gwstprojectwomenhistory

[gwstprojectwomenhistory]

Maya Angelou (1928 – 2014) American Memoirist

On April 4, 1928, in St. Louis, Missouri;  Marguerite Annie Johnson, known as Maya Angelou was born to Paul du Feu and Bailey Johnson. Maya had a difficult childhood, marked by racial discrimination and trauma. At the age of eight, Angelou was sexually assaulted by her mother's boyfriend, and as a result, she stopped speaking for several years. During this period of silence, Angelou developed a deep love for literature and found solace in books and poetry. Her early experiences and resilience would later shape her remarkable life and work.

Maya Angelou gained widespread recognition for her series of autobiographical works. Her most famous book, "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings" (1969), detailed her childhood experiences and struggles with racism, trauma, and identity. The book became a critically acclaimed bestseller, and Angelou continued to write several more memoirs, including "Gather Together in My Name" (1974) and "The Heart of a Woman" (1981). Through her candid storytelling, Angelou brought a powerful and authentic voice to the African-American experience. She was an accomplished poet and writer, known for her evocative and lyrical style. Her poetry explored themes of love, identity, and social justice. Her collection of poems, "Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie" (1971), was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, and she received numerous awards and honors throughout her career, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2010. Angelou was deeply involved in the civil rights movement, working alongside figures such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Her powerful presence and eloquent words made her a respected voice for justice and equality. She served as the Northern Coordinator for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and contributed to the organization's efforts in promoting racial equality. Angelou's words and poetry continue to inspire and resonate with audiences worldwide. Her honest and poignant exploration of personal and societal struggles has touched the lives of countless individuals, providing solace, hope, and a call to action. Maya Angelou's success as an African-American woman in the arts broke barriers and shattered stereotypes. She became an icon and an inspiration for generations of African-American women, showing them the power of their voices and the possibility of achieving their dreams. Angelou emphasized the importance of education and lifelong learning. She served as a professor at Wake Forest University and conducted speaking engagements at universities and schools around the world. Her dedication to education and literacy inspired numerous initiatives aimed at promoting reading and writing among marginalized communities. Her contributions to literature, poetry, and social commentary have solidified her place as one of the most significant voices of the 20th century. Her works continue to be studied in classrooms, celebrated in literary circles, and appreciated for their artistic and intellectual value.

Maya Angelou's life and work remain an enduring testament to the power of resilience, creativity, and the human spirit. Her ability to transform pain into art, her commitment to social justice, and her unwavering determination to uplift marginalized voices have left an indelible mark on literature, civil rights, and the hearts of people around the world. She passed away on May 28th, 2014 and her last words were: 

“There are people who go through life burdened by ignorance because they refuse to see. When they do not recognize the truth that they belong to their community and their community belongs to them … it is because they refuse to see.” -Maya Angelou

For more information on Maya Angelou:

Her poetry:

Time log: 00:47:55

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Sojourner Truth (1797 – 1883) American Abolitionist

 Sojourner Truth, born Isabella Baumfree, was born into slavery around 1797 in Swartekill, New York. She experienced the cruelty and hardships of slavery from an early age, having been separated from her family at a young age. Despite her circumstances, Truth grew up with a strong sense of justice and determination. In 1826, she escaped to freedom with her infant daughter, choosing the name Sojourner Truth to represent her mission as a traveler for truth and justice.

 Sojourner Truth became a prominent figure in the abolitionist movement and dedicated her life to the fight against slavery. She actively participated in the anti-slavery movement, delivering powerful speeches that recounted her experiences as an enslaved person. Truth's powerful oratory skills and personal testimony had a profound impact on audiences, and she became renowned for her passionate and persuasive speeches against slavery. In 1851, Sojourner Truth delivered her iconic speech, known as the "Ain't I a Woman?" speech, at the Women's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio. In her speech, she eloquently challenged prevailing notions of gender and race, advocating for the rights and equality of African-American women. Her speech has since become a cornerstone of feminist and civil rights literature, highlighting the intersecting struggles of race and gender. Sojourner Truth's narrative, "The Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave," was published in 1850. Her memoir chronicled her life in slavery, her escape to freedom, and her activism. By sharing her personal story, Truth aimed to educate and inspire others in the fight for abolition and women's rights. Her  legacy lies in her tireless advocacy for equality, freedom, and justice. She played a crucial role in the abolitionist and women's rights movements, using her own experiences to challenge societal norms and fight for the rights of marginalized individuals. Truth's emphasis on the intersectionality of race and gender was groundbreaking for her time. By highlighting the specific challenges faced by African-American women, she contributed to the understanding that social justice movements must address multiple forms of oppression simultaneously. Her courage, resilience, and commitment to justice continue to inspire activists and social justice movements. Her speeches and writings serve as a powerful reminder of the importance of standing up against injustice and fighting for the rights of all individuals.

Sojourner's contributions to society have been recognized through various honors and commemorations. In 2009, she was posthumously honored with a statue in the United States Capitol Visitor Center. Her legacy lives on in museums, educational institutions, and public spaces, where her name and achievements are celebrated. Sojourner Truth's indomitable spirit, dedication to the abolitionist and women's rights movements, and her unwavering commitment to justice and equality have left an indelible mark on history. Her legacy serves as a reminder of the power of individual voices to effect change and the importance of intersectional activism in the pursuit of social justice.

For more information on Sojourner Truth:

"Ain't I A Woman?" Speech: https://www.nps.gov/articles/sojourner-truth.htm

Time log: 00:44:15

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Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958) Discovered the DNA structure

Rosalind Elsie Franklin was born on July 25, 1920, in Notting Hill, London, England to Muriel Frances Waley and Ellis Arthur Franklin. She grew up in a highly intellectual family, and her parents encouraged her interest in science and learning. Franklin attended private schools and developed a passion for physics and chemistry from an early age. Her strong academic abilities led her to pursue higher education at the University of Cambridge and later at the University of Paris.

Rosalind Franklin made significant contributions to the field of X-ray crystallography, a technique used to study the molecular structure of substances. Her research focused on understanding the structure of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Franklin produced high-quality X-ray diffraction images of DNA fibers, which provided crucial data on the helical structure of DNA molecules. Franklin's work played a pivotal role in unraveling the double-helical structure of DNA. Her X-ray images, particularly Photograph 51, showed the characteristic X-shaped pattern indicating the presence of a helix. This data was instrumental in the discovery of DNA's structure by James Watson and Francis Crick. Franklin's contributions laid the foundation for their model, which won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962. Beyond her DNA research, Franklin made significant contributions to the fields of virology and carbon structures. She conducted groundbreaking work on the tobacco mosaic virus, providing valuable insights into its structure and behavior. Franklin also investigated the structure of coals and graphitic carbons, contributing to our understanding of carbon materials. Rosalind's work on DNA's structure remains a monumental contribution to the field of molecular biology. While her role in the discovery of DNA's double helix was initially overshadowed, her scientific data and X-ray images were pivotal in the breakthrough. Franklin's work has been widely acknowledged and continues to be celebrated for its significance in shaping our understanding of genetics. She faced gender-based discrimination during her career, but she persisted and made significant scientific advancements. Her determination and brilliance have inspired countless women to pursue careers in science and challenge gender stereotypes. Franklin's legacy serves as a reminder of the importance of gender equality in the scientific community. Franklin was known for her meticulous approach to research and adherence to scientific rigor. Her commitment to precision and accuracy in experimental techniques and data analysis set a standard for scientific practice. Rosalind's dedication to excellence and her scientific integrity continue to be influential in scientific research.

Though she did not live to witness the full extent of her impact, her contributions have been increasingly acknowledged over time. In 2013, she was posthumously honored by the Royal Society, the UK's national academy of sciences, with a dedicated exhibition celebrating her life and work. Franklin's achievements continue to be recognized and commemorated in scientific communities around the world. Rosalind Franklin's groundbreaking research and contributions to the understanding of DNA's structure have secured her a prominent place in scientific history. Her legacy as a meticulous scientist, her perseverance in the face of adversity, and her role in advancing the representation of women in science continue to inspire future generations of scientists. Franklin's work stands as a testament to the significance of scientific rigor and the pursuit of knowledge.

For more information on Rosalind Franklin:

Time log: 00:45:45

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Ella Fitzgerald (1917-1996) "The First Lady of Song" Cultural Jazz Icon

Ella Jane Fitzgerald, known as Ella Fitzgerald, was born on April 25, 1917, in Newport News, Virginia. She grew up in Yonkers, New York, and faced a challenging childhood. After her parents' separation, Fitzgerald lived with her mother and stepfather, who were both abusive. To escape the difficult environment, she frequently attended amateur nights at the Apollo Theater in Harlem, where she developed her love for music and singing.

Ella Fitzgerald is widely regarded as one of the greatest jazz vocalists of all time. Known for her remarkable vocal range, melodic improvisation, and impeccable phrasing, Fitzgerald's contributions to the genre were unparalleled. She possessed a distinct and captivating voice that allowed her to effortlessly navigate various musical styles, including swing, bebop, and ballads. Fitzgerald's recording career spanned over six decades and resulted in numerous acclaimed albums and singles. She recorded with renowned jazz musicians, such as Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, and Count Basie, and worked with prominent record labels, including Decca, Verve, and Pablo. Some of her most notable recordings include the "Songbook" series, where she interpreted the works of composers like Cole Porter, George Gershwin, and Duke Ellington. Ella Fitzgerald received numerous awards and accolades throughout her career. She won 13 Grammy Awards, including the Lifetime Achievement Award and the National Medal of Arts. In 1979, she became the first African-American woman to receive the Kennedy Center Honors, and in 1987, she was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Fitzgerald's contributions to music and her cultural impact continue to be recognized and celebrated. Her influence on jazz and popular music cannot be overstated. Ella's innovative vocal stylings and scat singing technique inspired generations of musicians. She was known for her ability to tell a story through her interpretations, captivating audiences with her emotional depth and versatility. Fitzgerald's career coincided with a time of racial segregation and discrimination, yet she overcame these obstacles to achieve incredible success. She broke down barriers as one of the first African-American women to achieve international recognition and acclaim in the predominantly white music industry, paving the way for future generations of African-American artists. Fitzgerald was a cultural ambassador for jazz music, both in the United States and internationally. Her tours took her around the world, bringing the joy and artistry of jazz to audiences everywhere. She played a significant role in popularizing and promoting jazz as a distinct and respected art form, and her influence can be heard in the performances of countless contemporary vocalists. Her technical mastery, unique phrasing, and ability to connect emotionally with her audience continue to inspire singers across genres. Her recordings and live performances remain cherished and revered by music lovers of all ages.

She died on June 15th, 1996 in Beverly Hills, California from a stroke. Ella Fitzgerald's extraordinary talent, perseverance, and contributions to jazz music have solidified her status as an iconic figure. Her voice and artistry continue to resonate with audiences, transcending time and generations. Fitzgerald's legacy as a jazz legend, trailblazer, and cultural icon is a testament to the power of music to inspire, uplift, and unite people across boundaries.

Listen to her music:

Spotify: Ella Fitzgerald

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC63nGmKVdVhiZr_bWhJVGGg?feature=gws_kp_artist&feature=gws_kp_artist

For more information on Ella Fitzgerald:

Time log: 00:46:09

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Margaret Sanger (1879-1966) Nurse, Birth Control Advocate, writer, and sex educator

On September 14, 1879, in Corning, New York, Margaret Higgins Sanger was born to Anne Purcell Higgins and Michael Hennessy Higgins. She was raised in a large Irish Catholic family and grew up witnessing the struggles of her mother, who had 18 pregnancies in 22 years. This upbringing had a profound influence on Sanger's later work as a reproductive rights activist. Despite her family's financial limitations, she pursued an education and became a nurse, working with impoverished women in New York City.

 Margaret Sanger is best known for her relentless advocacy for birth control and reproductive rights. In the early 20th century, she witnessed the consequences of unplanned pregnancies, unsafe abortions, and high maternal mortality rates. This motivated her to challenge the prevailing attitudes and laws surrounding contraception. Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the United States in 1916, which eventually led to the establishment of the organization that would become Planned Parenthood. Sanger believed that education and access to contraception were essential for empowering women and improving public health. She published numerous articles and pamphlets promoting birth control and sexual education, often facing censorship and legal challenges. Sanger also founded the magazine "The Birth Control Review" as a platform to disseminate information and foster dialogue on reproductive health. She played a significant role in challenging the laws that prohibited the dissemination and use of contraceptives. She actively sought legal battles to challenge the restrictive legislation, and her efforts contributed to the eventual legalization of birth control in the United States. Sanger's activism and lobbying efforts led to changes in public opinion, gradually shifting the discourse on reproductive health and women's rights. Her tireless advocacy for reproductive rights and access to contraception laid the foundation for the modern birth control movement. Her work challenged societal taboos and significantly contributed to the availability of contraception and family planning services, enabling women to have greater control over their reproductive choices.

Her main legacy is the organization she established, initially known as the American Birth Control League, eventually became Planned Parenthood Federation of America. Today, Planned Parenthood is one of the largest providers of reproductive health services in the United States, offering a range of medical care, education, and advocacy for women and men. Sanger's influence extended beyond the United States. She worked internationally, sharing her knowledge and promoting birth control globally. Sanger played a key role in the founding of the International Planned Parenthood Federation, which now operates in more than 170 countries, advocating for reproductive rights and providing healthcare services. Despite her significant contributions, Margaret Sanger's legacy is not without controversy. She has faced criticism for her association with eugenics, a belief system that advocated for selective breeding to improve the genetic quality of the human population. While Sanger's views on eugenics were complex and evolved over time, her involvement in the movement remains a subject of debate and scrutiny.

Margaret Sanger's legacy as a reproductive rights advocate and champion of birth control is undeniable. Her dedication to empowering women, improving public health, and challenging societal norms surrounding reproductive choices had a profound impact on the landscape of reproductive rights and access to contraception. While her association with eugenics raises important questions, Sanger's contributions to women's health and her role in establishing Planned Parenthood continue to shape the ongoing fight for reproductive justice.

For more information on Margaret Sanger:

Time log:  00:52:57

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Frida Kahlo (1907-1954) Iconic Mexican Painter

Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderón, known as Frida Kahlo, was born on July 6, 1907, in Coyoacán, a suburb of Mexico City. She grew up in a politically active and artistic family. Kahlo's father, Guillermo Kahlo, was a photographer of German descent, and her mother, Matilde Calderón y González, was of indigenous and Spanish heritage. Frida developed an interest in art from an early age, but her aspirations to become a doctor were thwarted when she experienced a debilitating accident at the age of 18. She was injured in a bus accident that dealt severe injuries throughout her body but the most damaging were to her spine and pelvis. This would forever change her life to be full of surgeries, pain, and recoveries, but sparked her inspiration for her art.

In 1929, Frida Kahlo married the renowned Mexican painter Diego Rivera, who became a significant influence on her artistic development. She first met him at the National Preparatory School in Mexico City. Their marriage was marked by both passion and turbulence. They had a complex relationship characterized by infidelity, separations, and reconciliations; not to mention the two had a 20-year age gap. Rivera is quoted saying Kahlo is “…the most wonderful part of my life" despite cheating on her multiple times. The couple also struggled to conceive children, all of this fueling Frida's complexity in her work, an example is the painting  “The Henry Ford Hospital”. Frida's bisexuality and her affairs with both men and women further contributed to the dynamics of their marriage as well. Despite her rough life circumstances, she had a successful art career, she is celebrated for her vibrant and introspective self-portraits, which explored themes of identity, pain, and resilience. Despite enduring chronic physical and emotional pain resulting from her accident and subsequent health issues, Kahlo channeled her experiences into her art. Her paintings often depicted her physical and emotional suffering, along with symbols of Mexican culture, folklore, and politics. Kahlo's unique style combined elements of surrealism, symbolism, and indigenous Mexican art, making her a pioneering figure in the art world. Frida Kahlo's work gained recognition both during her lifetime and posthumously. She had her first solo exhibition in Mexico in 1953, and her art attracted the attention of notable artists such as Pablo Picasso and André Breton. However, it was in the late 1970s and 1980s, long after her death, that Kahlo's art gained widespread international acclaim. Her deeply personal and emotive paintings resonated with audiences, and she became an iconic figure in feminist and LGBTQ+ art movements.

Picture: Self-Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird-1940

Frida's art is still prevalent and talked about today, and her legacy is a source of inspiration for multiple groups of people around the world. Kahlo's unapologetic exploration of female identity and her depiction of the female experience have made her an enduring symbol of feminist empowerment. Through her art, she challenged societal norms and patriarchal constraints, providing a voice for women who had long been silenced or marginalized. Her deep connection to her Mexican heritage is evident in her art, which often incorporated Mexican folk art and symbols. She celebrated indigenous culture and the struggles of the Mexican people, helping to promote Mexican identity and pride both within Mexico and internationally. Frida's artistic style and thematic exploration have inspired countless contemporary artists. Her powerful portrayal of pain, identity, and the human experience continues to resonate with artists and audiences worldwide. Kahlo's influence can be seen in various forms of visual art, as well as in fashion, music, and popular culture.

Frida Kahlo's legacy extends beyond her own artwork. Her life story, resilience, and ability to find beauty in the face of adversity have inspired generations. She remains an enduring symbol of strength, creativity, and self-expression, encouraging individuals to embrace their authentic selves and embrace the transformative power of art. As an artist and cultural icon goes far beyond her extraordinary paintings… encompassing boldness, resilience, and commitment to self-expression have left an indelible mark on the art world, inspiring generations of artists and serving as a beacon of empowerment for marginalized communities.

Interested in viewing her work?:

For more information on Frida Kahlo:

Time log: 00:54:48

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Shirley Chisholm (1924-2005) The first African American Woman in Congress

On November 30th, 1924 Shirley Anita St. Hill Chisholm was born in Brooklyn, New York to Ruby Seale and Charles Christopher St. Hill. She was raised in a predominantly African-American neighborhood and grew up in a household that valued education and political activism. Chisholm's parents were immigrants from the Caribbean, and their experiences influenced her perspective on social justice and equality. She attended Brooklyn College, where she earned a bachelor's degree in sociology in 1946. She later pursued a master's degree in early childhood education from Columbia University

 Shirley Chisholm made history when she perused a political career and became the first African-American woman elected to the United States Congress. In 1968, she won a seat in the House of Representatives, representing New York's 12th congressional district. During her time in Congress, Chisholm was a fierce advocate for marginalized communities and championed causes related to civil rights, women's rights, and education. She served on various committees, including the House Rules Committee, and co-founded the Congressional Black Caucus. After being in Congress for a term, in 1972, Shirley Chisholm embarked on an unprecedented and innovative journey by becoming the first African-American woman to run for a major party's nomination for President of the United States. Her campaign for the Democratic Party's nomination focused on progressive policies, such as ending the Vietnam War, expanding access to education and healthcare, and addressing social inequalities. Though she faced numerous challenges and discrimination during her campaign, Chisholm's historic run paved the way for future diverse candidates and highlighted the importance of representation in politics. Throughout her career, Chisholm placed a strong emphasis on education and fought for equitable access to quality education for all children. She believed that education was a key driver of social progress and worked to improve educational opportunities, particularly for low-income and minority students. After leaving Congress in 1983, Chisholm taught at Mount Holyoke College and continued to speak and write on issues related to education and social justice. Shirley achieved so much in her lifetime, and her legacy is a testament to America's progress. She shattered multiple barriers throughout her career, challenging the status quo and paving the way for future generations of women and people of color in politics. As the first African-American woman in Congress and a presidential candidate, she demonstrated the importance of representation and political participation. Chisholm's advocacy work focused on advancing the rights and well-being of marginalized communities. She fought for civil rights, gender equality, and economic justice. Her efforts helped to elevate issues affecting minority populations and inspired others to continue the fight for social and political change. Her leadership and unyielding commitment to justice and equality continue to inspire individuals across generations. Shirley's legacy serves as a reminder of the power of perseverance, courage, and the importance of standing up for what is right, even in the face of adversity. Chisholm's contributions have been widely recognized and honored. In 2015, she was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor in the United States. Numerous institutions, including schools and community centers, have been named after her, commemorating her legacy and commitment to public service.

Shirley Chisholm's remarkable career as a politician, advocate, educator, and author left an indelible mark on American politics and society. Her relentless pursuit of justice, her dedication to marginalized communities, and her unwavering courage continue to inspire and empower individuals to challenge the status quo and fight for a more equitable and inclusive world.

For more information on Shirley Chisholm:

Time log: 00:46:02

[gwstprojectwomenhistory]

Sally Ride (1951-2012) First American Women in Space

On May 26, 1951, in Los Angeles, California, Sally Ride was born to Carol Joyce Anderson and Dale Burdell Ride. She was raised in Encino, a suburb of Los Angeles, and demonstrated an early interest in science and sports. Ride excelled academically, particularly in mathematics and physics, and graduated from Westlake School for Girls in 1968. She then attended Stanford University, where she earned a bachelor's degree in physics in 1973 and a master's degree in 1975. She accomplished many things throughout her adult life as she was an astronaut, physicist, and educator.

 In 1978, Sally Ride responded to a NASA newspaper advertisement seeking applicants for the astronaut program. Out of over 8,000 applicants, she was one of six women selected to join NASA's astronaut class, known as Astronaut Group 8. On June 18, 1983, Ride became the first American woman to travel to space when she flew aboard the space shuttle Challenger as a mission specialist for STS-7. She later embarked on another spaceflight, STS-41-G, in October 1984. During her time at NASA, Ride served as a capsule communicator (CAPCOM), providing ground-based support and communication with astronauts during missions. She also worked on the development of the space shuttle's robotic arm, known as the Canadarm. After leaving NASA in 1987, Ride pursued her passion for science education and became a professor of physics at the University of California, San Diego. She focused on studying astrophysics and the interaction of energy and matter in the universe. Her work's legacy has changed many things for women and education in America. Breaking gender barriers, Sally Ride's accomplishments as the first American woman in space challenged gender norms and inspired generations of young women to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Her achievements demonstrated that women could excel in traditionally male-dominated fields and opened doors for future female astronauts and scientists. Sally also created educational initiatives recognizing the importance of science education, Ride co-founded Sally Ride Science in 2001. This organization aimed to inspire young students, particularly girls, to pursue STEM education and careers. Through science festivals, summer camps, and classroom programs, Sally Ride Science reached thousands of students, encouraging them to explore the wonders of science. Sally Ride received numerous accolades for her contributions to science and education. She was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame and the Astronaut Hall of Fame. Ride also received the NASA Space Flight Medal and the Jefferson Award for Public Service, among other honors.

Her pioneering spirit and dedication to scientific research continue to influence space exploration. Sally's contributions to the space shuttle program and her work in the field of astrophysics have advanced our understanding of the universe. Her legacy serves as a reminder of the importance of diversity and inclusion in scientific endeavors. Sally Ride's remarkable achievements as an astronaut, physicist, and educator not only made her a trailblazer for women in space but also left an indelible mark on the fields of science and education. Her legacy continues to inspire future generations to reach for the stars and pursue their dreams, regardless of gender or societal expectations.

For more information on Sally Ride:

Time Log: 00:45:36

[gwstprojectwomenhistory]

Malala Yousafzai (1997-Present) Female education activist & Awarded Noble Peace Prize in 2014

On July 12, 1997, Malala was born in Mingora, Pakistan to Ziauddin and Toor Perkai Yousafzai. Her father Ziauddin is an education activist and teacher, running a girls' school in their village located in Swat Valley until 2008 when the Taliban took over the town. The Taliban banned many things and even banned girls from attending school, Malala was just 11 years old. After this, she wrote a blog for the BBC Urdu detailing her experiences under Taliban occupation, which caught the attention of New York Times journalist Adam B. Ellick, who later made a documentary about her life and the state of Pakistan. This is only the beginning of Malala's activism, a few years later in 2012 a masked gunman attempted to assassinate her while she headed home on a bus after finishing an exam. He shot her in the left side of her head and was transported to Rawalpindi Institute of Cardiology and then the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham, UK. While she recovered, Muslim clerics issued a fatwā against her, thankfully Malala and her family moved to the UK. The Taliban were internationally denounced by governments, feminist and human rights activist groups. Once she recovered, she founded the Malala Fund with her father. The Malala Fund is a non-profit organization that advocates for girls' education. She also received Pakistan's first National Youth Peace Prize. In 2013 she published her book I Am Malala, an international best seller, and won the Sakharov Prize.

In 2014, she was awarded the Noble Peace Prize at age 17, alongside Kailash Satyarthi from India (an activist against child labor) for her efforts with the Malala Fund and her general activism for girls' education. In 2015, she was in the Oscar-shortlisted documentary He Named Me Malala, and even was featured in the Time Magazine. She wrote a children's book in 2017 as well, on top of also becoming a UN Messenger of Peace the same year. In 2018 she studied Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at the University of Oxford, graduating in 2020. During her time in college, she traveled to multiple countries, including her hometown to share other girls' stories and cover issues outside of education such as period poverty, and even today more girls' experiences are being shared with the world. Malala's social media platforms are helping bring more awareness and action towards her cause. I would highly recommend checking out her Twitter, Instagram, and Tiktok, as these platforms are very active and provide a better insight into other girls' experiences, what she has achieved, and why it is worth fighting for the nearly 130 million girls who cannot have an education today.

Malala has achieved so many things in her life so far, it truly is incredible how the Malala Fund has come to having over $22 million dollars in donations and helping girls in 8 countries. She has done an incredible amount of work advocating for women and girls all across the world. There is still a lot of work to be done, but Malala and so many others will continue to advocate and fight for girls and women's rights. 

Malala's Social Media:

Twitter: @ Malala

Instagram: @ malala

TikTok: @ malalafund

The Malala Fund:

Interested in her book I Am Malala? Here's a link for it on amazon:

Malala's Magic Pencil : https://www.amazon.com/Malalas-Magic-Pencil-Malala-Yousafzai/dp/0316319570

➡ Here's a link to watch/listen to the book! Malala's Magic Pencil by Malala Yousafzai

Interested in watching He Named Me Malala? You can watch it on YouTube, Amazon Prime Video, or Vudu for $3.99.

For more information on Malala Yousafzai (Noble Prize, Time Magazine, etc…):

Time Log: 01:01:25

[gwstprojectwomenhistory]

Marie Curie (1867-1934) Noble Prize in both Physics and Chemistry, Discovered Polonium & Radium

Maria Salomea Sklodowska was born in Warsaw, Poland on November 7th, 1867. Being the youngest of 5 children and her parents both being teachers, their living circumstances were rough due to the family losing their money and land during the Polish national uprisings, specifically the January Uprising of 1863. Despite these shortcomings, Maria and her family did their best to survive and peruse academics. Her father Wladyslaw taught physics and math, but due to the Russians eliminating laboratory schools he taught Maria and the others at their home. Wladyslaw lost his job, and bad investing left the family no choice but to house lodging boys for an income. Her mother Bronislawa died of Tuberculosis in 1878, Maria was just 10 years old. She started attending a boarding school shortly after, and once she left the school her oldest sibling died of typhus. She became a governess as her father could not support her anymore, and due to her being a woman she could not peruse a higher education in Poland.  Her sister Bronislawa married a Polish physician and they offered Maria to come to Paris with them. She agreed but did not have the funds to pursue an education there, so she continued working as a governess and tutor into she finally managed to move to Paris in 1891.

She enrolled at Sorbonne University studying mathematics and physics, and meet her husband Pierre Curie a physics professor in 1894, they got married and Maria adopted the French localization of her name Marie, her name now being Marie Curie. The two shared a deep passion for learning, the both of them became researchers at the School of Chemistry and Physics in Paris. Together they researched uranium's invisible rays, which lead Marie to become interested in radioactivity. She found that Pitchblende, a mineral with uranium in it was more radioactive than uranium itself, which lead to her discovering a completely new chemical element. Using this mineral and dissolving it in acid allowed the different elements to separate, which is how she found the element Polonium. Besides polonium, she also discovered a liquid that separated from the Pitchblende, another new element. Pierre and Marie published their findings and called this new element radium. Due to the both of them working with chemicals, they both fell ill from radiation sickness, despite this Marie went on to get her Doctorate in Science in 1903. She also was awarded a Noble Prize in Physics the same year for her discoveries and later another Noble Prize in Chemistry for her work with radium in 1911. With Pierre passing in 1906, she took his position of Professor of General Physics, being the first woman in the position. She also was appointed to Director of the Curie Laboratory of the University of Paris in 1914.

Her work with radiation helped develop X-ray technology which helped soldiers in WW1, and her work caused U.S. President Hoover to donate $50k to help keep radium available. After WW1 ended, she went back to lab work and sadly passed away from Aplastic anemia due to radiation exposure on July 4th, 1934. She gained a plethora of awards and achievements throughout her life. Although I only covered a few, here are all the awards she won.

1903: Noble Prize in Physics & Davy Medal

1904: Matteucci Medal

1907: Actonian Prize

1909: Elliot Cresson Medal

1910: Albert Medal

1911: Noble Prize in Chemistry

1921: John Scott Legacy Medal & Premium, Willard Gibbs Award, and the Benjamin Franklin Medal

For more information of Marie Curie:

If you're interested in Polish history might I suggest checking out:

Time Log: 01:10:17

[gwstprojectwomenhistory]

Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) The Founder of Modern Nursing, Statistician, and Social Reformer

On May 12th, 1820 Florence Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy to William Shore and Frances Nightingale. She had an older sister named Frances Parthenope Verney. A little fun fact is that both Florence and her sister are named after cities in Italy. The family was elite within Britain as both of her parents came from esteemed families. A year after Florence was born, the family moved to England and had two homes; one for the summer and winter. Her father homeschooled her and anticipated marrying her at a young age. Florence had a different life in mind, as she excelled in her studies and did not take to socializing much. In 1837, she claimed she received a "divine calling" to do God's work in helping the sick and poor. She decided she wanted to become a nurse, and her parents disapproved and pushed her to get married and start a family. Florence refused and rejected the man they picked for her. She enrolled as a nursing student to study at Pastor Theodore Fliedner's Hospital and the School for Lutheran Deaconesses both in Germany, she left England in 1844, and after finishing the program, she went to Paris for more training with the Sisters of Mercy (a women roman catholic institute). In 1853, she returned to London, taking on a nursing job for ailing governesses in Middlesex Hospital. She dealt with a Cholera outbreak alongside unsanitary conditions that rapidly spread the disease. Later that year in October the Crimean War started.

For context, the Crimean war the Russian Empire against the Ottoman empire who had alliances with France, Britain, and Sardinia; it took place in the Crimean Peninsula. British soldiers were being sent to the Black Sea, and as supplies dwindled the number of soldiers admitted to hospitals grew. There were no female nurses at any of the hospitals in Crimea, and the Battle of Alma put Britain in chaos as people were upset with how the soldiers were being neglected ill or injured. The British secretary of War Sidney Herbert wrote a letter to Florence asking for help,to find a group of nurses to tend to the soldiers, she assembled a group of 38 nurses and set out to Crimea. They arrived at Constantinople, and were meet with horrible scene. Doctors refused to work with the nurses, supplies were low, and the unsanitary conditions were putrid. The nurses worked hard to provide care, but Florence went above and beyond with her efforts. Florence is famously nicknamed "The Lady with the Lamp" for checking up on the soliders at night carrying a lantern, the soldiers also nicknamed her "The Angel of Crimea". Her work reduced the death rate by two-thirds going from 40% to 2%.

Besides medical care, Florence also improved the sanitary conditions, made a laundry service, made a library and classroom for the soldiers to use, and even created a service to help feed soldiers who had special dietary needs. On top of this, she wrote an 830-page book documenting her experiences, and suggested reforms to help other military hospitals with poor conditions; she named her work Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Efficiency, and Hospital Administration of the British Army.

She left once the war ended in 1856, and returned back to her childhood summer home in England. She was a hero to the public, and in 1857 the Queen awarded her with a brooch and $250,000. Florence used the money and the Queen's support to create a Royal Commission for Health in the military. Statisticians William Farr and John Sutherland analyzed the army's mortality rates, she took their data and created visuals to represent the data. They were polar area diagrams, but are called "Nightingale's Rose Diagrams" today, these diagrams showcased how sanitization decreased the death rate, which lead to a reform of sanitary standards for the military. Her work allowed her to become the first female member of the Royal Statistical Society alongside a member of the American Statistical Association. In 1859, she continued her practice in the Army Medical College in Chatham, alongside publishing another book Notes on Nursing: What it is, and What it is Not. In 1860, she opened the Nightingale Training School at St. Thomas' Hospital.

Florence spent her last year mostly bedridden but still advocating for safe nursing practices, she died on August 13th, 1910 at age 90. In her remembrance, the Florence Nightingale Foundation was created in 1934 to support nurses through scholarship programs. International Nurse Day is celebrated on her birthday (May 12th), and in 2010, the Florence Nightingale Museum reopened to commemorate the 100th anniversary of her death.

For more information on Florence Nightingale:

Time Log: 00:47:18

[gwstprojectwomenhistory]

Ada Lovelace (1815-1852): Known as "The First Programmer"

Born December 10th, 1815 as Augusta Ada Byron the only legitimate child of Lord Byron (the poet) and Annabella Milbanke. Her parents split only 2 months after her birth, leaving her father out of the picture and in the care of her mother. Her mother had a knowledge of mathematics and insisted that Ada be tutored in the subject to not end up like her father. So she was privately educated by many tutors on mathematics most notably Mary Somerville, and later on in her more serious studies the 1st math professor at the University of London, Augustus De Morgan.

Her life gets interesting in 1833 when she meets Charles Babbage (known as the father of computers) at a party Mary Somerville invited her to. Ada became fascinated with Babbage's work regarding engines ,developing a friendship and partnership with Charles Babbage to work on the what he called "The Analytical Engine"( which is a more complex version of the Difference Engine). In 1835, at age 19, she paused her studies to marry William King, the Earl of Lovelace which made Ada the Countess of Lovelace. She had 3 children with him: Bryon King-Noel, Raplh King-Milbanke, and Anne Blunt. Even though she had children she kept pursuing mathematics and working with Charles on the Analytical Engine.

Ada's most notorious contributions happened in 1843. She translated and annotated Italian engineer Luigi Manabrea's article on the engine called "Elements of Charles Babbage's Analytical Machine". Her notes proposed that the Analytical Machine (an engine) can be programmed to compute Bernoulli Numbers. She even went as far as writing the first computer program on how to do this within her annotations. She saw the potential to go beyond calculating numbers through engines, which is something other mathematicians and scientists did not look into.

She called her programming "poetical science" ,and the program language she created earned the name "Ada" by the US department of Defense in 1980. Her contribution to the Analytical Engine helped develop machines that could follow instructions and patterns, like the weaving machine. Even though Babbage never completed the Analytical Engine, Ada's work forever changed the world.

It is also known that she survived cholera and had asthma these medical complications led her to become addicted to painkillers and soon opium. She died on November 27th, 1852 from uterine cancer in London. Her notes were found and republished in 1953 in a book regarding how to compute computers to follow patterns. It is amazing to think that Ada invented programming long before the first computer, truly a pioneer for women in STEM!

For more information on Ada Lovelace:

Time Log: 00:45:22

Due to these posts accounting for my project, I plan to time log each one. Thanks for reading!