koreangrammardoctor

[koreangrammardoctor]

[Tips for Korean learners] 착하다, 친절하다 are translated as 'kind', but they are different.

[Tips for Korean learners] 착하다, 친절하다 are translated as 'kind', but they are different.

.

.

Hello! TTTempting everyone! This is the Korean Grammar Doctor!

.

One day, one of the meetup members talked about her cat. She recently adopted her cat and her cat was cute and kind. So, she said '고양이가 친절해요.' All Korean members corrected her Korean, saying '여���서는 고양이가 착해요라는 표현을 써야 해요. 고양이가 친절해요라고 하면 좀 이상해요,' Then, she asked me how 착하다 and 친절하다 are different. None of the Korean members easily explained the difference. I even looked up on the internet, but there were quite a few posts with a bit inaccurate information. So, I decided to write this post.

.

.

착하다 simply means 'having a good personality'. It is a word for description of someone's nature and physiological aspects. Meanwhile, 친절하다 is 'treating someone kindly and gently' It is a word for description of someone's behavior.

.

Some might say 'They look the same to me!'

Then, let's think of somebody who has really bad personality, but treat their bosses or others kindly, with a sweet talk for their benefits. You might have met somebody who hid their nature and treated others well for their benefits. Then, you can say '착하지는 않지만 사장님에게는 / 다른 사람에게는 친절하다.' That is the main difference between 착하다 and 친절하다.

.

For example,

- 대학교 선배는 성격은 더러운데 교수님에게는 친절해요. / 친절하게 대해요

My university senior has bad personality, but treats professors kindly.

.

- 사장님 성격은 진짜 쓰레기예요. 신기하게도, 다른 회사 직원들에게는 친절해요.

My boss has trash personality. Surprisingly, he treats other companies' employees kindly.

.

.

.

Also, it is very awkward to use word '친절하다' when describing someone's behavior towards their family, relatives, and friends. 친절하다 implies 'kind behavior towards random people / customers / guests / outsiders / 외국인s that who are not sincerely close to you'

.

For example,

- Mr. A 씨는 자기 가족들에게 / 친구들에게 친절하다

Mr. A treats his family / his friends kindly.

(grammatically correct, but awkward)

.

- A 씨는 자기가 사는 도시에 오는 여행객 / 외국인들에게 친절하다.

Mr. A treats tourists / 외국인s who visit his city kindly.

(grammatically correct and natural)

.

.

ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ

If you have any feedback or questions, please let me know. Thank you.

The Korean grammar doctor will always be by Korean learner's side! Stay TTTempting!

한국어 문법 의사는 언제나 한국어 학습자 곁에 있습니다! Stay TTTempting!

ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ

.

.

Reference

.

https://krdict.korean.go.kr/eng/dicSearch/SearchView?wordMatchFlag=N&mainSearchWord=%EC%B0%A9%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4&currentPage=1&sort=W&searchType=W&proverbType=&exaType=&ParaWordNo=71732&nation=eng&nationCode=6&viewType=A&blockCount=10&viewTypes=on

.

https://krdict.korean.go.kr/eng/dicSearch/SearchView?wordMatchFlag=N&mainSearchWord=%EC%B9%9C%EC%A0%88%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4&currentPage=1&sort=W&searchType=W&proverbType=&exaType=&ParaWordNo=72157&nation=eng&nationCode=6&viewType=A&blockCount=10&viewTypes=on&myViewWord=71732

[koreangrammardoctor]

[Tips for Korean learners] "I feel guilty" is not always "죄책감을 느껴요"

[Tips for Korean learners] "I feel guilty" is not always "죄책감을 느껴요"

.

.

Long time no see!

TTTempting everyone!

This is the Korean Grammar Doctor!

.

Things have been hectic, so I haven't been available to look up any tips and write any pots on Reddit. Now I have 망중한 (a moment of relief from busy hours) where I can finally write this post. Due to the corona outbreak, my social life and social networks have been disrupted. I can't meet anyone or go anywhere. My girlfriend can't even go back to her home country to meet her family. So, my parents have invited her to our home several times and we have had nice lunch or dinner together.

.

Yesterday, she said "I feel a bit guilty" because she has been treated well by them and couldn't find way to repay their kindness.

.

I realized that it was not the only time where I heard "I feel guilty" from English speakers in similar manner. When they felt like they were treated overly kindly or they didn't deserve to get treated at this level, they often said "I feel guilty" In addition, they translated it as "죄책감을 느껴요"

.

A sense of guilt in English and 죄책감 in Korean are similar, but fundamentally different. In Korean, 죄책감 is a sense of guilt / guilty conscience, like a psychological factor that hinder you from doing something immoral or committing a crime. Meanwhile, feeling 죄송하다 / 미안하다 is more like feeling overwhelmed and not unqualified by their absolutely excellent services or volunteer for you even though you don't deserve it. I can't find any equivalent English words to 죄송하다 / 미안하다 in this context. It is a bit similar to impostor syndrome.

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impostor_syndrome)

.

.

.

In Korean, it is preferred to say

- 제가 좀 미안하네요. (to lower status / to the same status)

- 제가 좀 죄송하네요. (to higher status)

- 미안해지네요 / 죄송하네요

.

E.g)

대우를 너무 잘 받아서 / 너무 잘 해주셔서 좀 미안해지네요 / 죄송하네요.

어제 한정식 집에 갔었는데 대접을 너무 잘 해주셔서 좀 죄송했어요.

.

.

.

2. If you want to talk about 'I don't meet the eligibility / qualifications / requirements',

- 저는 ~~~할 자격이 없습니다.

: 저는 여기 회사에서 일할 자격이 없습니다.

(I am not allowed to work at this company / I am not qualified to work for this company / (Implication) I suck at this job. I am bad at working)

: 저는 이 프로젝트를 맡을 (=담당할) 자격이 없습니다.

(I am not qualified / allowed to take this project)

.

.

3. If you want to talk about 'authority'

- 저는 ~~할 권한이 없습니다.

: 저는 결정을 내릴 권한이 없습니다. (I don't have authority to make a decision)

: 저는 그럴 일을 할 권한이 없으니 사장님께 한번 물어봐 주세요.

(I don't have authority to do this task, so please ask the boss)

.

.

ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ

If you have any feedback or questions, please let me know. Thank you.

The Korean grammar doctor will always be by Korean learner's side! Stay TTTempting!

한국어 문법 의사는 언제나 한국어 학습자 곁에 있습니다! Stay TTTempting!

ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ

.

.

Reference

Examples of using '죄송하다' for 대접 / 대우

.

https://www.facebook.com/hwpbooks/posts/763972146952213

.

https://www.milemoa.com/bbs/board/1849899

.

http://m.blog.daum.net/dadahouse2/283

[koreangrammardoctor]

[Short Tip for Korean learners] When you stumble over your words and don't know what to say, you can use '그러니까'

[Short Tip for Korean learners] When you stumble over your words and don't know what to say, you can use '그러니까'

Hello! TTTempting everyone! This is the Korean Grammar Doctor!

.

One of my friends is learning Korean and still has a difficulty to speak Korean. She often used '그래서' repetitively when she tried to remember words to complete sentences. However, it sounded awkward to me, but I didn't know how to help her. Recently, I looked up information about grammar, and found the perfect word: 그러니까.

.

It is very simple. When you stumble over your words / try to remember words or recall something / don't know how to answer someone's questions / hesitate to ask sensitive questions / don't know what to say, you can simply say "그러니까"

.

E.g)

: 그러니까.......그게......음......내일 점심을 뭐 먹을 거에요? (What are you going to eat for lunch?)

: 그러니까......음......이걸 어떻게 설명하면 좋을까요? (How can I explain this?)

: 그게........그러니까......민감한 질문 물어봐도 돼요? (Can I ask a sensitive question?)

: 그게.......그러니까........그런 게 있어 (Never mind)

: 그러니까.....그게...... 내 생각은 좀 달라 (I have a different opinion)

.

ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ

If you have any feedback or questions, please let me know. Thank you.

The Korean grammar doctor will always be by Korean learner's side! Stay TTTempting!

한국어 문법 의사는 언제나 한국어 학습자 곁에 있습니다! Stay TTTempting!

ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ

.

.

Reference

.

https://www.reddit.com/r/Korean/comments/g88yfn/%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EC%84%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9F%AC%EB%A9%B4%EA%B7%B8%EB%9F%B0%EB%8D%B0%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0%EA%B7%B8%EB%9F%AC%EB%8B%88%EA%B9%8C/

.

https://www.reddit.com/r/Korean/comments/5h0baz/difference_between_%EA%B7%B8%EB%9F%AC%EB%8B%88%EA%B9%8C_and_%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EC%84%9C/

.

https://krdict.korean.go.kr/eng/dicSearch/SearchView?wordMatchFlag=N&mainSearchWord=%EA%B7%B8%EB%9F%AC%EB%8B%88%EA%B9%8C&currentPage=1&sort=W&searchType=W&proverbType=&exaType=&ParaWordNo=58609&nation=eng&nationCode=6&viewType=A&blockCount=10&viewTypes=on

.

https://hinative.com/ko/questions/702047

[koreangrammardoctor]

[Tips for Korean learners] Let me explain the differences between 좋아하다 and 마음에 들다 with ancient Greek philosophy

Hello! Long time no see! This is the Korean Grammar Doctor. 안녕하세요. 여러분 오랜만입니다. 한국어 문법 의사입니다. . One of my friends has improved her Korean a lot over the years but she still finds it difficult to understand the differences between Korean words with vague similarities and it inspires me to do research. I have answered her questions with a single attempt to look up information on the internet, but sometimes I really, thoroughly have to reach domain knowledge to find a clear answer. 좋아하다/마음에 들다 is one of them. . I watched the Youtube clip below, where 선현우 explained the difference between 좋아하다 and 마음에 들다, and I really love his explanation. However, I felt like I needed to insert something for the answer to my wife's curiosity. I've found that I should refer to "Theory of Ideas" . In Ancient Greek, the great philosopher Plato asserted that all the objects in the reality are kinda fake because our senses incorrectly recognize them and the time changes every physical stuff. He believed that there are the non-physical essences of all things, like 'the idea of beings' never change and the objects in our lives are the reflections of 'the ideas'. It can be interpreted as 'concept' in a plain language. For instance, when we think of 'a chair' and try to draw it, we would draw all different chairs based on our imagination and experiences. However, their appearances and the usage will be definitely the same, at least very similar to each other, because we all share 'the concept of chair.' In contrast, Aristotle disagreed with Plato's theory and objects in the real world is not a reflection of ideas, and the objects already include essences of being(attributes). Hence, he focused on the real world instead of starting his journey into 'the world of ideas (Concept)' [Please understand that my explanation of the theory of idea is not 100% accurate. I just refer to this study for the grammar explanation. If you want to understand this philosophy, I would recommend that you look up information by yourself] . . 좋아하다 means you like 'idea / concept of being'. The ultimate and general being in your mind. "저는 사과를 좋아해요" means that you like 'any types of 사과(apple) / the generally recognized objects of apple',  neither specific one nor the thing on the spot, like the apple right in front of you. . On the other hands,  "저는 이 사과가 마음에 들어요." means that you like the real apple (the real object) that you can see or touch. The recognized one. If you don't specify 'the apple' and say "저는 사과가 마음에 들어요" it might be awkward because you are not referring to 'the real one', but the concept of apple. . If you think of 'ideas' in Plato's way, it is 좋아해요. If you think of 'real objects' in Aristotle's way, it is 마음에 들어요. . Hence, in Korean language, it is possible to use '안 좋아하다(dislike)' and '마음에 들다' in the same sentences, and vice versa (좋아하다 and 마음에 안 들다). . For instance, 저는 사과 별로 안 좋아하는데 이 사과는 마음에 들어요. 정말 맛있네요. (I usually don't like apples, but I like this one. It is tasty.) 저는 포도 좋아하는데 이 포도는 별로 마음에 안 드네요. 이 포도 맛이 없어요. (I usually like grapes, but I don't like this one. It is not tasty.) . . However, the meaning of 좋아하다 / 마음에 들다 can change when you refer to 'a person.' . Let's say you have a job interview at a company you want to work for. The interviewers like 'the way you express yourself and your working experience' so decide to hire you. Then, they would say "~~씨 마음에 드네요. 우리랑 같이 일하시겠어요?" 마음에 들다 implies 'his or her competence is great and meet my standards.' in most cases. Koreans are more likely to specify 'a quality of someone' with 마음에 들어요', like (저는) ~~씨의 능력이 / 성격이 / 행동이 / 태도가 / 개성이 마음에 들어요. . If they say "~~씨 좋아해요." it means that they have a crush on you and want to start a love affair with you. ~~씨 좋아해요 often simply means "I like him / her." . . There must be other cases where whether only 마음에 들어요 is used or only 좋아요/좋아해요 is used. However, due to my lack of capability, I can't specify everything here. I recommend that you try to increase your exposure to multiple Korean-spoken situations and get the grasp. . ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ If you have any feedback or questions, please let me know. Thank you. The Korean grammar doctor will always be by Korean learner's side! Stay TTTempting! 한국어 문법 의사는 언제나 한국어 학습자 곁에 있습니다! Stay TTTempting! ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ . . Reference https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_forms#Aristotelian_criticism . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_drAHMoi6Rs

[koreangrammardoctor]

[Tips for Korean learners] 한국어 좀 해요(= 할 줄 알아요) / 한국어 조금 밖에 못해요 are different. How?

Hello! TTTempting everyone! This is the Korean Grammar Doctor! 안녕하세요! 여러분! 한국어 문법 의사입니다. . . One day, I walked around a shopping mall with my girlfriend. I jokingly said that if I lose her at the shopping mall, I would ask around '한국어 좀 하는 외국인‘ to find her. Then, she was disappointed and asked me "Is my Korean that bad? I have studied Korean so hard, but I am still 한국어 조금 하는 외국인?” I was surprised by her unexpected reaction because I didn't mean to say that her Korean was bad. It was more like '한국어 잘 하는 외국인’ . . I also found that quite a few English speakers think that "한국어 좀 할 줄 알아요. /  한국어 좀 해요.“ is used when they are insecure in speaking Korean, which seems like a literal translation of 'I can speak Korean a little bit.' However, speaking technically, 한국어 좀 할 줄 알아요 and 한국어 조금밖에 못 해요 have different connotations. . . Saying 'I am good at / talented in something' is often considered an arrogant remark and brings high expectations of one's skills. If one says "저 영어 잘 해요 / 영어 잘 할 줄 알아요“, it would sound arrogant or full of oneself rather than telling it like it is. Especially at work, if you say that you are good at something, your coworkers will instantly have high expectations of your skills and somebody will misinterpret your message, like "He / She is showing off his / her Korean skills." Hence, Koreans have evolved to be reluctant to say that they are good at something. Instead, they choose to use '조금 / 좀’ to keep a low profile and show humility, but give an implication that they are good at something. . . 영어 좀 할 줄 알아요 / 한국어 좀 해요 are not always 'I can speak English a little bit.' It is rather 'I can speak English / I am fluent in English, but I want to be humble.' Otherwise, 영어 조금밖에 못 해요 often means "I am not fluent in English. / I am insecure in speaking English." Of course those who are fluent in and confident in English can use this expression to show humility as well, but they prefer to say '영어 좀 할 줄 알아요 / 영어 좀 해요.‘ . In addition, its meaning has extended to the point that 'A 씨 영어 좀 하세요. / A씨 영어 좀 할 줄 아세요.’also means 'A is fluent in English.' So, when you want to describe someone's good skills, it is fine to use '~~좀 하세요 / ~~ 좀 할 줄 아세요.‘ . . In short, . - 저 한국어 잘 해요. = It might sound a bit arrogant OR full of oneself to some Koreans (case by case) - 저 한국어 좀 할 줄 알아요 / 저 한국어 좀 해요 = showing humility + confidence - 저 한국어 조금 밖에 못 해요 / 저 한국어 잘 못 해요 = insecurity OR literally not fluent in Korean . . -1) Similar expressions to 저(I, me) 영어 좀 할 줄 알아요. - 저 영어 나쁘지 않게 할 수 있어요. - 저 영어 어느 정도 할 수 있어요. - 저 영어 잘 하는 편은 아니지만, 어느 정도 할 수는 있어요. - 저 영어 괜찮게 할 수 있어요. . -2) Similar expressions to 저 분(the other person) 영어 좀 할 줄 아세요. - 저 분 영어 어느 정도 하실 수 있어요. - 저 분 영어 괜찮게 하세요. - 저 분 영어 잘 하세요. - 저 분 영어에 능통하세요. - 저 분 영어를 능숙하게 할 줄 아세요. . . ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ If you have any feedback or questions, please let me know. Thank you. The Korean grammar doctor will always be by Korean learner's side! Stay TTTempting! 한국어 문법 의사는 언제나 한국어 학습자 곁에 있습니다! Stay TTTempting! ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ

[koreangrammardoctor]

고려시대 수필, 슬견설 -『東國李相國集』 동국이상국집

I would like to introduce an essay from 고려시대, which I studied back in my middle school. . Please note that this post is not intended to provoke 'veganism issues.' This story is rather based on Buddhism.   . . 고려시대 수필, 슬견설 -『東國李相國集』 동국이상국집 Short Essay from 고려 dynasty: The story of louse and dog

客有謂予曰: 손님이 나에게 말했다. The guest told his story

“昨晚見一不逞男子以大棒子椎遊犬而殺者, 勢甚可哀, 不能無痛心. 自是誓不食犬豕之肉矣.” “어제 저녁에 한 명의 불량한 남자가 큰 몽둥이로 놀던 개를 쳐서 죽이는 것을 보니 상황이 매우 슬퍼할 만하여 마음이 아프지 않음이 없었습니다. 그러니 그때부터 개고기나 돼지고기를 먹지 않겠다고 맹세했습니다.” "Yesterday evening, I saw a bad man beating a dog with a big bat and killing it. I was very depressed and it gave me great sorrow. I decided not to eat dogs or pigs anymore."

予應之曰: “昨見有人擁熾爐捫蝨而烘者, 予不能無痛心, 自誓不復捫蝨矣.” 내가 응답했다. “어제 어떤 사람이 난로를 끼고 이를 잡아 태워 죽이는 것을 보니 저는 마음이 아프지 않음이 없었기에, 스스로 다시는 이를 잡지 않겠다고 맹세하였습니다.” I said, "Yesterday, I saw a guy throwing lice into the stove to kill them. I was very depressed, so I decided not to catch lice anymore."

客憮然曰: “蝨微物也. 吾見庬然大物之死, 有可哀者故言之, 子以此爲對, 豈欺我耶.” 손님이 무안해하며 말했다. “이는 미물입니다. 저는 확 커다란 생물의 죽음을 보고 슬퍼할 만함이 있었기에 말한 것인데, 당신은 이라는 미물로 대조를 하고 있으니 아마도 저를 놀리는 것이겠죠.” The guest was embarrassed and said "Lice are trifles" "It was obviously sad to see a big living thing's death, but you are making fun of me by comparing it to the trifle." He said.

予曰: “凡有血氣者, 自黔首至于牛馬猪羊昆蟲螻蟻, 其貪生惡死之心, 未始不同, 豈大者獨惡死, 而小則不爾耶? 然則犬與蝨之死一也, 故擧以爲的對, 豈故相��耶. 내가 말했다. “모든 혈기가 있는 것은 백성으로부터 소ㆍ말ㆍ돼지ㆍ양ㆍ곤충ㆍ땅강아지ㆍ개미에 이르기까지 살기를 바라고 죽기를 싫어하는 마음은 처음부터 같지 않음이 없으니, 어찌 큰 생물만이 유독 죽기를 싫어하고 작은 생물은 그렇지 않겠습니까. 그렇다면 개와 이의 죽음은 동일한 것이기에 거론하여 대구를 삼은 것이지 어찌 일부러 서로 놀린 것이겠습니까. I said "Every life, ranging from people, cows, horses, pigs, sheep to insects and ants, don't want to die, but want to prolong their life since they were born. How dare you to think only big animals don't want to die, but why not small creatures? Then, the death of the dog and its death should be considered equally. I didn't mean to make fun of you, but just wanted to bring an example."

子不信之, 盍齕爾之十指乎? 獨拇指痛, 而餘則否乎? 在一體之中, 無大小支節, 均有血肉, 故其痛則同. 況各受氣息者, 安有彼之惡死而此之樂乎. 당신이 믿지 못하겠거든 어찌 당신의 열 개 손가락을 깨물어보지 않습니까? 유독 엄지만이 아프고 나머지는 안 아픕니까? 하나의 몸에 있는 것 중에 크냐 작냐 지엽적이냐 중요하냐가 없이 고르게 피가 흐르고 살이 있기 때문에 아프다는 건 동일한 것입니다. "If you don't trust me, how about biting all your ten fingers? Would you feel the pain in your thumbs, not in other fingers? There is no value to weigh the gravity of parts of your body differently because the pain is equally felt because all fingers have blood and flesh" I added.

子退焉, 冥心靜慮, 視蝸角如牛角, 齊斥鷃爲大鵬, 然後吾方與之語道矣.” 하물며 각각 기와 숨을 받은 것이라면 어찌 저것은 죽기를 싫어하는데 이것은 즐기겠습니까. 자네는 돌아가 마음을 비우고 생각을 내려놓고 달팽이 뿔을 소뿔 같이 보고 메추라기를 붕새처럼 동등하게 여기게 된다면 그런 후에야 저는 곧 당신과 함께 도를 말하겠습니다.” "Every life with energy and its breath will never want to die. If you contemplate your biased thought and start to treat snails' horns like cows' horns, and treat quails like phoenix, we will have a talk over 도 道 tao"

[koreangrammardoctor]

If there is a school where not all of students speak Korean as a native language, how do they communicate with each other?

If there is a school where not all of students speak Korean as a native language, how do they communicate with each other? [I would appreciate if you share your opinions on the summary.] . .

- 다문화가정자녀들의 커뮤니케이션 저해요소 분석 A Study on Inhibiting Elements of Multicultural Children Communication - 김성길(광운대학교 교육대학원 교수), 김효선(연세대학교 교육연구소 연구원) - 중앙대학교 문화콘텐츠기술연구원, 2011년, ISSN 2092-5042 . . Korea is still homogeneous and closed minded to different cultures and races. However, it is still hard to tell that most of them intentionally and unconditionally exclude 외국인/다문화가족 and foster a closed society, considering a lack of chances to develop understanding of different cultures and races in Korea. The government already noticed the possibility of tension raised between Koreans and immigrants, and are trying to develop policies and programs for both of them to develop their understanding of each other, but the results are not noticeable yet. (Some Koreans are not even aware of how to embrace differences despite numerous encounters. Monotonous encounters are hardly helpful. Deep analysis and study should be followed.) . One of the Korean government's attempts is approving independent educational establishments such as alternative schools only for multicultural children. Given that most previous research proves that the multicultural children are more vulnerable to identity crisis, language acquisition, and improving sociability in Korean communities like public schools and peer groups, it sounds like a good idea to build a school, for safely nurturing and helping them seek their own identities until they become mentally and physically mature so that they live in Korean society as an independent individual. (Singer 인순이 also contributes to the foundation of the school for the children, 해밀학교 http://www.haemillschool.com/) . Grouping only multicultural children seems like an inevitable option to minimize their emotional damage from Korean society, which may cause trauma in building further relationships with others. However, the newly-introduced education system must prove that they can nurture the children as the mentally-strong-and-ready ones that are capable of overcoming struggles and misunderstandings when they leave their nests. . . The two researchers visited one of the schools in order to evaluate the efficiency of this kind of environment and observe how the children interact with each other and their process of how to build social relations with other children. The observation had been for 7 months meticulously and all of the observed students are from immigrant parents or Korean-immigrant parents. Not all of the children were fluent in Korean, but everyone tried to speak Korean for communication. . . 1. How do they communicate? -  The Korean-and-immigrant family's children were comparatively better at Korean. They knew that only Korean was the common language in Korea and always showed initiative. . - The children who were not fluent in Korean(mostly from immigrant-immigrant couples) preferred to use body language than speak Korean. Some of them were talented in getting the gist of other's body language, but the others who struggled. Some children easily gave up getting their points across or asked their home room teachers to explain instead of them. Unfortunately, the teachers also didn't know all of their students' languages.

2. Separation and isolation - There were always two groups. Those who were fluent in Korean and those who were not. - Those who were not fluent in Korean were always reluctant to hang out with children with good Korean skills because they didn't want to feel isolated. - When they found someone from the same country, they only spoke their native language, even during the class. Then, other students who didn't understand this language tried to interrupt them from speaking a foreign language. Some of them bluntly requested them to speak Korean so that everyone could understand. Everyone had a fear of being isolated and unaware of what was being said. - Even though they were getting better at Korean, they were still reluctant to speak Korean. At some point, they stopped improving their Korean and disappeared during class often not to feel isolated and uncomfortable. . - Interestingly both those with good Korean skills and without, made fun of each other's mistakes, nitpicking at pronunciation and accent, such as a Korean-Chinese accent. According to the researcher's analysis, it is a kind of defense mechanism to feel less inferior and feel superior at the same time. - If someone has a distinctive accent like Korean-Chinese accent, other students expressed their displeasure about 'this difference'. It became a reason for discrimination. - The only moment where they accepted those who were not fluent in Korean was during English class. Children with Filipino mothers were relatively better at English, other children wanted them to join to their teams to gain points in games during the English class. After the class, they were abandoned. . . . The researcher literally said "Even though they were in the same situation when they first came to Korea, they could not understand or embrace peers who spoke different languages. Rather, they were ignoring it as if they hadn't been in the same situation. 자신들도 처음 한국에 왔을 때 같은 상황이었음에도 불구하고, 다른 언어를 사용하는 또래를 이해하거나 포용하지 못했다. 오히려 자신들은 그렇지 않았던 것처럼 무시하는 태도를 보였다." . (As I am summarizing the paper in English, I start to feel depressed and skeptical. The researcher described the reality in a pessimistic way) . The researcher came up with three suggestions to develop the education environment. 1 . Teachers must instruct the students that they shouldn't judge anybody by their language capability and explain that everyone is different. 2. More programs to teach students how to embrace diversity and differences must be organized. 3. Providing the comfort zone for multicultural children is not a good idea for children. It makes them more isolated. . . . Abstract . . This study aimed to identify communication methods and inhibiting elements of communication among multicultural children. By doing so, we could understand the communication of children from multicultural families, and learn the basics of improving educational alternatives and developing educational programs. In order to identify communication methods and hindering elements of communication, this study chose the qualitative research as the research method. The researchers, as a teacher and a participant observer, attended the class of ‘Peace Multicultural School’ and observed the classroom and multicultural children’s daily life. Major results obtained from the participant observation were as follows: Communication methods were divided both verbal communication and non-verbal communication. Verbal communication methods were identified language and writing, and non-verbal communication methods were identified body-language, touch, and drawing. Inhibiting elements related to verbal communication were using other languages, sarcasm, and using insults and slangs, and so on. Hindering elements related to non-verbal communication were negligence, indifference, disappearing and expressing anger, etc. And finally, based on these results, suggestions of this study were discussed.

[koreangrammardoctor]

[Recruitment] I am planning to build 'the Korean Grammar Hospital' and am inviting people to voluntarily join our Grammar Medical Staff. ‘한국어 문법 병원’을 개설하고 같이 일할 의료진들을 모집하고 있습니다

Hello! Everyone. This is the Korean Grammar Doctor!

안녕하세요! 여러분. 한국어 문법 의사입니다.

- 제목에도 쓰여 있다시피, 한국어 문법 병원을 세울 계획을 하고 있고 같이 일할 ‘문법 의료진’들을 모집하고 있습니다. 회사 구직 공고를 하는 게 아니라, 언어를 배우는 것에 관심이 있으시거나 본인의 지식들을 공유하고 싶은 분들이 함께 하는 장소를 만들고자 합니다.

- As the title of this post says, I am planning to build 'the Korean Grammar Hospital' and am recruiting Grammar Medical Staff. This is not a full time job, but is a new way for people who are passionate about language learning to share their expertise and enthusiasm when they are able to.

.

.

- 혹시 저를 모르시는 분들을 위해 자기소개를 적겠습니다.

- For those of you who don't know me, here is brief introduction.

    - 한국에 사는 직장입니다. 제 원래 직업은 한국어 선생님이 아닙니다. 의사도 아니고 박사학위를 가진 것도 아닙니다. 저에게 한국어를 배우는 친구들이 '문법을 수술하는 것처럼 고쳐준다. 아픈 문법을 고쳐주는 의사 같다'라고 하여 한국어 문법 의사라는 별명을 가지게 되었습니다.

- I am just a regular office worker. I am not a teacher, neither a doctor nor have a Ph.D. My friends who are learning Korean with me gave me this nickname because I corrected grammar mistakes like performing surgery. To them, I seem like a doctor who cures sick grammar rules.

    - 예전에 잠깐 언어교환 회사에서 스태프로 활동한 적이 있었는데, 이를 계기로 한국어를 도와주는 일을 시작하게 되었습니다. 지금도 계속해서 언어교환 프로그램 및 사회 활동가들과의 협업을 통해 한국어 학습을 도와주는 일을 하고 있습니다.

- I once worked as a staff member at a language exchange company for a short term. It motivated me to start helping Korean learners. I am still helping Korean learners in cooperation with social activists and by organizing language exchange programs.

.

- Reddit에는 약 2년 동안 글을 써왔습니다. 주로 언어비교 및 실제사례를 통해 한국어를 자연스럽게 사용하는 법에 한 글을 씁니다.

- I have been writing posts on Reddit for 2 years. Mostly, they are introductions to natural ways of writing Korean with language comparisons and bringing out real examples.

.

- 인종차별 / 언어의 사회적 역할 / 언어학습법에 대해서 공부 및 연구를 합니다. 관련 칼럼을 기고하기도 했습니다.

- I also study racism issues / social roles of language / language acquisition and used to write columns regarding these subjects.

.

.

1. Motivation 동기

- 한국어 학습자들이 받는 언어차별을 없애고 자신들의 이야기를 할 수 있게 도와주고 싶습니다. 한국어를 가르치다 보면 여러 종류의 사람들을 만나게 됩니다. 그 사람들이 한국어를 배우는 이유와 배우는 방법은 각기 달랐지만, 한국어를 제대로 못해서 부당한 대우를 받았다는 이야기는 똑같이 하더라고요. 한국어를 제대로 이해하지 못해서 생기는 차별이나 어색한 한국어 표현을 썼다는 이유로 계속 타인 취급(Othering)을 받는 이야기를 듣고 마음이 아팠습니다. 이 사람들을 하나씩 다 만나서 한국어 도와주고 싶은데 그건 실현 가능성이 없더라고요. 대신에 이 사람들이 쉽게 찾아오고 서로 도와줄 수 있는 인터넷 공간을 만들어보고 싶어졌어요.

- I would like to eliminate language discrimination and help Korean learners speak out in Korean. I have met various types of people over time and they all have different purposes and methods of learning Korean. However, all of them have had and have shared the same experience of unfair treatment because of their lack of capability in Korean. Their stories of discrimination from incomprehension of Korean and Othering due to using unnatural Korean expressions were heartbreaking. I wanted to help them all, but it is practically infeasible. Instead, I started hoping to foster an internet society where they can easily visit and help each other.

     - 저는 한국어 질문을 받을 때마다 답변을 찾기 위해 인터넷을 뒤져보는데 개인의 주관이 들어가거나 잘못된 정보를 알려주는 사이트가 의외로 많았습니다. 좀 더 정확한 정보를 위해 국립국어원 답변이나 학술 자료들 찾아봤는데 이해하기 정말로 어려웠습니다. 국립국어원은 질문자에 수준에 맞춰서 쉽게 설명을 하기 보다는 사전적 정의를 알려주고, 논문은 어려운 단어와 설명이 쓰여 있었습니다. 한국 사람인 저에게도 어려운데 한국어를 배우는 사람들에게는 훨씬 더 어려울 겁니다. 한국어를 공부하고 그 아름다움을 알고 싶은 사람에게는 너무 가혹한 현실입니다.

- When I looked up grammar information on the internet in order to form answers to Korean learners' questions, I sometimes found sites of biased posts and perverted information. To gain more precise information, I even accessed The National Institute of the Korean Language(국립국어원) or searched papers regarding Korean grammar. However, they were written in a very difficult language that even I didn't understand. 국립국어원 didn't try to write a post for questioner's level, but just introduced the definition and explanations from a dictionary. The papers were so difficult for me to understand and it is probably harder for Korean learners. Harsh reality interrupts Korean learners from learning Korean and finding beauty of the language.

.

- 위에 이유들로 인해, 좀 더 학술적인 접근법을 통해 정확한 정보를 단체 / 문법과 단어의 차이점 등을 쉽게 알려주는 단체 / 한국어 학습을 도와줄 수 있는 단체가 필요하다는 생각이 들었습니다. 그래서 인터넷에서 찾아봤는데 아직은 없더라고요. 그래서 제가 한번 시작해보고자 합니다.

- Due to the reasons mentioned above, I started thinking that the necessity of a group for precise information from an academic approach / introducing the differences between grammars and words in a easy way / helping Korean learners learn Korean is significant. I have looked up to confirm the existence of a similar site to what I wanted, but I haven't found any. So, I have decided to open a site.

.

.

2. 같이 연구하고자 하는 분야

The subjects that I want to do research on together

.

2.1) Language Correction & Comparative Linguistics 언어교정 & 비교언어학:

- 한국어를 배우는 사람들이 자신의 모국어 때문에 저지르는 한국어 실수들을 파악하고, 좀 더 자연스러운 문장을 쓸 수 있도록 도와주기

- Finding Korean learners' mistakes based on their native languages and helping them speak and write Korean in a more natural way.

- 한국에 거주하는 이민자들이 계속해서 ‘외국인 취급’을 받는 이유 중 하나는 자연스러��이 한국어 원어민에 비해 부족하기 때문입니다. 또한, 본인이 하고 싶은 말을 제대로 전달하지 못하거나 단어 선택을 잘못하여서 오해가 생기는 경우도 있습니다. 학습자들에게 학습자들의 원어와 한국어의 차이, 자연스러운 한국어 표현, 올바른 단어 선택을 하는 방법을 알려줄 것입니다.

.

.

2.2) Researching language learning and teaching methods: 언어학습법과 교수법

- Searching for efficient methods to learn OR teach Korean 효과적인 한국어 배우는 방법 / 가르치는 방법 찾기

- 인터넷에 보면 여러 가지 언어학습법이 있는데 정말 그 학습법들이 도움이 되는지 안 되는지를 파악하기가 힘듭니다. 만약 자신에게 맞지 않는 학습법이라고 해도 적어도 3개월 정도 그 학습법을 이용해 봐야지, 자신에게 맞는지 안 맞는지 알 수 있습니다. 그 전에 학습법의 장단점을 살피는 연구를 한다면 학습자들에게 좀 더 좋은 학습법을 알려줄 수 있을 것입니다.

.

.

2.3) Linguistic psychology 언어심리학

- 한국어를 배우면서 느끼는 심리적 압박 / 사회적 압박을 이겨낼 수 있도록 도와주기

- Encouraging Korean learners to overcome psychological and social pressures while learning Korean

- 비자, 성적, 취업 때문에 언어를 배우면 엄청난 스트레스를 받을 수도 있습니다. 그리고 한국에 거주하면서 한국어를 배우게 되면 외로움, 타인의 시선 등이 신경 쓰이게 됩니다.  ‘신경쓰지마! 걱정마!’ 한두 문장의 말은 응원은 되겠지만, 심리적 효과가 그렇게 크다고 생각하지 않습니다. 사람의 감정과 심리는 피상적인 방법(superficial method)으로는 쉽게 변하지 않습니다. 심리학적 접근법을 통해 이 사람들을 도와줄 실질적인 방법을 찾을 것입니다.

.  

.

2.4) Socio-linguistics: 언어 사회학

- 한국어 및 한국어 학습자의 모국어 특징으로 인해 발생하는 사회 현상 및 이슈 연구

- Researching and analyzing social phenomenons and issues caused by aspects of Korean language and Korean learners' first languages.

- 한국어를 잘 하지 못하거나 학습자들의 모국어로 인해 한국사회에서 부당한 대우를 받는 경우가 있습니다. 이런 사례들을 연구 및 분석하고, 부당한 대우를 다시 받지 않도록 하는 방법을 알려줄 것입니다.

.

.

3. Group activity 단체 활동

- Facebook / Reddit / Naver Cafe를 통해 그룹을 만들려고 합니다. 그런데 아직 어떤 플랫폼으로 할 지 정하지 못했습니다.

I am contemplating the best platform for this group among three options: Facebook, Reddit and Naver cafe, but I haven't chosen yet.

.

- 이 모임은 아마추어 혹은 전문 연구자들의 모임, 한국어 도움을 받고자 하는 사람들의 모임, 언어에 대한 다양한 이야기를 나누는 모임이 될 것입니다.

- This organization will be a group of amateur or professional researchers as well as people who want to get help with Korean, and a place to have various talks over language issues.

.

- 본인이 연구한 내용으로 사익을 추구할 수 없으며, 공익목적을 위해 무료로 공개가 될 것입니다.

- Your research won't be used for profit, but only for collective information and will be exposed to the public for free.

    3.1) 매 분기마다 세미나 개최: 연구 발표 / 제일 잘 한 사람에게 상금 수여 + 같이 저녁 먹기

Seminar every quarter: Presentations of recent research with a prize awarded to the best presenter, followed by dinner together.

.

3.2) 공동 연구 프로젝트/ 활동 기획 및 실행 (eg. 봉사활동, 언어 관련 자료 수집)

Planning and conducting group research projects / group activiTTTies (eg. volunteering and collecting information about language habits)

.

4. Eligibility 자격요건

- 한국어와 언어를 배우는 것에 관심이 있으신 분들이면 누구든지 환영합니다.

- Anyone who is interested in Korean language and learning other languages are welcome.

- No formal qualification necessary

    - 참가를 원하시면 자신이 '한국어'와 관련해서 어떤 활동을 하고 계신지 설명을 해주세요. 한국어를 공부하는 것, 가르치는 것, 자신이 알아낸 언어 관련 사실을 사람들과 나누는 것 등 다 괜찮습니다.

- Why you? If you would like to join us, tell us a bit about yourself and why you should join. Tell us a bit about what you have done. Eg. are you learning Korean? Are teaching or sharing related information about Korean with other Korean learners etc?

.

.

참여하고 싶으시다면 댓글을 남겨주시거나 개인 메세지를 보내주세요. 감사합니다.

If you want to join, please leave a comment below and send me a message personally. Thank you.

[koreangrammardoctor]

능동적: Active 수동적: Passive 방어적: Defensive 공격적: Offensive

[koreangrammardoctor]

[Interesting Korean Expression] 방귀를 트다 .

. Hello! TTTempting everyone! This is the Korean Grammar Doctor! 안녕하세요! 여러분! 한국어 문법 의사입니다! . One day, I unintentionally farted while I was watching a movie with my girlfriend. Of course she instantly held her nose and said showed her displeasure, saying "What a smell" It could have been an awkward moment, but I used this siTTTuation around to introduce a new Korean expression / a cultural aspect to her. . . "Do you know the Korean expression 방귀를 트다?" Amid the gas outflow, she sought her sanity and asked 'What is that?' . . When a couple / a married couple get to know each other so well and get close to each other enough, they naturally start making jokes / pulling pranks. Sometimes, they show 'their private zones / habits / unreserved behavior' to each other without inhibition. One of the factors is 'farting in front of their loved one. If you fart in front of people who you don't know OR you are not acquainted with, that will be very awkward. However, even if you fart in front of your romantic partner, they will understand you and rather start laughing. It is a type of 'showing affection.' . . Examples) - 우리 (서로) 방귀 튼 지 얼마 안 되었어요. = It hasn't been that long since we lost our inhibitions and started farting without hesitation.

- 우리 옛날에 방귀 텄어요. = We already started farting long time ago.

- (결혼한지 얼마 안 된 부부에게) 혹시 서로 방귀는 텄어요? / 트셨어요? (To a newly married couple) Did you guys open to each other and not hesitate to fart? . . In addition, 트다 means 1) 막혀 있던 것을 치우고 통하게 하다: To remove blocking objects and make the part passable. - 길을 트다. open / unblock the road / street - 물길을 트다. open the waterway . 2) 서로 조심스럽거나 부끄러운 마음이 없이 사귀는 관계가 되다: To start a friendship with someone, neither mutually cautious nor shy. - 속마음을 트다 open one's heart (to) . 3) 어떤 사람과 반말을 하는 관계가 되다.: To become close to someone and to be able to speak 반말. - A는 동네 친구들과 말을 트고 지낸다. A speaks 반말 to his friends in his town - 나는 제법 친해진 동료와 서로 말을 트기로 했다. I decided to speak 반말 to my close coworkers. . . 이 글을 읽으시는 분들 모두 방귀를 뿡뿡 틀 수 있는 사람들을 만났으면 좋겠습니다. 뿡뿡! . ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ If you have any feedback or questions, please let me know. Thank you. The Korean grammar doctor will always be by Korean learner's side! Stay TTTempting! 한국어 문법 의사는 언제나 한국어 학습자 곁에 있습니다! Stay TTTempting! ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ

Reference

https://post.naver.com/viewer/postView.nhn?volumeNo=25431423&memberNo=21480482

https://ppt21.com/freedom/50215

https://news.joins.com/article/18473297

https://www.google.com/search?q=%EB%B0%A9%EA%B7%80+%ED%8A%B8%EB%8B%A4&oq=%EB%B0%A9%EA%B7%80+%ED%8A%B8%EB%8B%A4&aqs=chrome..69i57.1463j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

[koreangrammardoctor]

[Tips for Korean learners] 잠시 and 잠깐 are the same, but the use is a bit different.

. . Hello! TTTempting everyone! This is the Korean Grammar Doctor! 안녕하세요! 여러분! 한국어 문법 의사입니다! . Today, one of the Korean learners in a groupchat that I belong to asked the question: What is the difference between 잠시 and 잠깐? . I wanted to answer his question immediately, but my intuition kept telling me to look up more information in order to give him the accurate information. Of course native Korean speakers are native in Korean, but they would think differently and give different answers because not all Koreans have broad knowledge about Korean. So, I looked up on Google and Naver. . All answers to the question about 'the difference between 잠시 and 잠깐' on blogs and Korean teaching sites are the same: They have no difference. They are the same. However, the thesis I found on RISS(논문 사이트), which was published by 연세대학교, questioned 'the sameness of the two words.' . 논문제목은 "한국어 시간부사 유의어 변별 연구"입니다. - Here is the link. The download is free. http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T15298359&outLink=K . - http://www.ndsl.kr/ndsl/search/detail/article/articleSearchResultDetail.do?cn=DIKO0015298359 . According to this thesis, 잠시 and 잠깐 are fundamentally the same. It meas 'A short time, for a whilte, for a moment, for some time.' In Korean, 아주 짧은 시간 동안. 아주 짧은 시간 동안에. . However, the use of these two words are different -1) When you want to say "a little bit later", then you can use '잠시', but it would be awkward to use '잠깐' + 후/뒤 . eg) - 콘서트가 잠시 후에 / 잠시 뒤에 시작한대요 (= 좀 있으면 / 좀 이따가) (O) - 콘서트가 잠깐 후에 / 잠깐 뒤에 시작한대요 (X) . - 승객 여러분. 잠시 후에 / 잠시 뒤에 열차가 수원역에 도착합니다. (O) - 승객 여러분. 잠깐 후에 / 잠깐 뒤에 열차가 수원역에 도착합니다. (X) . . -2) When you say 'for a moment', you can say '잠시 동안(에) / 잠깐 사이(에)'. These are fixed phrases. It is awkward to say "잠시 사이에 / 잠깐 동안에" . . I also looked up the different use of 잠시 / 잠깐 on 국립국어원 언어정보나눔터(https://ithub.korean.go.kr/user/main.do). (It is a corpus dictionary. ) - I found that 잠시 is more often used in 'report / document / academic papers', otherwise 잠깐 is more often used in 'narration / drama / novel.' . . I could be wrong. Please feel free to share your opinions or information if you don't agree with it. . . ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ If you have any feedback or questions, please let me know. Thank you. The Korean grammar doctor will always be by Korean learner's side! Stay TTTempting! 한국어 문법 의사는 언제나 한국어 학습자 곁에 있습니다! Stay TTTempting! ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ . Abstract 초록 . 본 연구는 한국어 어휘 내용 개발 목록과 선행연구에서 추출한 한국어 시간부사 유의어를 대상으로 말���치 분석을 통해 의미 분석을 진행함으로써 한국어 시간부사 유의어 변별에 관련하여 한국어 교육의 기초 연구 및 자료��� 삼는 것에 그 의의가 있다. 먼저 1장에서는 연구의 목적 및 필요성을 정리하고 연구대상 및 연구방법을 살펴보았다. 학습자들이 원활한 의사소통에 있어 어휘를 가장 큰 어려움으로 느끼고 있으며, 유의어가 많은 한국어 교육에 있어 비슷한 뜻을 가진 유의어의 의미를 변별하는 것에 대한 필요성을 제시하였다. 그 후에 유의어 변별을 위해 선정한 시간부사 유의어 쌍과 어떤 방법으로 유의어를 변별할 것인지 연구방법 및 절차를 소개하였다. 유의어 선정과 유의어 변별 기준 선정에 대한 자세한 사항은 각각 3장과 4장에서 다시 다루도록 한다. 2장에서는 본격적인 연구에 앞서 이론적 배경 및 선행연구를 정리하였다. 먼저 언어 교육에서 유의어의 개념과 정의를 명확히 하고 유의어 변별 유형 및 방법을 살펴보았다. 다음으로 시간부사에 대한 선행연구를 통해 시간부사의 개념 및 분류를 간단하게 정리하였다. 그 후에 종합적으로 한국어 교육에서 유의어에 관한 연구 동향을 연도별, 주제별로 나누어 살펴보았다. 3장에서는 국립국어원 『한국어 교육 어휘 내용 개발(4단계)』에서 1차적으로 74개의 시간부사어 목록을 추출한 뒤, 선행연구에서 제시된 목록과 비교하여 2차 목록을 추출하였다. 그 다음 본 연구에서 변별할 유의어 쌍을 선정하였다. 먼저, 한국어 교육 어휘 내용 개발에 나온 총 10,635개의 어휘 목록 중 품사를 부사로 설정하고 그 중에서 '시간'의 의미범주에 속하는 총 74개의 시간부사어 목록을 추출하였다. 이와 함께 선행연구에서 정리된 한국어 교재에 나오는 시간부사 목록을 비교하여 2차적으로 목록을 선별하였다. 이렇게 추출한 2차 목록 중 본 연구에서 연구대상으로 삼을 시간부사 유의어를 선별하여 최종적으로 '어서-빨리', '잠시-잠깐', '금방-방금', '갓-막', '가끔-때로', '우선-일단', '점점-갈수록', '결국-드디어-마침내' 8쌍의 한국어 시간부사 유의어를 선정하였다. 4장에서는 2장에서 살펴본 한국어 유의어 변별 유형 및 변별 방법에 관한 선행연구들의 내용을 종합하여 유의어 변별 기준을 선정하고 본 연구에 적용하였다. 유의어 변별에는 국립국어원 세종 말뭉치 중 문어 말뭉치에서 형태의미 분석 자료를 분석대상으로 선정하여 용례를 제시하였다. 유의어 변별에 있어서는 2차에 걸친 변별지표를 사용하였다. 1차 지표에서는 세종말뭉치에서 나타난 출현 빈도와, 해당어휘가 고유어인지 한자어인지를 어원을 통해 구별하였다. 담화적 차이로는 말뭉치 용례가 구어적인지 문어적인지를 확인하였다. 2차 지표에서는 국립국어원 『표준국어대사전』, 『한국어기초사전』을 통해 유의어 쌍의 사전적 의미 정보를 확인하였다. 또한 세종 말뭉치 자료를 바탕으로 유의어간의 치환 검증법과 결합 제약 검증법을 사용하여 유의어 시간부사의 앞문맥과 뒷문맥에서 결합하여 사용된 명사, 조사, 부사 등의 결합관계를 통해 문장 구조 정보를 확인함으로써 변별적인 문법 정보를 기술하였다. 그 다음 1차, 2차 지표를 통합하여 유의어 쌍의 의미차이를 설명할 수 있는 의미 변별 표로 정리하였다. 마지막으로 5장에서는 지금까지 논의 한 내용을 정리하고 본 연구의 한계점과 앞으로 남은 과제를 제시하였다. '어서'와 '빨리'의 의미 변별에 있어 부사 '어서'에는 상대방에게 빨리하기를 재촉하거나 상대에게 간절히 권하는 의미가 더해져 있음을 알 수 있다. 또한 '어서'는 명령이나 청유문에서 사용이 가능하며 그 외에는 쓰임이 자연스럽지 않았다. 통사적으로는 '어서'는 앞문맥에 다른 부사, 명사, 조사와의 결합이 자유롭지 못함을 알 수 있다. '잠시'와 '잠깐'에서는 '잠깐'이 중복되어 사용되는 경우 화자가 청자에게 현재 진행 중인 행동이나 상황을 잠깐 멈춰달라거나, 잠깐 기다려달라는 의미가 들어있다. 뒷문맥에 결합제약에 있어서는 '잠시'는 뒷문맥에 명사 '뒤'나 '후'가 연이어 바로 결합하여 사용이 가능하였으며, 또한 뒷문맥에 명사 '사이'와 결합한 구조에서 '잠깐' 뒤에 '사이'가 바로 결합하여 사용이 가능하나 '잠시'는 문맥상 사용이 어색함을 확인하였다. '금방-방금'의 의미적 변별로는 먼저, 화자가 발화한 시점으로부터 바로 직전에 사건이 일어났음을 강조할 때는 주로 '방금'을 사용하였으며 '금방'이 '시간이 얼마 지나지 않아 곧바로'나 '걸리는 시간이 짧게'의 의미로 사용된 경우 '방금'으로 교체하여 사용이 불가능하다. 통사적 변별에서는 앞문맥의 부사와의 결합 제약을 보였다. 앞문맥에서 '기껏해야 고작'의 뜻을 가진 부사 '겨우'는 '방금'만 결합이 가능하였으며 '금방'은 뒷문맥에 명사 '전'과 결합하여 사용이 불가함을 확인하였다. '갓'과 '막'의 의미 변별에 있어서는 부사 '갓'이 '막'의 '바로 지금'의 뜻에 더 가깝게 사용되고 '바로 그때'의 의미로는 잘 사용되지 않으며 말하는 시점을 나타내거나, 바로 그 순간의 상황을 나타내는 경우 '막'을 사용한다. '갓'은 앞문맥에서 부사 '지금'과 결합이 불가능하였다. 동사와의 결합에서는 '갓'이 나이를 나타내는 표현들과 주로 호응하였다. 뒷문맥에 부사 '바로'와의 결합에서는 '막 바로'로 쓰여 뒷문맥에 나타난 상황이 앞문맥이 일어나고 나서 곧바로 이루어짐을 강조하였다. '가끔, '때로'에서는 '경우에 따라서'라는 의미로 쓰인 경우 '가끔'을 사용할 수 없으며, '가끔'에서는 '때로'와 달리 '공간적 간격이 얼마쯤 있음'의 의미를 가진다. '가끔'은 앞문맥에서 부사 '아주'와 연어 관계를 형성하며, 뒷문맥에서는 접사 '-씩'과 결합이 가능하고 조사 '-라도'가 쓰임으로써 차선의 것임을 나타내기도 한다. 또한, 서술격 조사 '이다'와 연결어미 '-지만'이 결합하여 '가끔이지만'의 형태로 '자주는 아니지만 어쩌다가 한 번씩' 일어난다는 뜻으로 사용된다. '우선-일단'에서는 부사 '일단'에서 '우선'에는 드러나지 않는 가정의 의미를 확인하였다. '일단 한번 어떤 일이나 행동이 일어나다'의 의미는 '일단'을 통해서만 드러난다. 또한 '일단'이 '우선 잠깐'의 뜻으로 쓰일 때 '우선'으로의 쓰는 것이 자연스럽지 않거나 다른 의미로 해석되는 문장들을 볼 수 있었다. '점점-갈수록'의 변별에 있어서는 부사 '갈수록'의 앞문맥에서 연결어미 '-ㄹ수록'과 결합이 불가능하였으며, 뒷문맥에서 '정도나 수준 따위가 한층 높거나 심함'을 뜻하는 부사 '더욱'은 '갈수록'의 바로 뒤에 결합하여 '시간이 지나면서 일이나 상태의 정도가 심해짐'을 강조하여 쓸 수 있으나 부사 '점점'은 '더욱'과 결합이 불가능하다. '결국-드디어-마침내'의 의미 변별에 있어 '결국'은 최종 결과에만 초점을 맞춰진 경우에 주로 사용된다. 일이 발생한 과정보다 마지막에 그 결과가 어떠함에 더 초점을 맞추어 쓰인다. '드디어'와 '마침내' 모두 화자가 바라거나 기다렸던 일이 이루어질 경우 사용되나 '드디어'의 경우 결과에 대한 노력여부는 중요하지 않은 반면, '마침내'는 마지막에 성립된 결과에 대한 노력을 강조한다. 또한 '결국'이 부사 '곧'의 뜻일 때는 '���디어'나 '마침내'로 치환이 불가능하다. 이상으로 본 연구는 한국어 시간부사 유의어 교육을 위해 말뭉치 자료를 바탕으로 유의어 변별 방법 중 치환 검증법과 결합 제약 검증법을 사용하여 시간부사 유의어 의미변별 및 분석을 진행하였다는 데 의의가 있다. 본 연구가 앞으로 한국어 학습자들을 위한 시간부사 유의어 변별 및 교육의 기초 자료로 활용되기를 기대하는 바이다. . . This study is meaningful in that it is used as a basic study and data for Korean language education regarding the distinction between Korean time adverb and significance by conducting a corpus analysis on the Korean time adverb words extracted from the list of Korean vocabulary development and prior study. First, Chapter 1 outlines the purpose and importance of the study and examines the subjects and methods of study. It suggested the need to differentiate the meaning of significant words with similar meanings in Korean language education, which learners find vocabulary the most difficult in smooth communication. Afterwards, the study method and procedure were introduced to identify the significant words with the time adverb significant word pair selected for the significant word discrimination. The selection of a significant word and the selection of criteria for the distinction are discussed again in Chapters 3 and 4, respectively. Chapter 2 summarizes theoretical background and prior research prior to full-scale research. First, we clarified the concept and definition of significance in language education and looked at the type and method of significant word discrimination. Next, the concept and classification of time adverbs were briefly summarized through a prior study of time adverb. Afterwards, the research trends on significance in Korean language education were divided by year and subject. In Section 3, 74 time adverbial lists were first extracted from the National Language Institute "Research on Korean Language Education Vocabulary Content Development (Stage 4)", and then a second list was extracted by comparing them with the list presented in the previous research. Then, we selected pairs of thesaurus to discriminate in this study. First, out of a total of 10,635 vocabulary lists in the development of Korean language teaching vocabulary, a total of 74 time adverbs were set up as adverbs and extracted from those lists belonging to the semantic category of "time." In addition, the list was selected in a secondary manner by comparing the list of time adverbs in Korean textbooks compiled from prior studies. Out of the secondary list extracted, eight pairs of time adverbs were selected for study in this study. Chapter 4 selected and applied the criteria for aliasing the significance words by compiling the contents of the preceding studies on the types and methods of aliasing Korean words as discussed in Chapter 2. In the case of a significant variant, the analysis data of form and beauty in the octopus corpus of the National Academy of Korean Languages were selected for analysis and a case was presented. In case of a significant variant, a two-time indicator was used. The primary indicator distinguishes the frequency of appearance in a bundle of Sejong horses through etymology and whether the language is native or Chinese. The discourse difference confirmed whether the corpus usage was colloquial or literary. In the second index, the information on the dictionary meaning of the pair of significant words was verified through the National Academy of Korean Language's 'Standard Korean Language Dictionary' and 'Korean Language Dictionary'. Based on the Sejong corpus data, we also used the replacement of significant words and the binding restriction verification method to identify the sentence structure information through the combined relationship of nouns, investigations, and adverbs used in the front and rear contexts of the a-word time adverbs. The primary and secondary indicators were then integrated into a table of semantic variants that could explain the differences in meaning between the pairs of words. Finally, Chapter 5 summarizes what has been discussed so far regarding this study and presents the limitations of this study and the remaining tasks. The above study was meaningful in that it was conducted on the basis of the corpus data for the training of the Korean time adverb meaning variation and analysis of time adverb significance by using substitution method and combination constraint verification method among the means. It is expected that this study will be used as a basis for the identification and training of time adverbs for Korean learners

[koreangrammardoctor]

[Information] The National Institute of the Korean Language 국립국어원 opens the dialect dictionary site

안녕하세요. 여러분. 한국어 문법 의사입니다. . I would like to introduce good news to Korean learners and those who are interested in dialects / regional languages. The National Institute of the Korean Language (국립국어원) opens the dialect dictionary site. . You can look up dialect words and the equivalent words to official words, which are used in certain regions. . Here is the link. English services are not available. . https://dialect.korean.go.kr/dialect/ . . 지역어 찾기: searching for specific words 지역어 지도: You can compare words marked on the map of Korean peninsula and see which words are used in certain areas. 지역어 이야기 자료: The source of words, such as conversations and stories 문학 속 지역어: words used in literature . Thank you and have a nice day!

[koreangrammardoctor]

[Tips for Korean learners] -라는 / -라고 하는 are commonly used for 'which is called ~~'

[Tips for Korean learners] -라는 / -라고 하는 are commonly used for 'which is called ~~'

Hello! TTTempting everyone! This is the Korean Grammar Doctor!

안녕하세요. 한국어 문법 의사입니다!

.

At the meetup, one of my friends took his turn to introduce multiple Nintendo devices which he used to play Pocketmon games, saying "저는 닌텐도로 포켓몬 게임을 해요."

.

However, in Korean language, 닌텐도 is a company name, not a device. So, other Korean members were confused and didn't know what he tried to say. We asked him to clarify his remark and he said that he played games with multiple 닌텐도 devices, especially 닌텐도 DS. Then, a lady member in her 50s didn't understand what 닌텐도 DS was.

Instantly and intuitively, I realized that lots of English speakers don't generally use -라고 하는 or 라는 to introduce something to other people which isn't very common or well-known.

I gave him advice that it is better to say '닌텐도 DS로 게임을 해요 OR 닌텐도 DS라는 게임기로 게임을 해요' in this context.

.

.

I assume that those at intermediate level or advanced level already know '-라고 하는' or '-라는' grammar. They are used to 1) quote someone's remark 2) explain the meaning of something. Interestingly, they are used to say 'which is called'

.

.

For example

- 1) 이번에 ���성이라는 회사에서 일하게 되었어요.

= 이번에 삼성이라고 하는 회사에서 일을 하게 되었어요.

= 이번에 삼성이란 회사에서 일하게 되었어요.

I will start working for a company 'which is called Samsung'

- 2) 수민 씨, 어제 기아라는 회사에서 전화가 왔었어요.

= 수민 씨, 어제 기아라고 하는 회사에서 전화가 왔었어요.

수민 씨, we got a phone call from the company which is called '기아'

- 3) 내일 기생충이라는 영화가 개봉을 해요.

= 내일 기생충이라고 하는 영화가 개봉을 해요.

Tomorrow, the movie "기생충" will be released.

.

.

Before using this expression, please make sure

- 1) which category the word belongs to. When referring to '기아', you should say '~라는 회사' When referring to '기생충', you should say '~라는 영화'

.

- 2) whether or not the listener(s) know(s) the meaning of the word. If the listeners already know what '영화 기생충' is, it is not really necessary to say '기생충이라는 영화' It is fine to say '내일 기생충이 개봉을 해요.'

.

.

ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ

If you have any feedback or questions, please let me know. Thank you.

The Korean grammar doctor will always be by Korean learner's side! Stay TTTempting!

한국어 문법 의사는 언제나 한국어 학습자 곁에 있습니다! Stay TTTempting!

ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ

.

.

Good to read.

https://www.howtostudykorean.com/unit-3-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-3-lessons-51-58/lesson-54/

https://funkorean4u.com/tag/%EB%9D%BC%EA%B3%A0-%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4-grammar/

https://123learnkorean.wordpress.com/2009/08/25/%EC%9D%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%8A%94-called/

https://www.italki.com/question/66887?hl=en-us

https://www.mykoreanramblings.com/2016/09/28/a-thing-called-%EC%9D%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%8A%94-%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%80/

https://www.mykoreanramblings.com/2018/04/18/the-fact-that-%EB%8B%A4%EB%8A%94-%EA%B2%83/

https://talktomeinkorean.libsyn.com/webpage/2011/08/15

[koreangrammardoctor]

Banner title: Prevent the corona virus infection! Letter in the red circle: Do not have sex with your spouse.

[koreangrammardoctor]

"아내의 가슴이 커지는 아파트"

[koreangrammardoctor]

[Tips for Korean learners] "I won the lottery!" is not "복권에서 이겼어요!"___"Win" is not always "이기다"

Hello! TTTempting everyone! This is the Korean Grammar Doctor! 안녕하세요! 여러분! 한국어 문법 의사입니다! . . One of my friends is a member of ARMY(BTS fan clubs). She applied for the drawing lots for a concert ticket and literally won the lot! She was really excited and said "BTS 콘서트 이겼어!" I instantly found it awkward. . I looked up Webster learner's dictionary, these two meanings are quite equivalent words to 이기다 in Korean. . - 1) to achieve victory in a fight, contest, game, etc. (In Korean, it is 이기다) - The boxer won the match: 권투선수가 경기에서 이겼다. - They won the battle/war. : 전투에서 / 전쟁에서 이겼다. - She won the election.: 선거에서 이겼다. . - 2) to get (something) by effort (In Korean: 받다 / 얻었다. / 따다. - She won praise for her hard work. : 열심히 일해서 칭찬을 받았다 / 열심히 일한 덕택에 칭찬을 받았다. - His perseverance won him the job. [=he got the job because of his perseverance] : (의역 free translation) 그에 인내심이 직업을 얻는데 도움을 주었다. / 그는 끈기가 있어서 직업을 얻을 수 있었다. - Britain won five gold medals. 영국은 금메달 5개를 땄다. . However, there isn't any equivalent word to 'win the lottery' in Korean. I think that it is very specific in Korean. We use the words '추첨 and 당첨되다' to describe 'win the lottery / win a draw lot' . . 당첨되다: 여럿 가운데 어느 하나를 골라잡는 추첨에서 뽑히다. To win a prize in a drawing of lots. . - 경품에 당첨되다: win a prize/ giveaway / lucky draw / raffle - 복권에 당첨되다: win a lottery - 일등에 당첨되다: win the first prize - 삼촌은 백화점에서 실시한 경품 행사에 당첨돼서 자동차를 받았다. : My uncle won a prize at a department store and got a car. . . 추첨(drawing lots) : An act of drawing lots. - 경품 추첨 : a drawing lots for a giveaway - 공개 추첨 : open drawing lots - 무작위 추첨 : random drawing lots - 복권 추첨 : a drawing lots for lottery ticket - 추첨 방식 : a drawing lots system. . 추첨하다: To draw a lot. 추첨제(lottery system) : A system in which lots are drawn to select a specific person or subject. . In this context, she should have said - BTS 콘서트 티켓 추첨했는데 (내가) 당첨되었어! - BTS 콘서트 티켓을 추첨제로 진행했는데 (내가) 당첨되었어! - BTS 콘서트 추첨에서 (내가) 당첨되었어! (내가) -> skippable.

ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ If you have any feedback or questions, please let me know. Thank you. The Korean grammar doctor will always be by Korean learner's side! Stay TTTempting! 한국어 문법 의사는 언제나 한국어 학습자 곁에 있습니다! Stay TTTempting! ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ

Reference

https://krdict.korean.go.kr/eng/dicSearch/SearchView?wordMatchFlag=N&mainSearchWord=%EB%8B%B9%EC%B2%A8%EB%90%98%EB%8B%A4&currentPage=1&sort=W&searchType=W&proverbType=&exaType=&ParaWordNo=49508&nation=eng&nationCode=6&viewType=A&blockCount=10&viewTypes=on

https://krdict.korean.go.kr/eng/dicSearch/search?nation=eng&nationCode=6&ParaWordNo=&mainSearchWord=%EC%B6%94%EC%B2%A8

[koreangrammardoctor]

[Tips for Korean learners] How to politely address people dealing with disabilities

Hello! TTTempting everyone! This is the Korean Grammar Doctor!

Few years ago, when I just started learning English, I had a chance to talk about 장애인 전용 주차구역 (the parking lot for the disabled). I used a word 'handicapped' to describe the disabled, and my friends said that it was not a good word to address them because it sounded rather disapproving. My English textbook said that the word 'handicapped' is used for the disabled. I was surprised by how different the text book English and the real-spoken English are different. Since then, I have never used the word 'handicapped' . I am also sure that lots of parts in the textbooks, which Korean learners are using currently,  haven't been fixed and caught up with the social changes yet. Some words are dead OR prohibited to be spoken because of its negative connotation these days. . So, I would like to introduce polite words to address the disabled.

*Note* I am not talking about political correctness. Please do not talk about political correctness in the comment section below. This post is intended to ONLY introduce good words to avoid misunderstandings with Koreans. . . The most common used word / the legal word for disability is 장애 and the disabled is 장애인 . . # 신체 장애 (physical disability) / 신체 장애인 - 시각 장애 (visual impairment) / 시각 장애인 - 청각 장애 (hearing impairment) / 청각 장애인 - 언어 장애 (impediment in one´s speech) / 언어 장애인 - 절단장애 (disability caused by amputation)  / 절단 장애인 - 하반신 장애 (physical disability of lower body) / 하반신 장애인 - 관절 장애 (disability of joint) / 관절 장애인 - 뇌성마비(cerebral palsy) / 뇌성 마비 장애인 . # 지적 장애 (Intellectual disability) / 지적 장애인 - 정신지체 장애 (Mental retardation) / 정신지체 장애인 - 발달장애 (Developmental Disability) / 발달장애인 - 다운증후군 (Down's syndrome) / 다운증후군 환자 - 자폐증 (Autism) / 자폐아(autistic child), 자폐증 환자(= 자폐증에 걸린 사람 / 자폐증이 있는 사람)

# 특수학교 (special education school)

In the case of that you have a disability OR someone has a disability, you need to use different words(nouns / verbs)

1) When you have a disability and want to describe it : 저는 ~~인이에요/ ~~가 있어��� / ~~를 겪고 있어요. : [implicative] (body part / 신체부위)  이(or 가) (좀) 불편해요 / (Verb+~는 것)이 (좀) 불편해요 : [implicative] (Verb+~는 것) 에 불편을 (좀) 겪고 있어요. : [implicative] (Verb+~는 것) 에 어려움을 (좀) 겪고 있어요. - If you want to specify your disability, you can put '~~때문에' in a sentence.

EX) - 저는 시각 장애인이에요 = 저는 시각 장애가 있어요 = 저는 시각 장애를 겪고 있어요 = [implicative] 저는 (시각 장애 때문에) 눈이 좀 불편해요 / 저는 (시각 장애 때문에) 보는 게 좀 불편해요 = [implicative] 저는 보는 것[seeing/viewing]에 불편을 좀 겪고 있어요. = [implicative] 저는 보는 것에 어려움을 좀 겪고 있어요.

- 저는 청각 장애인이에요 = 저는 청각 장애가 있어요 = 저는 청각 장애를 겪고 있어요 = [implicative] 저는 (청각 장애 때문에) 귀가 좀 불편해요 / 저는 듣는 게 좀 불편해요 = [implicative] 저는 (청각 장애 때문에) 듣는 것[hearing]에 불편을 좀 겪고 있어요. = [implicative] 저는 (청각 장애 때문에) 듣는 것에 어려움을 좀 겪고 있어요.

- 저는 신체 장애인이에요 = 저는 신체 장애가 있어요 = 저는 신체 장애를 겪고 있어요 = [implicative] 저는 (신체 장애 때문에) 몸이 좀 불편해요 / 저는 (신체 장애 때문에) 움직이는 것이 OR 활동이 좀 불편해요 = [implicative] 저는 움직이는 것에 OR 활동에[moving] 불편을 좀 겪고 있어요. = [implicative] 저는 움직이는 것에 OR 활동에 어려움을 좀 겪고 있어요.

- 저는 자폐증 환자예요. = 저는 자폐증이 있어요 = 저는 자폐증을 겪고 있어요 = [implicative] 저는 (자폐증 때문에) 마음에 / 지적 활동[intellectual activity]에 불편을 좀 겪고 있어요. = [implicative] 저는 (자폐증 때문에) 마음에 / 지적 활동[intellectual activity]에 어려움을 좀 겪고 있어요. (마음이 불편해요 also can be  interpreted like "I am uncomfortable with this", so I didn't put an example here.) . . 2) When you describe someone's disability. : I don't recommend that you call others '장애인', instead you can use '~~장애를 겪고 계세요 / ~~ 것이(=게) 불편하세요 / ~~것에 불편을 좀 겪고 계세요 / ~것에 어려움을 겪고 계세요'

Ex) - 저 분은 시각장애를 겪고 계세요. = 저 분은 (시각장애 때문에) 눈이 좀 불편하세요 / (시각장애 때문에) 보는 게 좀 불편하세요 = 저 분은 (시각장애 때문에) 보는 것에 불편을 좀 겪고 계세요. = 저 분은 (시각장애 때문에) 보는 것에 어려움을 좀 겪고 계세요.

- 저 분은 청각장애를 겪고 계세요 = 저 분은 (청각장애 때문에) 귀가 좀 불편하세요 = 저 분은 (청각장애 때문에)듣는 게 좀 불편하세요 = 저 분은 (청각장애 때문에) 듣는 것에 불편을 좀 겪고 계세요 = 저 분은 (청각장애 때문에) 듣는 것에 어려움을 좀 겪고 계세요

- 저 분은 뇌성마비를 겪고 게세요. = 저 분은 (뇌성마비 때문에) 몸이 좀 불편하세요. = 저 분은 (뇌성마비 때문에) 움직이는 게 / 활동하는 게 좀 불편하세요. = 저 분은 (뇌성마비 때문에) 움직이는 것에 / 활동하는 것에 불편을 겪고 계세요. = 저 분은 (뇌성마비 때문에) 움직이는 것에 / 활동하는 것에 어려움을 겪고 계세요. . . ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ If you have any feedback or questions, please let me know. Thank you. The Korean grammar doctor will always be by Korean learner's side! Stay TTTempting! 한국어 문법 의사는 언제나 한국어 학습자 곁에 있습니다! Stay TTTempting! ㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡㅡ

Reference

https://news.joins.com/article/22995403

https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=cQqqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=handicapped+%EB%A7%90%EA%B3%A0&source=bl&ots=g5lMLs1Rvm&sig=ACfU3U2nP10Y_iTj69zHztmLXH9iEHazCw&hl=ko&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi_kOvtte7oAhV5w4sBHSAtCI8Q6AEwA3oECAsQMA#v=onepage&q=handicapped%20%EB%A7%90%EA%B3%A0&f=false

https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=wLSnAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=handicapped+%EB%A7%90%EA%B3%A0&source=bl&ots=cn54OA4Ezi&sig=ACfU3U3CMPlni1MEHFnCfnLl0SdCoxcYRg&hl=ko&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi_kOvtte7oAhV5w4sBHSAtCI8Q6AEwAXoECAsQKg#v=onepage&q=handicapped%20%EB%A7%90%EA%B3%A0&f=false