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homeopathylove-blog · 7 years ago

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Anticancer potential of Conium Maculatum Extract Against Cancer Cells in Vitro: Drug-DNA Interaction and its Ability to Induce Apoptosis through ROS Generation

AbstractObjective:

Conium maculatum extract is used as a traditional medicine for cervix carcinoma including homeopathy. However, no systematic work has so far been carried out to test its anti-cancer potential against cervix cancer cells in vitro. Thus, in this study, we investigated whether ethanolic extract of conium is capable of inducing cytotoxicity in different normal and cancer cell lines including an elaborate study in HeLa cells.

Materials and Methods:

Conium’s effects on cell cycle, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and apoptosis, if any, were analyzed through flow cytometry. Whether Conium could damage DNA and induce morphological changes were also determined microscopically. Expression of different proteins related to cell death and survival was critically studied by western blotting and ELISA methods. If Conium could interact directly with DNA was also determined by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy.

Results:

Conium treatment reduced cell viability and colony formation at 48 h and inhibited cell proliferation, arresting cell cycle at sub-G stage. Conium treatment lead to increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at 24 h, increase in MMP depolarization, morphological changes and DNA damage in HeLa cells along with externalization of phosphatidyl serine at 48 hours. While cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation led HeLa cells toward apoptosis, down-regulation of Akt and NFkB inhibited cellular proliferation, indicating the signaling pathway to be mediated via the mitochondria-mediated caspase-3-dependent pathway. CD-spectroscopy revealed that Conium interacted with DNA molecule.

Conclusion:

Overall results validate anti-cancer potential of Conium and provide support for its use in traditional systems of medicine.

Keywords: Apoptosis, Conium maculatum, drug-DNA interaction, proliferation, reactive oxygen species

INTRODUCTION

Conium maculatum is an extremely poisonous flowering weed, known as Hemlock and belongs to the family Apiaceae. Conium contains several pyridine alkaloids like coniine, N-methylconiine, conhydrine, pseudoconhydrine and gamma-coniceine, precursors of some other hemlock alkaloids.[1] The structures of these alkaloids are shown in Figure 1a. Among these, the most notable one is coniine, the properties of which are similar to nicotine. It disrupts the functions of the central nervous system by binding with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.[2,3] Though this plant is highly toxic in nature, its extract had been used as a traditional remedy for different diseases since a long time.[4] As for example, Conium is the main remedy for prostate gland and swelling of the testis. In homeopathy, it is used as a remedy for breast cancer and cancer of cervix uteri,[4] but its action has not yet been scientifically validated except for the report that it can inflict DNA damage by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS).[5] In this study, we contemplate to elucidate the probable mechanism of action of the drug in inducing apoptosis in the cervix cancer cell line HeLa.

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homeopathylove-blog · 7 years ago

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The Evolutionary Significance of Samuel Hahnemann

I am very honoured that you have invited me to speak to this Congress of the League on the 50th anniversary of its founding here in Rotterdam, the city of Erasmus. I am happy to recall that we, from across the water, were present at the original foundation, with Dr. Fergie Woods playing a significant role in the establishment of this International League, and I am also glad that another of our islanders, Dr. John Paterson, played his part, after the last internecine holocaust that overwhelmed our continent and this very city of Rotterdam, in healing the terrible wounds and grievances it left behind. We are at times a tiresome lot in those offshore islands, as many since Julius Caesar have found, but we belong to the culture and history of Europe. We have played our part in carrying the seeds of this culture to the five continents of our common globe and reciprocally in introducing theirs to enrich our own. And not all this legacy to mankind has been evil and ugly. It was in Europe that the idea and religion of the Universal Man first took historic root and however distorted and disfigured it may have become in the course of the passionate conflicts of the centuries, it remains the ideal and the impulse for the healing of nations and the reconciling of our conflicts. Within this ideal all our differentiated cultures can enrich each other. The discovery of the world, initiated by the Portuguese voyages, and carried on particularly by the Dutch and British, has led now to the fact of our planetary unity and interdependence. At the very beginning of this movement here in Rotterdam, Erasmus carried the torch of Humanist culture and tolerance. He was a close fri~nd of our English Sir Thomas More whose Utopiar- or Eutopia as he also called it-is still far ahead of all current politics. I recall with pleasure that when Erasmus visited England he was delighted with our English girls who greeted him with affectionate kisses, so much so that he wrote quickly to his friend to come and join him as soon as possible. It was through the Humanists that the idea of the individual, the value of personality and of its highest potentiality, genius, was really worked into our culture. So it is most fitting that our League was founded here in this city of Erasmus and here meets again to further the cause of Homoeopathy, an ideal of medicine which seeks to put the individual human in the centre of the medical picture. At the same time, up the Rhine at Basle, none other than Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, the noted and passionate Paracelsus, let loose his attack on the medical academics of his time. Erasmus himself was successfully treated by him whilst there.

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homeopathylove-blog · 7 years ago

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FDA Sends Warning to Third Homeopathic Medication Maker in as Many Months

he FDA has sent a warning letter to a New York-based homeopathic medication maker, marking the third warning in as many months that the FDA has sent to makers of the natural products.

The FDA last week issued a warning letter to the HomeoCare Laboratories facility in Yonkers. The letter made clear that while the plant’s products are labeled homeopathic, they still have to meet certain FDA standards and that inspectors had found shortcomings in the processes that would ensure that.

The FDA criticized the facility for not having processes to make sure that the ingredients it uses, including some that can be toxic like strychnine, meet standards for identity, strength, quality, purity and potency. Among other problems, it found that the company did little in-process testing and and generally only tested finished products for microbiological contamination, so couldn’t be certain of uniformity.

RELATED: FDA bites Homeolab with warning letter over tainted infant teething products

That latest FDA action came a month after the FDA sent a warning letter to a Homeolab USA facility in Montreal, Québec, which in turn, came weeks after it sent a warning letter to Raritan Pharmaceuticals, a New Jersey CMO that provides contract manufacturing services for Homeolab USA.

And those two warning letters arose after the FDA became concerned of reports of about potential adverse effects in children who used homepathic belladonna-treated teething products.

RELATED: FDA warning slams drugmaker that made teething tablets containing belladonna

The FDA last issued a consumer alert warning to parents to dispose of homeopathic teething tablets and gels because they posed a potential risk.

It said consumers should seek medical care immediately if their child experienced seizures, difficulty breathing, lethargy, excessive sleepiness, muscle weakness, skin flushing, constipation, difficulty urinating or agitation after using homeopathic teething tablets or gels.

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homeopathylove-blog · 7 years ago

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Homeopathy360 presents the upcoming event news – (Homeocon 2018: January 6-7, 2018)

Based on their vast experience and decades of clinical practice two day seminar in Pune..

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homeopathylove-blog · 7 years ago

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TEENAGE PROBLEMS

Homeopathy360 brings to you daily basis latest Homeopathic articles.

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homeopathylove-blog · 7 years ago

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TEENAGE PROBLEMS

When children go to school they begin to learn how to interact with other children. There are great pressures in the playground to conform and to be included in the group. Throughout primary schooling, this socialisation is a strong feature. Once children grow into their teenage years, they become aware of quite other pressures too. At various stages in life, human beings ask themselves the question “Who am I?” This is often associated with the birthdays which end in “0” – especially later in life, where 30, 40 and 50 are seen as “significant” birthdays sometimes associated with the “mid-life crises”. The seeds of these crises lie in the teenage years because this is the time of life when we begin to ask profound questions.

Teenage tensions Not only are teenagers subject to pressures to belong, in the same way as they experienced when younger, but they are beginning to become aware of the need to know themselves as individual and unique. This is a real tension. How can you affirm your uniqueness and yet at the same time not be rejected by your peers?

Happily, one of the ways emerges naturally because all the teenager’s friends are experiencing exactly the same tension. This leads to them identifying with sub-groups of teenagers with common interests and common ways of behaving. We can see this in apparently paradoxical ways. For example, one particular style adopted by some teenagers these days is that of the “Goth”. If you see one of these kids in the street with their parents, you wonder if the child has been parachuted down into this family unit from outer space! With their black clothes, chains, heavy make-up, they just don’t look like they fit! They do look quite unique. However, somewhere in town, there will be a corner, a street or a park where these children gather. When you see a crowd of twenty or thirty “Goths”, they don’t look so unique anymore – they all look the same! This is a good example of how teenagers are beginning to identify more with other people of the same age as themselves than they are with their families.

Developing these new connections and trying to separate themselves to some extent from their families is the basis of much of the disturbance, which occurs at this time in life. In addition, families, or more specifically, parents, represent authority and control. As teenagers try to separate themselves from the family controls they can become overtly rebellious. In fact, a general rebellion against authority of all kinds is quite common during these years. This rebelliousness can have quite a destructive or even violent quality in some teenagers.

However, these teens are still children too. They still need to love and be loved and they still have plenty of playfulness and curiosity. In fact, just as children are often more imaginative than adults, so we see that teenagers have active imaginations and can often be highly idealistic.

At best then, this is a time of first love, of intense, passionate relationships, a time of high ideals and of a drive to discover new ways of experiencing life. At worst, the tensions produce self-doubt, fed by broken relationships, lost loves and disappointments, which lead to melancholy and even depressive or self-destructive experiences.

Hormonal changes These issues are not, however, the only ones facing teenagers. We change all the time. Our bodies are always changing. We see this most obviously in the first couple of decades of life where little children quickly grow taller. Not only are their bodies growing and maturing however, so are their personalities. We watch our children develop new skills week by week throughout the first years of life, and this development continues apace throughout the teens. However, there is the addition of a crucially important element at this time – the sex hormones. Puberty brings about enormous changes in the shape of these children’s bodies. Boys’ voices “break” and they begin to develop body and facial hair. Girls begin to menstruate and to develop breasts and body hair. In addition the surging hormones impact on the skin and many teenagers experience the sufferings of the plague of acne.

Amongst the common health problems in these years, therefore, are skin complaints, menstrual difficulties and emotional/ behavioural problems.

Homeopathic intervention In the conditions, which are strongly physical, like acne and menstrual problems, homeopathic medicines can help stimulate the healing system to deal with the hormonal changes naturally and so reduce the harmful impacts on the body that produce these problems. In addition, however, reading the narratives of some “constitutional” homeopathic medicines which are commonly indicated at this time will not only help the teenager holistically but will help his or her parents to understand them better. A “constitutional” medicine is one, which closely matches a wide range of features in the patient’s experience. Not just particular symptoms, which are being experienced but sensitivities and ways of coping also. Here are some of the more common ones. Maybe you will recognise a teenager you know in one of these descriptions.

Helleborus These are children who are often described as “unusually compassionate”. This can make them stand out from others and even seem a bit eccentric. They have their own ways of doing things, but because of their caring attitude this difference is not generally perceived by others as a bad thing. If these children are struck with self-doubt then things begin to change dramatically. They start to close down and withdraw.

What kinds of events might produce this change? The grief of the loss of a loved one – not necessarily a death in the family, but the loss of the first love. Moving house, particularly to another area altogether where they have to make new connections and new friends. At this time they can become significantly homesick. Or it might be a physical event, like a head injury. This closing down state is typified by moroseness, grumpiness and ill-temper.

They lose all their motivation and say that nothing interests them any more. Expressions of sympathy and attention just seem to make them worse by making them more aware of their distress. This state is accompanied by a slowing up, seen not only in apathy, but in a slowing of their speech. They are reluctant to talk, speak slowly, if at all, and even seem to think slowly. Throughout this they maintain that strong sense of individuality and express that through dress. Often what they wear, others find strange, or “inappropriate”. They can become quite obsessed with death and dying and withdraw into their own imaginary worlds.

Cina Cina children are bright, imaginative and fun when well, but we rarely see them in this state. When they become unwell they develop a real dissatisfaction with everything, which is expressed through what are typically described as “ugly” moods. When upset, rather than withdrawing like the Helleborus children, these children make a noise about it. They complain and they complain loudly. They are in a very uncomfortable state where they don’t want to be ignored but they don’t want attention either – really, there is no pleasing them!

These are children who can develop tics and spasms, or even epileptic type “absences”. They, too, have active imaginations and can become quite disturbed, especially at night, when they are active dreamers and will talk or even scream in their sleep.

Tuberculinum In previous articles we have seen that Tuberculinum can be a common remedy in young children and even toddlers and here in the teenage years it is also common. The typical teenager who needs this remedy is restless, stubborn and very rebellious. They can be quite malicious, or even destructive when they are angry. They are continuously kicking against any idea of authority and yet are highly idealistic, even romantic, in their thinking.

These are the kids who identify with political revolutionaries, and who, in times past, would put up posters of Che Guevara and Chairman Mao on their bedroom walls – not so common these days! They might identify with other “rebels”. The punk rock movement attracted a lot of these kids (although it also attracted many other teenagers who needed quite different homeopathic medicines!). Despite their anger and their restlessness, they still have many fears and these might be quite specific – dogs, thunderstorms, darkness, for example.

Skin problems Acne is common to both boys and girls but is more common in the boys. This is because it is particularly provoked by the circulating testosterone levels, which make the skin more greasy and oily. The pores become blocked and infected and so we see the full range of spots, from black-heads, to red swellings, to pus-filled eruptions ,which cause teenagers such distress. In more severe cases, there can be many spots over the face, the forehead, the chest and the back, and the most severe ones are quite destructive of the skin leaving deep pits and scars. Whilst even in its milder forms acne can cause great distress, in its most severe forms it leaves permanent scarring.

The orthodox treatments for acne centre around the use of antibiotics, used either in short courses to fight the larger, more painful lesions, or in low doses over longer periods of time to treat chronic acne. The homeopathic approach is to try and stimulate the person’s own healing system to reduce the sensitivity in the skin to the circulating hormones. One good way to do this is to give them their “constitutional” medicine but this is very difficult to work out if you are the parent. It is best to have a full consultation with a homeopathic doctor if you want to take this approach. However, there are some common medicines, which may be indicated on the basis of some of the features of the acne itself.

For treatment of the bigger spots, which might even be small abscesses, Hepar sulph can be indicated. This is where a lot of pus has gathered, the patient feels chilly and irritable, and there is considerable swelling and tenderness. They might find that putting a hot cloth against the sore bit helps. At an earlier stage to this, where there is just redness, heat and swelling but no pus yet, then Belladonna might be more useful, especially if the patient is agitated, restless and fevered.

When we considered the problems of children in an earlier article, we looked at Sulphur as a common medicine for the restless, inquisitive, messy and disorganised child. Certainly, many teenagers’ rooms look like “Sulphur rooms”! They are messy and chaotic and as they develop many passing fancies with a disposition to collect things, their rooms are really full of “stuff”! These tend to be hot, sweaty teenagers who love nothing better than fast food, like burgers, pizzas and chips. They often have quite bad skin with many red, itchy and hot patches and spots.

Silica is a common remedy in acne. The Silica child tends to be a bit chilly, sensitive, shy and very concerned to do well at school. Indeed, a fear of failing can cause many problems for these patients around examination times. Their skin is unhealthy and injuries, scratches and inflammation easily become infected with the infections grumbling on for long periods of time. These skin problems are not as dramatic as in the Hepar sulph or the Sulphur states but seem to be more chronic. These are also sweaty kids with particularly offensive foot sweats.

Kali bromatum is another common acne medicine. This is more commonly indicated in some of the more severe cases of acne, especially with lots of itchy lesions, which are worse before each period. These children are often low in energy, sleepy and worried about not getting on well at school. They are afraid they are not as clever as their friends.

Period pains In the early years of a girl’s periods, there are commonly problems with painful periods and with very irregular periods. In most cases, both of these problems settle down in time and the body adjusts naturally. However, in many girls the problem is severe enough to cause them to lose time off school and to generally make their lives miserable. Almost the only treatments on offer from the doctor are painkillers and, sometimes, the oral contraceptive pill. Both of these approaches use drugs on a frequent, or even semipermanent basis, and most people would really rather try to find a more natural solution. Here homeopathy has a role to play, in trying to stimulate the natural regulatory systems and resolve the problems without drugs.

One of the most commonly indicated homeopathic medicines for period pain (dysmenorrhoea) is Magnesium phosphoricum (Mag phos). This is indicated when there is severe colicky abdominal pain which forces the girl to bend over or curl up so she can press on the sore part and where the pains are relieved by holding a hot water bottle against the affected area. This is quite common in girls who are sensitive, in fact, maybe even oversensitive to things. They are easily disturbed by scary or violent things on TV and are oversensitive to pain.

Another medicine for dysmenorrhoea is Chamomilla. This is indicated when the girl become extremely irritable with the pain, crying out and shouting out and demanding attention. It is a common remedy for the teething infant, but is often forgotten as a medicine for these girls with their dysmenorrhoea.

Lachesis is often indicated for period pains which are worse in the run up to the period each month but which go away very quickly whenever the bleeding begins. It is indicated in girls who have fiery tempers and who react increasingly aggressively as the period approaches. They are also likely to complain of feeling bloated and have swollen painful breasts in the premenstrual days. Everything instantly gets better when the period begins.

Pulsatilla is a good medicine for girls whose periods tend to be very erratic, sometimes coming too early, sometimes too late. The pattern is constantly changing. This is really a key feature of Pulsatilla – the variability of the symptoms. They become very weepy and emotional before their periods and need to have company and sympathy to feel well. These girls are typically quite shy, although they are very sociable and respond well to the attentions of their friends and family.

Another homeopathic medicine, which can be useful at this time in a girl’s life is China. This is a good remedy for girl’s who get really exhausted after a heavy period. Their periods tend to be heavier than average and are really quite debilitating so that they often lose time off school because they are just so exhausted. In this state they feel very physically weak and can be quite tremulous. This is an oversensitive state, and they are oversensitive to lights, to noise and even to smells.

There are, of course, many other problems, which can be experienced by teenagers, but these descriptions of teenage behavioural changes and some medicines for acne and period problems are all very common patterns and I expect you will recognise at least one of them in a teenager you know.

These can be very difficult and challenging years, but your teenager needs two things from you more than anything else: to know that you still love them (no matter what!) and to feel secure – home can be a safe haven in these troubled times. You might be amazed how your children change when they enter their teens, but the vast majority emerges at the other end of the teens as balanced, and very likeable young adults!

If you are going to use any of the medicines mentioned, unless a specific dose is recommended by your homeopathic doctor, use a 30c strength and repeat the doses as often as is necessary. The rule in homeopathy is to take a dose, experience the improvement, then if the improvement starts to decline, repeat the remedy. If a dose does not produce any improvement, then there is no point in repeating that particular remedy.

About the author

Bob Leckridge MBChB FFHom graduated from Edinburgh University in 1978 and worked as a GP until 1995 since when he has worked full-time as a Specialist in Homeopathic Medicine at Glasgow Homoeopathic Hospital. He teaches homeopathy internationally and is the author of Homeopathy in Primary Care. He became President of the Faculty of Homeopathy in 1998.

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homeopathylove-blog · 7 years ago

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There is jealousy that springs from a sense of envy or covetousness, the denial of natural out lets, of emotion, such as the desire for a home or off spring or luxury. A child may covet another’s toys or clothes, a child denied normal loving home surroundings may be jealous of one who is lovingly cared for. The passing generation may look with jealousy upon the happiness or activities of those younger, when they know themselves to have experienced all the possibilities along those lines that this world can offer. The jealousy of a mother toward her son’s wife, of a father toward his children, because he feels the mother makes the children, because her sole (or at least her major) interest in life.

The variations of the jealous element in our patients is often a source of endless difficulty. Many patients will reveal this characteristic in some way or the other. It is very true that this is hidden away, secret, where it is difficult for even the practiced art of the physician to reveal it. Wherever we find the sycotic taint we may find jealousy in a flourishing condition. Jealousy is essentially sycotic. While the syphilitic taint may be some what jealous, we find it rarely in the purely psoric. If the psoric patient has a taint of jealousy, he does not conceal it but drags it forth and airs it to all who will listen to his tale. The syphilitic patient does not talk much about his troubles, but the sycotic is even more secretive and broods over them, It is he who is most apt to act upon his fevered broodings, especially if in addition to his sycotic taint, he has the activity of psoric manifestations, or the added poison of the syphilitic. Under these conditions he will be opt to react in one of two ways, he may become so burdened with his jealousy and jealous imaginings that he will commit suicide, or he may burst forth in to violence upon those whom he blames for his unhappiness. In some cases, his jealousy, which is apt to be entirely without grounds, may be the final straw that overbalances his mental instability.

While we have all shades of this emotion to deal with, we are interested particularly in the remedies that will meet some of the common varieties, we most frequently meet.

Let us consider Apis mellifa, we are told that the queen bee is the most jealous thing in nature. In its proving’s Apishas developed two profoundly different manifestations, one is a profound indifference, the other an overwhelming jealousy. But this jealousy has been noted only in the female. The indifference is not only an emotional reaction, it extends into the mental sphere and affects the nervous control of the body so that the patient can not walk or handle things without awkwardness. When the jealous phase is active, there is nothing of this passivity or indifference about them. There is anger and the desire to kill. It is frequently associated with sexual courses or abnormal sexual manifestations such as nymphomania; all her ideas turn around jealousy and she is very talkative, sometimes disgustingly salacious. There may be insanity with violence amounting almost to frenzy, either the indifference or the hyperactivity of mind often come on after fright, rage or jealousy, or hearing bad news. Here again we see the relation of the jealousy even in the seemingly indifferent states.

We should know the general symptoms of Apis sufficiently to recognize it when we meet it in a patient. But let us not forget it when we see either the marked indifference of the concealed jealousy or the violence of the active state.

Ungovernable jealousy from any and all occasions reminds us of Anantherum muriatic. The syphilitic and sycotic application of this remedy is clearly marked. There is the restlessness, irritability and suspicion, dread of society, blunted intellect, loss of memory, delirium, idiocy and mania that manifest the worst side of these miasms. It is conceivable that much of the ungovernable jealousy comes from the sexual sphere for the venereal appetite is increased by every attempt to satisfy it and it drives him at last to onanism and madness.

In calcarea phos we again find a deep acting remedy. The jealousy arises from misunderstanding or unrequited love. This patient has brooded over affairs and instead of taking matters in a sensible light and clearing them up, puts off doing what should be done. He is inclined to indignation and anger but either can not bring himself to act promptly and clearly or can not clear his mind sufficiently to attack the matter in a sensible light and clearing them up, puts off doing what should be done, is inclined to indignation and anger, but either can not bring himself to act promptly and clearly or can not bring himself to act promptly and clearly or can not clear his mind sufficiently to attack the matter in a rational manner. This patient may be dull minded as the result of grief, jealousy or disappointed love with forgetfulness and restlessness, always wishing to be somewhere else.

Cenchris contrix manifests the suspicion of the snake venoms. This jealousy partakes to the envy and selfishness yet the element of suspicion causes her to believe that her husband is going to put her away, probably in an insane retreat. She broods dreamy and absent minded. She is selfish and envious, desiring for herself and always suspicious someone else is going to get the benefit of what she herself has.

The Arsenicum child is jealous and greedy; he eats or takes far more than he needs because he wishes no one else to share and fears they will have something of what should be his. He will not share his toys and resents the equal enjoyment of others. He whines and pushes them away for fear they will come too close to what is his.

Lachesis is a peculiarly jealous creature, always suspicious and the jealousy is often associated with perverted sexual desire. She falls in love with another girl and is jealous that her beloved will be interested in a normal way in some one else or there may be insane jealousy of her husband or indifference or even aversion to him and to other members of the family.

Hyoscyamus has a picture of jealousy associated with grief; there may or may not be reasonable grounds for either the jealousy or the grief, with this emotional disturbance there is a high redness of the face, rage, incoherent speech, sometimes delirium with a desire to run away from her emotional distress.

Ignatia has the jealousy arising from a disappointed love. Hers is a silent grief and the many and varied symptoms arising from the secret sorrow often blind the physician to the source of the trouble.

Nux vomica – jealousy is often the jealousy of disappointed ambition. He has worked hard and sees another reach the place where would be. The low boiling point disposition of Nux cannot stand this pressure, and he unlike, Ignatia, vents his feelings in quarrelling, reproaches, scolding and insults. He will not be cautious in the language he uses, the more vulgar, the more it suits his mood in reaction he may howl and weep aloud. If the jealousy arises from conjugal relations, there will be no hesitancy in dragging up other storms and no former falling from grace will be forgotten in the scene that ensues. There is often a suicidal tendency but the Nux vomica patient is afraid to die unless a sudden impulse attacks him when happens to be a height and he suddenly throws himself off or unless by chance a gun happens to his hand, when he may shoot himself.

The injured party may manifest the psoric miasm in the desire to talk of the difficulty with any one he meets or the secretive influence may come in for sullen brooding.

Pulsatilla’ s jealousy is more of an envious type although she rather expects to be slighted, there is mistrust, a dislike to people. There may be silent grief, but there is usually much weeping. She has suicidal thoughts, mostly strongly of drowning but also by shooting, but she is easily diverted. She does not lack the courage to do the deed, but her yielding disposition easily gives up the idea for the time being. The child longs for this or that is satisfied with nothing; the grown up is envious, avaricious, unsatisfied and greedy and wants everything for himself.

Gallic acid has the type of jealousy that permits no diversion of attention from himself. This really arises from a fear of being left alone. He must be watched constantly. Anyone who has the temerity to divert the attention of his attendant will meet a storm of abusive language. He is exceedingly rude and abusive to everyone, even to his best friends. This is the personality who must take the center of the stage and will share it with no one; he is exceedingly jealousy of his prerogatives.

Like any of the Raphanus symptoms, the jealousy arises from hysterical conditions, traceable directly to the uterus. It has an analogous condition in the male sexual sphere. In women there is an aversion to children, particularly to girls and marked aversion to those of her own sex, she does not wish to come near nor to touch her. The emotions are capricious with sadness, irrepressible tears, alternating with hopefulness. It is well to trace this emotionalism to its source, we may clear up a serious condition tending toward mania by a careful prescription for this remedy.

Staphysagria has as the occasion for its jealousy a great pride and envy. With this envy there is a great sensitiveness, the superlative pride is easily wounded and there are bad results there. He fears losing those things which he is so proud of possessing yet he himself will destroy them for his own amusement. His jealousy probably arises from his own ill adjusted sexual condition, which leads him into unnatural habits.

The Lycopodium jealousy arises because of distrust and suspicion. He is greedy, avaricious and malicious and may well drive his family to acts which rouses his jealousy. He seeks quarrels and is so generally disagreeable in some states that he has good grounds for being jealous of those who are more considerate of those whom he scorns.

These are a few of the many remedies we have at hand to relieve the distressing and often serious emotional and mental disturbances of our patients. If we will closely observe our patients and faith fully study our material medica, we will be able to reach not only the symptomatic picture of the patient but will be able relieve the pressure from the underlying dyscrasia that predisposes to the emotional discomfort of the patient.

These remedies and the study of the mental phases of material medica sicknesses are really very valuable and Dr Roberts has presented them in quite detail, which is also helpful. As he says there are many more remedies besides those that he mentioned that have more or less of a jealous streak, mixed with pride and so forth, like Platinum and Palladium and a great many others. But they will repay us in taking up the study of the mental phases because they very often lead to the cure of a sickness that we can’t otherwise reach.

Dr Brown spoke of the development of the child, of course, it is true we don’t get hold of some of the manifestations of jealousy until later in life, but if we watch our children carefully, we will see traits of it from the early stages, see it in their play, see it in their avariciousness in getting everything for themselves, in resenting any one else having anything, this is the time.

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