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Topic 7: Unraveling the Enigma: Exploring the Origins of Crime and Criminals

Crime is an always enduring enigma that has plagued societies throughout history, leaving in its wake a trail of devastation and despair. From petty theft to violent atrocities, the spectrum of criminal behavior is vast and varied, prompting us to question why crimes and criminals exist. Delving into the depths of human psychology, societal structures, and environmental influences, we begin to unravel the intricate web of factors contributing to the manifestation of criminality.

At the heart of the matter lies the complex interplay of individual predispositions and environmental stimuli. While some may argue that criminal behavior is inherent to certain individuals, shaped by genetic predispositions or neurological abnormalities, such a deterministic viewpoint fails to account for the multifaceted nature of criminality. Human beings are not merely products of their genetic makeup; rather, they are dynamic beings shaped by a myriad of influences, including social, cultural, and environmental factors.

One of the primary drivers of criminal behavior is socioeconomic inequality. In societies marked by stark disparities in wealth and opportunity, individuals marginalized by poverty and lack of access to basic resources may resort to criminal activities as a means of survival or socioeconomic advancement. The allure of illicit gains can be particularly enticing for those who feel disenfranchised by mainstream avenues of success, leading them down a path of criminality.

Moreover, the social environment plays a crucial role in shaping attitudes and behaviors towards crime. Communities plagued by high levels of crime and violence may experience a normalization of criminal behavior, where individuals are desensitized to the consequences of their actions. In such environments, social norms and peer pressure can exert a powerful influence on individuals, reinforcing deviant behavior and perpetuating cycles of criminality.

Psychological factors also play a significant role in the etiology of criminal behavior. From childhood trauma and adverse experiences to personality disorders and mental illness, a myriad of psychological factors can contribute to the development of criminal tendencies. For some individuals, criminal behavior may serve as a coping mechanism for unresolved psychological issues or emotional distress, providing a temporary escape from the complexities of their inner turmoil.

Furthermore, the availability of opportunities and situational factors can greatly influence the likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior. In environments where opportunities for legal employment and social mobility are limited, individuals may turn to criminal activities as a means of attaining financial security or social status. The presence of criminal subcultures and organized crime networks can further exacerbate the prevalence of criminal behavior, providing a fertile breeding ground for illicit activities.

However, it is essential to recognize that the roots of criminality are not solely confined to individual predispositions or environmental influences. Rather, criminal behavior is the product of a complex interplay of factors that interact and intersect in intricate ways. As such, efforts to address crime and criminality must adopt a holistic approach that addresses underlying social, economic, and psychological factors while also holding individuals accountable for their actions.

All in all, the existence of crimes and criminals is a multifaceted phenomenon that defies simple explanations. From socioeconomic inequality and environmental influences to psychological factors and situational opportunities, a myriad of factors converge to shape the manifestation of criminal behavior. By understanding the underlying causes of criminality, we can develop more effective strategies for prevention, intervention, and rehabilitation, ultimately working towards creating safer and more just societies for all.

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Topic 6: The Death Penalty Debate in the Philippines: Why It Should Not Be Re-Imposed

The topic of capital punishment is one that stirs strong emotions and ignites fierce debates. In the Philippines, discussions surrounding the re-imposition of the death penalty have resurfaced in recent years, prompting a critical examination of its implications on criminality, justice, and human rights. While proponents argue that capital punishment serves as a deterrent to heinous crimes, it is crucial to consider the inherent flaws in the criminal justice system and the irreversible consequences of wrongful convictions.

The call for the re-imposition of the death penalty often arises in response to rising crime rates and public outrage over appalling acts of violence. However, it is essential to recognize that the efficacy of capital punishment as a deterrent is highly contentious. Numerous studies have failed to establish a definitive link between the death penalty and a decrease in crime rates. Moreover, countries that have abolished capital punishment have not experienced an uptick in criminal activity, suggesting that alternative measures can effectively address crime prevention and public safety.

Beyond its questionable effectiveness, the re-imposition of the death penalty raises profound ethical and human rights concerns. In a flawed criminal justice system where wrongful convictions and miscarriages of justice are not uncommon, the irreversible nature of capital punishment poses an unacceptable risk. History is replete with cases of individuals who were wrongfully convicted, only to be exonerated years later through advancements in forensic science or the discovery of new evidence. However, for those who have been executed, there is no possibility of rectifying the miscarriage of justice.

The reality is that no criminal justice system is infallible. Human error, institutional biases, and systemic flaws can all contribute to wrongful accusations and erroneous verdicts. In a country where corruption and political influence can undermine the integrity of legal proceedings, the potential for miscarriages of justice is exacerbated. Reinstating the death penalty in such a context would not only fail to address the root causes of crime but also perpetuate the risk of unjust executions.

Moreover, the re-imposition of the death penalty contradicts the principles of human rights and dignity. The right to life is universally recognized as a fundamental human right, inherent to all individuals regardless of their actions. By sanctioning the state-sanctioned taking of human life, society risks descending into a cycle of violence and vengeance, rather than promoting justice and rehabilitation. Instead of focusing on punitive measures, efforts should be directed towards addressing the root causes of crime, such as poverty, inequality, and lack of access to education and social services.

Furthermore, the re-imposition of the death penalty would undermine efforts to promote a more humane and progressive criminal justice system. The Philippines has made significant strides in recent years towards abolishing capital punishment, reflecting a growing recognition of the need to uphold human rights and uphold the rule of law. Reversing course on this trajectory would not only tarnish the country's international reputation but also undermine efforts to foster a culture of respect for human rights and the rule of law.

To wrap up, the re-imposition of the death penalty in the Philippines is not only ineffective as a deterrent to crime but also fraught with ethical, human rights, and legal implications. In a flawed criminal justice system where the risk of wrongful convictions persists, the irreversible nature of capital punishment cannot be justified. Instead of resorting to draconian measures, society should address the root causes of crime and promote a more just, equitable, and humane society for all.

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Special Blog: The Essence of EDSA People's Revolution: A Timeless Filipino Legacy

The EDSA People's Revolution of 1986 stands as a defining moment in Philippine history, marking the triumph of the Filipino spirit against tyranny and oppression. Born out of a collective desire for democracy and justice, EDSA symbolizes the power of unity and peaceful resistance. As a Filipino reflecting on the essence of EDSA, its significance remains deeply rooted in the principles of freedom, democracy, and national pride.

At its core, the essence of EDSA lies in the unwavering spirit of the Filipino people to reclaim their rightful place in a democratic society. The revolution was a testament to the courage and resilience of individuals who armed not with weapons but with faith, conviction, and the desire for a better future, converged along Epifanio de los Santos Avenue to challenge a regime that had held the nation captive for more than two decades.

The most remarkable aspect of EDSA was its peaceful nature, showcasing the strength of unity and solidarity. Filipinos from all walks of life, regardless of social status, economic background, or political affiliation, came together as one nation. The collective voice that resonated through the streets of EDSA echoed a common aspiration for freedom, justice, and democracy. This unity, transcending differences, became a powerful force that dismantled the walls of oppression.

As a Filipino today, the essence of EDSA remains invaluable. The principles upheld during those historic days are not mere relics of the past but enduring pillars that continue to shape the nation's identity. The spirit of EDSA lives on in the hearts of Filipinos who recognize the importance of safeguarding democracy, upholding human rights, and fostering a society built on justice and equality.

In the contemporary context, the essence of EDSA serves as a constant reminder that the fight for democracy is an ongoing journey. It challenges every Filipino to actively participate in the democratic process, to be vigilant against any threat to freedom, and to contribute to the betterment of society. EDSA instills in us the responsibility to protect the democratic institutions that were reclaimed at great cost, urging us to be guardians of the hard-fought liberties that define us as a people.

The lessons of EDSA also call for a commitment to civic engagement and social responsibility. Filipinos are challenged to be active participants in shaping the nation's destiny to work towards a society where every citizen enjoys the fruits of democracy. The essence of EDSA challenges us to go beyond mere commemoration and to channel the same spirit of unity and purpose into addressing the contemporary issues that confront our nation.

The essence of the EDSA People's Revolution endures as a timeless Filipino legacy. Its significance lies not only in the historical events that transpired in those fateful days but in the enduring principles it represents. As a Filipino, the essence of EDSA remains a source of inspiration and a call to action—a reminder that the fight for democracy is a shared responsibility that transcends generations. It is incumbent upon every Filipino to uphold the values that EDSA embodies and to contribute to the continued pursuit of a just, free, and democratic society.

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Topic 5 : Law, Justice, and the Quest for Common Good in Mindanao

In the colorful ethnic picture of the Philippines, Mindanao is a region that shines in its wealth of culture, diversity, and potential. However, taking a retrospective look at the history of Mindanao, we can observe that it has been an arduous journey to progress marked by historical tensions, exploitation, neglect, and conflicts. In the pursuit of traversing this complicated social landscape, the vital role of law and the legal profession becomes paramount. These two variables provide the best tool for promoting social justice and the common good among the people in Mindanao, as well as serve as a beacon of hope for change. 

It is no secret that Mindanao is home to various ethnic groups, religions, and languages. This is why it is imperative for the need of a strong legal framework that not only protects the different people but also respects their unique identity. It is important to raise that the expected legal system must be inclusive and sensitive to the specific needs of Mindanao’s diverse communities. The value of inclusivity serves as a potent tool in empowering social justice by ensuring that the law serves as a force that unites people rather than a cause for division. 

In Mindanao, the settlement of disputes is one of the main ways the law promotes social justice. The legal profession is essential in resolving long-standing conflicts involving land, resources, and cultural differences since its practitioners are skilled in mediation and dispute settlement. Reconciliation is facilitated by an unbiased and just judicial system, which allows communities to go forward and cohabit peacefully. In addition, law also acts as a barrier against inequality and prejudice. It creates a framework that defends minority groups' rights and advances a society in which everyone has access to justice and equal opportunity, regardless of background. By representing and advocating on behalf of the underprivileged, the legal profession helps to create a more just society.

Law serves as a tool for progress in the quest of the common good. For the people living in Mindanao, legal frameworks that promote social welfare, environmental sustainability, and economic progress are beneficial. Through its members, the legal profession contributes to the development of laws and policies that work to end poverty, improve communities, and close disparities in access to healthcare and education.

However, cooperation and involvement are necessary for the legislation to effectively advance social justice and the common welfare in Mindanao. Campaigns for legal knowledge, education, and community engagement are crucial to ensure that the advantages of the legal system are felt across society.

In conclusion, the promotion of social justice and the common welfare among the varied peoples of Mindanao is greatly aided by the interaction of law and the legal profession. Conflicts can be settled, discrimination can be stopped, and growth can be promoted by a just and inclusive legal system. The pursuit of justice, supported by the rule of law and a committed legal profession, is necessary for Mindanao to become a peaceful and successful nation.

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Topic 4: Navigating the Complexities: Assessing the State of Human Rights in the Philippines

The Philippines has a rich history of activism and advocacy, with its people known for their unwavering spirit in fighting for social justice and equality. However, recent years have seen a surge in human rights violations, sparking debates both domestically and internationally. The war on drugs, a cornerstone of President Rodrigo Duterte's administration, has drawn significant scrutiny for its alleged extrajudicial killings and disregard for due process. While proponents argue that it aims to eradicate drug-related crime and uplift communities, critics highlight the erosion of human rights principles and the devastating impact on vulnerable populations. In addition to the drug war, issues such as freedom of expression, press freedom, and attacks against activists have fueled concerns about the state of human rights. Journalists and media practitioners face intimidation and harassment, leading to self-censorship and a chilling effect on free speech. Civil society organizations and human rights defenders operate in an increasingly hostile environment, facing threats to their safety and security as they strive to hold power to account and advocate for marginalized communities.

Amidst these challenges, it is crucial to recognize the resilience and courage of those at the forefront of human rights advocacy in the Philippines. From grassroots activists to legal advocates, individuals and organizations continue to push for accountability, transparency, and respect for human dignity. Their tireless efforts serve as a beacon of hope in the face of adversity, inspiring others to join the fight for a more just and inclusive society. Moreover, the Philippines is a signatory to various international human rights conventions and treaties, committing to uphold fundamental freedoms and protect the rights of all individuals within its borders. While implementation and enforcement may falter at times, these international obligations serve as benchmarks for progress and accountability, providing avenues for redress and advocacy on the global stage. It is also essential to acknowledge the complexities inherent in assessing the state of human rights in any country. Socioeconomic factors, cultural dynamics, and historical contexts all influence the landscape of human rights, shaping perceptions and realities on the ground. A nuanced understanding of these factors is crucial in fostering constructive dialogue and driving meaningful change.

As we reflect on the state of human rights in the Philippines, it is evident that the journey towards justice and equality is fraught with challenges yet illuminated by moments of resilience and solidarity. While setbacks may test our resolve, they also galvanize our commitment to building a society where human rights are not just ideals but tangible realities for all. It is through collective action, dialogue, and empathy that we can navigate the complexities of this journey, striving towards a future where the answer to the question of "yay or nay" becomes unequivocally "yay."

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Topic 3: Critical Analysis of the Political Dynasties in the Philippines (Marcoses and Dutertes): Why, How, and Now What?

In the diverse political landscape of the Philippines, it does not take a considerable effort to identify the prevalent and current trend of the Political Dynasty. Two such familial personalities prominent in the political arena's top seats are the Political Families of the Marcoses and the Dutertes. This paper critically analyzes the reasons behind the emergence of these political dynasties, explores the methods through which they have maintained power, and discusses the implications for the nation. Additionally, it considers the challenges posed by these dynasties and suggests potential avenues for addressing the issues they raise.

Firstly, let us begin with some historical context of the situation. In the Philippines, no registered voter has passed these influential names. The Marcoses, hailing from the Northern part of the Philippines, particularly Ilocos Norte, has one member in the highest seat of power in the country, which is the current President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. While this family holds the highest seat in power, a lot of its family members can still be seen in high government seats, such as the Senate with Imee Marcos, Congress with Sandro Marcos, and more. The rapid rise in popularity of the Marcoses can be traced to the former President/Dictator Ferdinand Marcos Sr. The Marcos family's influence in Philippine politics is a classic example of a political dynasty. On the other hand, paradoxically, in the southern parts of the Philippines in Mindanao. A new influential family emerges in the national spotlight. The Duterte family is a more recent example of a political dynasty. Dutertes have been dominating the political landscape of Davao City for many years, with Rodrigo Duterte holding the office of Mayor while his children took seats of power in the locality as well. The event that led to the rapid ascent of the family can be traced to Rodrigo Duterte’s massive win in the Presidential election in 2016. Ever since his presidency, he, along with his family has been a polarizing figure in the realm of national politics. Currently, the family has also gained a seat in the 2nd highest seat of power, Sarah Duterte, as the current Vice president. While her siblings currently hold seats in Congress and the mayorship of Davao City.  Understanding the historical context of these political legacies is crucial for unraveling their enduring influence.

Several factors contribute to the Philippines' emergence and perpetuation of political dynasties. These include historical ties, the influence of patronage politics, and the role of familial connections. The dynastic control of political power in the Philippines is not solely based on familial ties but also on strategic political maneuvering. Political dynasties maintain their influence through various mechanisms. The control of critical political positions, such as mayoral or gubernatorial posts, allows families to consolidate power at the local level. These families cultivate loyalty and support through patronage networks, ensuring a continuous flow of votes. Additionally, the use of political and economic resources, along with media manipulation, contributes to the perpetuation of their influence. The intertwining of family ties with political power creates a formidable barrier for potential challengers. Furthermore, The absence of effective anti-dynasty laws in the Philippines has allowed political families to perpetuate their rule without legal impediments.

Every person in the country can feel the effects of the Political Dynasty. The dominance of political dynasties can undermine the principles of democracy, limiting genuine political competition and representation. In addition, Political dynasties are often associated with corruption and nepotism, as family members may use their positions for personal gain. Furthermore, dynastic rule may contribute to political stagnation, hindering the entry of fresh perspectives and innovative ideas into governance.

Addressing the challenges posed by political dynasties in the Philippines requires comprehensive reforms. Legal measures to regulate political dynasties have been proposed, but their implementation has been slow due to members of the government benefiting from this tradition. One such action we could do is first by Legal Reforms. Implementing and strengthening anti-dynasty laws is a foundational step, but fortifying institutions responsible for enforcing these laws is equally important. This includes ensuring the independence and integrity of bodies such as the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) and the Ombudsman. Secondly, Empowering Civil Society. Civil society's role extends beyond holding politicians accountable. Strengthening institutions that support civic engagement, such as independent media and non-governmental organizations, is vital. These institutions act as checks and balances, providing a counterbalance to the influence of political dynasties. Thirdly, Educating the Electorate. Institutionalizing political education programs within schools and communities can contribute to a more informed electorate. Establishing independent bodies dedicated to fact-checking political statements and campaign promises can enhance transparency, helping voters make more informed choices. Fourthly, Encouraging New Political Leaders. Strengthening political parties as institutions can create a more level playing field for new leaders. Implementing measures that prioritize meritocracy, such as transparent candidate selection processes and equal access to campaign resources, can facilitate the emergence of non-dynastic leaders. And lastly, Ensuring Judicial Independence. An independent and impartial judiciary is crucial for upholding the rule of law. Strengthening judicial institutions to ensure they remain immune to political pressure is essential in addressing issues related to corruption and abuse of power. Initiating these types of measures can contribute to breaking the cycle of dynastic rule. Fostering a political culture that values meritocracy over familial ties is crucial for creating a more inclusive and accountable political system.

In conclusion, the prevalence of political dynasties in the Philippines, exemplified by the Marcoses and Dutertes, is a complex issue with deep historical roots. Understanding the historical context, contributing factors, and implications is essential for developing effective strategies to address this challenge. Legal reforms, empowerment of civil society, voter education, and the encouragement of new political leaders are crucial steps in breaking the cycle of dynastic rule and fostering a more vibrant and democratic political landscape in the Philippines.

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Topic 2: Charting Our Course: Analyzing the question, “Is the South China Sea Actually the West Philippine Sea?"

Justice Antonio Carpio discussed the significance of maintaining the rule of law in the West Philippine Sea in a recent address, highlighting the requirement that countries abide by the 2016 arbitral tribunal decision. It begs the question of whether the phrase "South China Sea" truly describes the circumstances and what action the Philippines might take to capitalize on its win.

The huge body of water that is disputed by several countries, including China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Taiwan, and the Philippines, is commonly referred to as the "South China Sea". But according to Justice Carpio, calling it the "South China Sea" unintentionally gives in to China's broad claims, which are in violation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the 2016 arbitral tribunal ruling.

Realizing the importance of the arbitral tribunal's ruling is crucial to comprehending the matter in its whole. China's historical claims were rejected by the tribunal in 2016, which declared that China's conduct in the West Philippine Sea violated international law. The ruling was made with an overwhelming majority in favor of the Philippines. The decision emphasized the Philippines' exclusive rights over its economic zones and territorial waters while clarifying maritime entitlements.

The Philippines must first refute the storyline behind the designation of the contested waters in order to further its arbitral tribunal success. The country's commitment to the rule of law is reaffirmed and the legality of the 2016 verdict is upheld by the name change from the "South China Sea" to the "West Philippine Sea." Foreign friends can play a critical role in promoting this language change and highlighting the significance of following the arbitral tribunal's ruling.

A crucial part of defending the rights of the Philippines is diplomacy. It is crucial to fortify ties with countries that have a similar dedication to international law. Cooperation can take the shape of coordinated reactions to any attempts to overturn the arbitral tribunal's ruling, cooperative patrols, and information exchanges. The Philippines can gain support for maintaining the rule of law in the West Philippine Sea and strengthen its position on the international scene by presenting a unified front.

The Philippines ought to make use of international forums in order to spread the word about the arbitral tribunal's decision. By interacting with regional and global organizations, the nation can win over diplomatic allies and highlight how crucial it is to uphold international law when settling disputes. The Philippines can strengthen its stance and put diplomatic pressure on China to abide by the 2016 judgment by making use of venues like the UN.

In summary, the conflict in the West Philippine Sea is about the assertion of rights based on international law, not just semantics. By highlighting the term "West Philippine Sea" and using the opportunity presented by its arbitral tribunal victory, the Philippines needs to aggressively contest the dominant narrative. Through mobilizing global backing, cultivating diplomatic partnerships, and utilizing multilateral forums, the Philippines can effectively maneuver through conflict waves and strive towards a future in which the rule of law triumphs in the disputed domains.

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Topic 1: Building a Universal Culture of Human Rights: A Path for the Philippines in the lens and capabilities of a Youth

The Philippines has a long history of human rights abuses enacted on its people since before the establishment of human rights in the 1800s. Starting from the colonization by Spain in the 16th century to the independence gained in 1946, the Filipino people faced hardships and inhumane treatment at the hands of the colonizers. Even after independence, The Philippines has a rich history of advocating for human rights, as seen in the 1986 People Power Revolution that overthrew a dictatorship and rekindled the nation's commitment to democracy. However, like any problem that failed to be solved by a strong foundation. In recent years, concerns have been raised about the country's deteriorating human rights situation.

In the Public Domain, one of the perfect examples is the extrajudicial killings associated with President Rodrigo Duterte's war on drugs. Thousands of individuals, often marginalized and vulnerable, have been killed in anti-drug operations. Freedom of the press and freedom of expression have also come under threat, as journalists, activists, and dissenters face harassment, violence, and legal actions. While on the Private Domain, there are still a considerable number of cases of domestic violence against women and children, discrimination against the LGBTQ community, and many more.

As a student, I believe that I am limited in terms of resources, connections, and building a solid foundation to be able to embark on an ambitious goal of creating a universal culture of human rights for my country. While that may indeed be true, that does not mean that I could not and should not do anything to do my part in bringing progress to my community. In this blog, I could provide three examples that may find life in promoting a culture that respects human rights.

Education and Awareness: The most crucial first step anyone should take is this. Start by educating yourself and others about human rights. Understand the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and its principles. Share this knowledge with your family, friends, and community. Engage in discussions about human rights to raise awareness. Educating yourself first grants you valuable and credible information that would help you in your pursuit as it also guides you to respect the right of other humans to gain correct information.

Advocate for Legal Reforms: Participate in advocacy efforts to push for legal reforms that strengthen human rights protections. Support organizations and initiatives that work towards legal changes, especially those related to drug policy, press freedom, and freedom of expression. This can occur by participating in a physical peaceful protest organized by a support organization or even participating Online by raising awareness on social media with credible information and promoting human rights advocacy. 

Lead by Example: Practice what you preach. Be a role model in your community by consistently upholding human rights principles in your own actions and interactions. \Showing people that you are ready to embody your advocacy may inspire others to do the same, which will ideally trickle down in forming a culture that respects human rights.

In conclusion, building a culture of universal human rights in the Philippines is a worthy goal that calls for the support of all Filipinos—individuals, communities, and the entire country. Although the obstacles may appear formidable, even the smallest effort helps achieve the bigger objective of guaranteeing everyone's human rights are recognized and maintained. We can build a better future for the Philippines where human dignity and justice rule by educating ourselves, fighting for change, and standing up for people whose rights are abused.

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To Investigate or Not To Investigate? Analyzing the ICC Prosecutor's Request on PRRD's War on Drugs: To Investigate or Not To Investigate? Analyzing the ICC Prosecutor's Request on PRRD's War on Drugs

Before we start, we must first learn what the ICC or the International Criminal Court is. The International Criminal Court (ICC) investigates and, where warranted, tries individuals charged with the gravest crimes of concern to the international community: genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and the crime of aggression. As a court of last resort, it seeks to complement, not replace, national Courts. Governed by an international treaty called the Rome Statute (ICC, 2023). 

The controversy surrounding President Rodrigo Duterte's (PRRD) war on drugs has been a subject of intense debate and global concern. Since assuming office in 2016, Duterte has pursued a relentless campaign against illegal drugs in the Philippines, advocating a tough stance that includes widespread law enforcement operations.

Critics argue that the approach has led to a series of alleged human rights violations, with reports of extrajudicial killings, arbitrary arrests, and a lack of due process. Human rights organizations and international bodies have raised alarms, expressing concerns about the potential disregard for basic human rights principles in the pursuit of the anti-drug campaign.

In response to these allegations, the International Criminal Court (ICC) prosecutor initiated a request for investigation into the situation in the Philippines. The ICC, established to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression, is considering whether the actions associated with PRRD's war on drugs fall within its jurisdiction. We can categorize the grounding of the request of the ICC prosecutor into two categories: The Legal basis and the Political basis.

Legal Arguments:

Jurisdiction of the ICC

When the request of the investigation was probed by the former Duterte administration, the administration presented counter-arguments to dismiss the request. Some of the arguments raised by the administration are: Sovereignty, Legal and Procedural Issues, The roles of national courts, and one of which is the Non-membership status of the Philippines. However, the document of request refute the last argument in the 80th to the 81st paragraph which explains that, “These alleged crimes fall within the Court’s jurisdiction ratione temporis, because thePhilippines deposited its instrument of ratification of the Rome Statute on 30 August 2011, and the Statute entered into force for the Philippines on 1 November 2011, in accordance with article 126(1) of the Statute… In the Burundi situation, Pre-Trial Chamber III held that a State Party’s withdrawal from the Rome Statute does not affect the Court’s exercise of jurisdiction over crimes committed prior to the effective date of the withdrawal. This conclusion was recently confirmed by Pre-Trial Chamber II in the Abd-Al-Rahman Case. The Court’s exercise of such jurisdiction, moreover, is not subject to any time limit, particularly since the preliminary examination here commenced prior to the Philippines’ withdrawal.”

Evidence and Accountability

The document also presented a comprehensive and detailed flow of events of the declaration of the war on drugs or “Operation Double Barrel” which can be traced back to the start of his term. The evidence collected and presented by the ICC prosecutor were reviewed by other 3rd party human rights groups and other credible independent investigation groups that also concur with the findings. The document also presented the need for accountability and pointed to the person that it viewed as accountable for the crimes that occurred during that time which is the former President Duterte.

Political Arguments:

Sovereignty and National Jurisdiction

The argument advocating that the Philippines should handle internal matters without external intervention, particularly in the context of the war on drugs led by President Duterte, underscores a commitment to national sovereignty. Proponents of this viewpoint, including Duterte himself, contend that addressing domestic issues within the framework of the nation's legal and political institutions is paramount. They argue that external interference, such as an International Criminal Court (ICC) investigation, infringes upon the Philippines' right to determine its own course of action.

Diplomatic Relations

Politically, the specter of an ICC investigation introduces a complex dynamic. While some may argue that it demonstrates a commitment to accountability and justice on an international stage, others, including those within the government, may interpret it as an affront to the nation's leadership. This could potentially lead to internal polarization and affect the overall stability of the political landscape. Moreover, the possibility of external legal proceedings could exacerbate existing tensions and contribute to a climate of uncertainty, impacting the effectiveness of governance.

Possible Implications:

If the Investigation Pursues:

If the ICC investigation were to pursue legal action, the potential issuance of arrest warrants or the initiation of trials could instigate significant domestic political turbulence and shape the international perception of the Philippines, influencing diplomatic relations and the credibility of the ICC as a global arbiter of justice.

If the Investigation Does Not Pursue:

If the ICC decides not to proceed with an investigation into the allegations surrounding President Duterte's war on drugs, several implications may unfold. Firstly, domestically, the decision may be interpreted by some as a validation of the government's position and a lack of substantiated evidence for international intervention. This could potentially bolster the administration's narrative, reinforcing its stance on the legitimacy and necessity of the anti-drug campaign.

On the international stage, a non-pursuit decision might be perceived differently. It could lead to skepticism among human rights advocates and the international community, who may view it as a missed opportunity to address alleged violations and hold individuals accountable. The credibility of the ICC could be questioned, particularly in the context of its effectiveness in dealing with high-profile cases and influencing global human rights standards.

In conclusion, the controversy surrounding the ICC's investigation into President Duterte's war on drugs hinges on both legal and political arguments. Legal disputes center on jurisdiction, with the Philippines' non-membership contested, while evidence presented by the ICC supports the need for accountability. The political dimension emphasizes national sovereignty and potential diplomatic repercussions. If the investigation proceeds, the issuance of arrest warrants or trials could lead to domestic turmoil and shape international perceptions. Conversely, a decision not to pursue may bolster the government's narrative domestically but may lead to skepticism internationally, questioning the ICC's credibility in addressing alleged violations. The outcome carries implications for both the Philippines' internal stability and its standing on the global stage.

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Kabul, Gaza, and Geneva: Maneuvering and Utilizing Legal Mechanisms in the Unpredictable Landscape of Modern Conflicts

For decades, the capital city of Kabul and Gaza has long been entrapped in the cycle of chaos and strife. Amid all that, the struggles faced by everyday people and those caught in the crossfire lay bare the harsh reality of conflict-ridden regions, which is why, in these turbulent times. It's imperative for all of us to delve into the different legal frameworks that may guide us through the pandemonium, and one of those is the Geneva Conventions.

To understand what the Geneva Conventions are. We can start by picturing the Geneva Conventions as a set of four international treaties, laying the groundwork for humanitarian law during the tumult of war. The two main missions are clear: 

Shield those who aren't part and those who cannot be part of the fight anymore

Curtail the methods and means of warfare. 

Unpacking the legal significance of these conventions in Kabul and Gaza offers profound insights into the responsibilities of involved actors, parties, and the global community's role in upholding human rights.

Shielding Innocents Caught in the Chaos

Preserving civilians throughout armed situations is a basic tenet at the core of the Geneva Conventions. The loss of innocent life in Gaza and Kabul is heartbreaking, and the bloodshed never stops. The agreements emphasize how important it is for parties involved in a war to distinguish between combatants and civilians in order to protect the former from needless injury.

It is extremely difficult to defend people in Kabul because of the intricate network of players that includes rebel organizations, governmental troops, and multinational coalitions. The conventions emphasize the need to treat injured parties medically regardless of their affiliation and call for an end to indiscriminate attacks. It is the responsibility of the international community to hold violators accountable and provide justice to the victims.

Comparably, civilian protection continues to be of utmost importance in Gaza, where the Israel-Palestine conflict has persisted for decades. It is plainly stated in the treaties that civilian populations and persons are not to be targeted. Even in the midst of fierce fighting, it is the duty of both sides to minimize injury to civilians by taking preventative measures.

Guidelines for Those No Longer in the Fray

The Geneva Conventions include those who have ceased to be participants in hostilities, including detainees and prisoners of war. These regulations guarantee humane care and ultimate release by serving as a barrier against maltreatment and abuse.

In Kabul, conventions emphasize the need for humane treatment of detainees, as they are frequently used as negotiating chips between opposing factions. It is absolutely prohibited to use torture, brutal procedures, or unjust trials. As stewards of these values, the international community has a responsibility to make sure that combatants and those in detention are handled in accordance with these international standards.

The agreements apply equally to Gaza, given the length of the conflict and the conditions of the inmates. In order to stop the degradation of human rights norms in the treatment of combatants, the international community must push for respect for the treaties as hostilities rise.

Global Community's Shared Responsibility

The Geneva Conventions are a reflection of the international community's shared obligation to preserve humanitarian law. Parties to the treaties are required to uphold and guarantee adherence to these ideals both inside their borders and outside of them in regions tainted by armed conflict.

The circumstances in Gaza and Kabul necessitate a concerted international effort to address the underlying causes of wars and hold those responsible for breaking the Geneva Conventions accountable. International tribunals, sanctions, and diplomatic pressure are all instruments in the global toolbox for enforcing compliance and pursuing victim justice.

Therefore, the Geneva Conventions serve as a blueprint and a guiding light for negotiating the legal landscape of armed conflicts as Kabul and Gaza struggle with the complexities of continuous hostilities. These values serve as a constant reminder of our common humanity and the critical necessity to protect those who are most in need, even in the middle of a violent conflict. To create a more fair and compassionate society, the international community must accept the challenge and uphold the spirit and principles of the Geneva Conventions.

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Ending Wars: The Unfortunate Cycle of Wars Induced by Human Nature and How We Can strive to break the Cycle

Wars have always been following the tailcoat of humanity ever since the first written history of humans. We may ask whether war is an unshakable plague that feeds humanity's hedonistic nature or whether it is an event decided to be acted upon by humans willingly. By then we can answer the other sub questions such as: Are wars inevitable? Are they essential to human survival? How can wars be prevented, and how can we limit their impact? These are profound questions that have haunted humanity for centuries. While we may not have all the answers, the long pursuit of a more peaceful world is a noble and essential endeavor.

Why is War an Unfortunate Cycle?

The cycle of war among humans is perpetuated by a combination of circumstances and human nature. Some examples of this are, historical grievances, territorial disputes, resource competition, power ambitions, arms races, and etc. These factors, individually or in combination, can lead to the recurrence of conflicts and wars. Efforts to break this cycle require diplomacy, conflict resolution, economic cooperation, and global governance to address the underlying causes and promote peace. However, until now, humanity cant seem to still manage to break from this cycle.

Are Wars Inevitable?

It's hard to determine whether conflicts are inevitable. According to history, conflict has always been a feature of human life and has been caused by a variety of issues such resource scarcity, ideological disagreements, and territorial conflicts. But just because a conflict has happened in the past does not mean that it will happen again. The world has changed, and we now have the institutions, know-how, and resources necessary to resolve disputes more skillfully. The only question is whether we and the representatives we choose to represent us, will use these things to prevent another bloodshed and sufferings of war.

Are Wars Essential to Human Survival?

No, warfare is not necessary for human survival. Although it is true that in certain historical circumstances conflicts may have had an impact on the development of civilization, the idea that wars are essential for existence is risky and out of date given the destructive nature of modern warfare. We have the tools to resolve conflicts peacefully in a world of cutting edge technology, diplomatic routes, and global collaboration.

Why does Human Nature Incite war to occur?

Despite the aforementioned in why wars can also be prevented. In a more pessimistic lens, Human nature, while diverse and complex, can contribute to the cycle of wars in several ways. These are some certain aspects of human behavior and psychology that can encourage the recurrence of wars:

Tribalism ("us vs. them" mentality) 

Aggression

Fear and Insecurity

Desire for Power and Control

Moral and Ethical Justifications

How Can Wars Be Prevented?

Through the countless Wars humanity has embarked on itself for millennia and the progress of development it has experienced. It is evident that humans are learning and making efforts to prevent wars. Some required multifaceted approach in preventing wars are:

Diplomacy and Dialogue

International Cooperation 

Conflict Resolution Mechanisms

Education and Cultural Understanding

Democracy and Good Governance

Economic Development

How Can We Limit the Impact of War?

If conflicts do arise, there are steps we can take to limit their impact:

Protection of Civilians

Humanitarian Aid

Disarmament

Post-Conflict Reconstruction

Trauma and Reconciliation:

To sum up, while wars have been a recurring theme in human history, they are not inevitable, nor are they essential to our survival. However, as long as human nature remains what it is, war will never cease. Preventing wars and limiting their impact is a collective responsibility. We have the knowledge and tools to address conflicts through peaceful means, and by prioritizing diplomacy, international cooperation, and the well-being of affected populations, we can work towards a world where wars are a relic of the past. It is a challenging journey, but one that is worth pursuing for the sake of future generations and a more peaceful world.

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Challenges in Seeking Redress for Human Rights Violations in the Philippines

An essential component of every democratic society is safeguarding human rights, but regrettably, not all countries follow this ideal with the same zeal. Finding justice for human rights breaches may be a complex and demanding process in the Philippines. Even though the nation has made progress in recognizing and resolving issues related to human rights, there are several reasons why it frequently appears difficult to obtain justice when these rights are infringed. I can provide 7 prevalent cases still happening in the Philippines:

Impunity and a Culture of Fear:

The persistent culture of impunity in the Philippines presents one of the main obstacles to resolving human rights breaches. Many rights violators, particularly those in positions of authority, frequently go unpunished. Those who dare to pursue justice are intimidated by this culture of impunity because they fear revenge, threats, or physical assault. Widespread anxiety has been increased by notable incidents like the government's war on drugs, which has been linked to thousands of extrajudicial deaths.

Weak Judicial System:

The judiciary in the Philippines has come under fire for being ineffective, dishonest, and susceptible to political pressure. This unreliable system may hamper the search for justice for human rights abuses. Years might pass between cases, witnesses may be pressured or intimidated, and political interests rather than the rule of law may influence rulings. Victims find it challenging to pursue reparation because of the absence of judicial independence, which undermines public confidence in the legal system.

Complex Bureaucracy and Legal Procedures:

In the Philippines, navigating the legal system can be challenging. The lengthy judicial processes and bureaucratic red tape frequently deter victims' relatives from seeking justice. Particularly for underprivileged populations, the price of legal counsel and court charges might be excessive, preventing them from having proper access to the legal system.

Lack of Witness Protection:

Due to the lack of a thorough witness protection scheme, many people with proof of human rights crimes may be unwilling to come forward. Witnesses and whistleblowers may face considerable dangers without sufficient protection, exposing them to violence, harassment, or even death.

Government Resistance and Denial:

The government has occasionally been charged with committing or supporting human rights abuses. This causes reluctance to admit misconduct or conduct a thorough investigation. Government representatives can aggressively refute accusations, block investigations, and threaten or discredit people seeking redress. The challenges of seeking justice are made much more demanding by such resistance from those in positions of power.

Influence of External or Rebel Groups:

Numerous militant and paramilitary organizations exist in the Philippines, sometimes with solid links to particular political agendas. These organizations have a high degree of impunity when violating human rights, making getting justice much harder. Victims and their supporters might be reluctant to approach these organizations since doing so could endanger their lives.

International Pressure and Diplomacy:

International pressure and diplomacy are valuable weapons for resolving breaches of human rights, however they are not always successful. International players may have interests that influence their readiness to assist restitution initiatives, and some countries may need to be more receptive to outside pressure.

In a nutshell, pursuing justice for human rights abuses in the Philippines is a challenging and complex process. The nation struggles with an environment of impunity, a deficient court system, a convoluted bureaucracy, and inadequate witness protection. The process is further complicated by opposition from the government as well as involvement from insurgents and paramilitary organizations. Together, these problems make it challenging for victims and those who support them to get justice and retribution. Although there has been progress in recognizing human rights issues, resolving these issues would need an ongoing effort from national and international actors to defend the values of justice, accountability, and the preservation of human rights in the Philippines.

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Forging Informed Peacemakers: The Vital Role of International Humanitarian Law and Peace Studies in Political Science Major students.

In the domain of Political Science, where the intricate webs of power, policy, and global dynamics are untangled, a pair of disciplines hold immense significance: International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and Peace Studies. While some might wonder why these aspects are necessary for a poli-sci major, the interconnectedness of politics, law, and peace becomes evident upon closer examination. In today's world, the presence of wars is still not a horrible thing that only happened in the distant past. Where people, civilians and eventual non-combatants, whose fundamental human rights are continuously being infringed upon by tyrannical people in power in places of conflict in the world. The significance and the urgency of the people who study, give advice, and guide people in power is becoming evident.

These fields may be pretty extraneous for political science students who only think politics is about government and power. Although some might wonder why the connection is not immediately apparent, embarking on this journey of understanding these topics will not only enrich the understanding of the reality of the world of a Polsci major student. But also foster a deep understanding of global dynamics and human behavior. This blog post will enable us to journey in understanding the nexus and the vital role of IHL and Peace studies in helping to enhance the lens as well as an understanding of a Political Science major student and the challenges IHL and Peace studies face in contemporary work.

First, we must understand what IHL and Peace studies even mean.

IHL serves as a moral compass and legal framework in times of conflict, dictating the rules of engagement, protecting the vulnerable, and limiting the horrors of war. The broad area of peace studies emphasizes social justice, sustainable peacebuilding, conflict transformation, and the mere absence of violence. IHL and peace studies are helpful to a Political Science major student as they provide a student with certain specific values, such as:

Interconnectedness of Objectives of the Three Aspects:

Through diplomacy and negotiation, politics frequently aims to gain control and influence. On the other hand, the absence of violence and the creation of a peaceful society are the goals of peace. IHL ties these goals together by establishing legal frameworks that regulate conflicts and guarantee that advancing political agendas does not jeopardize human rights and moral principles.

A Humanistic Approach to Diplomacy

Diplomacy is the leading player where politics and peace are intertwined. IHL serves as a pillar, requiring that agreements prioritize the protection of civilians and abide by humanitarian norms. This convergence compels policymakers to engage in diplomacy that puts human lives on par with political objectives.

However, we should also look at some challenges in studying IHL and world peace.

Ethical Dilemmas in weighing variables.

Complex ethical conundrums are frequently presented in the study of peace and IHL. A careful line must be drawn between granting amnesties for the benefit of stability and securing justice for victims to strike a balance between the pursuit of peace and accountability for crimes.

Power Imbalance and Lack of Political Motivation

Politics, IHL, and peace are all inextricably linked to power relations. Practical peacebuilding efforts might be hampered by uneven treatment on the international stage due to powerful governments bending the implementation of IHL to suit their interests. It needs political will on a national and international level to implement IHL and pursue peace. However, the commitment to preserving humanitarian values and prioritizing peace might need to be improved by competing interests and political agendas.

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Building a Universal Culture of Human Rights: A Path for the Philippines in the lens and capabilities of a Youth

The Philippines has a long history of human rights abuses enacted on its people since before the establishment of human rights in the 1800s. Starting from the colonization by Spain in the 16th century to the independence gained in 1946, the Filipino people faced hardships and inhumane treatment at the hands of the colonizers. Even after independence, The Philippines has a rich history of advocating for human rights, as seen in the 1986 People Power Revolution that overthrew a dictatorship and rekindled the nation's commitment to democracy. However, like any problem that failed to be solved by a strong foundation. In recent years, concerns have been raised about the country's deteriorating human rights situation.

In the Public Domain, one of the perfect examples is the extrajudicial killings associated with President Rodrigo Duterte's war on drugs. Thousands of individuals, often marginalized and vulnerable, have been killed in anti-drug operations. Freedom of the press and freedom of expression have also come under threat, as journalists, activists, and dissenters face harassment, violence, and legal actions. While on the Private Domain, there are still a considerable number of cases of domestic violence against women and children, discrimination against the LGBTQ community, and many more.

As a student, I believe that I am limited in terms of resources, connections, and building a solid foundation to be able to embark on an ambitious goal of creating a universal culture of human rights for my country. While that may indeed be true, that does not mean that I could not and should not do anything to do my part in bringing progress to my community. In this blog, I could provide three examples that may find life in promoting a culture that respects human rights.

Education and Awareness: The most crucial first step anyone should take is this. Start by educating yourself and others about human rights. Understand the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and its principles. Share this knowledge with your family, friends, and community. Engage in discussions about human rights to raise awareness. Educating yourself first grants you valuable and credible information that would help you in your pursuit as it also guides you to respect the right of other humans to gain correct information.

Advocate for Legal Reforms: Participate in advocacy efforts to push for legal reforms that strengthen human rights protections. Support organizations and initiatives that work towards legal changes, especially those related to drug policy, press freedom, and freedom of expression. This can occur by participating in a physical peaceful protest organized by a support organization or even participating Online by raising awareness on social media with credible information and promoting human rights advocacy. 

Lead by Example: Practice what you preach. Be a role model in your community by consistently upholding human rights principles in your own actions and interactions. \Showing people that you are ready to embody your advocacy may inspire others to do the same, which will ideally trickle down in forming a culture that respects human rights.

In conclusion, building a culture of universal human rights in the Philippines is a worthy goal that calls for the support of all Filipinos—individuals, communities, and the entire country. Although the obstacles may appear formidable, even the smallest effort helps achieve the bigger objective of guaranteeing everyone's human rights are recognized and maintained. We can build a better future for the Philippines where human dignity and justice rule by educating ourselves, fighting for change, and standing up for people whose rights are abused.