL of language learning (-> seriously tho, this is the BEST thing I’ve ever come across)
Tips:
Some language learning exercises and tips
20 Favorite Language Learning Tips
what should you be reading to maximize your language learning?
tips for learning a language (things i wish i knew before i started)
language learning and langblr tips
Tips on how to read in your target language for longer periods of time
Tips and inspiration from Fluent in 3 months by Benny Lewis
Tips for learning a sign language
Tips for relearning your second first language
How to:
how to self teach a new language
learning a language: how to
learning languages and how to make it fun
how to study languages
how to practice speaking in a foreign language
how to learn a language when you don’t know where to start
how to make a schedule for language learning
How to keep track of learning more than one language at the same time
Masterposts:
Language Study Master Post
Swedish Resources Masterpost
French Resouces Masterpost
Italian Resources Masterpost
Resource List for Learning German
Challenges:
Language-Sanctuary Langblr Challenge
language learning checkerboard challenge
Word lists:
2+ months of language learning prompts
list of words you need to know in your target language, in 3 levels
Other stuff:
bullet journal dedicated to language learning
over 400 language related youtube channels in 50+ languages
TED talks about language (learning)
Learning the Alien Languages of Star Trek
.
Feel free to reblog and add your own lists / masterlists!
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