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Diwali This article is about the Hindu festival. For the related Jain festival with the same name, see Diwali (Jainism). "Dipavali" and "Deepavali" redirect here. For the related Nepalese festival, see Tihar. For the films, see Deepavali (disambiguation). Diwali or Deepavali is the Hindu festival of lights celebrated every year in autumn in the northern hemisphere (spring in southern hemisphere). It is an official holiday in Fiji, Guyana, India,[5] Malaysia, Mauritius, Myanmar, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and recently Sindh Province in Pakistan. One of the most popular festivals of Hinduism, it spiritually signifies the victory of light over darkness, good over evil, knowledge over ignorance, and hope over despair. Its celebration includes millions of lights shining on housetops, outside doors and windows, around temples and other buildings in the communities and countries where it is observed. The festival preparations and rituals typically extend over a five-day period, but the main festival night of Diwali coincides with the darkest, new moon night of the Hindu Lunisolar month Kartika in Bikram Sambat calendar (the month of Aippasi in Tamil Calendar). In the Gregorian calendar, Diwali night falls between mid-October and mid-November. Before Diwali night, people clean, renovate, and decorate their homes and offices. On Diwali night, people dress up in new clothes or their best outfit, light up diyas (lamps and candles) inside and outside their home, participate in family puja (prayers) typically to Lakshmi – the goddess of fertility and prosperity. After puja, fireworks follow, then a family feast including mithai (sweets), and an exchange of gifts between family members and close friends. Deepavali also marks a major shopping period in nations where it is celebrated. The name of festive days as well as the rituals of Diwali vary significantly among Hindus, based on the region of India. In many parts of India, the festivities start with Dhanteras (in Northern and Western part of India), followed by Naraka Chaturdasi on second day, Deepavali on the third day, Diwali Padva dedicated to wife–husband relationship on the fourth day, and festivities end with Bhai Doojdedicated to sister–brother bond on the fifth day. Dhanteras usually falls eighteen days after Dussehra. On the same night that Hindus celebrate Diwali, Jains celebrate a festival also called Diwali to mark the attainment of moksha by Mahavira, Sikhs celebrate Bandi Chhor Divas to mark the release of Guru Hargobind from a Mughal Empire prison, and Newar Buddhists, unlike the majority of Buddhists, celebrate Diwali by worshipping Lakshmi. If you want more information: [ Simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/diwali ] [ Timeandate/holiday/india/diwali ] [ Nationalgeographic/explore/diwali ] [ Calenderlabs/holiday/india/diwali ] [Officeholidays/countries/india/diwali ] Etymology Diwali (English: /dɪˈwɑːliː/)[3] or Sanskrit dīpāvali means "series of lights",[21] and is derived from dīpam "light, lamp" and oli "glow of light". Diwali is also known as dīpotsavam "festival of lights". The holiday is known as dipawoli in Assamese: দীপাৱলী, dipaboli or dipali in Bengali: দীপাবলি/দীপালি, divāḷi in Gujarati: દિવાળી, divālī in Hindi: दिवाली, dīpavaḷi in Kannada: ದೀಪಾವಳಿ, Konkani: दिवाळी, Malayalam: ദീപാവലി, Marathi: दिवाळी, dipābali in Odia: ଦିପାବଳୀ, dīvālī in Punjabi: ਦੀਵਾਲੀ, diyārī in Sindhi: दियारी‎, 'tīpāvaḷi in Tamil: தீபாவளி, and Telugu: దీపావళి, Galungan in Balineseand Swanti in Nepali: स्वन्ति or tihar in Nepali: तिहार. History Diwali dates back to ancient times in India, as a festival after the summer harvest in the Hindu calendar month of Kartika. The festival is mentioned in Sanskrit texts such as the Padma Purana, the Skanda Purana both completed in second half of 1st millennium AD but believed to have been expanded from a core text from an earlier era. The diyas (lamps) are mentioned in Skanda Purana to symbolically represent parts of the sun, the cosmic giver of light and energy to all life, who seasonally transitions in the Hindu calendar month of Kartik. Hindus in some regions of India associate Diwali with the legend of Yama and Nachiketa on Kartika amavasya (Diwali night).The Nachiketa story about right versus wrong, true wealth versus transient wealth, knowledge versus ignorance is recorded in Katha Upanishad composed in 1st millennium BC. King Harsha in the 7th century Sanskrit play Nagananda mentions Deepavali as Deepapratipadutsava (Deepa = light, pratipada= first day, utsava = festival), where lamps were lit and newly engaged brides and grooms were given gifts. Rajasekharareferred to Deepavali as Dipamalika in his 9th century Kavyamimamsa, wherein he mentions the tradition of homes being whitewashed and oil lamps decorating homes, streets and markets in the night.The Persian traveller and historian Al Biruni, in his 11th century memoir on India, wrote of Deepavali being celebrated by Hindus on New Moon day of the month of Kartika. If you want more information: [ Wikpedia/wiki/diwali ] [ Diwalifestival/diwali ] [ National geographic/explore/diwali ] [ Kidsgen/diwali/history ] [ Destivalawsomeji/diwali/history ] Significance Diwali is one of the happiest holidays in India and Nepal with significant preparations. People clean their homes and decorate them for the festivities. Diwali is one of the biggest shopping seasons in India and Nepal; people buy new clothes for themselves and their families, as well as gifts, appliances, kitchen utensils, even expensive items such as cars and gold jewellery. People also buy gifts for family members and friends which typically include sweets, dry fruits, and seasonal specialties depending on regional harvest and customs. It is also the period when children hear ancient stories, legends about battles between good and evil or light and darkness from their parents and elders. Girls and women go shopping and create rangoli and other creative patterns on floors, near doors and walkways. Youth and adults alike help with lighting and preparing for patakhe (fireworks). There is significant variation in regional practices and rituals. Depending on the region, prayers are offered before one or more deities, with most common being Lakshmi – the goddess of wealth and prosperity. On Diwali night, fireworks light up the neighborhood skies. Later, family members and invited friends celebrate the night over food and sweets. If you want more information: [ Thoughtco ] [ Mapsofindia ] [ Diwalifestival ] [ Speakingoftree/blog/imortance ] [ India celebrating/festivall ] Spiritual significance Diwali is celebrated by Hindus, Jains, and Sikhs and Newar Buddhiststo mark different historical events and stories, but they all symbolise the victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, good over evil, hope over despair. The mythical stories told for Diwali vary regionally and within the traditions of Hinduism. Yet, they all point to joy and the celebration of Diwali with lights to be a reminder of the importance of knowledge, self inquiry, self-improvement, knowing and seeking the good and the right path. It is a metaphor for resisting evil, for dispelling darkness and for compassion to others.Diwali is the celebration of this inner light over spiritual darkness of knowledge over ignorance and right over wrong It is a festive restatement of the Hindu belief that the good ultimately triumphs over evil. If you want more information: [ Sprituality and practice ] [ Forum for hindu awakening ] [ Patheos co ] [ Huffington post ] [ Satya sai /org ] Hinduism The religious significance of Deepavali varies regionally within India, depending on the school of Hindu philosophy, regional, legends, and beliefs. Hindus across the world celebrate Diwali in honor of the return of Lord Rama, wife Sita, brother Lakshmana and lord Hanuman to Ayodhyafrom exile of 14 years after Rama defeated Ravana. To honor and celebrate Lord Rama, Sita, Lakshmana and Hanuman returning from Sri Lanka and to illuminate their path, villagers light Diyas to celebrate the triumph of good over evil.[37] For some, Diwali also celebrates the return of Pandavas after 12 years of Vanvas and one year of "Agyatavas" in Mahabharata. Furthermore, Deepavali is linked to the celebration of Lakshmi, who is venerated amongst Hindus as the goddess of wealth and prosperity and is the wife of Lord Vishnu. The 5-day festival of Diwali begins on the day Goddess Lakshmi was born from the churning of cosmic ocean of milk by the Devas (gods) and the Asuras (demons); while the night of Diwali is the day Lakshmi chose Vishnu as her husband and they were married. Along with Lakshmi, devotees make offerings to Ganesha, who symbolizes ethical beginnings and fearless remover of obstacles; Saraswati, who embodies music, literature and learning and Kubera, who symbolizes book-keeping, treasury and wealth management. Other Hindus believe that Diwali is the day Vishnu came back to Lakshmi and their abode in the Vaikuntha; so those who worship Lakshmi receive the benefit of her good mood, and therefore are blessed with mental, physical and material wellbeing during the year ahead. Hindus in India's eastern region, such as Odisha and West Bengal, worship the goddess Kali instead of Lakshmi, and call the festival Kali Puja. In India's Braj and north central regions, the god Krishna is recognized. People mark Mount Govardhan, and celebrate legends about Krishna. In other regions, the feast of Govardhan Puja (or Annakoot) is celebrated, with 56 or 108 different cuisines prepared, offered to Krishna, then shared and celebrated by the local community. If you want more information: [ Thought co ] [ Independent co/uk ] [ Bbc/religion ] [ The guardian ] [ Britanica/tophic/diwali ] Sikhism Main article: Bandi Chhor Divas Diwali for Sikhs marks the Bandi Chhor Divas, when Guru Har Gobind freed himself and some Hindu Rajahs, from the Gwalior Fort, from the prison of the Mughal emperor, Jahangir, and arrived at the Golden Temple in Amritsar. Ever since then, Sikhs celebrate Bandi Choorh Divas, with the annual lighting up of Golden Temple, fireworks and other festivities. In the post-Guru Gobind Singh era, Sarbat Khalsa used to meet on Diwali and Baisakhi to discuss important issues concerning Sikh community. If you want more information: [ Wikipedia/org/wiki/bhandi ] [ Sikhi/index ] [ Bbc religion sikhism ] [ Sikh phylosophy net ] [ Allabout sikhs ] Jainism Main article: Diwali (Jainism) Diwali has special significance in Jainism. Mahavira, the last of the Tirthankar of this era, attained Nirvana on this day at Pavapuri on 15 October 527 BCE, on Kartik Krishna Amavasya. According to the Kalpasutra by Acharya Bhadrabahu, 3rd century BC, many gods were present there, illuminating the darkness.Therefore, Jains celebrate Diwali as a day of remembering Mahavira. On Diwali morning, Nirvan Ladoo is offered after praying to Mahavira in all Jain temples all across the world. Gautam Gandhar Swami, the chief disciple of Mahavira achieved omniscience(Kevala Gyan) later the same day. If you want more information: [ Wikipedia/wiki/diwali/jainism ] [ Jain samaj org ] [ E jainism ] [ Speakingtree allsides ] [ Meri news/article ] Buddhism The Newar people in Nepal, who are Buddhist and revere various deities in the Vajrayana tradition, celebrate the festival by worshipping Lakshmi. The Newar Buddhists in Nepalese valleys celebrate the Diwali festival over five days, in the same way and on the same days as the Hindu Diwali-Tihar festival.[44] According to some scholars, this traditional celebration by Newar Buddhists in Nepal, involving Lakshmi and Vishnu during Diwali, reflects the freedom granted in the Mahayana Buddhism tradition to worship any deity for their worldly betterment. If you want more information: [ About festival india ] [ India celebrating festival ] [ World religion news ] [ Chakra news ] [ Busttle ] Description and rituals Diwali is a five-day festival in many regions of India, with Diwali night centering on the new moon – the darkest night – at the end of the Hindu lunar month of Ashvin and the start of the month of Kartika. In the Common Era calendar, Diwali typically falls towards the end of October, or first half of November each year. The darkest night of autumn lit with diyas, candles and lanterns, makes the festival of lights particularly memorable. Diwali is also a festival of sounds and sights with fireworks and rangoli designs; the festival is a major celebration of flavors with feasts and numerous mithai (sweets, desserts), as well as a festival of emotions where Diwali ritually brings family and friends together every year. Rituals and preparations for Diwali begin days or weeks in advance. The festival formally begins two days before the night of Diwali, and ends two days thereafter. Each day has the following rituals and significance. If you want more information:: [ Geeknoob/india ] [ Thought co ] [ The holiday spot co ] [ Wiki how co ] [ Religion facts co ] Dhanteras (Day 1) Main article: Dhanteras Dhanteras (celebrated in Northern and Western part of India) starts off the five day festival. Starting days before and through Dhanteras, houses and business premises are cleaned, renovated and decorated. Women and children decorate entrances with Rangoli – creative colourful floor designs both inside and in the walkways of their homes or offices. Boys and men get busy with external lighting arrangements and completing all renovation work in progress. For some, the day celebrates the churning of cosmic ocean of milk between the forces of good and forces of evil; this day marks the birthday of Lakshmi – the Goddess of Wealth and Prosperity, and the birthday of Dhanvantari – the God of Health and Healing. On the night of Dhanteras, diyas (lamps) are ritually kept burning all through the nights in honor of Lakshmi and Dhanvantari. Dhanteras is also a major shopping day, particularly for gold or silver articles. Merchants, traders and retailers stock up, put articles on sale, and prepare for this day. Lakshmi Puja is performed in the evening. Some people decorate their shops, work place or items symbolizing their source of sustenance and prosperity. If you want more information: [ Drikpanchang ] [ Astro speak ] [ Diwali festival org ] [ Mykundalli co ] [ India dhanteras ] Naraka Chaturdasi (Day 2) Main article: Naraka Chaturdashi Narak Chaturdasi is the second day of festivities, and is also called Choti Diwali. The Hindu literature narrates that the asura (demon) Narakasura was killed on this day by Krishna, Satyabhama and Kali. The day is celebrated by early morning religious rituals and festivities followed on. This day is commonly celebrated as Diwali in Andhra pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Goa and Karnataka. Typically, house decoration and colourful floor patterns called rangoli are made on or before Narak Chaturdasi. Special bathing rituals such as a fragrant oil bath are held in some regions, followed by minor pujas. Women decorate their hands with henna designs. Families are also busy preparing homemade sweets for main Diwali. If you want more information: [ Ebay co ] [ Wikipedia /wiki/org/narka ] [ Forum hindu awakening/narak ] [ India celebrating/festival/narak ] [ Dna india news ] Lakshmi Puja (Day 3) Main article: Lakshmi Puja Sweets mithai (dessert) are popular across India for Diwali celebration. The third day is the main festive day. People wear new clothes or their best outfits as the evening approaches. Then diyas are lit, pujas are offered to Lakshmi, and to one or more additional deities depending on the region of India; typically Ganesha, Saraswati, and Kubera..Lakshmi symbolises wealth and prosperity, and her blessings are invoked for a good year ahead. Lakshmi is believed to roam the earth on Diwali night. On the evening of Diwali, people open their doors and windows to welcome Lakshmi, and place diya lights on their windowsills and balcony ledges to invite her in. On this day, the mothers who work hard all year, are recognized by the family and she is seen to embody a part of Lakshmi, the good fortune and prosperity of the household. Small earthenware lamps filled with oil are lighted and placed in rows by some Hindus along the parapets of temples and houses. Some set diyas adrift on rivers and streams. Important relationships and friendships are also recognized during the day, by visiting relatives and friends, exchanging gifts and sweets. After the puja, people go outside and celebrate by lighting up patakhe (fireworks). The children enjoy sparklers and variety of small fireworks, while adults enjoy playing with ground chakra, Vishnu chakra, flowerpots (anaar), sutli bomb, rockets and bigger fireworks.[51] The fireworks signify celebration of Diwali as well a way to chase away evil spirits. After fireworks, people head back to a family feast, conversations and mithai (sweets, desserts). If you want more information: [ Ebay com ] [ Wiki how com ] [ Wikipedia wiki/org/laxmi ] [ Speaking tree/asllide ] [ Youtube video ] Padwa, Balipratipada (Day 4) Main article: Balipratipada The day after Diwali, is celebrated as Padwa. This day ritually celebrates the love and mutual devotion between the wife and husband. The husbands give thoughtful gifts, or elaborate ones to respective spouses. In many regions, newly married daughters with their husbands are invited for special meals. Sometimes brothers go and pick up their sisters from their in-laws home for this important day. The day is also a special day for the married couple, in a manner similar to anniversaries elsewhere in the world. The day after Diwali devotees perform Goverdhan puja in honor of Lord Krishna. Diwali also marks the beginning of new year, in some parts of India, where the Hindu Vikram Samvat calendar is popular. Merchants and shopkeepers close out their old year, and start a new fiscal year with blessings from Lakshmi and other deities. If you want more information: [ Wikipedia wiki/org/balipratipada ] [ Forum for hindu awkening ] [ Varansi org /padwa ] [ Isamaj org/bhakti/festival ] [ Marathicultureand festival ] Bhai Duj, Bhaiya Dooji (Day 5) Main article: Bhau-beej The last day of the festival is called Bhai dooj (Brother's second) or Bhai tika in Nepal, where it is the major day of the festival. It celebrates the sister-brother loving relationship, in a spirit similar to Raksha Bandhan but with different rituals. The day ritually emphasizes the love and lifelong bond between siblings. It is a day when women and girls get together, perform a puja with prayers for the well being of their brothers, then return to a ritual of food-sharing, gift-giving and conversations. In historic times, this was a day in autumn when brothers would travel to meet their sisters, or bring over their sister's family to their village homes to celebrate their sister-brother bond with the bounty of seasonal harvests. If you want more information: [ Wikipedia org /wiki/bhai/duj ] [ Drikpanchang/bhaiduj ] [ Time and date /bhai duj ] [ The holiday spot/bhai ] [ India celebrating festival ] Festival of peace On this festive occasion, Hindu, Jain and Sikh communities also mark charitable causes, kindness, and for peace. For example, at the international border, every year on Diwali, Indian forces approach Pakistani forces and offer traditional Indian sweets on the occasion of Diwali. The Pakistani soldiers anticipating the gesture, return the goodwill with an assortment of Pakistani sweets. Regional variations New Year celebrations See also: New Year The Marwari New Year is celebrated on the day of the festival of Diwali, which is the last day Krishna Paksha of Ashvin month and also last day of the Ashvin month of Hindu calendar. The Gujarati New Year is celebrated the day after the festival of Diwali (which occurs in mid-fall – either October or November, depending on the Lunar calendar). The Gujarati New Year is synonymous with sud ekam i.e. first day of Shukla paksha of the Kartik month -, which is taken as the first day of the first month of Gujarati lunar calendar. Most other Hindus celebrate the New Year in the spring – Baisakhi. Gujarati community all over the world celebrates the New Year after Diwali to mark the beginning of a new fiscal year. The Nepal Era New year is celebrated by the ethnic Newari in the Kathmandu valley. The new year occurs in the fourth day of Diwali. The calendar was used as an official calendar until the mid 19th century. Although, most Nepalese celebrate the traditional new year in April i.e. Baisakhi. If you want more information: [ Learning jouney ] [ Diwali festival org ] [ Hinduism stackexchange ] [ The holiday spot/new year ] [ Tripsavvy com ] Melas Main article: Mela Diwali Rangoli light To add to the festivals of Diwali, fairs are held throughout India.[55] Melas are found in many towns and villages. A mela generally becomes a market day in the countryside when farmers buy and sell produce, and rural families shop for clothes, utensils and other products. Girls and women dress attractively during the festival. They wear colourful clothing and new jewelry, and their hands are decorated with hennadesigns. Among the many activities that take place at a fairs are performances by jugglers, acrobats, snake charmers and fortune tellers. Food stalls are set up, selling sweet and spicy foods. There are a variety of rides at the fair, which include Ferris wheels and rides on animals such as elephants and camels. Activities for children, such as puppet shows, occur throughout the day. If you want more information: [ Make my trip com ] [ Eyents high delhi diwali mela ] [ Onspon event exhibition ] [ Diwali festival org ] [ Hindustan times/diwali ] [ Refer to vedic guide ] Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Diwali is celebrated in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana on the same day as central, east, west and north India, and the festivities center over two days observed as state holidays – Naraka Chaturthasi and Deepavali Amaavasya (Diwali).[57] The festivities start out at the crack of dawn and carry on well into the night. Most people make a trip to the local temple along with their families to seek the blessings of their respective gods. The night sky is lit up with a scintillating array of noisy fireworks. Diwali is one of the seven most important festivals of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh and mainly it is celebrated with name Deepavali. It is very popular with children who celebrate Diwali because of the excitement of bursting firecrackers. Special shops to sell firecrackers are set up in all towns, cities and bigger villages. Some areas host local stage story telling called Hari Katha. Some areas may put a huge Narakasura dummy made with fireworks. This will be burst by a person dressed as Lord Krishna or, more accurately, a costume of Satyabhama, the consort of Lord Krishna, who actually killed the demon Narakasura; an event that is celebrated as Diwali for generations. The evening sky of Diwali is a colourful sight to watch. People clean/white-wash or paint/decorate their homes as it is a very auspicious day; to welcome the goddess of wealth and prosperity i.e. Lakshmi devi to their homes. Homes are lit up with hundreds of diyas and colourful diwali rangolis adorn the doorways. After all this preparation all the members of the family perform the Lakshmi puja. Another custom involves decorating homes with paper figures. Festivities cut across boundaries to move on from the small villages to the big towns, often beginning almost a month before Diwali. Sales of expensive silk saris, jewellery, ornaments, and household goods increase. From the poor to the rich, everyone indulges in the largest shopping spree of the year. Sweets, which are an integral part of any festival in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, are prepared or purchased from shops. The festival is full of messages depicting one or more aspects of human life, relationships, and ancient traditions. In Puranas it was said that, Goddess Durga had taken rest at Vijayawada and the place is named as Indrakeeladri. Deepawali is celebrated with a great joy in Vijayawada. Lighting effect at Prakasam Barrage adds further tourist attraction. If you want more information: [ Festival of india ] [ Business standatd ] [ Drik panchang ] [ Ap 7am ] [ Wikipedia org\/wiki/diwali ] [ Refer to vedic guide ] Goa and Konkan Diwali begins in Konkan and Goa on the day of Naraka Chaturdashi. The houses are cleaned and decorated with kandeel(known as Akashdivo in Konkani), lamps, mango leaves, and marigold flowers. The utensils are made to shine, filled with water, and decorated for the holy bath the following morning. On the eve of Naraka Charurdashi, paper-made effigies of Narakasura, filled with grass and firecrackers symbolizing evil, are made. These effigies are burnt at around four o'clock in the morning. Firecrackers are burst, and people return home to take a scented oil bath. Lamps are lit in a line. The women of the house perform aarti of the men, gifts are exchanged, a bitter berry called kareet is crushed under the feet in token of killing Narkasur, symbolising evil and removal of ignorance. Different varieties of Poha and sweets are made and eaten with family and friends. Festivities continue until Tulsi Vivah and lamps are lit every evening. Celebrations include Lakshmi puja on the Diwali day, Krishna puja or Govardhan puja and cattle worship on Balipratipada day, Bhaubeej, and Tulsi vivah. If you want more information: [ Goa news ] [ Pinretrest /com ] [ Hello travels/deals 37365 ] [ Hindustan times ] [The hindu business lines ] [ Refer to vedic guide ] Gujarat Main article: Diwali in Gujarat Floor Rangoli decoration in Gujarat In Gujarat the Diwali celebrations take on a number of distinct characteristics. Diwali occurs in the second (dark) lunar fortnight (Krishna Paksha) of the month of Ashvin (Gujarati: "Aaso") and the first (bright) fortnight (Shukla Paksha) of Kartika (Guj: "Kartik"). Aaso is the last month of the Gujarati calendar, and Kartik the first. Celebrations start earlier in Gujarat than in the rest of India, commencing on Agyaras, the 11th day of the Krishna Paksha of Aaso. On the 12th day is Vagh Baras, the festival of the cow and the calf. On the 13th day is Dhanteras, the days Diwali starts in the rest of India. The 14th (elsewhere known as Naraka Chaturdashi in South India and Choti Diwali in the North) is celebrated as Kali Choudas. The 15th (new moon day) is Lakshmi Puja, celebrated throughout India. The next day, the first day of Shukla Paksha of Kartik, is Bestu Varsh, New Year's Day, start of the Gujarati calendar. The 2nd day of Kartik is Bhai Bij, the day Diwali ends. A further celebration takes place on the 5th day of Kartik, Labh Pancham. If you want more information: [ Festival of india ] [ India travel/article/diwali ] [ Diwali festival org ] [ Drikpanchang ] [ Sarisrivansikar ] [ Refer to vedic guide ] Karnataka Deepavali is celebrated as a five-day festival in Karnataka, with the third and fourth day called Thali Deepavali (concurs with Diwali, South India date) and Balipadyami Deepavali (the day after) respectively. The Balipadyami is also a state holiday in Karnataka. Known as Deepavali (ದೀಪಾವಳಿ) in Karnataka, it is celebrated on the day before and day following Amavasye (New Moon Day) as Naraka Chaturdashi (before new-moon day) resembling Satyabhama's victory over Narakasura and as Bali Padyami, the first day of Kartika masa. The entire house is cleaned and new clothes are purchased for the entire family which is followed by lighting of oil lamps around the house and bursting firecrackers. The tradition in Kannada families is that all members gather together for the three days celebration. The thirteenth day of the Krishna Paksha is celebrated as "neeru tumbo habba" when the house is cleaned, painted afresh and the vessels are washed, bedecked and filled with fresh water for the festival. The next day is Naraka Chaturdashi, considered very auspicious. In parts of North Karnataka, the women of the house perform Aarti on the men. The next day is Lakshmi mahaapooje on Amavaasye (new-moon day). On the fourth day, the house, especially the entrance, is decorated with flowers and floor decorations to invite Bali into their homes. A special entrance to the home is built, made out of cow-dung (gOmaya) and Sandalwood (siri-chandana). Both materials are revered in Kannada tradition as having divine significance. The day is of special importance to agricultural families as they celebrate Govardhan Pooja on this day. The houses are adorned with Keraka (replica of the Govardhana giri using cow dung) bejewelled with flowers and maize, ragi stalks. Fire-camps are kindled on both Naraka Chaturdashi and Bali Padyami days of Deepavali. The celebration of Deepavali is marked by the lighting of lamps in every courtyard and the bursting of firecrackers. Ravtegh is a special Deepavali delicacy in Bangalore region. Holiges and Chakkulisare prepared in all households. If you want more information: [ Office holiday conturies india /diwali ] [ Office holiday/conturies/india/regional ] [ Karnatka com ] [ Public holiday karnataka ] [Diwali festival org /festival of india ] [ Refer to vedic guide ] Kerala Diwali or popularly known locally as Deepavali, falls on the preceding day of the New Moon in the Malayalam month Thulam (October–November). The celebrations are based on the legend of Narakasura Vadha – where Sri Krishna destroyed the demon and the day Narakasura died is celebrated as Deepavali. It commemorates the triumph of good over evil. The story of King Bali is also associated with Diwali by Hindus in Kerala. If you want more information: [ Festival of india ] [ Quora why diwali not celebrated ] [ Learn malayalam ] [ Diwali festival org ] [ Kerala oc /kerala ] [ Refer to vedic guide ] Maharashtra Preparations for Diwali start before the festival with people preparing sweets and savory snacks collectively called 'Faral'. The snacks include Chakali, Laddu, Karanji, Chiwada and other festive foods. In Maharashtra, Diwali starts from Vasubaras which is the 12th day of the 2nd half of the Marathi month Ashvin. This day is celebrated by performing an Aarti of the cow and its calf – which is a symbol of love between mother and her baby. The next day is Dhana Trayodashi. Traders and business people give special importance to this festival. It is also considered an auspicious day for making important purchases, especially metals, including kitchenware an d precious metals like silver and gold. Homes, such as above, and buildings are decorated with festive lights for Diwali. This is followed by Naraka Chaturdashi. On this day people get up early in the morning and take their bath before sunrise while stars are still visible. Bathing is an elaborate process on this day with abundant use of utnas, oils and perfumes, and is preceded by an Aarti. The day after Naraka Chaturdashi comes Lakshmi-pooja. It occurs on Amavasya i.e. no moon day. The dark night is illuminated by lamps and at dusk firecrackers are burst. New account books are opened after a pooja. Generally the traders do not make any payments on that day to preserve Lakshmi in home. In every household, cash, jewellery and an idol of the goddess Lakshmi is worshipped. Friends, neighbours and relatives are invited over and celebrations are in full swing. Bali Pratipada is the 1st day of Kartik in the Hindu calendar. It marks the start of Hindu financial year. It is a special day for Husband and wife. The wife puts tilak on her husbands forehead and he gives her an expensive gift. In recent times there is a growing trend of organising a cultural event called Diwali Padwa early in the morning. Bhau-beej – it is the time when the bond of love between a brother and sister is further strengthened. The sister asks God for her brother's(s') long and successful life while she receives presents from her beloved brothers. If you want more information: [ Festival of india/diwali ] [ Diwali festival org ] [ India co/travel/article/diwali ] [ Discover india/maharastra ] [ Maharastra tourism ] [ Refer to vedic guide ] Odisha In Odisha, the festival is known as Deepavali(Odia : ଦୀପାବଳୀ )The festival day starts with drawing Rangolis in front of the house. The Rangoli is drawn in the shape of sailboat on the ground in front of their house and is filled with items like cotton, salt, mustard, asparagus root, turmeric and a wild creeper. However, in the central chamber, Prasad is placed and over which a Deepa of a jute stem with cloth wick is lit. This marks the beginning of Puja. Tarpanam – the ritual meant to invoke the spirits of the ancestors. Immediately after the dusk, all members of household gather for lighting Kaunria (pith of the jute plant). A lighted lamp is placed inside an earthen pot that is tied to a pole erected in front of the house . All the members then hold a bunch of jute stick in their hands and lit them from the fire from main Deepa i.e. the Deepa kept over Prasad and raise the bunch towards the sky chanting the following verse. And then in presence of every members of the house, a bundle of the Kaunria is lit during the Puja and raised skywards accompanied with the chant: "Badbadua ho andhaara re aasa aalua re jaa" meaning "O' forefathers come in the dark of the evening, we light your way to the heaven". The significance of the ritual is that we show respect to our ancestors who reinforce their absence from the physical world by our presence. If you want more information: [ Diwali festival org ] [ Public holiday/disha ] [ Noa odisha ] [ Wikipedia/org/wiki/odisha ] [ Odi alive /8 facts/of/diwali ] [ Refer to vedic guide ] Tamil Nadu Known as Deepavali (தீபாவளி) in Tamil Nadu, it commemorates the death of Narakasura at the hands of Lord Sri Krishna. It is believed that Narakasura, a malevolent demon, tortured common people and they prayed to lord Krishna to defeat him. The people then celebrated Narakasura's defeat with sparklers, lights and firecrackers. This celebration has continued down the generations as Diwali. In Tamil Nadu, Diwali falls on the 14th day preceding the amavasya (new moon) in the solar month of Aippasi (ஐப்பசி). The day begins with an early morning oil bath, wearing new clothes, bursting of firecrackers, visiting Lord Ganesha, Lord Vishnu and Shiva temples. The exchange of sweets between neighbours, visiting relations, and preparing Diwali special sweets are traditions of the day. Typical Deepavali celebrations begin with waking up early in the morning, before sun rise, followed by an oil-bath. The bathing tradition involves extensive massaging of warm til-oil containing pepper corns and betel leaves. New clothes are typically worn as a part of celebrations. After the bath, a home-made medicine known as "Deepavali Lehiyam" is consumed, which is supposed to aid in soothing digestive problems that may ensue because of feasting that occurs later in the day. Sparklers, firecrackers and lights are used extensively, much like the rest of the world where Deepavali is celebrated. Tamil Nadu always celebrates diwali on the day of, Naraka Chaturdashipreceding new moon in the month of aippasi. In Tamil Nadu, Diwali is calculated when chaturdashi prevails during sunrise, precisely at 4am-6am. If chaturdashi prevails after 6am it is not considered. For example, if chaturdashi tithi begins at 2:30 pm the preceding day and ends at 1pm next day, the next day will be celebrated as Diwali. On diwali day Lamps are not lit on evening in Tamil Nadu.Lamps are lit on the night of Karthikai Deepam, in the Tamil solar month of Karthikai.Also lakshmi puja is not very important .Most important diwali ritual is "Kedara gowri vratam" also known as"nombu"(நோன்பு) which would be done by most families on amavasya day.Some families do it on Chaturdashi day. If you want more information: [ Tn gov in holiday 2017 ] [ Office holiday com/conturies ] [ Tamil daily calender ] [ Public holiday/tamil nadu ] [ Pro kerala com ] [ Refer to vedic guide ] Uttar Pradesh Diwali is the most important festival in this state and is celebrated with great vigor and gaiety. Diwali is celebrated in memory of Lord Rama's victory over the demon king Ravana and his subsequent homecoming to Ayodhya after 14 years in exile. People wear colourful clothes throughout the Diwali festival, and enthusiasm is visible over the entire festival. The ghats of Varanasi come alive with thousands of brightly lit earthen lamps. Visitors throng in large numbers to watch this. Fairs and art festivals are held in the state, a venue for fun and shopping. Other celebrations, such as puja, fireworks, sweets and gifts exchange are similar to the rest of India.Diwali is celebrated with pomp and antiquity in Uttar Pradesh. It is celebrated as the Festival of Lights. The festival is celebrated with great enthusiasm the children and the old If you want more information: [ Drik panchang diwali puja calender ] [Drik panchang ] [ Public holiday/uttar pradesh ] [Indian holiday ] [ Office hoilday/uttarpradesh ] [ Refer to vedic guide ] Diwali Aakash Kandil Braj region In this region, Diwali marks the killing of Narakasura: Celebrated as Naraka Chaturdashi, one day before Diwali, it commemorates the killing of the evil demon Narakasura, who wreaked havoc. In different versions, either Krishna or Krishna's wife Satyabhama killed Narakasura during the Dwapara yuga. The festival is celebrated over six days. It starts with Govatsa Dwadashi. Go means cow and vatsameans calf. Dwadashi means the 12th day. The story associated with this day is that of King Prithu, son of the tyrant King Vena. Because of the ill rule of Vena, there was a terrible famine and earth stopped being fruitful. Prithu chased the earth, who is usually represented as cow, and ‘milked’ her, meaning that he brought prosperity to the land. On second day, people shop for utensils, clothes, gold and other items. The third day is called Chaturdashi, the day on which the demon Narakasura was killed by Krishna – an incarnation of Vishnu. It signifies the victory of good over evil and light over darkness. The day is celebrated with puja, fireworks, and feast. The fourth day, is Diwali night, celebrated like rest of India. The fifth day is Govardhan Puja, celebrated as the day Krishna defeated Indra by the lifting of Govardhana hill to save his kinsmen and cattle from rain and floods. Symbolic mountains of food are prepared representing the Govardhan hill lifted by Krishna, then shared in the community. The last day is Yama Dwitiya where brothers and sisters meet to mark their bond, love and affection for each other. If sister is married and lives in a distant area, the brothers typically visit their sisters’ place on this day and usually have a meal there. The brothers also bring and give gifts to their sisters. If you want more information: [ Indian holiday co ] [ Live hindustan com ] [ Mapso india/event/rajasthan/brij ] [ Web india 123 ] [ Hindi mpan chang ] [ Mythology ] West Bengal, Northeast Bihar, Assam Main article: Kali puja Kali Puja is light-up night for West Bengal, Mithila region of Bihar and Assam. Kali Puja coincides with the festival of Diwali (pronounced Dipaboli in Bengali), (in Maithili, it is known as Diya-Baati) where people light diyas/candles in memory of the souls of departed ancestors. The goddess Kali is worshipped, not Lakshmi, for whole night on one night during this festival. The festival is popularly called Kali puja, not Diwali. Kali puja is also known by the names of Shyama puja or Nisha puja in parts of the Mithila region and West Bengal. Many people also celebrate this festival by lighting earthen lamps (deeps) which is a significance of Lord ram winning over the evil Ravana. If you want more information: [ Akanandy wordpress com ] [ Diwali festival org ] [ Hindustan times ] [ 24 coaches com ] [ The hindu com ] [ Mind ] Outside India Deepavali is celebrated around the world, particularly in countries with significant populations of Hindu, Newar Buddhist, Jain and Sikh origin. These include Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Bhutan, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Mauritius, Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago and other the Caribbean nations, the Netherlands, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the United States. With more understanding of Indian culture and global migration of people of Indian origin, the number of countries where Diwali/Deepavali is celebrated has been gradually increasing. While in some countries it is celebrated mainly by Indian expatriates, in others it is becoming part of the general local culture. In most of these countries Diwali is celebrated on the same lines as described in this article with some minor variations. Some important variations are worth mentioning. Australia Diwali fireworks in Melbourne In Australia, Diwali is celebrated publicly among the people of Indian origin and the local Australians in Brisbane and Melbourne. Diwali at Federation Square has been embraced warmly by the mainstream Victorian population beginning in 2006. The event has now become a part of the Melbourne Arts calendar and is celebrated over a week in the city. Over 56,000 people had visited the Federation square on the last day of the festival last year and had enjoyed the entertaining live music and traditional dances of India, art and crafts as well as the variety of Indian cuisines with the festival culminating in a spectacular fireworks display on the Yarra River. Many iconic buildings in Melbourne including the Victorian Parliament, Melbourne Museum, Federation Square, Melbourne Airport and the Indian Consulate are decorated over this week. Along with this, many outdoor dance performances and super banners immerse the city in Diwali mood in the City and Melbourne Airport. The Diwali event regularly attracts national organizations like AFL, Cricket Australia, White Ribbon, Melbourne Airport and artists from other communities and India. In Sydney, the Sydney Opera House has been annually lit up gold to celebrate the festival since 2014. In Brisbane, Diwali celebrations are held annually in the city's Chinatown, Brisbane which is known for its pan-Asian atmosphere. On the Australian external territory of Christmas Island, Deepavali is celebrated alongside many other celebrations common in Australia and Malaysia as well as local celebrations of the island. If you want more information: [ Time and date com ] [ Abc net news 2016 ] [ Diwali festival org ] [ Diwali com au ] [ Tripsavvy ocm ] [ Body ] Indonesia The festival in the Hindu culture of Bali that celebrates the victory of good (dharma) over evil (adharma), just like Diwali, is called Galungan. However, the dates and the ritual grammar are derived from the Balinese calendar and culture. Galungan marks the time when the ancestral spirits visit the Earth. The last day of the celebration is Kuningan, when they return. The date is calculated according to the 210-day Balinese calendar. The series of Hindu religious ceremonies that are performed during this ten-day festival period are generally considered to be the most important ones of Hindu Bali. During this period the followers of the Balinese Hindu Dharma religion focus on the importance of living a life based on dharma.[74][75] The most obvious sign of the celebrations are the penjor—bamboo poles with offerings suspended at the end. These are installed by the side of roads. Elsewhere, the Indian Hindus of Tamil descent pray in observance of Diwali, at the Sri Mariamman temple in Medan, North Sumatra. Thousands of Hindus from other regions across Indonesia traveled to the temple to celebrate the holiday.The city government also give a Diwali as facultative holiday for Indian community in Medan If you want more information:. [ Time and date diwali/indonesia ] [ India ocm/article ] [ Diwali festival/celebration around world ] [ Villa bali com ] [ Ndtv com ] [ Soul ] Caribbean In Trinidad and Tobago, communities all over the islands get together and celebrate the festival. One major celebration that stands out is the Diwali Nagar, or Village of the Festival of Lights, located in Chaguanas, Trinidad. It features stage performances by the east Indian cultural practitioners, a folk theatre featuring skits and plays, an exhibition on some aspect of Hinduism, displays by Hindu religious sects and social organisations, nightly worship of Lakshmi, lighting of deeyas, performances by schools related to Indian culture, and a food court with Indian and non-Indian vegetarian delicacies. Thousands of people participate in the island wide festivities. Sports grounds, schools and other public locations such as parks, host Deepavali Celebrations. Deepavali celebrations begin with Lakshmi Pooja and continue with lighting diyas and singing, dancing and sharing meals. The festival culminates with fireworks displays ushering in Diwali. If you want more information: [ Diwali festival org ] [ India com article/8/countries ] [ Icctrinnidad wordpress ] [ Jstor org stable ] [ Stab broekenews ] [ Logical atheist ] Fiji In Fiji, Deepavali is a public holiday and is a religious event celebrated together by Hindus (who constitute close to a third of Fiji's population), and culturally amongst members of Fiji's races and is a time in the year that is greatly looked forward to. Originally celebrated by imported indentured labourers from the Indian subcontinent during British rule in the then Colony of Fiji during the 19th century, it was set as a holiday at independence in 1970 as the government wished to set aside one religious public holiday each for Fiji's three largest religions, i.e., Christianity, Hinduism and Islam. Deepavali in Fiji is often remarked by people from India as being observed on a larger scale than in India, as fireworks and Deepavali related events begin at least a week before the actual day. Another unique feature is the cultural celebration of Deepavali (aside from its traditionally religious celebration) where Fijians of Indian origin or Indo-Fijians, whether Hindu, Christian, Sikh or even Muslim along with the other cultural groups in Fiji celebrate Deepavali as a time for sharing with friends and family as well as signalling the beginning of the Holiday season in Fiji. On the commercial side, Deepavali is a time for many retail sales and giveaways. Deepavali celebrations in Fiji have taken on a flair of its own, markedly different from celebrations on the Subcontinent. Deepavali marks a time for cleaning and buying new and special clothes for the celebrations amongst cultural groups along with dressing up in Saris and other Indian clothing, to work the day before. Homes are cleaned and Oil lamps or diyas are lit. Decorations are made around the home with an array of coloured lights, candles and paper lanterns, as well as the use of religious symbols formed out of coloured rice and chalk. Invitations are made to family, friends and neighbours and houses are opened. Gifts are made and prayers or pooja are made by Hindus. Sweets and vegetable dishes are often eaten during this time and fireworks are fired for days before and after Diwali. If you want more information: [ Diwali festival org ] [ Festivals of india in ] [ Watch youtube ] [ Holiday times com ] [Trip advisor ] [ Concept of direction in vastu shastra ] [ Non duality and its apporach ] [ Natural foods and herbs ] Malaysia Deepavali is a federal public holiday throughout Malaysia. In many respects it resembles the traditions followed in the Indian subcontinent. 'Open houses' are held where Hindu Malaysians (of all ethnic groups like Tamils, Telugus and Malayalees) welcome fellow Malaysians of different races and religions to their house for a meal. Diwali in Malaysia has become an occasion for goodwill and friendly ties between religious and ethnic groups in Malaysia. On Deepavali night, Hindus dress up in new clothes, light up diyas (lamps and candles )inside and outside their home, participate in family puja (prayers) typically to Lakshmi. If you want more information: [Public holiday/my/deepawali ] [ Time and date my/deepawali/malaysia ] [ Kuala lampur ws/magzine ] [ Wonderful malaysia ] [ Malaysiasite nl/deepawali ] [ Natural remedies and home remedies ] Mauritius Diwali is an official public holiday in Mauritius. About a week before Diwali, many offices, supermarkets and other public buildings are adorned with lights and so are the homes of the people who celebrate this festival. People prepare sweets at home, such as Burfi, ladoo and other Indian inspired sweets, and distribute them to friends and family. Fireworks are lit on this day and prayers are made with special remembrance of Lord Rama, Lord Laxmi and other Hindu gods. If you want more information: [ Mauritius in side out com ] [ Elite voyage com ] [ Bonjour mauritius ] [ Time and date mauritius ] [ Diwali festival org ] [ Concept of direction in vastu shastra ] [ Non duality and its apporach ] [ How "vasstu shastra" works ? (scientific explanation ] [ Importance of concentration ] [ Mouna ,its practice and benefits ] [ Tarkata ,the practice of concentration and gazing ] [ Married life: the greatest yogic practice ] [ Natural remedies and home remedies ] Nepal Main article: Tihar (festival) Diwali Rangoli Deepavali is known as "Tihar" or "Swanti". It is celebrated over the same five day period concurrent with Deepavali in India.[79] The traditions vary from those followed in India. On the first day (Kaag tihar), crows are given offerings, considering them to be divine messengers. On the second day (Kukur tihar), dogs are given food for their honesty. After Kaag and Kukur Tihar, Gai Tihar and Goru Tihar is celebrated on the third day, where cow and ox are decorated and fed. Also on the third day, Laxmi puja is performed. This is the last day of the year according to Nepal Sambat, so many of the businessmen clear their accounts on this day and on finishing it, worship goddess Laxmi, the goddess of wealth. Days before the Laxmi puja, houses are cleaned and decorated; on the day of Laxmi puja, oil lamps are lit near doors and windows. The fourth day is celebrated as new year. Cultural processions and other celebrations are observed in this day. The Newarscelebrate it as "Mha Puja", a special ritual in which the body is worshipped to keep it fit and healthy for the year ahead on this day. On the fifth and final day called "Bhai Tika", brothers and sisters meet, garland each other, pray for the other's well being, mark the other's forehead with Tika. The brothers give gifts to their sisters, and sisters feed their brothers. In Nepal, family gathering is more significant during Tihar. People in the community play "Deusi and Bhailo" which is a kind of singing and dancing forming a group. People go to all the houses in the community and play songs and dance, and give blessings to the visited house, whereas the home owner gives gifts like rice, SelRoti, fruits and money. After the festival, people donate some part of the collected money and food to the charity or welfare groups and with the rest of the money and food, they go for a picnic. People also play swing called Dore Ping made out of thick ropes and Pirke Ping or Rangate Ping made out of wood. Among Nepali people, after Lakshmi Puja, young girls assemble in groups of four to ten members on Diwali. They sing/dance and play Bhailo in each village, one by one.The head of the family of each house they visit gives them dakshani as a token. They play until Bhaitika (Bhaiduj). Similarly boys play Deusi. Diwali is rejoicingly celebrated during these days. If you want more information: [ Wikipedia/wiki/org/tihar ] [ Festival of india ] [ Diwali festival ] [ Fundoo times com ] [ Public holiday com/asia/nepal/tihar ] [ Ajna chakra ,the third eye ] [ Tattvas and the breath ] [ The nadi system (channel of our force ] [ Bhasma ,the bath of fire ] [ Natural foods and herbs ] New Zealand In New Zealand, Deepavali is celebrated publicly among many of the South Asian diaspora cultural groups. A large group that celebrates Diwali in New Zealand are members of the Indo-Fijian communities who have migrated and settled there. There are main public festivals in Auckland and Wellington, with other events around the country becoming more popular and visible. An official reception has been held at the New Zealand Parliament since 2003.Diwali is celebrated by Hindus. The festival signifies the triumph of light over darkness, justice over injustice, good over evil and intelligence over ignorance. Lakshmi Mata is worshiped. Lakshmi Mata is the goddess of light, wealth and beauty. Special Divali foods are barfi and Prasad. If you want more information: [ Time and date com/holiday/new zealand ] [ Asianz org nz/content/diwali ] [ Wikipedia org/wiki/diwali ] [ Nzherald co nz ] [ The hindu business line ] [ Colors and their significance in vastu shastra ] [ Corners and their importance in vastu shastra ] [ Healing effects of precious stone ] [ Know the quality of a plot with these vasstu shastra rules ] [ Concept of direction in vastu shastra ] [ Non duality and its apporach ][ [ Logical atheist ] Pakistan Diwali was not a public holiday in Pakistan from 1947 to 2016. Diwali along with Holi for Hindus, and Easter for Christians, was adopted as public holiday resolution by Pakistan's parliament in 2016, giving the local governments and public institutions the right to declare Holi as a holiday and grant leave for its minority communities, for the first time.Diwali celebrations have been relatively rare in contemporary Pakistan, but observed across religious lines, including by Muslims in cities such as Peshawar. If you want more information: [ Hindustan times com pakistan ] [ Time and date holiday/pakistan/diwali ] [ Quora pakistan ] [ Watch youtube ] [ Dawn com/news ] [ Colors and their significance in vastu shastra ] [ Corners and their importance in vastu shastra ] [ Healing effects of precious stone ] [ Know the quality of a plot with these vasstu shastra rules ] [ Concept of direction in vastu shastra ] [ Non duality and its apporach ] [ How "vasstu shastra" works ? (scientific explanation ] [ Importance of concentration ] [ Mouna ,its practice and benefits ] [ Tarkata ,the practice of concentration and gazing ] [ Married life: the greatest yogic practice ] [ Soul ] Réunion In Réunion, one quarter of its population are of Indian origin and Deepavali is celebrated by the Hindus. Singapore Diwali decorations in Little India is an annual celebration for Hindus in Singapore. Deepavali is a gazetted public holiday. Observed primarily by the minority Indian community (Tamils), it is typically marked by a light-up in the Little India district, the heart of the Indian community. Apart from the light-up, other activities such as bazaars, exhibitions, parades and concerts will also take place in Little India. The Hindu Endowment Board of Singapore along with Singapore's government organizes many of these cultural events during this festive period. If you want more information: [ Visit in singapore ] [Times and date/singapore/diwali ] [ Best singapore guide com ] [ Public holiday.sg ] [ Little india com ] [ Body ] [ Prana of shakti and six powers of our mind ] [The ancient vaastu science of a pyramid ] [ The right color of your house profession, business and clinic (according to vasstu shastra) ] Sri Lanka Diwali celebrations by Tamil Hindus in Sri Lanka This festival, a public holiday in the island nation, is also called "Deepavali" and is celebrated by the Tamil community. On this day, it is traditional for people to take an oil bath in the morning, wear new clothes, exchange gifts, performing Poosai (Pūjā), and a visit to the Koil(Hindu temple) is normal. Burning of firecrackers in the evening of the festival is a common practice of this festival. Hindus light oil lamps to invite the blessings of Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and to banish any evil from the household for once and for all. The festival is marked by illumination, making of toys of enamel and making of figures out of crystal sugar popularly known as Misiri. Sri Lanka's celebration include many of the traditional aspects of Deepavali such as games, fireworks, singing and dancing; however, the tradition of a large meal, family reunions and fireworks are admirably preserved. If you want more information: [ Lanka com/events/diwali ] [ Public holiday lk/deepawali ] [ Time and date sri lanka/deepawali ] [ Diwalifestival org celebrationsaroundworld ] [ Fundootimes com ] [ The miraculous of human mind ] [ The amazing potentials of the right side of our brain ] [ Mind ] United Kingdom Diwali decorations in Leicester, United Kingdom In Britain, Indians celebrate Diwali with great enthusiasm. People clean and decorate their homes with lamps and candles. A popular type of candle is a diya. People also give each other sweets such as laddoo and barfi, and the different communities may gather for a religious ceremony and get-together. It is also an important time to contact family in India and perhaps exchange gifts. The festival of Deepavali has begun to find acceptance in the broader British national consciousness as more non-Hindus appreciate and celebrate Hinduism on this occasion. Hindus celebrate all over the UK which also brings an understanding to different cultures for the rest of the community.Over the past decade national and civic leaders such as Prince Charles have attended Diwali celebrations at some of the UK's prominent Hindu temples, such as the Swaminarayan Temple in Neasden, using the occasion to commend the Hindu community's contributions to British life. In 2013, Prime Minister David Cameron and his wife joined thousands of worshipers at the BAPS Swaminarayan Mandir in Neasden to celebrate Diwali and the Annakut festival marking the Hindu New Year.[93] Since 2009, Diwali has been celebrated every year at 10 Downing Street, the residence of the British Prime Minister.The yearly celebration, begun by Gordon Brown and continued by David Cameron, is one of the most anticipated events hosted by the British Prime Minister. Leicester plays host to some of the biggest Diwali celebrations outside of India. If you want more information: [ Time and data com/holiday/uk/diwali ] [ Telegraph co uk ] [ Festival of india in ] [ Mirror co uk ] [ Diwalifiestival org celebrationaroundworld ] [ Origion of religon and humanity ] [ Modern human beings and their ethics ] [ The cause of life ] United States Several cities in the United States organize Diwali events and celebrations. Above: an event at San Antonio, Texas. There are about three million Hindus in the United States.[97] Diwali was first celebrated in the White House by George W. Bush in 2003 and was given official status by the United States Congress in 2007. Barack Obama became the first president to personally attend Diwali at the White House in 2009. On the eve of his first visit to India as the president of United States, Obama released an official statement sharing best wishes with "those celebrating Diwali". The Diwali Mela in Cowboys Stadium boasted an attendance of 100,000 people in 2009. In 2009, San Antonio became the first U.S. city to sponsor an official Diwali celebration including a fireworks display; in 2012, over 15,000 people attended. In 2011, The Pierre in New York City, now operated by Tata Group's Taj Hotels, hosted its first Diwali celebration. South Brunswick in New Jersey, Howard County in Maryland, and Meadow School District & Syosset Central School District in New York have declared Diwali as a school holiday. In 2016 - Diwali was commemorated for the first time at the United Nations in New York City. The United States Postal Service issued a Diwali postage stamp on 5 October 2016. If you want more information: [Time ad date oc holiday/us ] [ Festivals of india in ] [ Theholiday spot com ] [Blog riamoney transfer com ] [ Learning english voanews com ] [ The concept of hell and heaven ] [ Asceticism of family life ] [ Shiva and shakti in tantra ] [ Guru ] [ Creation and god ] [ Miseries and happiness ] Economics of Diwali Diwali marks a major shopping period in India.In terms of consumer purchases and economic activity, Diwali is the equivalent of Christmas in the West or Durga Puja in Bengal. It is traditionally a time when households purchase new clothing, home refurbishments, gifts, gold and other large purchases. The festival celebrates Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity, and investment, spending and purchases are considered auspicious. Diwali is a peak buying season for gold and jewelry in India. It is also a major sweets, candy and fireworks buying season. At retail level, about US$800 million (INR 5,000 crores) worth of firecrackers are consumed in India over the Diwali season. If you want more information: [ Blog wsjcom/economics ] [ Quora.com/economics ] [ News world encylopedia ] [ Linkedin com ] [ Financial express ] [ Life ] [ Origion of religon and humanity ] [ Modern human beings and their ethics ] [ The cause of life ] [ Existence of god ] [ Cosmic evolution of everything ] [ What are the life pursuits ? ] [ Nirvana ] Issues There has been growing concern and questions on the environmental and health impact of Diwali, as with other major festivals of the world. Air pollution One study indicates that air pollution worsens not as much during fireworks, but after fireworks celebration is over, with fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels about four times worse than pre-Diwali levels, and average levels about two times a normal day. The study indicated that there is high accumulation of PM2.5 generated because of fireworks on Diwali festival which remains suspended in the air. The peak pollution lasts for about one day, and the pollutant concentrations return to background levels after 24 hours. Another study indicates that ground level ozone pollution is also formed during Diwali. The dispersal and decay times for increased ground level ozone is also about one day. If you want more information: [ Blog wsj com/air pollution ] [ Idependent co uk ] [ Ndtv com ] [ Hindustan times com ] [ Live mint com ] [ Introduction of athrava veda ] [ Introduction of Sama veda ] [ Beyond birth and death ] [ Why is it forbidden to eat onion, garlic non veg during 10 days festival of Navratri ] Burn injuries There is an increase in burn injuries in India during Diwali from fireworks. A firework called anar (fountain) has been found to cause 65% of the injuries. Adults are the typical victims. Newspapers advise splashing cold water immediately after the burn, which along with proper nursing of the wound helps reduce complications. Most burns are Group I type burns (minor) requiring outpatient care. If you want more information: [ Ncbi nimnih gov ] [Ncbi nim nih/pubmed/22754162 ] [ Outlook india com ] [ Research gate net ] [ The quint com ] [ Mythology ] [ The science behind om ] [ The nine form of durga ] [ What is navratri ,why do we celebrate navratri? ] [ Om-Its defination presence in hinduism, buddhism ,jainism, sikhism ] [ Ashtavakra gita ] [ Concept of Ayurveda and Arithmetic numbers of Athrava veda ] Diwali prayers Prayers The prayers vary widely by region of India. An example vedic prayer from Brhadaranyaka Upanishad celebrating lights is: Asato ma sat gamaya | (असतो मा सद्गमय ।) Tamaso ma jyotir gamaya (तमसो मा ज्योतिर्गमय Mṛtyor ma amṛtam gamaya | (मृत्योर्मा अमृतं गमय ।) Om shanti shanti shantihi || (ॐ शान्तिः शान्तिः शान्तिः ॥) Translation: From untruth lead us to Truth. From darkness lead us to Light. From death lead us to Immortality. Om Peace, Peace, Peace. If you want more information: [ Thought com ] [ Youtube ] [ Keeknoob com ] [ Spiritualiyty and practice ] [ Wiki how com ]

[godalmighty-vedas-blog]

The Vedas

There are four Vedas, the Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda. The Vedas are the primary texts of Hinduism. They also had a vast influence on Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. Traditionally the text of the Vedas was coeval with the universe. Scholars have determined that the Rig Veda, the oldest of the four Vedas, was composed about 1500 B.C., and codified about 600 B.C. It is unknown when it was finally committed to writing, but this probably was at some point after 300 B.C. The Vedas contain hymns, incantations, and rituals from ancient India. Along with the Book of the Dead, the Enuma Elish, the I Ching, and the Avesta, they are among the most ancient religious texts still in existence. Besides their spiritual value, they also give a unique view of everyday life in India four thousand years ago. The Vedas are also the most ancient extensive texts in an Indo-European language, and as such are invaluable in the study of comparative linguistics. [The Vedic Guide]

Rig Veda

 The Rig-Veda translated by Ralph Griffith [1896] A complete English translation of the Rig Veda.   Rig-Veda (Sanskrit) The complete Rig Veda in Sanskrit, in Unicode Devanagari script and standard romanization.  Vedic Hymns, Part I (SBE 32) Hymns to the Maruts, Rudra, Vâyu and Vâta, tr. by F. Max Müller[1891] A masterpiece of linguistics and comparative mythology: translations and deep analysis of the Vedic Hymns to the Storm Gods.   Vedic Hymns, Part II (SBE 46) Hymns to Agni, tr. by Hermann Oldenberg [1897] The Vedic Hymns to Agni.   A Vedic Reader for Students (excerpts) by A.A. Macdonell [1917] An introduction to the Dramatis Personæ of the Rig Veda.

Sama Veda

 The Sama-Veda translated by Ralph Griffith [1895] A collection of hymns used by the priests during the Soma sacrifice. Many of these duplicate in part or in whole hymns from the Rig Veda. This is a complete translation. [ MORE ABOUT : SAMA VEDA ]

Yajur Veda

 The Yajur Veda (Taittiriya Sanhita) translated by Arthur Berriedale Keith [1914] A complete translation of the Black Yajur Veda. The Yajur Veda is a detailed manual of the Vedic sacrificial rites.   The Texts of the White Yajurveda translated by Ralph T.H. Griffith [1899] A complete translation of the White Yajur Veda.

Atharva Veda

The Atharva Veda also contains material from the Rig Veda, but of interest are the numerous incantations and metaphysical texts, which this anthology (part of the Sacred Books of the East series) collects and categorizes. The Atharva Veda was written down much later than the rest of the Vedas, about 200 B.C.; it may have been composed about 1000 B.C. [ MORE ABOUT : ATHARVA VEDA ]  The Hymns of the Atharvaveda translated by Ralph T.H. Griffith [1895-6] The unabridged Atharva Veda translation by Ralph Griffith.   The Atharva-Veda translated by Maurice Bloomfield [1897] (Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 42) The Sacred Books of the East translation of the Atharva-veda.Selected hymns from the Atharva-veda.  [ LEARN MORE ABOUT ALL THE IMMORTAL VEDAS ]

Upanishads

The Upanishads are a continuation of the Vedic philosophy, and were written between 800 and 400 B.C. They elaborate on how the soul (Atman) can be united with the ultimate truth (Brahman) through contemplation and mediation, as well as the doctrine of Karma-- the cumulative effects of a persons' actions.  The Upanishads (Sacred Books of the East, vols. 1 and 15):  The Upanishads, Part I (SBE 1) Max Müller, translator [1879] The Chandogya, Talavakara, Aitreya-Aranyaka, the Kaushitaki-Brahmana, and the Vajasaneyi Samhita Upanishads  The Upanishads, Part II (SBE 15) Max Müller, translator [1884] Katha, Mundaka, Taittirîyaka, Brihadâranyaka, Svetâsvatara, Prasña, and Maitrâyana Brâhmana Upanishads.  Thirty Minor Upanishads by K. Narayanasvami Aiyar [1914] Thirty shorter Upanishads, principally dealing with Yogic thought and practice.  From the Upanishads Charles Johnston, translator [1889] Translations from the Katha, Prasna and Chhandogya Upanishads.

Puranas

The Puranas are post-Vedic texts which typically contain a complete narrative of the history of the Universe from creation to destruction, genealogies of the kings, heroes and demigods, and descriptions of Hindu cosmology and geography. There are 17 or 18 canonical Puranas, divided into three categories, each named after a deity: Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. There are also many other works termed Purana, known as 'Upapuranas.'  The Vishnu Purana by H.H. Wilson [1840] A primary text of the Vaishnava branch of Hinduism, and one of the canonical Puranas of the Vishnu category. Among the portions of interest are a cycle of legends of the boyhood deeds of Krishna and Rama. H.H. Wilson was one of the first Europeans to translate a Hindu sacred text from the original Sanskrit. His style and annotations are exceptional and very readable.   The Garuda Purana translated by Ernest Wood and S.V. Subrahmanyam [1911] A Vishnu Purana with Dantesque descriptions of the afterlife, and details of Hindu funeral rites.  The S'rimad Devî Bhâgawatam translated by Swami Vijnanananda (Hari Prasanna Chatterji) [1921] One of the Upapuranas, devoted to the Devi (Goddess).   The Devî Gita translated by Swami Vijnanananda (Hari Prasanna Chatterji) [1921] The Song of the Goddess. An excerpt from the S'rimad Devî Bhâgawatam (above)   The Prem Sagur (Prem Sagar) by Lallu Lal, translated by W. Hollings [1848] English translation of a popular Hindi retelling of the Krishna cycle, based on the tenth book of the Bhagavata Purana.   The Transmigration of the Seven Brahmans translated by Henry David Thoreau [1931] An excerpt from the Harivamsa, a Puranic text, translated by the American transcendentalist philosopher.   Kundalini: The Mother of the Universe by Rishi Singh Gherwal [1930] Includes an English translation of the Lalita Sahasranama, the 'Thousand Names of the Goddess,' from the Brahmanda Purana. [ LEARN ABOUT : AYURVEDA ]

Other Primary Texts

 The Laws of Manu George Bühler, translator [1886] (Sacred Books of the East, vol. 25) Manu was the legendary first man, the Adam of the Hindus. This is a collection of laws attributed to Manu.   The Sacred Laws of the Âryas, Part I (SBE 2) George Bühler translator [1879] (Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 2) Hindu law books written by the sages Âpastamba and Gautama, in the first millenium B.C.   The Sacred Laws of the Âryas, Part II (SBE 14) George Bühler translator [1879] (Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 14) Hindu law books written by the sages Vasishtha and Baudhâyana, in the first millenium B.C.   The Institutes of Vishnu (SBE 7) Julius Jolly, translator [1880] (Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 7) This Hindu law book contains descriptions of yogic practises, and a moving hymn to the Goddess Prajapati.   The Minor Law Books (SBE 33) Julius Jolly, translator [1880] (Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 33) Later Hindu law books written by Narada and Brihaspati about 600 CE.   The Satapatha Brahmana A primary source for Vedic-era mythology, philosophy and magical practices. The complete five part Sacred Books of the East Satapatha Brahmana translation is now online:  Satapatha Brahmana, Part I (SBE12)  Satapatha Brahmana, Part II (SBE26)  Satapatha Brahmana, Part III (SBE41)  Satapatha Brahmana, Part IV (SBE43)  Satapatha Brahmana, Part V (SBE44)  The Grihya Sutras, Part 1 (SBE 29) Hermann Oldenberg, tr. [1886] The Grihya Sutras, Part 2 (SBE 30) Hermann Oldenberg, tr. [1892] Ancient Hindu household rites, including fertility, marriage, purity, initiations, and funerals. [ YOU MAY ALSO BE INTERESTED IN : Our Indian Mythology ]

The Epics

The Mahabharata and Ramayana are the national epics of India. They are probably the longest poems in any language. The Mahabharata, attributed to the sage Vyasa, was written down from 540 to 300 B.C. The Mahabharata tells the legends of the Bharatas, a Vedic Aryan group. The Ramayana, attributed to the poet Valmiki, was written down during the first century A.D., although it is based on oral traditions that go back six or seven centuries earlier. The Ramayana is a moving love story with moral and spiritual themes that has deep appeal in India to this day. In addition, a key Hindu sacred text, the Bhagavad Gita, is embedded in Book Six of the Mahabharata.

Mahabharata

 The Mahabharata translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli [1883-1896] Digitizing this unabridged translation of the Mahabharata was a joint venture between sacred-texts and Project Gutenberg.   The Mahabharata in Sanskrit The text of the Mahabharata with parallel Devanagari and Romanization Unicode.

The Ramayana

 Rámáyan Of Válmíki translated by Ralph T. H. Griffith [1870-1874] The first complete public domain translation of the Ramayana to be placed online.  The Ramayana in Sanskrit The text of the Ramayana with parallel Unicode Devanagari and Romanization.

Abridged Versions

 The Ramayana and Mahabharata R. Dutt translator [1899] A very readable abridged version of these epics.  Indian Idylls Sir Edwin Arnold, translator [1883] More stories from the Mahabharata, rendered in poetry.  Love and Death by Sri Arobindo [1921] The popular story of Ruru and Priyumvada from the Mahabharata.

Bhagavad Gita

The Bhagavad Gita, usually considered part of the sixth book of the Mahabharata (dating from about 400 or 300 B.C.), is a central text of Hinduism, a philosphical dialog between the god Krishna and the warrior Arjuna. This is one of the most popular and accessible of all Hindu scriptures, required reading for anyone interested in Hinduism. The Gita discusses selflessness, duty, devotion, and meditation, integrating many different threads of Hindu philosophy.  The Bhagavadgîtâ (SBE 8) with the Sanatsugâtîya and the Anugîtâ translated by Kâshinâth Trimbak Telang, (Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 8) [1882] A scholarly prose translation of the Bhagavad Gita with two other similar, less well known, works from the Mahabharata.  The Bhagavad Gita in Sanskrit A Unicode presentation of the Gita in Romanized Sanskrit.  Srimad-Bhagavad-Gita by Swami Swarupananda [1909] A modern English prose translation of the Gita with commentary. The Bhagavad Gita A modern prose translation of the Gita, sanctioned by theInternational Gita Society.

 The Bhagavad Gita Sir Edwin Arnold, translator [1885] A classic poetic version of the Gita.

[ LEARN ABOUT THE 4 YUGAS ]

Vedanta

 The Vedântâ-Sûtras (SBE 48) with commentary by Râmânuja, translated by George Thibaut; (Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 48) [1904]   The Vedântâ-Sûtras Part I (SBE 34) with commentary by Sankarâkârya, translated by George Thibaut; (Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 34) [1890]   The Vedântâ-Sûtras Part II (SBE 38) with commentary by Sankarâkârya, translated by George Thibaut; (Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 38) [1896]   The Crest-Jewel of Wisdom and other writings of Śankarâchârya; translation and commentaries byCharles Johnston [1946]   Brahma-Knowledge by L.D. Barnett [1911] A short exposition of the Hindu Vedanta philosophy.   Select Works of Sri Sankaracharya tr. by S. Venkataramanan [1921] A selection of works by the non-dualist Vedanta philosopher.

Later Texts

 The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali by Charles Johnston [1912] This concise work describes an early stage in the philosophy and practise of Yoga. Dating from about 150 B.C., the work shows dualist and Buddhist influences. Required reading if you are interested in Yoga or meditation.   The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Another translation of this classic text of Yoga.   The Hatha Yoga Pradipika translated by Pancham Sinh [1914] The oldest extant work about Hatha Yoga, including the full Sanskrit text.   Dakshinamurti Stotra translated by Alladi Mahadeva Sastri [1920] Comparing Hindu schools of thought on the nature of reality.   The Sánkhya Aphorisms of Kapila translated by James R. Ballantyne [1885]   Kalidasa: Translations of Shakuntala and Other Works by Kalidasa, (fifth century C.E.), tr. by Arthur W. Ryder [1914] The master dramas of the 'Shakespeare of India,' including Shakuntala.   The Little Clay Cart by Shudraka tr. by Arthur W. Ryder [1905] The earliest Indian drama, a screwball comedy of manners, with a cast of courtesans, kings and scoundrels.   Verses of Vemana by Vemana (17th century), tr. from the Telugu by C.P. Brown [1829]Verses of devotion by a Dravidian South Indian poet.   Black Marigolds (Caurapañcāśikā) by Bilhana, tr. by Edward Powys Mathers [1919] A free verse translation of Bilhana, an 11th century Kashmiri poet.  Vikram and the Vampire tr. by Sir Richard Burton. [1870] Tales of a Vampire Scheherazade.   Hymns of the Tamil Saivite Saints tr. by F. Kingsbury and G.P. Phillips [1829] Popular Tamil Hindu devotional poetry by worshippers of the god Shiva.   Songs of Kabîr Kabir, tr. by Rabindranath Tagore, Introduction by Evelyn Underhill; New York, The Macmillan Company; [1915] Kabir's mystical and devotional poetry has been found inspirational by people of many different faiths. Kabir tried to find common ground between Hindus and Muslims.  Yoga Vashisht or Heaven Found by Rishi Singh Gherwal [1930] Excerpts from the shorter Yoga Vasishta 

Modern Books

 Relax with Yoga by Arthur Liebers [1960] An introduction to modern Raja Yoga, with photos of asanas.   Great Systems of Yoga by Ernest Wood [1954] A review of the Yogic systems.   Old Deccan Days by Mary Frere [1868]   Ramakrishna, His Life and Sayings by F. Max Müller [1898] The collected words of the Hindu sage from a humble background who transcended arbitrary religious boundaries.   The Gospel of Ramakrishna by Mahendra Nath Gupta, ed. by Swami Abhedananda [1907] First-hand accounts of the Bengali holy man who preached the unity of religions.   Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Puranic by W.J. Wilkins [1900] A detailed walkthrough of the Hindu Gods and Goddesses.   How To Be A Yogi by Swâmi Abhedânanda [1902] A road-map of the Yogic schools.   Twenty-two Goblins by Arthur W. Ryder [1912]   Indian Fairy Tales by Joseph Jacobs [1912]   Indian Myth and Legend by Donald A. Mackenzie [1913] Hindu mythology from the earliest times through the Mahabharata and Rayamaya.   Karma-Yoga by Swami Vivekananda [1921] Can work be holy?

 Hindu Mysticism by S.N. Dasgupta [1927]

 Writings of Sister Nivedita (Margaret E. Noble)

 Kali the Mother by Sister Nivedita (Margaret E. Noble) [1900] Sister Nivedita's devotional writings to the Mother goddess Kali.  The Web of Indian Life by Sister Nivedita (Margaret E. Noble) [1904] Studies from an Eastern Home by Sister Nivedita (Margaret E. Noble) [1913]

 Writings of Rabindranath Tagore

 Gitanjali [1913]  Saddhana, The Realisation of Life [1915]  The Crescent Moon [1916]  Fruit-Gathering [1916]  Stray Birds [1916]  The Home and the World [1915]  Thought Relics [1921]  Songs of Kabîr [1915] [ LEARN MORE ABOUT THE IMMORTAL VEDAS AT The Modern Vedic ]

[godalmighty-vedas-blog]

Bhasma are very fine ayurvedic medicinal powders prepared by the process of calcination of metals, minerals and natural stones or gem. The calcination is a process of heating metals, minerals, etc. on a high temperature to convert them into their oxides. Bhasma are manufactured with a series of preparation methods involving detoxification of raw materials, grinding them with herbal juices, making small pieces, drying, and heating. The gradual process of preparation may continue for a week to 3 years. The end-product of these long term preparation methods are residues of metals and minerals. Bhasma are also called ashes or calcined preparations.

[ SEE HOW ACCURATE THE VEDAS ARE SCIENTIFICALLY ]

Process of Bhasma Formation

Selection of raw material

Identification of purity

Washing and cleaning

Grinding and making fine powders

Mixing with herbal juices or herbs

Again grinding with herbal juices for 10 to 100 hours

Making paste, then making small pieces

Keeping the small pieces to dry up

When small pieces are dehydrated, then putting them in earthen pots

[ WHY IS SUN THE SUPREME GOD ]

The materials are then heated up under high temperature to make bhasma.

Again, step no. 5 to 10 are repeated until the metal or mineral gains the properties of bhasma.

[ LEARN HOW TO HEAL YOUR BODY NATURALLY ]

Uses of Bhasma

There are different kinds of bhasma prepared and used in ayurveda. Each has its specific indications, properties and healing characteristics. Generally, most of them are used in the treatment of chronic diseases such as osteoarthritis, infertility, erectile dysfunction, chronic gastritis, ulcer, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory diseases, psoriasis, eczema, depression, bipolar disorder, cancer, tuberculosis, hormonal problems etc.

Price of bhasma

Due to the extensive labor used in the bhasma making, they are generally expensive ayurvedic medicines. The cost depends on the numbers of puta (heating process) and cost of raw material. For example, gold is used to make swarna bhasma, so it is very costly and godanti bhasma is chief because the number of puta are less as compared 1000 puta abhrak bhasma.

[ WHAT IS FIRE BATH ]

List of Bhasma

A complete list of bhasma used in Ayurveda is given underneath:

Abhrak bhasma

Akik bhasma

Aviltoladi Bhasma Ganji

Godanti bhasma

Gomed Mani (Stone) Bhasma & Pishti

Hajrul Yahood Bhasma (Sange yahood Bhasma)

Heerak Bhasma – Heera or Vajra Bhasma

Kansya Bhasma (Kansa Bhasma or Bell Metal Bhasma)

Kanta loha bhasma

Kasis Bhasma

Kasis Godanti Bhasma

Kukkutanda twak bhasma (Processed Eggshell Calcium)

Loha Bhasma

Mandur Bhasma

Mukta Bhasma

Muktasukti Bhasma & Mukta Shukti Pishti

Panaviraladi Bhasma

Roupya (Rajat) Bhasma (Silver Ash)

Shankh Bhasma (Shankha Bhasm)

Shringa Bhasma (Shrung Bhasma)

Swarna Bhasma

Tamra Bhasma

Yashad bhasma or Jasad Bhasma

Jahar mohra Bhasma

Trivanga (tribang) Bhasma

Naga Bhasma

Neel mani (neelam) Bhasma

Neelanjana Bhasma

Parwal Bhasma

Parad Bhasma

Piroja Bhasma

Peetal Bhasma

Pukhraj Bhasma

Madhu mandur Bhasma

Mandoor Mashik Bhasma

Mala Bhasma

Manikya Bhasma

Rajavart Bhasma

Bang (Vanga) Bhasma

Vart Loha Bhasma

Varatika Bhasma

Vaikranta Bhasma

Vaidoor Bhasma

Shambuk Bhasma

Shubhra Bhasma

Sangeyasab Bhasma

Swarna Makshik Bhasma

Swastik Mani Bhasma

Hartal Bhasma

Harital Godanti Bhasma

[ LEARN MORE ABOUT BHASMA ]

There are other types of bhasma used in Ayurveda. The above list is an example of bhasma used for the treatment of the various diseases.

[Read More at www.themodernvedic.com]

[godalmighty-vedas-blog]

Here is a list of 15 simple things to consider incorporating into your healthy routine to help balance your mind, body, and spirit.

1. Exercise - Find an exercise you enjoy and start doing it regularly.

  2. Be grateful - Stop to think about the things you have going for you and appreciate them.

3. Get plenty of sleep - Sleep is regenerative for your body. The more sleep you get the better you will perform the next day.

4. Breathe deeply - Whenever you think about it stop and take a deep breath. Over time this will become a healthy habit.

5. Install a shower filter - Chlorine is a poison. You don't want to inhale it or absorb it through your skin while showering.

  6. Ground yourself - Literally. Plant your bare feet on the earth as often as possible.

Learn about The Six Powers of Mind-Prana Shakti

7. Eat organic - Chemicals are killing pests on the crops. They are not good for you either.

8. Do more yoga - Great for the body and mind. MindBodyGreen readers know the importance of this.

Learn about Surya Namaskara asanas 

9. Smile more - It feels great :)

10. Spend more time with loved ones - In our busy lives we need to make time for the people who matter to us most.

11. Live your passion - Do more of what you love.

12. Meditate - Set some time aside each day to rest your mind.

Learn How To Meditate With ‘OM’

13. Drink clean water - Get a filtration system for your drinking water. Fluoride is not good for your body.

14. Get outdoors more - Go for a hike and enjoy nature.

15. Eat plenty of greens - Dark leafy greens are rich in vitamins, minerals and chlorophyll. They help alkalize the body.

Slowly start incorporating these ideas into your daily routine and see how they positively iimmmmmimpact your overall health.

Here is a list of 15 simple things to consider incorporating into your healthy routine to help balance your mind, body, and spirit.

1. Exercise - Find an exercise you enjoy and start doing it regularly.

  2. Be grateful - Stop to think about the things you have going for you and appreciate them.

3. Get plenty of sleep - Sleep is regenerative for your body. The more sleep you get the better you will perform the next day.

4. Breathe deeply - Whenever you think about it stop and take a deep breath. Over time this will become a healthy habit.

5. Install a shower filter - Chlorine is a poison. You don't want to inhale it or absorb it through your skin while showering.

  6. Ground yourself - Literally. Plant your bare feet on the earth as often as possible.

Learn about The Six Powers of Mind-Prana Shakti

7. Eat organic - Chemicals are killing pests on the crops. They are not good for you either.

8. Do more yoga - Great for the body and mind. MindBodyGreen readers know the importance of this.

Learn about Surya Namaskara asanas 

9. Smile more - It feels great :)

10. Spend more time with loved ones - In our busy lives we need to make time for the people who matter to us most.

11. Live your passion - Do more of what you love.

12. Meditate - Set some time aside each day to rest your mind.

Learn How To Meditate With ‘OM’

13. Drink clean water - Get a filtration system for your drinking water. Fluoride is not good for your body.

14. Get outdoors more - Go for a hike and enjoy nature.

15. Eat plenty of greens - Dark leafy greens are rich in vitamins, minerals and chlorophyll. They help alkalize the body.

Slowly start incorporating these ideas into your daily routine and see how they positively iimmmmmimpact your overall health.

[godalmighty-vedas-blog]

1. So how did life arrive on Earth?

This question has always troubled me, how exactly did human race come to dwell in a blue ball spinning in completely black space? Were we put here by an architect? Did we evolve from simpler forms of life (as science says)? Could we have migrated here from another planet? Let’s explore the diverse theories that are prevalent in Hinduism of those earliest days…[Creation And God]

2. The Big Bang theory

http://themodernvedic.com/

One of the theories put forward by cosmologists is the Big Bang theory. This suggests that about 15,000 million years ago there was a massive explosion. This was the point at which all matter in the universe began; space and time began then too. Over time the universe that we know, and human and animal life, emerged. This theory is generally accepted by scientists as being the best theory they have to explain the origins of the universe.

3. Science versus sacred texts

http://themodernvedic.com/

Most of us have read and accepted the verdict of science - that we are the chance result of billions of years of evolution from single-celled creatures, to sea-born creatures, to reptiles, birds, mammals, to apes and finally to man. But the Vedas and Puranas have different stories to tell. Read on to know about a few concepts that converse beyond science…

[Is everything is Our Imagination]

4. It all started from Lord Vishnu

http://themodernvedic.com/life/nadis-network-body/

Vedas say that before the creation of the universe Lord Vishnu is sleeping in the ocean of all causes. His bed is a giant serpent with thousands of cobra like hoods. While Vishnu is asleep, a lotus sprouts of his navel (note that navel is symbolized as the root of creation). Inside this lotus, Brahma resides. Brahma represents the universe which we all live in, and it is this Brahma who creates life forms.

[know about Atharva Veda]

5. The idea of multiverse

Vishnu is the personification of the eternal multiverse that exists forever without any beginning or end. Brahma is the personification of our temporary physical universe that was created in the big bang. Brahma is said to have been created from the navel (which is a single point) of Vishnu, described as a lotus blooming out of the navel, much like our big bang universe.

[Concept Of illusion]

6. A temporary place to be

Now this universe represented by Brahma is not a permanent universe, it is temporary, Brahma lives for 100 years, says the Vedas, and then dies and then a new universe (Brahma) is born. So as per Vedas, our universe lives for 100 years. Talking of time measurements - Brahma lives for hundred years say Vedas and we are in the first day of the 51st year of the Brahma.

7. Talking of symbolism

For now, Brahma represents our universe which has birth and death, a big bang and a big cruch, from a navel singularity. Vishnu represents the eternity that lies beyond our universe which has no birth or death and that which is eternal! Many such universes like ours exist in Vishnu. Vedas say that thousands of Brahmas have passed away! In other words, this is not the first time universe has been created.

[know about Vedic Origin of Islam]

8. The theory involving Purusha

http://www.hinduwebsite.com/24principles.asp

In the Rig Veda (the first scripture of Hinduism, containing spiritual and scientific knowledge) it says that the universe was created out of the parts of the body of a single cosmic man Purusha when his body was sacrificed. There the four classes (varnas) of Indian society come from his body: the priest (Brahmin) from his mouth, the warrior (Kshatritya) from his arms, the peasant (Vaishya) from his thighs, and the servant (Shudra) from his legs.

[learn about Samaveda]

9. As per the Chandogya Upanishad

In the Chandogya Upanishad it says that in the beginning was the Brahman, and through heaven, the earth, and the atmosphere and the three seasons of summer, rains, and harvest he produced the entire universe.

[Know about The Four Yugas(Ages)]

10. Where science meets Vedas

Some scientists have suggested that, following the Big Bang, the process of the expansion of the universe will eventually be reversed and at some distant point in the future will start to contract, eventually imploding into a `Big Crunch’. This could lead to another ‘Big Bang’, with a new universe being formed. This somehow relates to the present Brahma years coming to an end.

[The True Knowledge]

11. Pralaya or the Big Crunch?

A universe endures for about 4,320,000,000 years (one day of Brahma, the creator or Kalpa) and is then destroyed by fire or water elements. At this point, Brahma rests for one night, just as long as the day. This process, named Pralaya, repeats for 100 Brahma years (311 Trillion, 40 Billion Human Years) that represents Brahma's lifespan. Brahma is regarded as a manifestation of Brahman as the creator.

[Sun the Supreme God]

12. Another theory: Born from OM

The universe is often said to be born from the sacred syllable Om, or from an inert void in which "there was neither being nor non-being ...death nor non- death", a single principle from which emerged the diversity of life. From this void desire was born, and from desire came humans, gods and demons.

[Who is Guru]

13. The theory of The Golden Egg

In earlier Vedic thinking, the universe was created by Hiranyagarbha (here interpreted as 'the golden embryo') or by Prajapati who was born from the Hiranyagarbha (here interpreted as 'the golden womb'). Prajapati was later identified with the puranic Brahma. Other gods are credited with acts of creation, primarily the act of propping apart the sky and the Earth - gods who are said to have done this include Indra, Varuna and Vishnu.

[learn about Pancahtattva- The five Elements, Matter is Composed Of!]

14. The theory of zilch

According to some school of thoughts, in Hinduism, the universe had no beginning it was there always. As Sri Krishna said "Never was there a time when I did not exist, nor you, nor all these kings; nor in the future shall any of us cease to be".

[learn about Twelve Mantras of Surya Namaskara]

15. Once there was a man and the creator

Another version of creation of the universe credits it to pure Self in the form of a man, existing alone without a Creator. It looked around and saw nothing but itself, divided itself into two parts for company and created everything in this universe. That is why it is said that a husband and wife are two halves of a single being. The husband and wife had intercourse; and from their union human beings were born.

[know about Visualization and Imagination]

16. As per Shaiva Scriptures

As per Shaiva scriptures, at first the ultimate truth "Brahman" was Shiva without any birth or death. Vishnu is formed from the Vaamanga of Shiva or the left body. Shiva is the extreme male power of the universe. From him manifested the extreme female power of the universe Sati. Then the preserver of the universe Vishnu took three forms - MahaVishnu, Garbhodakasayivisnu and Ksirodaksayi vishnu. Maha-Visnu have several Garbhodakasayivishnus in the spiritual sky.

17. Then came the Brahma

Each Garbhodakasayivishnu exhales and inhales and with each breath a Brahma is born who lives for 100 Brahma years and dies with the breath of Garbhodakasayi vishnu. Each Brahma creates a universe which comes to an end with partial annihilation after several Brahma years. And this cycle begins again.

18. As per Buddhism

Buddha taught that this world will come to an end, but that in time a new world will evolve again. Certain Karmas will cause souls to again seek life in the body; others will follow and become more and more attached to the body, developing passion, selfishness and other evils. The Buddhist scripture Saddharma Pundarikamentions that there are so many worlds beyond this one that no one "should be able to imagine, weigh, count or determine their number."

19. As per Jainism

The Jains hold that the world, souls and time are uncreated, unbeginning and unending. The world exists through its own being and is divided into heaven, earth and hell

[know more about Concept of Heaven and Hell]

20. In Christianity

Christians and Jews believe in the making of man by God on the sixth day of creation (some 4,000 years ago) out of clay and in His own image, as told in the Book of Genesis. The Muslims believe, similarly, that Allah created Adam, the first man in Paradise, then the first woman, Hawa (Eve). There they lived a perfect life in a perfect universe, far vaster than ours. They were cast to Earth when they committed the first disobedience of God, after a jealous Satan tricked them.

 [Where do We go after Death?]

[godalmighty-vedas-blog]

Disease is a combination of dosha, dushya, and samurchana. In this context, dosha identifies the dominant functional quality. For example, vata will cause dryness and roughness; pitta will cause excess heat and bile in the body; and kapha will increase mucus and congestion. Dushya means that which is affected – the dhatu (tissue), srotas (channel) or organ.

[Know: what is better Gym Or Yoga]

[Know about herbs for treatment of Insomnia]

 Samurchana is a biochemical amalgamation of disturbed dosha and dhatus, resulting in the doshas attacking the dhatus. At this point, the dhatus no longer perform their normal function. This complex process is called disease. Jwara roga, or fever disease, is commonly treated with Ayurvedic herbs. In each case, the physician must not only determine which doshas and dhatus are imbalanced, but also the stage of samprapti (pathogenesis) of the client. In treatment, we have to prepare a particular herbal formula for a specific condition of fever based upon the doshas involved and the dhatus affected. To have success in the healing process, one has to use herbs that are antagonistic to the dosha, the dhatu, or the pathogenesis.

[Know about natural remedies for Migraines]

[Know how to activate Digestive fire with the help of yoga] 

Herbs can fall into three general categories: dosha pratyanika (antagonistic to the prevalent dosha), vyadhi pratyanika (antagonistic to the disease), or ubhaya pratyanika (antagonistic to both the doshas and the disease). The entry of dosha and ama (toxins) into rasa dhatu (the plasma) causes fever. Jwara may be a symptom of some other condition, or it may be a disease in itself. The physician must check the deep pulse and the superficial pulse to determine the doshas and the organs affected. One must check the third level of the pulse to determine the samprapti, the stage of the disease process, and then prepare a treatment accordingly.

[how to Expand your Awareness with Meditation]

[know about the best Exercise for Anxiety and Depression]

In Dr. Lad’s article (refer to “Jwara Roga” in Ayurveda Today, Fall, 1997), the formula specified for vata jwara contains Dashamula, Sudarshan and Tagara. Dashamula is dosha pratyanika. Sudarshan is vyadhi pratyanika and Tagara is ubhaya pratyanika. Dashamula (ten roots) is the primary herb used in treating aggravated vata dosha. Sudarshan will work on reducing the fever. Tagara, from India, is similar to the Western herb Valerian. It is an analgesic, strengthens the adrenals, and decreases vata without increasing pitta. Tagara is also a nervine, sedative, and anti-spasmodic herb that is calming to vata dosha. For pitta jwara, Dr. Lad indicates Gulwel Satva, Mahasudarshan and Kama Dudha. Gulwel Satva is dosha pratyanika. The compound Mahasudarshan is vyadhi pratyanika. It regulates deep pitta and cleanses the sthayi rasa dhatu (lymphoid tissue). Kama Dudha is ubhaya pratyanika and is anti-inflammatory. For kapha jwara, Sitopaladi, Mahasudarshan, and Abhrak Bhasma are suggested.

[Do you know about Panchatattva: The Five Elements, Matter is composed of ]

[know about The Six Powers of Mind-Prana Shakti]

http://themodernvedic.com/

[learn about Ajna Chakra; The Third Eye]

Sitopaladi is dosha pratyanika. This compound is anti-pyretic and an expectorant. It is both physically and emotionally cleansing. The diaphoretic action of some herbs found in Sitopaladi help promote perspiration and improve circulation, and remove cold and flu symptoms, such as congestion, from the body. Mahasudarshan again acts as vyadhi.  pratyanika in this formula. It has a decongestive action. Abhrak Bhasma, mica ash, acts on both the dosha and the disease to arrest the pathogenesis. When it enters rasa dhatu, it yields prana and strengthens the nervous system.

[Learn about asanas for cleaning Intestines]

http://themodernvedic.com/life/bhasma-fire-bath/

[Know about the Greatest Yogic Practice]

Abhrak Bhasma is it rejuvenative substance for immunity; it improves cellular metabolism due to its potency. It goes into majja dhatu (nerve tissue) and promotes the creation of red blood cells. It is a nervine tonic and broncho-dialator. For the treatment of influenza, Sitopaladi acts as dosha pratyanika for both vata and kapha. Mahasudarshan is anti-pyretic and acts specifically on the disease. Tagara works on both the doshas and the disease process. In the herbal formula for strengthening the tissues after chronic fever, Shatavari promotes rasa and rakta dhatus (the plasma and the blood), while Bala and Ashwagandha primarily nourish majja and mamsa dhatus (the nervous system and the muscle tissues), although Bala works on all tissue elements. Bala literally means “strength” and it promotes power and energy. Ashwagandha literally means “that which has the smell of a horse”. 

[Learn more about bhasma- the Bath of Fire]

http://themodernvedic.com/page/6/

[know about Treatment of Eyes Through Ayurveda]

It gives tone and is a rejuvenative. Satvic in nature, it has a strengthening effect on both the mind and the body. There are various stages of samprapti in the different types of fevers, so treatment is not symptomatic. We must use specific formulas and recipes to solve the complex network of aggravated doshas, and disturbed dhatus, and the dosha gati (movement of the dosha – i.e., upward, downward, etc.), so that each specific formula or recipe of herbs will try to re-establish the balance of the dosha and dhatu, and to reverse the process of samprapti. In addition to the herbs, is important that recommendations for diet, bathing, bed rest and fluid consumption be observed as well, in order to bring down the fever. 

[Learn about the Nadi system(Channel Of our life force)]

[Learn about Concept of Ayurveda]

[How to Expand your consciousness with yoga]

[godalmighty-vedas-blog]

Goals

The ultimate goal of Yoga is moksha (liberation), although the exact definition of what form this takes depends on the philosophical or theological system with which it is conjugated.

According to Jacobsen, "Yoga has five principal meanings:[29]

Yoga, as a disciplined method for attaining a goal;

Yoga, as techniques of controlling the body and the mind;

Yoga, as a name of one of the schools or systems of philosophy (darśana);

Yoga, in connection with other words, such as "hatha-, mantra-, and laya-," referring to traditions specialising in particular techniques of yoga;

Yoga, as the goal of Yoga practice."

According to David Gordon White, from the 5th century CE onward, the core principles of "yoga" were more or less in place, and variations of these principles developed in various forms over time:[30]

Yoga, is a meditative means of discovering dysfunctional perception and cognition, as well as overcoming it for release from suffering, inner peace and salvation; illustration of this principle is found in Hindu texts such as the Bhagavad Gita and Yogasutras, in a number of Buddhist Mahāyāna works, as well as Jain texts;[31]

Yoga, as the raising and expansion of consciousness from oneself to being coextensive with everyone and everything; these are discussed in sources such as in Hinduism Vedic literature and its Epic Mahābhārata, Jainism Praśamaratiprakarana, and Buddhist Nikaya texts;[32]

Yoga, as a path to omniscience and enlightened consciousness enabling one to comprehend the impermanent (illusive, delusive) and permanent (true, transcendent) reality; examples are found in Hinduism Nyaya and Vaisesika school texts as well as Buddhism Mādhyamaka texts, but in different ways;[33]

Yoga, as a technique for entering into other bodies, generating multiple bodies, and the attainment of other supernatural accomplishments; these are, states White, described in Tantric literature of Hinduism and Buddhism, as well as the Buddhist Sāmaññaphalasutta;[34] James Mallinson, however, disagrees and suggests that such fringe practices are far removed from the mainstream Yoga's goal as meditation-driven means to liberation in Indian religions.[35]

White clarifies that the last principle relates to legendary goals of "yogi practice", different from practical goals of "Yoga practice," as they are viewed in South Asian thought and practice since the beginning of the Common Era, in the various Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain philosophical schools.

[ YOU MAY ALSO BE INTERESTED IN : Yoga Vs Gym ]

Schools

The term "Yoga" has been applied to a variety of practices and methods, including Jain and Buddhist practices. In Hinduism these include Jnana Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Karma Yoga, Laya Yoga and Hatha Yoga.

The so-called Raja Yoga refers to Ashtanga Yoga, the eight limbs to be practiced to attain samadhi, as described in the Yoga Sutras of Pantajali.[37] The term raja yoga originally referred to the ultimate goal of Yoga, which is usually samadhi,[38] but was popularised by Vivekananda as the common name for Ashtanga Yoga.[39]

Hinduism

[ THE VEDIC GUIDE ]

Classical yoga

Yoga is considered as a philosophical school in Hinduism.[40] Yoga, in this context, is one of the six āstika schools of Hinduism (those which accept the Vedas as source of knowledge).[41][42]

Due to the influence of Vivekananda, the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali are nowadays considered as the foundational scripture of classical Yoga, a status which it only acquired in the 20th century.[39] Before the twentieth century, other works were considered as the most central works, such as the Bhagavad Gita and the Yoga Vasistha,[39] while Tantric Yoga and Hatha Yoga prevailed over Ashtanga Yoga.

[ LEARN ABOUT : Sumeru Asana ]

Ashtanga yoga

Main articles: Yoga Sutras of Patanjali and Rāja yoga

Swami Vivekananda equated raja yoga with the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.[43]

Yoga as described in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali refers to Ashtanga yoga.[39] The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali is considered as a central text of the Yoga school of Hindu philosophy,[44] It is often called "Rāja yoga", "yoga of the kings," a term which originally referred to the ultimate, royal goal of yoga, which is usually samadhi,[38] but was popularised by Vivekananda as the common name for Ashtanga Yoga.[39]

Ashtanga yoga incorporates epistemology, metaphysics, ethical practices, systematic exercises and self-development techniques for body, mind and spirit.[45] Its epistemology (pramanas) is same as the Samkhya school. Both accept three reliable means to knowledge – perception (pratyākṣa, direct sensory observations), inference (anumāna) and testimony of trustworthy experts (sabda, agama). Both these orthodox schools are also strongly dualistic. Unlike the Sāṃkhya school of Hinduism, which pursues a non-theistic/atheistic rationalist approach, the Yogaschool of Hinduism accepts the concept of a "personal, yet essentially inactive, deity" or "personal god".[48][49] Along with its epistemology and metaphysical foundations, the Yogaschool of Hindu philosophy incorporates ethical precepts (yamas and niyamas) and an introspective way of life focused on perfecting one's self physically, mentally and spiritually, with the ultimate goal being kaivalya (liberated, unified, content state of existence).

[WANT TO CLEAN YOUR INTESTINES THROUGH YOGA ? ]

Hatha yoga

Main article: Hatha yoga

A sculpture of Gorakshanath, a celebrated 11th century yogi of Nath tradition and a major proponent of Hatha yoga.[52]

Hatha yoga, also called hatha vidyā, is a kind of Yoga focusing on physical and mental strength building exercises and postures described primarily in three texts of Hinduism:[53][54][55]

Hatha Yoga Pradipika, Svātmārāma (15th century)

Shiva Samhita, author unknown (1500[56] or late 17th century)

Gheranda Samhita by Gheranda (late 17th century)

Many scholars also include the preceding Goraksha Samhita authored by Gorakshanath of the 11th century in the above list.[53] Gorakshanath is widely considered to have been responsible for popularizing hatha yoga as we know it today.[57][58][59]

Vajrayana Buddhism, founded by the Indian Mahasiddhas,[60] has a series of asanas and pranayamas, such as tummo (Sanskrit caṇḍālī)[61] and trul khor which parallel hatha yoga.

[ YOG NIDRA ]

Shaivism

Main articles: Shaivism, Shaiva Siddhanta, and Nath

In Shaivism, Yoga is used to unite kundalini with Shiva.[62] See also 'tantra' below.

[ BHASMA ]

Buddhism

Main articles: Buddhist meditation, Dhyāna in Buddhism, Yogacara, and Vajrayana

16th century Buddhist artwork in Yoga posture.

Buddhist meditation encompasses a variety of meditation techniques that aim to develop mindfulness, concentration, supramundane powers, tranquility, and insight.

Core techniques have been preserved in ancient Buddhist texts and have proliferated and diversified through teacher-student transmissions. Buddhists pursue meditation as part of the path toward Enlightenment and Nirvana.[note 3] The closest words for meditation in the classical languages of Buddhism are bhāvanā[note 4] and jhāna/dhyāna.[note 5]

Jainism

Main article: Jain meditation

Jain meditation has been the central practice of spirituality in Jainism along with the Three Jewels.[63] Meditation in Jainism aims at realizing the self, attain salvation, take the soul to complete freedom.[64] It aims to reach and to remain in the pure state of soul which is believed to be pure conscious, beyond any attachment or aversion. The practitioner strives to be just a knower-seer (Gyata-Drashta). Jain meditation can be broadly categorized to the auspicious Dharmya Dhyana and Shukla Dhyana and inauspicious Artta and Raudra Dhyana.

Tantra

Main articles: Tantra, Yogi, and Siddhi

Samuel states that Tantrism is a contested concept. Tantra yoga may be described, according to Samuel, as practices in 9th to 10th century Buddhist and Hindu (Saiva, Shakti) texts, which included yogic practices with elaborate deity visualizations using geometrical arrays and drawings (mandala), fierce male and particularly female deities, transgressive life stage related rituals, extensive use of chakras and mantras, and sexual techniques, all aimed to help one's health, long life and liberation.

[ READ MORE ABOUT : Shiva and Shakti in tantra ]

[godalmighty-vedas-blog]

The core foundation of Hindu belief is that Vedas contain source of all knowledge – physical or metaphysical. However in last 100 odd years, this belief has come under scrutiny due to the advances that modern science claims to make. [know about Concept of Heaven and Hell According to Vedas]

[How Tantra is Related to Shiva and Shakti]

An entire group of Vedic ‘experts’ have stood up to prove that Vedas contain early man theories and are not compatible with modern discoveries. These include communist historians propelled by commentaries on Vedas by western Indologists like Max Muller, Griffith et al and a new breed of intellectuals who initiate all research with assumption that ‘old means defective’. However in modern era of religious marketing, another group has come up which would go to any length to discover scientific errors in Vedas. This is the group which would want 800 million Hindus to lose faith in Vedas and their religion and embrace what they believe is the final message of God. Yes I am referring to Islamic and Christian evangelists. [know about the Vedic Origin of Islam]

[What is Bhasma- The Bath of Fire]

While both these groups of evangelists are propelled by vision of making everyone in world a follower of their respective Holy Books, the situation is even more desperate for Quran zealots. This is because a bulk of Islamic evangelists believe that Jesus will come again towards end of the world after which they would reach Paradise forever. And an important sign of Jesus’ coming is conquest of India. I do not know the original source of this superstition, but this remains a primary motivator for most Islamic evangelists today. [Where do we go After Death?]

[Concept of Ayurveda]

Thus every now and then, we would see references to ‘Scientific Errors in Vedas’. The typical pattern would be english translation of some mantra followed by a Veda Mantra reference. For example “Earth is flat” – Yajur Ved 32.8

Often the reference and English translation are both pointing to sources best known to authors of these works. But for layman, these create a lot of confusion and doubt over relevance of Vedas. While I would shy away from thrusting my personal faith on Vedas, I would like to provide some excerpts from Vedas that provide clues to deep scientific concepts hidden within them.

Unfortunately, due to thousand years of slavery, burning of our universities and libraries by barbarians and then demands for tackling issues of survival first, there remains a lot of work to be done to rediscover the Vedic sciences. However, sufficient clues exist to justify why this rediscovery would be worthwhile. In this article, I shall provide some brief snippets of such clues. [What are the 4 Yugas- Ages]

A point of note: Vedas not being dogmatic in nature and containing eternal truths, do not try to spoon-feed us. Thus Vedas would contain seeds for all forms of knowledge and would urge humans to explore further. Because in the Vedic framework, its our efforts that can provide us bliss.

MOTION OF EARTH

Rig Veda 10.22.14 “This earth is devoid of hands and legs, yet it moves ahead. All the objects over the earth also move with it. It moves around the sun. In this mantra, Kshaa = Earth (refer Nigantu 1.1) Ahastaa = without hands Apadee = without legs Vardhat = moves ahead Shushnam Pari = Around the sun Pradakshinit = revolves [What is SamaVeda]

Rig Veda 10.149.1“The sun has tied Earth and other planets through attraction and moves them around itself as if a trainer moves newly trained horses around itself holding their reins.” In this mantra, Savita = Sun Yantraih = through reins Prithiveem = Earth Aramnaat = Ties Dyaam Andahat = Other planets in sky as well Atoorte = Unbreakable Baddham = Holds Ashwam Iv Adhukshat = Like horses [What is Atharva Veda]

GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

[lot more facts about modern Science in vedas]  Rig Veda 8.12.28“O Indra! by putting forth your mighty rays, which possess the qualities of gravitation and attraction-illumination and motion – keep up the entire universe in order through the Power of your attraction.” Rig Veda 1.6.5, Rig Veda 8.12.30“O God, You have created this Sun. You possess infinite power. You are upholding the sun and other spheres and render them steadfast by your power of attraction. Yajur Veda 33.43“The sun moves in its own orbit in space taking along with itself the mortal bodies like earth through force of attraction.” Rig Veda 1.35.9“The sun moves in its own orbit but holding earth and other heavenly bodies in a manner that they do not collide with each other through force of attraction.Rig Veda 1.164.13 “Sun moves in its orbit which itself is moving. Earth and other bodies move around sun due to force of attraction, because sun is heavier than them. Atharva Veda 4.11.1“The sun has held the earth and other planets” [know about Non- Dualistic Philosophy] LIGHT OF MOON

Rig Veda 1.84.15“The moving moon always receives a ray of light from sun” Rig Veda 10.85.9“Moon decided to marry. Day and Night attended its wedding. And sun gifted his daughter “Sun ray” to Moon.” [How Astrology Works - Scientific Explaination] ECLIPSE 

[The Science Behind Sanskrit Language] Rig Veda 5.40.5

“O Sun! When you are blocked by the one whom you gifted your own light (moon), then earth gets scared by sudden darkness.” “SCIENCE OF BUILDING SHIPS AND AIRPLANES”Swami Dayanand has detailed Mantras regarding these in his Vedic commentary and Introduction to Vedas” (1876). The scientists of IISc concluded that the mechanism of airplane as suggested by Dayanand is feasible. The first manned plane was built 20 years after death of Swami Dayanand.

The verses are difficult to translate in English here, but readers are advised to review “Introduction to Vedas” by Swami Dayanand or interpretations of following mantras: Rig Veda 1.116.3, 1.116.4, 10.62.1, 1.116.5, 1.116.6, 1.34.2, 1.34.7, 1.48.8 etc. [know the Scientific Meaning Of Gayatri Mantra]

SCIENCE OF TELEGRAPHY

[learn about the kinds of vibration Patterns in the universe]

Rig Veda 1.119.10“With the help of bipolar forces (Asvins), you should employ telegraphic apparatus made of good conductor of electricity. It is necessary for efficient military operations but should be used with caution.”

[godalmighty-vedas-blog]

Introduction

The word ‘Veda’ comes from the root ‘Vid – to know, leading to ‘Vidya’, knowledge which leads

further to vision, meaning revelation, self-realization. 

The Veda is the book of knowledge of Changeless Reality. The four Vedas form a body of religious literature called Shruti. ‘Shruti’ means ‘heard’, experienced and ‘spiritually revealed’. The realized souls, the Rishis, responded to the divine vibrators around them and in their minds and hearts felt and experienced ecstasy. This ecstasy they expressed in the form of Hymns of praise to glory of nature and later prayers to the gods controlling nature.

To know about: How did life come into existence (Vedic Theory)

The Vedas are personal and eternal. Eternal in the sense that the seers intuited pre-existent truths. The knowledge of ‘Self’ that they acquired was there eternally, they discovered – or rediscovered – this eternal treasure of knowledge.

The texts have come down to us orally from generation to generation of priests with perfection in intonation and rhythm, from memory and by rote.

The Vedas are classified into four groups: the Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda and Atharva Veda. There are Samhitas, Brahmans, Aranyaks and Upanishads belonging to each of these four Vedas.

Know About : Time, Space and Matter

Rig Veda

The Rig Veda is the earliest and the most important of all Shruti literature. It consists of 1028 hymns of praise. One of the most important ideas that come out of the Rig Veda is Rta. Rta means cosmic and sacred order, an ultimate and harmonic integrated structure of reality. ‘Rite’ and ‘right’ both come from the word Rta. know About : How did Life Come Into Existence

The Rig Veda was not composed during any historically determinable, particular period of time. It is the collective output of many sages and visionaries, known as Rishis. They went on adding Mantras, songs and prayers and glorifications of nature, over several centuries. Many of these spontaneous exultation provide inspiring insights into the eternal truths of nature and the universe.

The Vedic poet enunciated the truth by declaring “The Truth is one but the wise call it variously”. “Eakam sat Viprah bahudha vadanti.”

Yajur Veda

Gives directions for the performance of rituals and ceremonies. for more information about Yajur Veda click here

http://www.indianmirror.com/scriptures/vedas.html

Know about : Home Remedies for Sexual Impotence

Sama Veda

Sets to music hymns from the Rig Veda, to be chanted at appropriate stages with correct modulations and intonations. Our classical music has its roots in this Veda.

Know About : Colour Meditation.

Atharva Veda

Deals mostly with ethical principles, and also some branches of science like Ayurveda (the science of health and longevity). It has sections dealing with Tantras (literally threads) and other ritualistic esoteric knowledge. Know About :  The Creator - Lord Brahma

[godalmighty-vedas-blog]

Meaning : The Vedas (/ˈveɪdəz/; Sanskrit: वेद veda, "knowledge") are a large body of knowledge texts originating in the ancient Indian subcontinent. Composed by ancient Aryans in Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism.

 "Song of the Lord"), often referred to as simply the Gita, is a 700 verse Hindu scripture in Sanskrit that is part of the Hindu epic. [ REFER TO THE VEDIC GUIDE ] .Mahabharata. What does the Gita teach us? The Bhagavad Gita is a conversation between Arjuna and Lord Krishna. ... Krishna explains to Arjuna why his 'Kshatriya dharma's is supreme when at the battle field and how he could reaffirm dharma through his act. One write-up might not do justice to explain what the Gita really says or teaches mankind What Bhagavad Gita teaches us? Srimad Bhagavad Gita is a divine song sung by Lord Krishna. It is 5,151 years old yet it is still absolutely new and relevant in today's time. ... Gita, apart from being a religious scripture, is a scripture of life as. The epic Mahabharata is traditionally ascribed to the Sage Vyasa; the Bhagavad Gita, being a part of the Mahabharata's Bhishma Parva, is also ascribed to him Chapters of Bhagvad Gita ? Bhagavad Gita comprises 18 chapters (section 25 to 42) in the Bhishma Parva of the epic Mahabharata and consists of 700 verses. Because of differences in recensions, the verses of the Gita may be numbered in the full text of the Mahabharata as chapters 6.25–42 or as chapters 6.23–40. Chapter 1: Observing the Armies on the Battlefield of Kuruksetra:As the opposing armies stand poised for battle, Arjuna, the mighty warrior, sees his intimate relatives, teachers and friends in both armies ready to fight and sacrifice their lives. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE  YOU CAN GO HERE: [ Want to read the Chapter 1 of Gita ] [ Want to read about other sacred texts ] [ Gita Chapter 1 ] [ Summary of Gita Chapter 1 ] [Shiva and Shakti in Tantra] [ Books ] [ REFER TO THE VEDIC GUIDE ] Chapter 2 - Srimad Bhagavad-Gita:Contents of the Gita Summarized :chapter two Arjuna accepts the position as a disciple of Lord Krishna after surrendering to Krishna he requests the Lord to instruct him in how to dispel his lamentation and grief. This chapter is a summary of the emtire Bhagavad-Gita. Many subjects are explained such as: karma yoga, jnana yoga, sankhya yoga, buddhi yoga and the atma which is the soul and the supersoul. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE  YOU CAN GO HERE:: [ READ MORE ABOUT GITA ] [ Gita ] [ Gita ] [ Gita ] [ Youtube ] [ Watchyoutube ] [ Gita ] [ Breathing Patterns and Mind (Exercises to Unlock your Subconsciousness) ]  ,, CHAPTER 3 Karma-yoga:Everyone must engage in some sort of activity in this material world. But actions can either bind one to this world or liberate one from it. By acting for the pleasure of the Supreme, without selfish motives, one can be liberated from karma. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE  YOU CAN GO HERE : [Gita ] [ Vedio ] [Gita ] [Yoga ] [ Light and Time ] [ REFER TO THE VEDIC GUIDE ]  Chapter 4: Transcendental KnowledgeTranscendental knowledge--the spiritual knowledge of the soul, God, and of their relationship--is both purifying and liberating. Such knowledge is the fruit of selfless devotional action. (karma yoga) IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE  YOU CAN GO HERE : [ Gita chapter 4 ] [ Bhavad gita ] [Gita/verse ] [ Modernyoga ] [Hindigita ][ [ Light and Time ] [ Creation And God ] Shiva and Shakti in Tantra . Chapter 5:  Karma yoga--Action in Krsna Consciousness:Outwardly performing all actions but inwardly renouncing their fruits, the wise man, purified by the fire of transcendental knowledge, attains peace, detachment, forbearance, spiritual vision and bliss. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE  YOU CAN GO HERE : [ Gitachapter5 ] [Gitaorg ] [ Philosophygita ] [ Watch youtube ] [ Speakingtree ] [ Unlocking the True Potentials of your subconscious through the Practice of Gazing ]

 Chapter 6 - Dhyana Yoga - The Yoga of Meditation: Dhyana Yoga channel provides information on Dhyana Yoga Meditation, Dhyana Yoga In Hindi, How to do Dhyana Yoga in hindi language. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE  YOU CAN GO HERE : [ Gitachapter 6 ] [Bhagvadgita ]  [ youtube ] [ REFER TO THE VEDIC GUIDE ] srimadbhagavadgita.net/bhagavad-gita-chapter-6 [Santoshgita ] [Webduna ] [ Is Cow Urine good or bad ? ]

 Chapter 7: Knowledge of the Absolute:Lord Krishna is the Supreme Truth, the supreme cause and the sustaining force of everything, both material and spiritual. Advanced souls surrender unto Him in devotion, whereas impious souls divert their minds to other objects of worship. [ Natural Teas for Weight Loss ] [ Shiva and Shakti in Tantra ]  ]  Harsringar – Nycthanthes Arbortristis(Night Jasmine/Parijata ] [ 8 Health Benefits of Avocado Oil ] IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE  YOU CAN GO HERE : [ Gita chapter7 ] [ Holy gita ] [Quora/gita ] [ Bhagvata ] [ Bhagvad ] [ Outer and Inner Skies of the Mind ] Chapter 8: Attaining the Supreme :By remembering Lord Krishna in devotion throughout one's life, and especially at the time of death, one can attain to His supreme abode, beyond the material world. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE  YOU CAN GO HERE  [ Bhagvad chapter8 ] [ Summary ] [SathyaSai gita ] [Society gita ] [ REFER TO THE VEDIC GUIDE ] [ Outer and Inner Skies of the Mind ]

[ Panchatattva: The Five Elements, Matter is composed of ! ]

Chapter 9: The Most Confidential Knowledge:Lord Krishna is the Supreme Godhead and the supreme object of worship. The soul is eternally related to Him through transcendental devotional service (bhakti). By reviving one's pure devotion one returns to Krishna in the spiritual realm. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE  YOU CAN GO HERE : [Bhagvad gita chapter 9 ] [ youtube ] [ Bababooks ] [Holy gita tublr ] [ Bhaktigita ] [ REFER TO THE VEDIC GUIDE ] ] Harsringar – Nycthanthes Arbortristis(Night Jasmine/Parijata ] [ 8 Health Benefits of Avocado Oil ] Chapter 10: The Opulence of the Absolute:All wondrous phenomena showing power, beauty, grandeur or sublimity, either in the material world or in the spiritual, are but partial manifestations of Krishna's divine energies and opulence. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE  YOU CAN GO HERE : [ youtube ] [Bhagvadgita  chapter10 [ Hinduism holy gita ] [ Vibhuti yoga chapter10 ] [ Watchyoutube ] [ Visualization and Imagination ] [ Guru ] [ Bhagvad gita ]

 Chapter 11: The Universal Form: Lord Krishna grants Arjuna divine vision and reveals His spectacular unlimited form as the cosmic universe. Thus He conclusively establishes His divinity. Krishna explains that His own all-beautiful human-like form is the original form of god. .https://asitis.com/11 IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE  YOU CAN GO HERE : [ Visvwaroop gita ] [ Youtube ] [ Ishwar holy hinduism ] [ Darshan yoga ] [ Holy bhagvadgita ] [ Smoking tea !!! ] [ Properties and Medicinal Uses of Lavender ] [ 9 Plants that repel Unwanted Insects ]  Chapter 12: Devotional Service: Bhakti yoga, pure devotional service to Lord Krishna, is the highest and most exxpedient means for attaining pure love for Krishna, which is the highest end of spiriitual existence. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE  YOU CAN GO HERE : [Watch youtube ]  [ Hinduismbhagvadgita ] [ Bhagvadgitachapter12 ] [ Devotional service ] [ REFER TO THE VEDIC GUIDE ] [ Natural Pesticides ] [ Natural Remedy to become a Zombie (Seriously) ]  Chapter 13: Nature, the Enjoyer, and Consciousness: One who understands the difference between the body, the soul and the Supersoul beyond them both attains liberation from the material world.    IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE  YOU CAN GO HERE : [ Bhagvadgitachapter13 ] [ Universe krishna ] [  Bhagvadgita ] [ Newcombfile ] [ How to Use Faith to cure yourself ? ] [ Effect of Music on Plants ] Natural Pesticides ] [ Natural Remedy to become a Zombie (Seriously)]   Chapter 14: The Three Modes Of Material Nature: All embodied souls are under the control of the three modes, or qualities, of material nature; goodness, passion and ignorance. Lord Krishna explains what these modes are, how they act upon us, how one transcends them, and the symptoms of one who has attained the transcendental state. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE  YOU CAN GO HERE : [ Bhagvadgitachapter14 ] [ Watchscreenyoutube ] [ Bhagcvadgita/gita ]. [ Gitajourney ] [Creativesulekha ] [ Algae Fuel or Algal Fuel ] [ Miseries and Happiness (Vedic Philosophy) ] [ The Fourth State of Mind ] [ REFER TO THE VEDIC GUIDE ]  Chapter 15: The Yoga of the Supreme Person: The ultimate purpose of Vedic knowledge is to detach oneself from the entanglement of the the material world and to understand Lord Krishna as the Supreme Personality of Godhead. One who understands Krishna's supreme identity surrenders unto Him and engages in His devotional service. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE  YOU CAN GO HERE : [ Fickrasienman ] [ Bhagvad gitachapter15 ] .[ Holybhagvadgita ] [ Watchyoutubexusu3bogh ] [ How to Use Faith to cure yourself ? ] [ Effect of Music on Plants ] Natural Pesticides ] [ Natural Remedy to become a Zombie (Seriously) ]  Chapter 16: The Divine And Demoniac Natures: Those who possess demoniac qualities and who live whimsically, without following the regulations of scripture, attain lower births and further material bondage. But those who possess divine qualities and live regulated lives gradually attain spiritual perfection. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE  YOU CAN GO HERE : [ Bhagvadgitachapter16 ] [ Bhagvadgita123 ] [ Watchyoutubesigez3 ]. [ Sanskritblogspot ] [ Divyaroopasampad ] Algae Fuel or Algal Fuel ] [ Miseries and Happiness (Vedic Philosophy) ] [ The Fourth State of Mind [ REFER TO THE VEDIC GUIDE ]  Chapter 17: The Divisions of Faith: There are three types of faith, corresponding to and evolving from the three modes of material nature. Acts performed by those whose faith is in passion and ignorance yield only impermanent, material results, whereas acts performed in goodness, in accord with scriptural injunctions, purify the heart. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE  YOU CAN GO HERE : [ Bhagvadgitachapter17 ] ,[Watchytoutubeafyypjo ]  [ Bhagvadgitaorg ]  [ Sharddhavibagyog ] [ Natural Pesticides ] [ Natural Remedy to become a Zombie (Seriously)  Chapter 18: Conclusion--The Perfection of Renunciation: Krishna explains the meaning of renunciation and the effects of the modes of nature on human consciousness and activity. He explains Brahman realization, the glories of the Bhagavad  Gita, and the ultimate conclusion of the Gita the highest path of religion is absolute unconditional loving service unto Lord Krishna. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE  YOU CAN GO HERE : [ Bhagavadgitachapter18 ]  [ Waaatchyoutubeumazx ] [ Hinduismholybhagvadgita ] [ Visualization and Imagination ] [ Guru ]

People who played major roles in the GITA

Who was the Krishna?

Krishna,  one of the most widely revered and most popular of all Indian divinities, worshiped as the eighth incarnation (avatar, or avatara) of the Hindu god Vishnu and also as a supreme god in his own right.

IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE YOU CAN GO HERE:

[ Aboutkrishna ] 

[ Pinterestexplore ] [ Watchyoutubev=ajtosm23zu ]

[ REFER TO THE VEDIC GUIDE ]

Suryaputra Karn 

:Chronicles the journey of Karna, the son of Surya and Kunti, who is regarded as one of the most important figures of the Mahabharata and explores how he became a hero using his might and power.

IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE YOU CAN GO HERE:

[Watchyoutubev=d002ovwele ]

[ Watchyoutubev=sxdycwmz4 ]

[ Wikipedia.org/wiki ]            

How did Karna born:

   Karna was the son of Surya and Kunti, born to Kunti before her marriage with pandu. Karna was the closest friend of Duryodhana and fought on his behalf against the pandavas (his brothers) in the kurukshetra War. ... It is believed that Karna founded the city of karnal, in present haryana.

IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE YOU CAN GO HERE::

[ Wikikaran/org ] [Suryaputra/Hanuman ]

[ Lifestyle>whoweare ]

Who took Karna's kavach?

As far as I know it's not in this earth anymore because Indra, the king of the Devas and the father of Arjuna, realized that Karna would be invincible in battle and unable to be killed as long as he had his kavach and kundal. He approaches Karna as a poor Brahmin during Karna's sun-worship.

IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE YOU CAN GO HERE:

[ Watchyoutubev=anbnqhexbq ]

[ Karan/kundal/kaavach still exist ]

 [ Wiki/org/karan ]

How did Karna really die?  As he got down to fix the wheel he requested Arjuna to stop the battle.(In lieu of general war etiquette.) However Krishna coaxed Arjun to continue the attack stating that Karna had broken the war etiquettes during the attack against Abhimanyu(Arjun's son). And so, Arjun finally killed Karna using the Anjalika

IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE YOU CAN GO HERE

[ Creativesulekha ]

[ Watchyoutube/v=d002 ] .[ Indiapinesentertainment ]

i

Who is the best Karna or Arjun? The Shakti, Arjuna, The Shakti. He could use it only once. Karna could have easily killed you with his Shakti, and the war would then be in favor of the Kauravas. Bheeshma and Drona have scofed at him, because they believed that you were invincible, but Duryodhana loves Karna more.

IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE YOU CAN GO HERE

[ Watchyoutubev=g ]

[ Indiapines/post ]

[ Sonylivdetail ]

Who was Abimanyu? Abhimanyu (Sanskrit: अभिमन्यु) was the son of Arjuna and Subhadra. He was the nephew of Lord Krishna and was married to Uttara, the princess of Matsya Kingdom.

IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE YOU CAN GO HERE

[ Hindupedia/abimanyu ]

[ Wikipediaorg/abimanyu ]

[ Speakingtree/deathabimanyu ]t

[ REFER TO THE VEDIC GUIDE ] How did Abhimanyu learn about chakravyuha?

When he was in womb of Subhadra , another wife of Arjuna, he heard the strategy told by Arjuna to Subhadra about to enter inside chakravyuh. But when Arjuna was telling strategy to come out of it by breaking it, he slept so didn't learnt about it.

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[ Abimanyu/org ]

[ Hindupedia mahabharat ]

[ Wisdomlib ] Bheesma: In the epic Mahabharata, Bhishma was well known for his pledge of celibacy. The eighth son of Kuru King Shantanu and the goddess Gaṅgā, Bhishma was blessed with wish-long life and was related to both the Pandava and the Kaurava..  Parents: Shantanu, Ganga Siblings: Chitrangad, Vichitravirya

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[ Beeshmamahabharat ]

[ Bheesma/wikiorg ]

[ Bheesmainmahabharat ]

Who killed bhisma?      Using Sikhandhi as a shield, Arjuna shot arrows at Bhishma, piercing his entire body. Thus, as was preordained (Mahadeva's boon to Amba that she would be the cause of Bhishma's death) Shikhandi, that is, Amba reincarnated was the cause of Bhishma's fall.

IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE YOU CAN GO HERE

[ Wikipediaorg/wiki/bheesma ]

[ Howdidbeeshmadie ]

[ Quora whokilledbeesma ]

Drona   In the epic Mahabharata, Droņa (Sanskrit: द्रोण, Droņa) or Droņacharya or Guru Droņa was the royal preceptor to the Kauravas and Pandavas and incarnation of Brahma; an avatar of Brihaspati. He was the son of rishi Bharadwaja and a descendant of the sage Angirasa.. Teacher(s): Agnivesa Parent(s): Bharadwaja

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[ Drona/org ]

[ Unblievabledronacharta ] [ Indiaintroreligion ] Ashwatthama: Ashwatthama or Ashwatthaman or Drauni was the son of guru Drona and he is the grandson of the Brahmin sage Bharadwaja. Ashwatthama is a mighty Maharathi who fought on the Kaurava side against the Pandavas . Ashwatthama (Sanskrit: अश्वत्थामा, Aśvatthāmā) or Ashwatthaman (Sanskrit: अश्वत्थामन्, Aśvatthāman) or Drauni was the son of guru Drona and he is the grandson of the Brahmin sage Bharadwaja. Ashwatthama is a mighty Maharathi[1] who fought on the Kaurava side against the Pandavas. Ashwatthama is considered as avatar of one of the eleven Rudras and one of the seven Chiranjivi. Along with his maternal uncle Kripa, Ashwatthama is believed to be a living survivor of the Kurukshetra War.[2] The rumours about his death led to the death of Drona by Prince Dhrishtadyumna. The final commander-in-chief of the Kauravas, Ashwatthama slaughters many in the Pandava camp in a sneak attack. After Arjuna and Karna, Ashwatthama killed most number of warriors in the Kurukshetra war.

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[Org/ashwatthama ]

[ Daily bhaskar ] [ Jeevanmantra ] Mystery:  He was the one who changed the end of Kurukshetra War. He was the son of Dronacharya and Kripi (sister of Kripacharya). Ashwathama along with his father Guru Dronacharya fought in the battle of Mahabharat from the Kauravas side against the Pandavas

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[ Wikipediaashswatthama ]

[ Funbuzz time ]   [ Watchyoutube ] . Mahabharat: 8 Shocking facts about Ashwathama you won't believe:   There are very less people who are aware of Ashwathama from the Mahabharat since Arjun, Duryodhan, Bheem, Krishna and other characters took all the attention. But Ashwathama was the only one who played an important role in Mahabharat. He was the one who changed the end of Kurukshetra War. He was the son of Dronacharya and Kripi (sister of Kripacharya). Ashwathama along with his father Guru Dronacharya fought in the battle of Mahabharat from the Kauravas side against the Pandavas. There were some really astonishing things about this character that many people don’t know about. We will tell you about those here.

IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE YOU CAN GO HERE

[ Shockingfactsashwatthama ]

[ Wiki/ashwatthama ]

[ Youtubewatch ] : [ REFER TO THE VEDIC GUIDE ] People who played major roles in the Gita Who is the Krishna? Krishna, Sanskrit Kṛṣṇa, one of the most widely revered and most popular of all Indian divinities, worshipped as the eighth incarnation (avatar, or avatara) of the Hindu god Vishnu and also as a supreme god in his own right [ Unlocking the True Potentials of your subconscious through the Practice of Gazing ] Suryaputra Karn :Chronicles the journey of Karna, the son of Surya and Kunti, who is regarded as one of the most important figures of the Mahabharata and explores how he became a hero using his might and power. How did Karna born:  Karna was the son of Surya and Kunti, born to Kunti before her marriage with Pandu. Karna was the closest friend of Duryodhana and fought on his behalf against the Pandavas (his brothers) in the Kurukshetra War. ... It is believed that Karna founded the city of Karnal, in present Haryana. Who took Karna's kavach? As far as I know it's not in this earth anymore because Indra, the king of the Devas and the father of Arjuna, realized that Karna would be invincible in battle and unable to be killed as long as he had his kavach and kundal. He approaches Karna as a poor Brahmin during Karna's sun-worship. How did Karna really die?  As he got down to fix the wheel he requested Arjuna to stop the battle.(In lieu of general war etiquette.) However Krishna coaxed Arjun to continue the attack stating that Karna had broken the war etiquettes during the attack against Abhimanyu(Arjun's son). And so, Arjun finally killed Karna using the Anjalika. Who is the best Karna or Arjun? The Shakti, Arjuna, The Shakti. He could use it only once. Karna could have easily killed you with his Shakti, and the war would then be in favor of the Kauravas. Bheeshma and Drona have scofed at him, because they believed that you were invincible, but Duryodhana loves Karna more. Who was Abimanyu? Abhimanyu (Sanskrit: अभिमन्यु) was the son of Arjuna and Subhadra. He was the nephew of Lord Krishna and was married to Uttara, the princess of Matsya Kingdom. How did Abhimanyu learn about chakravyuha? When he was in womb of Subhadra , another wife of Arjuna, he heard the strategy told by Arjuna to Subhadra about to enter inside chakravyuh. But when Arjuna was telling strategy to come out of it by breaking it, he slept so didn't learnt about it. Bheesma: In the epic Mahabharata, Bhishma was well known for his pledge of celibacy. The eighth son of Kuru King Shantanu and the goddess Gaṅgā, Bhishma was blessed with wish-long life and was related to both the Pandava and the Kaurava. Wikipedia Parents: Shantanu, Ganga Siblings: Chitrangad, Vichitravirya Who killed bhisma?     Using Sikhandhi as a shield, Arjuna shot arrows at Bhishma, piercing his entire body. Thus, as was preordained (Mahadeva's boon to Amba that she would be the cause of Bhishma's death) Shikhandi, that is, Amba reincarnated was the cause of Bhishma's fall. Drona. ... In the epic Mahabharata, Droņa (Sanskrit: द्रोण, Droņa) or Droņacharya or Guru Droņa was the royal preceptor to the Kauravas and Pandavas and incarnation of Brahma; an avatar of Brihaspati. He was the son of rishi Bharadwaja and a descendant of the sage Angirasa. Teacher(s): Agnivesa Parent(s): Bharadwaja Ashwatthama: Ashwatthama or Ashwatthaman or Drauni was the son of guru Drona and he is the grandson of the Brahmin sage Bharadwaja. Ashwatthama is a mighty Maharathi who fought on the Kaurava side against the Pandavas . Ashwatthama (Sanskrit: अश्वत्थामा, Aśvatthāmā) or Ashwatthaman (Sanskrit: अश्वत्थामन्, Aśvatthāman) or Drauni was the son of guru Drona and he is the grandson of the Brahmin sage Bharadwaja. Ashwatthama is a mighty Maharathi[1] who fought on the Kaurava side against the Pandavas. Ashwatthama is considered as avatar of one of the eleven Rudras and one of the seven Chiranjivi. Along with his maternal uncle Kripa, Ashwatthama is believed to be a living survivor of the Kurukshetra War.[2] The rumours about his death led to the death of Drona by Prince Dhrishtadyumna. The final commander-in-chief of the Kauravas, Ashwatthama slaughters many in the Pandava camp in a sneak attack. After Arjuna and Karna, Ashwatthama killed most number of warriors in the Kurukshetra war. Mystery:  He was the one who changed the end of Kurukshetra War. He was the son of Dronacharya and Kripi (sister of Kripacharya). Ashwathama along with his father Guru Dronacharya fought in the battle of Mahabharat from the Kauravas side against the Pandavas Mahabharat: 8 Shocking facts about Ashwathama you won't believe:  There are very less people who are aware of Ashwathama from the Mahabharat since Arjun, Duryodhan, Bheem, Krishna and other characters took all the attention. But Ashwathama was the only one who played an important role in Mahabharat. He was the one who changed the end of Kurukshetra War. He was the son of Dronacharya and Kripi (sister of Kripacharya). Ashwathama along with his father Guru Dronacharya fought in the battle of Mahabharat from the Kauravas side against the Pandavas. There were some really astonishing things about this character that many people don’t know about. We will tell you about those here. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndG5r8nEQ1w [ Breathing Patterns and Mind (Exercises to Unlock your Subconsciousness) ]

[godalmighty-vedas-blog]

Sri Hanuman Chalisa

Doha Shri Guru Charan Sarooja-raj Nija manu Mukura Sudhaari Baranau Rahubhara Bimala Yasha Jo Dayaka Phala Chari Budhee-Heen Thanu Jannikay Sumirow Pavana Kumara Bala-Budhee Vidya Dehoo Mohee Harahu Kalesha Vikaara IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE: ] MAHARAJ HANUMAN ] [ Video ] [ Vedsutra hanuman ] [ Hanuman chalisa blogspot ] [ Speaking tree/these ] Chopai Jai Hanuman gyan gun sagar Jai Kapis tihun lok ujagar Ram doot atulit bal dhama Anjaani-putra Pavan sut nama Mahabir Bikram Bajrangi Kumati nivar sumati Ke sangi Kanchan varan viraj subesa Kanan Kundal Kunchit Kesha Hath Vajra Aur Dhuvaje Viraje Kaandhe moonj janehu sajaiSankar suvan kesri Nandan Tej prataap maha jag vandan Vidyavaan guni ati chatur Ram kaj karibe ko aatur Prabu charitra sunibe-ko rasiya Ram Lakhan Sita man Basiya Sukshma roop dhari Siyahi dikhava Vikat roop dhari lank jarava Bhima roop dhari asur sanghare Ramachandra ke kaj sanvare Laye Sanjivan Lakhan Jiyaye Shri Raghuvir Harashi ur laye Raghupati Kinhi bahut badai Tum mam priye Bharat-hi-sam bhai Sahas badan tumharo yash gaave Asa-kahi Shripati kanth lagaave Sankadhik Brahmaadi Muneesa Narad-Sarad sahit Aheesa Yam Kuber Digpaal Jahan teav i kovid kahi sake kahan te Tum upkar Sugreevahin keenha Ram milaye rajpad deenha Tumharo mantra Vibheeshan maana Lankeshwar Bhaye Sub jag jana Yug sahastra jojan par Bhanu Leelyo tahi madhur phal janu Prabhu mudrika meli mukh mahee Jaladhi langhi gaye achraj nahee Durgaam kaj jagath ke jete Sugam anugraha tumhre tete Ram dwaare tum rakhvare Hoat na agya binu paisare Sub sukh lahae tumhari sar na Tum rakshak kahu ko dar naa Aapan tej samharo aapai Teenhon lok hank te kanpai Bhoot pisaach Nikat nahin aavai Mahavir jab naam sunavae Nase rog harae sab peera Japat nirantar Hanumant beera Sankat se Hanuman chudavae Man Karam Vachan dyan jo lavai Sab par Ram tapasvee raja Tin ke kaj sakal Tum saja Aur manorath jo koi lavai Sohi amit jeevan phal pavai Charon Yug partap tumhara Hai persidh jagat ujiyara Sadhu Sant ke tum Rakhware Asur nikandan Ram dulhare Ashta-sidhi nav nidhi ke dhata As-var deen Janki mata Ram rasayan tumhare pasa Sada raho Raghupati ke dasa Tumhare bhajan Ram ko pavai Janam-janam ke dukh bisraavai Anth-kaal Raghuvir pur jayee Jahan janam Hari-Bakht Kahayee Aur Devta Chit na dharehi Hanumanth se hi sarve sukh karehi Sankat kate-mite sab peera Jo sumirai Hanumat Balbeera Jai Jai Jai Hanuman Gosahin Kripa Karahu Gurudev ki nyahin Jo sat bar path kare kohi Chutehi bandhi maha sukh hohi Jo yah padhe Hanuman Chalisa Hoye siddhi sakhi Gaureesa Tulsidas sada hari chera Keejai Nath Hridaye mein dera IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Hindiastroyogi ] [ Watchyoutubev=ulf2bj ] [ Watchyoutubev=nr18coa ] [ Raagtunes ] [ Khabarindiatv ] Doha Pavan Tanay Sankat Harana Mangala Murati Roop Ram Lakhana Sita Sahita Hriday Basahu Soor Bhoop IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Maharaj Hanuman ] [ Watchyoutubev=cblgjbeq ] [ VedsutraHnuman chalisa ] [ Hanuman chalisa bhajan ] [ Speaking tree ]. Meaning: The Hanuman Chalisa (Hindi pronunciation: [ɦənʊmaːn tʃaːliːsaː]; literally Forty chaupais on Hanuman) is a Hindu devotional hymn (stotra) addressed to Hanuman. ... Hanuman is a vanara (a monkey-like humanoid), a devotee of Ram, and one of the central characters in the Indian epic poem, the Ramayan. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Wikipedia Hanuman ] [ Speaking tree /blog meaning ] [ The indianmythology ] [ Watch youtubev=gjoe5gq ] [ Hindiremedy/Hanuman ] Who was Lord Hanuman? Hanuman participated in Rama's war against the demon king Ravana. Several later texts also present him as an incarnation of Shiva. He is the son of Anjana and Kesari and is also son of the wind-god Pawan, who according to several stories, played a role in his birth. Hanuman  ,(Sanskrit: हनुमान्) is an ardent devotee of Lord Rama and one of the central characters in the various versions of the epic Ramayana found in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. As one of the Chiranjivi, he is also mentioned in several other texts, such as the Mahabharata the various Puranas and some Jain, Buddhist, and Sikh texts. Several later texts also present him as an incarnation of Shiva. Hanuman is the son of Anjana and Kesari and is also son of the wind-god Vayu, who according to several stories, played a role in his birth. His theological origins in Hinduism are unclear. Alternate theories include him having ancient roots, being a non-Aryan deity who was Sanskritized by the Vedic Aryans, or that he is a fusion deity who emerged in literary works from folk Yaksha protector deities and theological symbolism. While Hanuman is one of the central characters in the ancient Hindu epic Ramayana, the evidence of devotional worship to him is missing in the texts and archeological sites of ancient and most of the medieval period. According to Philip Lutgendorf, an American Indologist known for his studies on Hanuman, the theological significance and devotional dedication to Hanuman emerged about 1,000 years after the composition of the Ramayana, in the 2nd millennium CE, after the arrival of Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent. Bhakti movement saints such as Samarth Ramdas expressed Hanuman as a symbol of nationalism and resistance to persecution. In the modern era, his iconography and temples have been increasingly common. He is viewed as the ideal combination of "strength, heroic initiative and assertive excellence" and "loving, emotional devotion to his personal god Rama", as Shakti and Bhakti. In later literature, he has been the patron god of martial arts such as wrestling, acrobatics, as well as meditation and diligent scholarship. He symbolizes the human excellences of inner self-control, faith and service to a cause, hidden behind the first impressions of a being who looks like a monkey. Besides being a popular deity in Hinduism, Hanuman is also found in Jainism and Buddhism. He is also a legendary character in legends and arts found outside Indian subcontinent such as in Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia and Bali Indonesia. Outside India, Hanuman shares many characteristics with the Hindu versions in India, but differs in others. He is heroic, brave and steadfastly chaste, much like in the Sanskrit tradition, but not celibate. He marries and has children in other cultures, as is the case in a few regional versions in India. Hanuman is stated by scholars to be the inspiration for the allegory-filled adventures of a monkey hero in the Xiyouji (Journey to the West) – the great Chinese poetic novel influenced by the travels of Buddhist monk Xuanzang (602–664 CE) to India. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE  [ Wikipedia Hanuman/org/wiki ] [ Scoop whoop/inotheernew ] [ Kasgar/god ]  [ Quora/how ] [ Askgnesha/stories/hanuman/asp ] Historical development: Vedic roots:The earliest mention of a divine monkey, interpreted by some scholars as the proto-Hanuman, is in hymn 10.86 of the Rigveda, dated to between 1500 and 1200 BCE. The twenty three verses of the hymn is a metaphor and riddle filled legend. It is presented as a dialogue between multiple characters: god Indra, his wife Indrani and an energetic monkey it refers to as Vrisakapi and his wife Kapi. The hymn opens with Indrani complaining to Indra that some of the soma offerings for Indra have been assigned to the energetic and strong monkey, and the people are forgetting Indra. The king of gods Indra responds by stating to his wife that the living being (monkey) that bothers her is to be seen as a friend, and that they should make an effort to be together in peace. The hymn closes with all agreeing that they should come together in Indra's house and share the wealth of offerings. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Wikipedia Hnaman org /Hanuman ] [ Mahiastro/abhi/Hanumanchalisa ] [ Mahiastro/abhi/Hanumanchalisa vednotesaspx ] [ Astrojyoti Sankat mochan ] [ Astrojyoti ] This hymn, which includes an explicit discussion of sex and differences between species, has been interpreted in a number of ways by contemporary scholars. R.N. Dandekar states that it may metaphorically refer to another fertility god, while Wendy Doniger compares it to horse sacrifice. Stephanie Jamison states that the hymn mentions a bull-monkey, a euphemism for a horse and fertility ritual, very different from later era Hanuman. According to Philip Lutgendorf, there is "no convincing evidence for a monkey-worshipping cult in ancient India. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Maahiastro/abhi/Hanuman vedsutra ] [ Astrojyoti/Sankatmochan ] [ Atrojyoti ] Tamil roots: The orientalist F. E. Pargiter (1852-1927) theorized that Hanuman was a proto-Dravidian deity. According to this theory, the name "Hanuman" derives from the Tamil word for male monkey (ana-mandi), first transformed to "Anumant" – a name which remains in use. "Anumant", according to this hypothesis, was later Sanskritized to "Hanuman" because the ancient Aryans confronted with a popular monkey deity of ancient Dravidians coopted the concept and then Sanskritized it. According to Murray Emeneau, known for his Tamil linguistic studies, this theory does not make sense because the Old Tamil word mandi in Caṅkam literature can only mean "female monkey", and Hanuman is male. Further, adds Emeneau, the compound ana-mandi makes no semantic sense in Tamil, which has well developed and sophisticated grammar and semantic rules. The "prominent jaw" etymology, according to Emeneau, is therefore plausible. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Watchyourtubev=oferj;jz ] [ Watchyoutubev=wqivcxoez8 ] [ Saavn/tamilshri/Hanuman ] [ Imgur/xjk5leb ] [ Pinterest/pin/29097842598892092 ] Epics and Puranas: Hanuman is mentioned in both the Hindu epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata. A twentieth-century Jesuit missionary Camille Bulcke, in his Ramkatha: Utpatti Aur Vikas ("The tale of Rama: its origin and development"), proposed that Hanuman worship had its basis in the cults of aboriginal tribes of Central India. Hanuman is mentioned in the Puranas. A medieval legend posited Hanuman as an avatar of the god Shiva by the 10th century CE (this development possibly started as early as in the 8th century CE). Hanuman is mentioned as an avatar of Shiva or Rudra in the medieval era Sanskrit texts like the Mahabhagvata Purana, the Skanda Purana, the Brhaddharma Purana and the Mahanataka among others. This development might have been a result of the Shavite attempts to insert their ishta devata (cherished deity) in the Vaishnavite texts. Other mythologies, such as those found in South India, present Hanuman as a being who is the union of Shiva and Vishnu, or associated with the origin of Ayyappa. The 17th century Odia work Rasavinoda by Dinakrishnadasa goes on to mention that the three gods – Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva – combined to take to the form of Hanuman. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Watchyoutubev=f3wbngiamkc ] [ Pinterest/pin/214554369718103316 ]  [ Pinerest/pin/31729273622422297 ] [ Facebook/events/102949966704952 ] [ Pinterest/rashmi112lord ] Late medieval and modern era: In Valmiki's Ramayana, estimated to have been composed before or in about the 3rd century BCE, Hanuman is an important, creative character as a simian helper and messenger for Rama. The character evolved over time, reflecting regional cultural values. It is, however, in the late medieval era that his profile evolves into more central role and dominance as the exemplary spiritual devotee, particularly with the popular vernacular text Ramcharitmanas by Tulasidas . According to scholars such as Patrick Peebles and others, during a period of religious turmoil and Islamic rule of the Indian subcontinent, the Bhakti movement and devotionalism-oriented Bhakti yoga had emerged as a major trend in Hindu culture by the 16th-century, and the Ramcharitmanas presented Rama as a Vishnu avatar, supreme being and a personal god worthy of devotion, with Hanuman as the ideal loving devotee with legendary courage, strength and powers. Hanuman evolved and emerged in this era as the ideal combination of shakti and bhakti. Stories and folk traditions in and after the 17th century, began to reformulate and present Hanuman as a divine being, as a descendent of deities, and as an avatar of Shiva. He emerged as a champion of those religiously persecuted, expressing resistance, a yogi, an inspiration for martial artists and warriors, character with less fur and increasingly human symbolizing cherished virtues and internal values worthy of devotion in his own right. Hindu monks morphed into soldiers, and they named their organizations after Hanuman.This evolution of Hanuman's character, religious and cultural role as well as his iconography continued through the colonial era and in post-colonial times. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Devdutt/articles/applied/queer ] [ Columbia/its/mealac/prichett ] [ Wikivisually/wiki/hanuman ] [ exoticidiart/Mahavir ] [ Ncbi/nih/ ] Birth: In Indian mythology, Hanuman was born to Anjana and father Kesari.Hanuman is also called the son of the deity Vayu (Wind god, himself the son of Vishnu) because of legends associated with Vayu's role in Hanuman's birth. One story mentioned in Eknath's Bhavartha Ramayana (16th century CE) states that when Anjana was worshiping Shiva, the King Dasharatha of Ayodhya was also performing the ritual of Putrakama yagna in order to have children. As a result, he received some sacred pudding (payasam) to be shared by his three wives, leading to the births of Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata, and Shatrughna. By divine ordinance, a kite snatched a fragment of that pudding and dropped it while flying over the forest where Anjana was engaged in worship. Vayu, the Hindu deity of the wind, delivered the falling pudding to the outstretched hands of Anjana, who consumed it. Hanuman was born to her as a result. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Quora/what ] [ Speaking tree/alsiides/birth ] [ Site google/site/hanumanstale ] [ Apnisanskriti ] [ Scoopwhoopinothernews ] Childhood: According to Valmiki's Ramayana, one morning in his childhood, Hanuman was hungry and saw the rising red colored sun. Mistaking it for a ripe fruit, he leapt up to eat it. In one version of the Hindu legend, the king of gods Indra intervened and struck his thunderbolt. It hit Hanuman on his jaw, and he fell to the earth unconscious with a broken jaw. His father, Vayu (air), states Ramayana in section 4.65, became upset and withdrew. The lack of air created immense suffering to all living beings. This led Prajapati, the god of life, to intervene and resuscitate Hanuman, which in turn prompted Vayu to return to the living beings. In another Hindu version of his childhood legend, which Lutgendorf states is likely older and also found in Jain texts such as the 8th-century Dhurtakhyana, after Hanuman's Icarus like leap for the sun, it proves to be fatal and he is burnt to ashes from sun's heat. His ashes fall onto the earth and oceans.Gods then gather the ashes and his bones from land and, with the help of fishes, from the water and re-assemble him. They find everything except one fragment of his jaw bone. His great grandfather on his mother's side then asks Surya to restore the child to life. Surya returns him to life, but Hanuman is left with a disfigured jaw. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ kinsgen/fable and fairytale ] [ Sanatansocietyorg/indians ] [ Balagokulam/kids/stories ] [ Scoopwhoop/inothernews/lords ] [ Cybestro/articles/lord ] Attributes: Chiranjivi (immortal): various versions of Ramayana and Rama Katha state towards their end, just before Rama and Lakshmana die, that Hanuman is blessed to be immortal. He will be a part of humanity forever, while the story of Rama lives on. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Wikipediaorg/chiranjvi ] [ Quora/who ] [ Hinduism/question ] [ Speaking tree/.asllides/hanuman ] [ Speakingtree /lord ] Kurūp and Sundar: he is described in Hindu texts as kurūp (ugly) on the outside, but divinely sundar (beautiful inside). IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Google/book/isbn=9352784251 ] [ Youtubev=y;n5wbj6umm ] [ Google books ] [ Watchyoutubev=xodlbrssh ] [ Wikipedia/wiki/sundrakanda  ] Kama-rupin: He can shape shift, become smaller than the smallest, larger than the largest adversary at will. He uses this attribute to shrink and enter Lanka, as he searches for the kidnapped Sita imprisoned in Lanka. Later on, he takes on the size of a mountain, blazing with radiance, to show his true power to Sita. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Wikipedia/hanuman ]  [ Kasgar ] [ Drmichaelamas/god ] [ Busindia ] [ Accollegemendara ] Strength: Hanuman is extraordinarily strong, one capable of lifting and carrying any burden for a cause. He is called Vira, Mahavira, Mahabala and other names signifying this attribute of his. During the epic war between Rama and Ravana, Rama's brother Lakshmana is wounded. He can only be healed and his death prevented by a herb found in a particular Himalayan mountain. Hanuman leaps and finds the mountain. There, states Ramayana, Hanuman finds the mountain is full of many herbs. He doesn't know which one to take. So, he lifts the entire Himalayan mountain and carries it across India to Lanka for Lakshmana. His immense strength thus helps Lakshmana recover from his wound. This legend is the popular basis for the iconography where he is shown flying and carrying a mountain on his palm. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Scoopwhoop/inothernews/lord ] [ Scoopwhoop/inothernews/lord/intersesting ] [ Wikipedia/wik/hanuman ] [ Dollsofindia/libary ] [ Ankurlearningsolution ] Innovative:  Hanuman is described as someone who constantly faces very difficult odds, where the adversary or circumstances threaten his mission with certain defeat and his very existence. Yet he finds an innovative way to turn the odds. For example, after he finds Sita, delivers Rama's message, and persuades her that he is indeed Rama's true messenger, he is discovered by the prison guards. They arrest Hanuman, and under Ravana's orders take him to a public execution. There, the Ravana's guards begin his torture, tie his tail with oiled cloth and put it on fire. Hanuman then leaps, jumps from one palace rooftop to another, thus burning everything down. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Indiamarthanuman printer ] [ Hanuman ] [ Google book?isbn=8184247613 ] [ Googlebook?isbn=9384225762 ] [ Allabuotoutdoor/news ] Bhakti: Hanuman is presented as the exemplary devotee (bhakta) of Rama and Sita. The Hindu texts such as the Bhagavata Purana, the Bhakta Mala, the Ananda Ramayana and the Ramacharitmanas present him as someone who is talented, strong, brave and spiritually devoted to Rama. The Rama stories such as the Ramayana and the Ramacharitmanas, in turn themselves, present the Hindu dharmic concept of the ideal, virtuous and compassionate man (Rama) and woman (Sita) thereby providing the context for attributes assigned therein for Hanuman. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Youtubev=d7gj0z6ib7e ] [ Youtubev=aetfvqonfv8 ] [ Youtubev=y180b9qilml  ] [ Youtubev=xpnhiseop ] [ Bhaktigaane ] Learned Yogi: In the late medieval texts and thereafter, such as those by Tulasidas, attributes of Hanuman include learned in Vedanta philosophy of Hinduism, the Vedas, a poet, a polymath, a grammarian, a singer and musician par excellence. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Hanumanwiki ] [ Exoticidimart/hanuman ] [ Gaia/article/hanuman ] [ dlsq/religious ] [ Google ] Ramayana: The Sundara Kanda, the fifth book in the Ramayana, focuses on Hanuman. Hanuman meets Rama in the last year the latter's 14-year exile, after the demon king Ravana had kidnapped Sita. With his brother Lakshmana, Rama is searching for his wife Sita. This, and related Rama legends are the most extensive stories about Hanuman. Numerous versions of the Ramayana exist within India. These present variant legends of Hanuman, Rama, Sita, Lakshamana and Ravana. The characters and their descriptions vary, in some cases quite significantly. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Hanuman/blog ] [ Hanuman ] [ Amazon/hanuman ] [ Hinduismstackexhange ] [ Youtube ] Mahabharata: The Mahabharata is another major epic which has a short mention of Hanuman. In Book 3, the Vana Parva of the Mahabharata, he is presented as a half brother of Bhima, who meets him accidentally on his way to Mount Kailasha. A man of extraordinary strength, Bhima is unable to move Hanuman's tail, making him realize and acknowledge the strength of Hanuman. This story attests to the ancient chronology of the Hanuman character. It is also a part of artwork and reliefs such as those at the Vijayanagara ruins. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Speaking tree/mysterious ] [ Boldsky ]  [ Quora ] [ Youtube ] [ Youtubev=kmh ] Other literature: Apart from Ramayana and Mahabharata, Hanuman is mentioned in several other texts. Some of these stories add to his adventures mentioned in the earlier epics, while others tell alternative stories of his life. The Skanda Purana mentions Hanuman in Rameswaram. In a South Indian version of Shiva Purana, Hanuman is described as the son of Shiva and Mohini (the female avatar of Vishnu), or alternatively his mythology has been linked to or merged with the origin of Swami Ayyappa who is popular in parts of South India. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Radhaswami/video ] [ Purebhakti ] [ Radhaswami net/09:009 ] [ Youtube ] [Watch youtube ] Buddhism: Hanuman appears with a Buddhist gloss in Tibetan (southwest China) and Khotanese (west China, central Asia and northern Iran) versions of Ramayana. The Khotanese versions have a Jataka tales like theme, but are generally similar to the Hindu texts in the story line and in the character of Hanuman. The Tibetan version is more embellished, and without attempts to put a Jataka gloss. Further, in Tibetan version, novel elements appear such as where Hanuman carries love letters between Rama and Sita in addition to the Hindu version where Rama sends with him the wedding ring as a message to Sita. Further, in Tibetan version, Rama chides Hanuman for not corresponding with him through letters more often implying that the monkey-messenger and warrior is a learned being who can read and write letters. In Sri Lankan version of Ramayana, which are titled after Ravana, the story is less melodramatic than the Indian versions. Many of the bravery and innovativeness legends relating to Hanuman are found in Sinhala versions, the characters have Buddhist themes, and lack the embedded ethics and values structure according to Hindu dharma. According to Hera Walker, some Sinhalese communities seek the aid of Hanuman through prayers to his mother. In Chinese Buddhist texts, states Arthur Cotterall, myths mention meeting of the Buddha with Hanuman, as well as Hanuman's great triumphs. According to Rosalind Lefeber, the arrival of Hanuman in East Asian Buddhist text may trace its roots to the translation of Ramayana into Chinese and Tibetan in 6th-century CE. In both China and Japan, according to Lutgendorf, much like India there is a lack of a radical divide between humans and animals, with all living beings and nature assumed to be related to humans. There is no exaltation of humans over animals or nature, unlike the Western traditions. Divine monkey has been a part of the historic literature and culture of China and Japan, possibly influenced by the close cultural contact through Buddhist monks and pilgrimage to India over two millennia. For example, the Japanese text Keiranshuyoshu, while presenting its mythology about divine monkey, that is the theriomorphic Shinto emblem of Hie shrines, describes a flying white monkey that carries a mountain from India to China, then from China to Japan. Many Japanese shrines and village boundaries, dated to be from 8th to 14th centuries, feature monkey deity as guardians or intermediaries between the humans and the gods. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Buddhagarden ] [ Wikihanuman ] [ Dharmawheel ] [ Easternspriuallty ] [ Britanica ] Jainism: Main articles: Rama in Jainism and Salakapurusa Paumacariya (also known as Pauma Chariu or Padmacharit), the Jain version of Ramayana written by Vimalasuri, mentions Hanuman not as a divine monkey, but as a Vidyadhara (a supernatural being, demigod in Jain cosmology). He is the son of Pavangati (wind deity) and Anjana Sundari. Anjana gives birth to Hanuman in a forest cave, after being banished by her in-laws. Her maternal uncle rescues her from the forest; while boarding his vimana, Anjana accidentally drops her baby on a rock. However, the baby remains uninjured while the rock is shattered. The baby is raised in Hanuruha, his great uncle's island kingdom, from which Hanuman gets his name. Hanuman's strength is not his own achievement, but attributed to his mother's asceticism. In Jain texts, Hanuman is depicted as the 17th of 24 Kamadevas, the one who is ultimately handsome. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Jainismworld ] [ Indiaforum ] [ Enyclopedia ] [ Wikipedia Rama inJainism ] [ Hindu ] Sikhism: In Sikhism, Hindu god Rama has been referred to as Sri Ram Chandar, and the story of Hanuman as a siddha has been influential. After the birth of martial Sikh Khalsa movement in 1699, during the 18th and 19th century, Hanuman was an inspiration and object of reverence by the Khalsa. Some Khalsa regiments brought along Hanuman image to the battle ground. The Sikh texts such as Hanuman Natak composed by Hirda Ram Bhalla, and Das Gur Katha by Kavi Kankan describe the heroic deeds of Hanuman. According to Louis Fenech, the Sikh tradition states that Guru Gobind Singh was a fond reader of the Hanuman Natak text. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Sikhnet ] [ Sikhiwiki/index ] [ Youtube ] [ Info/page ] [ Quora ] Southeast Asian texts: The non-Indian versions of Ramayana, such as the Thai Ramakien, mention that Hanuman had relationships with multiple women, including Svayamprabha, Benjakaya (Vibhisana's daughter), Suvannamaccha and even Ravana's wife Mandodari. According to these versions of the Ramayana, Macchanu is son of Hanuman borne by Suvannamaccha, daughter of Ravana. The Jain text Paumacariya mentions that Hanuman married Lankasundari, the daughter of Lanka's chief defender Bajramukha. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Survannmaccha ] [ Googleid? ] [ Google book ] [ Googlebook? ] [ Britanica/hanuman ] Significance and influence : Hanuman became more important in the medieval period and came to be portrayed as the ideal devotee (bhakta) of Rama. Hanuman's life, devotion, celibacy and strength inspired wrestlers in India. According to Philip Lutgendorf, devotionalism to Hanuman and his theological significance emerged long after the composition of the Ramayana, in the 2nd millennium CE. His prominence grew after the arrival of Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent. He is viewed as the ideal combination of shakti ("strength, heroic initiative and assertive excellence") and bhakti ("loving, emotional devotion to his personal god Rama"). Beyond wrestlers, he has been the patron god of other martial arts. He is stated to be a gifted grammarian, meditating yogi and diligent scholar. He exemplifies the human excellences of temperance, faith and service to a cause. In 17th-century north and western regions of India, Hanuman emerged as an expression of resistance and dedication against Islamic persecution. For example, the bhakti poet-saint Ramdas presented Hanuman as a symbol of Marathi nationalism and resistance to Mughal Empire. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Hindukjaruti ] [ Hinduwebsite ] [ Exoticindiamart/article/hanuman ] [ Scoopwhoop ] [ Googlebook ] Iconography: Hanuman's iconography shows him either with other central characters of the Ramayana or by himself. If with Rama and Sita, he is shown to the right of Rama, as a devotee bowing or kneeling before them with a Namaste (Anjali Hasta) posture. If alone, he carries weapons such as a big Gada (mace) and thunderbolt (vajra), sometimes in a scene reminiscent of a scene from his life. In the modern era, his iconography and temples have been common. He is typically shown with Rama, Sita and Lakshmana, near or in Vaishnavism temples, as well as by himself usually opening his chest to symbolically show images of Rama and Sita near his heart. He is also popular among the followers of Shaivism. In north India, aniconic representation of Hanuman such as a round stone has been in use by yogi, as a means to help focus on the abstract asSpects of him. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Es.scribed/document ] [ Documentshanuman ] [ Wikipedia ] [ Pinterest ] [ Book ] Temples and shrines: Hanuman is often worshipped along with Rama and Sita of Vaishnavism, sometimes independently. There are numerous statues to celebrate or temples to worship Hanuman all over India. In some regions, he is considered as an avatar of Shiva, the focus of Shaivism.According to a review by Lutgendorf, some scholars state that the earliest Hanuman murtis appeared in the 8th-century, but verifiable evidence of Hanuman images and inscriptions appear in the 10th century in Indian monasteries in central and north India. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Workthrougfh ] [ Tourmyindia ] [ Tourmyindia/blog ] [ Scoopwhoop/haunted ] Festivals and celebrations: Hanuman is a central character in the annual Ramlila celebrations in India, and seasonal dramatic arts in southeast Asia particularly Thailand, Bali and Java Indonesia. Ramlila is a dramatic folk re-enactment of the life of Rama according to the ancient Hindu epic Ramayana or secondary literature based on it such as the Ramcharitmanas. It particularly refers to the thousands of dramatic plays and dance events, that are staged during the annual autumn festival of Navratri in India. Hanuman is features in many parts of the folk enacted play of the legendary war between Good and Evil, with the celebrations climaxing in the Dussehra (Dasara, Vijayadashami) night festivities where the giant grotesque effigies of Evil such as of demon Ravana are burnt, typically with fireworks. Hanuman's birthday is observed by some Hindus as Hanuman Jayanti. It falls in much of India in the traditional month of Chaitra in lunisolar Hindu calendar, which overlaps with March and April. However, in parts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, Hanuman Jayanthi is observed in the regional Hindu month of Margazhi, which overlaps with December and January. The festive day is observed with devotees gathering at Hanuman temples before sunrise, and day long spiritual recitations and story reading about the victory of good over evil. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Hanuman ] [ Hanumanfestival ] [ Hanumanfestivalhome revised ] [ Hanumanfestival/resources ] [ Hanumanfestival cause ] Hanuman in Southeast Asia: Cambodia: Hanuman is a revered heroic figure in Khmer history in southeast Asia. He features predominantly in the Reamker, a Cambodian epic poem, based on the Sanskrit's Ramayana epic.Intricate carvings on the walls of Angkor Wat depict scenes from the Ramayana including those of Hanuman. In Cambodia and many other parts of southeast Asia, mask dance and shadow theatre arts celebrate Hanuman with Ream (same as Rama of India). Hanuman is represented by a white mask.Particularly popular in southeast Asian theatre are Hanuman's accomplishments as a martial artist and as an amorous seducer of women, in interpolated plays that are missing from most versions of the Indian Ramayana. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Wikipediareamker ] [ Hanumanwiki/org ] [  Business ] [ Booksgooglebooks ] Indonesia: Hanuman is the central character in many of the historic dance and drama art works such as Wayang Wong found in Hindu communities of Bali Indonesia. These performance arts can be traced to at least the 10th century. He has been popular, along with the local versions of Ramayana in other islands of Indonesia such as Java. In major medieval era Hindu temples, archeological sites and manuscripts discovered in Indonesian and Malay islands, Hanuman features prominently along with Rama, Sita, Lakshmana, Vishvamitra and Sugriva. The most studied and detailed relief artworks are found in Candi Panataran and Prambanan. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Rreamker ] [ Hanuman ] [ Business ] [ Googlebooks ]

Thailand: Hanuman has been a historic and popular character of Ramakien in Thai culture. He appears wearing a crown on his head and armor. He is depicted as an albino white, strong character with open mouth in action, sometimes shown carrying a trident. In Ramkien, Hanuman is a devoted soldier of Rama. Unlike in Indian adaptations, he is not celibate, and he is presented as a ladies man, according to Paula Richman. He meets the mermaid Suvannamaccha and the couple have a son. Hanuman plays a dominant role in the Thai version of the Ramayana epic. Like the Indian tradition, Hanuman is the patron of martial arts and an example of courage, fortitude and excellence in Thailand. IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE [ Wikkipedia/org/reamker ] [ Hanuman ] [ Businees ] [  Googlebooks ] References:  George M. Williams (2008). Handbook of Hindu Mythology. Oxford University Press. pp. 146–148. ISBN 978-0-19-533261-2. Jump up ^ Brian A. Hatcher (2015). Hinduism in the Modern World. Routledge. ISBN 9781135046309. ^ Jump up to: a b Bibek Debroy (2012). The Mahabharata: Volume 3. Penguin Books. pp. 184 with footnote 686. ISBN 978-0-14-310015-7. Jump up ^ "Hanuman", Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003). South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. Taylor & Francis. pp. 280–281. ISBN 978-0-415-93919-5. ^ Jump up to: a b c Wendy Doniger, Hanuman: Hindu mythology, Encyclopaedia Britannica; For a summary of the Chinese text, see Xiyouji: NOVEL BY WU CHENG’EN ^ Jump up to: a b Susan Whitfield; Ursula Sims-Williams (2004). The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith. Serindia Publications. p. 212. ISBN 978-1-932476-13-2. ^ Jump up to: a b c Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 143–144. ISBN 978-1-4422-3601-1. ^ Jump up to: a b J. Gordon Melton; Martin Baumann (2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1310–1311. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3. ^ Jump up to: a b c Catherine Ludvik (1994). Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 2–9. ISBN 978-81-208-1122-5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Philip Lutgendorf (2007). Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530921-8. Retrieved 14 July 2012. ^ Jump up to: a b Paula Richman (2010), Review: Lutgendorf, Philip's Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey, The Journal of Asian Studies; Vol 69, Issue 4 (Nov 2010), pages 1287-1288.  Jayant Lele (1981). Tradition and Modernity in Bhakti Movements. Brill Academic. pp. 114–116. ISBN 90-04-06370-6. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Philip Lutgendorf (2007). Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey. Oxford University Press. pp. 26–32, 116, 257–259, 388–391. ISBN 978-0-19-530921-8. Retrieved 14 July 2012. ^ Jump up to: a b Lutgendorf, Philip (1997). "Monkey in the Middle: The Status of Hanuman in Popular Hinduism". Religion. Routledge. 27 (4): 311–332. doi:10.1006/reli.1997.0095. Jump up ^ Lutgendorf, Philip (1994). "My Hanuman Is Bigger Than Yours". History of Religions. University of Chicago Press. 33 (3): 211–245. doi:10.1086/463367. Jump up ^ H. S. Walker (1998), Indigenous or Foreign? A Look at the Origins of the Monkey Hero Sun Wukong, Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 81. September 1998, Editor: Victor H. Mair, University of Pennsylvania Jump up ^ Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam, ed. India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 68. Jump up ^ Sarit Kumar Chaudhuri; Sucheta Sen Chaudhuri (2005). Primitive Tribes in Contemporary India: Concept, Ethnography and Demography. Mittal Publications. p. 45. ISBN 978-81-8324-026-0. Jump up ^ J.H. Maronier (2013). Pictures of the Tropics: A Catalogue of Drawings, Water-Colours, Paintings and Sculptures in the Collection of the Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology in Leiden. Springer. p. 127. ISBN 978-94-017-6643-2. Jump up ^ R. V. R. Murthy (2005). Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Development and Decentralization. Mittal Publications. p. 20. ISBN 978-81-8324-049-9. Jump up ^ Uta Gärtner (1994). Tradition and Modernity in Myanmar. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 317. ISBN 978-3-8258-2186-9. Jump up ^ Jonathan H. X. Lee; Kathleen M. Nadeau (2011). Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife. ABC-CLIO. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-313-35066-5. Jump up ^ Marijke Klokke (2006). Archaeology: Indonesian Perspective : R.P. Soejono's Festschrift. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. pp. 391–396. ISBN 978-979-26-2499-1. Jump up ^ Eugenio Barba; Nicola Savarese (2011). A Dictionary of Theatre Anthropology: The Secret Art of the Performer. Taylor & Francis. pp. 77 with Fig 13. ISBN 978-1-135-17635-8. Jump up ^ ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.८६, Rigveda, Wikisource ^ Jump up to: a b c Philip Lutgendorf (1999), Like Mother, Like Son, Sita and Hanuman, Manushi, No. 114, pages 23-25 Jump up ^ Legend of Ram–Retold. PublishAmerica. pp. 56–. ISBN 978-1-4512-2350-7. Jump up ^ Philip Lutgendorf (1999), Like Mother, Like Son, Sita and Hanuman, Manushi, No. 114, pages 22-23 Jump up ^ Nanditha Krishna (1 January 2010). Sacred Animals of India. Penguin Books India. pp. 178–. ISBN 978-0-14-306619-4. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Camille Bulcke; Dineśvara Prasāda (2010). Rāmakathā and Other Essays. Vani Prakashan. pp. 117–126. ISBN 978-93-5000-107-3. Retrieved 14 July 2012. Jump up ^ Swami Parmeshwaranand. Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas, Volume 1. Sarup & Sons. pp. 411–. ISBN 978-81-7625-226-3. Retrieved 14 July 2012. Jump up ^ Diana L. Eck (1991). Devotion divine, Bhakti traditions from the regions of India: studies in honour of Charlotte Vaudeville. Egbert Forsten. pp. 69, 62–67. ISBN 978-90-6980-045-5., Quote: "Giving up his Rudra form, Lord Shiva as Hanuman adopted a monkey figure, only in view of his affection for Rama."

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"Dead" and "Dying" redirect here. For the coloring process, see Dyeing. For other uses, see Dead (disambiguation) and Death (disambiguation).

Allegory of death: skeleton holding banderolle "Vigilate quia nescitis diem ...", anon., possibly Dutch or German. Made c.1600

Death is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. Phenomena which commonly bring about death include senescence, predation, malnutrition, disease, suicide, homicide, starvation, dehydration, and accidents or trauma resulting in terminal injury. In most cases, bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death.

Death – particularly the death of humans – has commonly been considered a sad or unpleasant occasion, due to the affection for the being that has died and the termination of social and familial bonds with the deceased. Other concerns include fear of death, necrophobia, anxiety, sorrow, grief, emotional pain, depression, sympathy, compassion, solitude, or saudade. Many cultures and religions have the idea of an afterlife, and also hold the idea of reward or judgement and punishment for past sin.

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Etymology

The word death comes from Old English dēaþ, which in turn comes from Proto-Germanic *dauþuz (reconstructed by etymological analysis). This comes from the Proto-Indo-European stem *dheu- meaning the "Process, act, condition of dying".

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Associated terms

The concept and symptoms of death, and varying degrees of delicacy used in discussion in public forums, have generated numerous scientific, legal, and socially acceptable terms or euphemisms for death. When a person has died, it is also said they have passed away, passed on, expired, or are gone, among numerous other socially accepted, religiously specific, slang, and irreverent terms. Bereft of life, the dead person is then a corpse, cadaver, a body, a set of remains, and when all flesh has rotted away, a skeleton. The terms carrion and carcass can also be used, though these more often connote the remains of non-human animals. As a polite reference to a dead person, it has become common practice to use the participle form of "decease", as in the deceased; another noun form is decedent. The ashes left after a cremation are sometimes referred to by the neologism cremains, a portmanteau of "cremation" and "remains".

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Senescence

A dead Eurasian magpie

Senescence refers to a scenario when a living being is able to survive all calamities, but eventually dies due to causes relating to old age. Animal and plant cells normally reproduce and function during the whole period of natural existence, but the aging process derives from deterioration of cellular activity and ruination of regular functioning. Aptitude of cells for gradual deterioration and mortality means that cells are naturally sentenced to stable and long-term loss of living capacities, even despite continuing metabolic reactions and viability. In the United Kingdom, for example, nine out of ten of all the deaths that occur on a daily basis relates to senescence, while around the world it accounts for two-thirds of 150,000 deaths that take place daily (Hayflick & Moody, 2003).

Almost all animals who survive external hazards to their biological functioning eventually die from biological aging, known in life sciences as "senescence". Some organisms experience negligible senescence, even exhibiting biological immortality. These include the jellyfish Turritopsis dohrnii, the hydra, and the planarian. Unnatural causes of death include suicide and homicide. From all causes, roughly 150,000 people die around the world each day. Of these, two thirds die directly or indirectly due to senescence, but in industrialized countries—such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany—the rate approaches 90%, i.e., nearly nine out of ten of all deaths are related to senescence.

Physiological death is now seen as a process, more than an event: conditions once considered indicative of death are now reversible. Where in the process a dividing line is drawn between life and death depends on factors beyond the presence or absence of vital signs. In general, clinical death is neither necessary nor sufficient for a determination of legal death. A patient with working heart and lungs determined to be brain dead can be pronounced legally dead without clinical death occurring. As scientific knowledge and medicineadvance, formulating a precise medical definition of death becomes more difficult.

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Diagnosis

Number of deaths per million persons in 2012

  1054-4,598

  4,599-5,516

  5,517-6,289

  6,290-6,835

  6,836-7,916

  7,917-8,728

  8,729-9,404

  9,405-10,433

  10,434-12,233

  12,234-17,141

Signs

Signs of death or strong indications that a warm-blooded animal is no longer alive are:

Respiratory arrest (no breathing)

Cardiac arrest (no pulse)

Pallor mortis, paleness which happens in the 15–120 minutes after death

Livor mortis, a settling of the blood in the lower (dependent) portion of the body

Algor mortis, the reduction in body temperature following death. This is generally a steady decline until matching ambient temperature

Rigor mortis, the limbs of the corpse become stiff (Latin rigor) and difficult to move or manipulate

Decomposition, the reduction into simpler forms of matter, accompanied by a strong, unpleasant odor.

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problems of definition

A flower, a skull and an hourglass stand for life, death and time in this 17th-century painting by Philippe de Champaigne

French – 16th-/17th-century ivory pendant, Monk and Death, recalling mortality and the certainty of death (Walters Art Museum)

The concept of death is a key to human understanding of the phenomenon. There are many scientific approaches to the concept. For example, brain death, as practiced in medical science, defines death as a point in time at which brain activity ceases.

One of the challenges in defining death is in distinguishing it from life. As a point in time, death would seem to refer to the moment at which life ends. Determining when death has occurred requires drawing precise conceptual boundaries between life and death. This is difficult, due to there being little consensus on how to define life. This general problem applies to the particular challenge of defining death in the context of medicine.

It is possible to define life in terms of consciousness. When consciousness ceases, a living organism can be said to have died. One of the flaws in this approach is that there are many organisms which are alive but probably not conscious (for example, single-celled organisms). Another problem is in defining consciousness, which has many different definitions given by modern scientists, psychologists and philosophers. Additionally, many religious traditions, including Abrahamic and Dharmic traditions, hold that death does not (or may not) entail the end of consciousness. In certain cultures, death is more of a process than a single event. It implies a slow shift from one spiritual state to another.

Other definitions for death focus on the character of cessation of something. In this context "death" describes merely the state where something has ceased, for example, life. Thus, the definition of "life" simultaneously defines death.

Historically, attempts to define the exact moment of a human's death have been subjective, or imprecise. Death was once defined as the cessation of heartbeat (cardiac arrest) and of breathing, but the development of CPR and prompt defibrillation have rendered that definition inadequate because breathing and heartbeat can sometimes be restarted. Events which were causally linked to death in the past no longer kill in all circumstances; without a functioning heart or lungs, life can sometimes be sustained with a combination of life support devices, organ transplants and artificial pacemakers.

Today, where a definition of the moment of death is required, doctors and coroners usually turn to "brain death" or "biological death" to define a person as being dead; people are considered dead when the electrical activity in their brain ceases. It is presumed that an end of electrical activity indicates the end of consciousness. Suspension of consciousness must be permanent, and not transient, as occurs during certain sleep stages, and especially a coma. In the case of sleep, EEGs can easily tell the difference.

The category of "brain death" is seen as problematic by some scholars. For instance, Dr. Franklin Miller, senior faculty member at the Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health, notes: "By the late 1990s... the equation of brain death with death of the human being was increasingly challenged by scholars, based on evidence regarding the array of biological functioning displayed by patients correctly diagnosed as having this condition who were maintained on mechanical ventilation for substantial periods of time. These patients maintained the ability to sustain circulation and respiration, control temperature, excrete wastes, heal wounds, fight infections and, most dramatically, to gestate fetuses (in the case of pregnant "brain-dead" women)."

Those people maintaining that only the neo-cortex of the brain is necessary for consciousness sometimes argue that only electrical activity should be considered when defining death. Eventually it is possible that the criterion for death will be the permanent and irreversible loss of cognitive function, as evidenced by the death of the cerebral cortex. All hope of recovering human thought and personality is then gone given current and foreseeable medical technology. At present, in most places the more conservative definition of death – irreversible cessation of electrical activity in the whole brain, as opposed to just in the neo-cortex – has been adopted (for example the Uniform Determination Of Death Act in the United States). In 2005, the Terri Schiavo case brought the question of brain death and artificial sustenance to the front of American politics.

Even by whole-brain criteria, the determination of brain death can be complicated. EEGs can detect spurious electrical impulses, while certain drugs, hypoglycemia, hypoxia, or hypothermia can suppress or even stop brain activity on a temporary basis. Because of this, hospitals have protocols for determining brain death involving EEGs at widely separated intervals under defined conditions.

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Legal

The death of a person has legal consequences that may vary between different jurisdictions. A death certificate is issued in most jurisdictions, either by a doctor, or by an administrative office upon presentation of a doctor's declaration of death.

Misdiagnosed

Antoine Wiertz's painting of a man buried alive

There are many anecdotal references to people being declared dead by physicians and then "coming back to life", sometimes days later in their own coffin, or when embalming procedures are about to begin. From the mid-18th century onwards, there was an upsurge in the public's fear of being mistakenly buried alive, and much debate about the uncertainty of the signs of death. Various suggestions were made to test for signs of life before burial, ranging from pouring vinegar and pepper into the corpse's mouth to applying red hot pokers to the feet or into the rectum. Writing in 1895, the physician J.C. Ouseley claimed that as many as 2,700 people were buried prematurely each year in England and Wales, although others estimated the figure to be closer to 800.

In cases of electric shock, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for an hour or longer can allow stunned nerves to recover, allowing an apparently dead person to survive. People found unconscious under icy water may survive if their faces are kept continuously cold until they arrive at an emergency room. This "diving response", in which metabolic activity and oxygen requirements are minimal, is something humans share with cetaceans called the mammalian diving reflex.As medical technologies advance, ideas about when death occurs may have to be re-evaluated in light of the ability to restore a person to vitality after longer periods of apparent death (as happened when CPR and defibrillation showed that cessation of heartbeat is inadequate as a decisive indicator of death). The lack of electrical brain activity may not be enough to consider someone scientifically dead. Therefore, the concept of information-theoretic death has been suggested as a better means of defining when true death occurs, though the concept has few practical applications outside of the field of cryonics.

There have been some scientific attempts to bring dead organisms back to life, but with limited success. In science fiction scenarios where such technology is readily available, real death is distinguished from reversible death.

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Cause

The leading cause of human death in developing countries is infectious disease. The leading causes in developed countries are atherosclerosis (heart disease and stroke), cancer, and other diseases related to obesity and aging. By an extremely wide margin, the largest unifying cause of death in the developed world is biological aging, leading to various complications known as aging-associated diseases. These conditions cause loss of homeostasis, leading to cardiac arrest, causing loss of oxygen and nutrient supply, causing irreversible deterioration of the brain and other tissues. Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds die of age-related causes. In industrialized nations, the proportion is much higher, approaching 90%. With improved medical capability, dying has become a condition to be managed. Home deaths, once commonplace, are now rare in the developed world.

Americans smoking in 1910. Tobacco smoking caused an estimated 100 million deaths in the 20th century.

In developing nations, inferior sanitary conditions and lack of access to modern medical technology makes death from infectious diseasesmore common than in developed countries. One such disease is tuberculosis, a bacterial disease which killed 1.8M people in 2015.Malaria causes about 400–900M cases of fever and 1–3M deaths annually. AIDS death toll in Africa may reach 90–100M by 2025.

According to Jean Ziegler (United Nations Special Reporter on the Right to Food, 2000—Mar 2008), mortality due to malnutrition accounted for 58% of the total mortality rate in 2006. Ziegler says worldwide approximately 62M people died from all causes and of those deaths more than 36M died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in micronutrients.

Tobacco smoking killed 100 million people worldwide in the 20th century and could kill 1 billion people around the world in the 21st century, a World Health Organization report warned.

Many leading developed world causes of death can be postponed by diet and physical activity, but the accelerating incidence of disease with age still imposes limits on human longevity. The evolutionary cause of aging is, at best, only just beginning to be understood. It has been suggested that direct intervention in the aging process may now be the most effective intervention against major causes of death.

Selye proposed a unified non-specific approach to many causes of death. He demonstrated that stress decreases adaptability of an organism and proposed to describe the adaptability as a special resource, adaptation energy. The animal dies when this resource is exhausted.Selye assumed that the adaptability is a finite supply, presented at birth. Later on, Goldstone proposed the concept of a production or income of adaptation energy which may be stored (up to a limit), as a capital reserve of adaptation. In recent works, adaptation energy is considered as an internal coordinate on the "dominant path" in the model of adaptation. It is demonstrated that oscillations of well-being appear when the reserve of adaptability is almost exhausted.

In 2012, suicide overtook car crashes for leading causes of human injury deaths in the U.S., followed by poisoning, falls and murder. Causes of death are different in different parts of the world. In high-income and middle income countries nearly half up to more than two thirds of all people live beyond the age of 70 and predominantly die of chronic diseases. In low-income countries, where less than one in five of all people reach the age of 70, and more than a third of all deaths are among children under 15, people predominantly die of infectious diseases.

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Autopsy

An autopsy, also known as a postmortem examination or an obduction, is a medical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a human corpse to determine the cause and manner of a person's death and to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present. It is usually performed by a specialized medical doctor called a pathologist.

An autopsy is portrayed in The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, by Rembrandt

Autopsies are either performed for legal or medical purposes. A forensic autopsy is carried out when the cause of death may be a criminal matter, while a clinical or academic autopsy is performed to find the medical cause of death and is used in cases of unknown or uncertain death, or for research purposes. Autopsies can be further classified into cases where external examination suffices, and those where the body is dissected and an internal examination is conducted. Permission from next of kin may be required for internal autopsy in some cases. Once an internal autopsy is complete the body is generally reconstituted by sewing it back together. Autopsy is important in a medical environment and may shed light on mistakes and help improve practices.

A "necropsy" is an older term for a postmortem examination, unregulated, and not always a medical procedure. In modern times the term is more often used in the postmortem examination of the corpses of animals.

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Cryonics

Cryonics (from Greek κρύος 'kryos-' meaning 'icy cold') is the low-temperature preservation of animals and humans who cannot be sustained by contemporary medicine, with the hope that healing and resuscitation may be possible in the future.

Cryopreservation of people or large animals is not reversible with current technology. The stated rationale for cryonics is that people who are considered dead by current legal or medical definitions may not necessarily be dead according to the more stringent information-theoretic definition of death. It is proposed that cryopreserved people might someday be recovered by using highly advanced technology.

Some scientific literature supports the feasibility of cryonics. Many other scientists regard cryonics with skepticism. By 2015, more than 300 people have undergone cryopreservation procedures since cryonics was first proposed in 1962.

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Life extension

Life extension refers to an increase in maximum or average lifespan, especially in humans, by slowing down or reversing the processes of aging. Average lifespan is determined by vulnerability to accidents and age or lifestyle-related afflictions such as cancer, or cardiovascular disease. Extension of average lifespan can be achieved by good diet, exercise and avoidance of hazards such as smoking. Maximum lifespan is also determined by the rate of aging for a species inherent in its genes. Currently, the only widely recognized method of extending maximum lifespan is calorie restriction. Theoretically, extension of maximum lifespan can be achieved by reducing the rate of aging damage, by periodic replacement of damaged tissues, or by molecular repair or rejuvenation of deteriorated cells and tissues.

A United States poll found that religious people and irreligious people, as well as men and women and people of different economic classes have similar rates of support for life extension, while Africans and Hispanics have higher rates of support than white people. 38 percent of the polled said they would desire to have their aging process cured.

Researchers of life extension are a subclass of biogerontologists known as "biomedical gerontologists". They try to understand the nature of aging and they develop treatments to reverse aging processes or to at least slow them down, for the improvement of health and the maintenance of youthful vigor at every stage of life. Those who take advantage of life extension findings and seek to apply them upon themselves are called "life extensionists" or "longevists". The primary life extension strategy currently is to apply available anti-aging methods in the hope of living long enough to benefit from a complete cure to aging once it is developed.

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Reperfusion

"One of medicine's new frontiers: treating the dead", recognizes that cells that have been without oxygen for more than five minutes die, not from lack of oxygen, but rather when their oxygen supply is resumed. Therefore, practitioners of this approach, e.g., at the Resuscitation Science institute at the University of Pennsylvania, "aim to reduce oxygen uptake, slow metabolism and adjust the blood chemistry for gradual and safe reperfusion."

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Location

Before about 1930, most people in Western countries died in their own homes, surrounded by family, and comforted by clergy, neighbors, and doctors making house calls. By the mid-20th century, half of all Americans died in a hospital. By the start of the 21st century, only about 20 to 25% of people in developed countries died outside a medical institution. The shift away from dying at home, towards dying in a professionalized medical environment, has been termed the "Invisible Death". The "Invisible Death" process was extremely slow and infinitesimal. It took many years to shift to this new location where dying was commonly taking place outside of the home.

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Society and culture

The regent duke Charles (later king Charles IX of Sweden) insulting the corpse of Klaus Fleming. Albert Edelfelt, 1878.

Dead bodies can be mummifiedeither naturally, as this one from Guanajuato, or by intention, as those in ancient Egypt.

In society, the nature of death and humanity's awareness of its own mortality has for millennia been a concern of the world's religious traditions and of philosophical inquiry. This includes belief in resurrection or an afterlife (associated with Abrahamic religions), reincarnationor rebirth (associated with Dharmic religions), or that consciousness permanently ceases to exist, known as eternal oblivion (associated with atheism).

Commemoration ceremonies after death may include various mourning, funeral practices and ceremonies of honouring the deceased. The physical remains of a person, commonly known as a corpse or body, are usually interred whole or cremated, though among the world's cultures there are a variety of other methods of mortuary disposal. In the English language, blessings directed towards a dead person include rest in peace, or its initialism RIP.

Death is the center of many traditions and organizations; customs relating to death are a feature of every culture around the world. Much of this revolves around the care of the dead, as well as the afterlife and the disposal of bodies upon the onset of death. The disposal of human corpses does, in general, begin with the last offices before significant time has passed, and ritualistic ceremonies often occur, most commonly interment or cremation. This is not a unified practice; in Tibet, for instance, the body is given a sky burial and left on a mountain top. Proper preparation for death and techniques and ceremonies for producing the ability to transfer one's spiritual attainments into another body (reincarnation) are subjects of detailed study in Tibet. Mummification or embalming is also prevalent in some cultures, to retard the rate of decay.

Legal aspects of death are also part of many cultures, particularly the settlement of the deceased estate and the issues of inheritance and in some countries, inheritance taxation.

Gravestones in Kyoto, Japan

Capital punishment is also a culturally divisive aspect of death. In most jurisdictions where capital punishment is carried out today, the death penalty is reserved for premeditated murder, espionage, treason, or as part of military justice. In some countries, sexual crimes, such as adultery and sodomy, carry the death penalty, as do religious crimes such as apostasy, the formal renunciation of one's religion. In many retentionist countries, drug trafficking is also a capital offense. In China, human trafficking and serious cases of corruption are also punished by the death penalty. In militaries around the world courts-martial have imposed death sentences for offenses such as cowardice, desertion, insubordination, and mutiny.

Death in warfare and in suicide attack also have cultural links, and the ideas of dulce et decorum est pro patria mori, mutiny punishable by death, grieving relatives of dead soldiers and death notification are embedded in many cultures. Recently in the western world, with the increase in terrorism following the September 11 attacks, but also further back in time with suicide bombings, kamikazemissions in World War II and suicide missions in a host of other conflicts in history, death for a cause by way of suicide attack, and martyrdom have had significant cultural impacts.

Suicide in general, and particularly euthanasia, are also points of cultural debate. Both acts are understood very differently in different cultures. In Japan, for example, ending a life with honor by seppuku was considered a desirable death, whereas according to traditional Christian and Islamic cultures, suicide is viewed as a sin. Death is personified in many cultures, with such symbolic representations as the Grim Reaper, Azrael, the Hindu God Yama and Father Time.

In Brazil, a human death is counted officially when it is registered by existing family members at a cartório, a government-authorized registry. Before being able to file for an official death, the deceased must have been registered for an official birth at the cartório. Though a Public Registry Law guarantees all Brazilian citizens the right to register deaths, regardless of their financial means, of their family members (often children), the Brazilian government has not taken away the burden, the hidden costs and fees, of filing for a death. For many impoverished families, the indirect costs and burden of filing for a death lead to a more appealing, unofficial, local, cultural burial, which in turn raises the debate about inaccurate mortality rates.

Talking about death and witnessing it is a difficult issue with most cultures. Western societies may like to treat the dead with the utmost material respect, with an official embalmer and associated rites. Eastern societies (like India) may be more open to accepting it as a fait accompli, with a funeral procession of the dead body ending in an open air burning-to-ashes of the same.

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Consciousness

Much interest and debate surround the question of what happens to one's consciousness as one's body dies. The belief in the permanent loss of consciousness after death is often called eternal oblivion. Belief that consciousness is preserved after physical death is described by the term afterlife.

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 In biology

After death the remains of an organism become part of the biogeochemical cycle. Animals may be consumed by a predator or a scavenger. Organic material may then be further decomposed by detritivores, organisms which recycle detritus, returning it to the environment for reuse in the food chain, where these chemicals may eventually end up being consumed and assimilated into the cells of a living organism. Examples of detritivores include earthworms, woodlice and dung beetles.

Microorganisms also play a vital role, raising the temperature of the decomposing matter as they break it down into yet simpler molecules. Not all materials need to be decomposed fully. Coal, a fossil fuel formed over vast tracts of time in swamp ecosystems, is one example.

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Natural selection

Contemporary evolutionary theory sees death as an important part of the process of natural selection. It is considered that organisms less adapted to their environment are more likely to die having produced fewer offspring, thereby reducing their contribution to the gene pool. Their genes are thus eventually bred out of a population, leading at worst to extinction and, more positively, making the process possible, referred to as speciation. Frequency of reproduction plays an equally important role in determining species survival: an organism that dies young but leaves numerous offspring displays, according to Darwinian criteria, much greater fitness than a long-lived organism leaving only one.

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Extinction

A dodo, the bird that became a byword in the English language for the extinction of a species

Extinction is the cessation of existence of a species or group of taxa, reducing biodiversity. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of that species (although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point). Because a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa, where species presumed extinct abruptly "reappear" (typically in the fossil record) after a period of apparent absence. New species arise through the process of speciation, an aspect of evolution. New varieties of organisms arise and thrive when they are able to find and exploit an ecological niche – and species become extinct when they are no longer able to survive in changing conditions or against superior competition

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Evolution of aging and mortality

Inquiry into the evolution of aging aims to explain why so many living things and the vast majority of animals weaken and die with age (exceptions include Hydra and the already cited jellyfish Turritopsis dohrnii, which research shows to be biologically immortal). The evolutionary origin of senescence remains one of the fundamental puzzles of biology. Gerontology specializes in the science of human aging processes.

Organisms showing only asexual reproduction (e.g. bacteria, some protists, like the euglenoids and many amoebozoans) and unicellular organisms with sexual reproduction (colonial or not, like the volvocine algae Pandorina and Chlamydomonas) are "immortal" at some extent, dying only due to external hazards, like being eaten or meeting with a fatal accident. In multicellular organisms (and also in multinucleate ciliates), with a Weismannist development, that is, with a division of labor between mortal somatic (body) cells and "immortal" germ (reproductive) cells, death becomes an essential part of life, at least for the somatic line.

The Volvox algae are among the simplest organisms to exhibit that division of labor between two completely different cell types, and as a consequence include death of somatic line as a regular, genetically regulated part of its life history.

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Birth

Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring. In mammals, the process is initiated by hormones which cause the muscular walls of the uterus to contract, expelling the fetus at a developmental stage when it is ready to feed and breathe. In some species the offspring is precocial and can move around almost immediately after birth but in others it is altricial and completely dependent on parenting. In marsupials, the fetus is born at a very immature stage after a short gestational period and develops further in its mother's wombs pouch.

It is not only humans and mammals that give birth. Some reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates carry their developing young inside them. Some of these are ovoviviparous, with the eggs being hatched inside the mother's body, and others are viviparous, with the embryodeveloping inside her body, as in mammals.

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Mammals

Large mammals, such as primates, cattle, horses, some antelopes, giraffes, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, elephants, seals, whales, dolphins, and porpoises, generally are pregnant with one offspring at a time, although they may have twin or multiple births on occasion. In these large animals, the birth process is similar to that of a human, though in most the offspring is precocial. This means that it is born in a more advanced state than a human baby and is able to stand, walk and run (or swim in the case of an aquatic mammal) shortly after birth. In the case of whales, dolphins and porpoises, the single calf is normally born tail first which minimises the risk of drowning. The mother encourages the newborn calf to rise to the surface of the water to breathe.

Most smaller mammals have multiple births, producing litters of young which may number twelve or more. In these animals, each fetus is surrounded by its own amniotic sac and has a separate placenta. This separates from the wall of the uterus during labor and the fetus works its way towards the birth canal..

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Human birth:

Main article: Childbirth

Humans usually produce a single offspring at a time. The mother's body is prepared for birth by hormones produced by the pituitary gland, the ovaryand the placenta.[2] The total gestation period from fertilization to birth is normally about 38 weeks (birth usually occurring 40 weeks after the last menstrual period). The normal process of childbirth takes several hours and has three stages. The first stage starts with a series of involuntary contractions of the muscular walls of the uterus and gradual dilation of the cervix. The active phase of the first stage starts when the cervix is dilated more than about 4 cm in diameter and is when the contractions become stronger and regular. The head (or the buttocks in a breech birth) of the baby is pushed against the cervix, which gradually dilates until is fully dilated at 10 cm diameter. At some time, the amniotic sac bursts and the amniotic fluid escapes (also known as rupture of membranes or breaking the water). In stage two, starting when the cervix is fully dilated, strong contractions of the uterus and active pushing by the mother expels the baby out through the vagina, which during this stage of labour is called a birth canal as this passage contains a baby, and the baby is born with umbilical cord attached. In stage three, which begins after the birth of the baby, further contractions expel the placenta, amniotic sac, and the remaining portion of the umbilical cord usually within a few minutes.

Enormous changes take place in the newborn's circulation to enable breathing in air. In the uterus, the unborn baby is dependent on circulation of blood through the placenta for sustenance including gaseous exchange and the unborn baby's blood bypasses the lungs by flowing though the foramen ovale, which is a hole in the septum dividing the right atrium and left atrium. After birth the umbilical cord is clamped and cut, the baby starts to breathe air, and blood from the right ventricle starts to flow to the lungs for gaseous exchange and oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium, which is pumped into the left ventricle, and then pumped into the main arterial system. As result of these changes, the blood pressure in the left atrium exceeds the pressure in the right atrium, and this pressure difference forces the foramen ovale to close separating the left and right sides of the heart. The umbilical vein, umbilical arteries, ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus are not needed for life in air and in time these vessels become ligaments (embryonic remnants).

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Cattle: Birthing in cattle is typical of a larger mammal. A cow goes through three stages of labor during normal delivery of a calf. During stage one, the animal seeks a quiet place away from the rest of the herd. Hormone changes cause soft tissues of the birth canal to relax as the mother's body prepares for birth. The contractions of the uterus are not obvious externally, but the cow may be restless. She may appear agitated, alternating between standing and lying down, with her tail slightly raised and her back arched. The fetus is pushed toward the birth canal by each contraction and the cow's cervix gradually begins to dilate. Stage one may last several hours, and ends when the cervix is fully dilated. Stage two can be seen to be underway when there is external protrusion of the amniotic sac through the vulva, closely followed by the appearance of the calf's front hooves and head in a front presentation (or occasionally the calf's tail and rear end in a posterior presentation During the second stage, the cow will usually lie down on her side to push and the calf progresses through the birth canal. The complete delivery of the calf (or calves in a multiple birth) signifies the end of stage two. The cow scrambles to her feet (if lying down at this stage), turns round and starts vigorously licking the calf. The calf takes its first few breaths and within minutes is struggling to rise to its feet. The third and final stage of labor is the delivery of the placenta, which is usually expelled within a few hours and is often eaten by the normally herbivorous cow..

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Dogs

Further information: Canine reproduction § Gestation and litters

Birth is termed whelping in dogs. Among dogs, as whelping approaches, contractions become more frequent. Labour in the bitch can be divided into 3 stages. The first stage is when the cervix dilates, this causes discomfort and restlessness in the bitch. Common signs of this stage are panting, fasting, and/or vomiting. This may last up to 12hrs. Stage two is the passage of the offspring. The amniotic sac looking like a glistening grey balloon, with a puppy inside, is propelled through the vulva. After further contractions, the sac is expelled and the bitch breaks the membranes releasing clear fluid and exposing the puppy. The mother chews at the umbilical cord and licks the puppy vigorously, which stimulates it to breathe. If the puppy has not taken its first breath within about six minutes, it is likely to die. Further puppies follow in a similar way one by one usually with less straining than the first usually at 15-60min intervals. If a pup has not been passed in 2 hrs a veterinarian should be contacted. Stage three is the passing of the placentas. This often occurs in conjunction with stage two with the passing of each offspring The mother will then usually eat the afterbirth. This is an adaption to keep the den clean and prevent detection of predators.

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Mscarsupials:

See also: Marsupial § Reproductive system, and Marsupial § Early development

An infant marsupial is born in a very immature state. The gestation period is usually shorter than the intervals between oestrus periods. During gestation there is no placenta but the fetus is contained in a little yellow sac and feeds on a yolk. The first sign that a birth is imminent is the mother cleaning out her pouch. When it is born, the infant is pink, blind, furless and a few centimetres long. It has nostrils in order to breathe and forelegs to cling onto its mother's hairs but its hind legs are undeveloped. It crawls through its mother's fur and makes its way into the pouch. Here it fixes onto a teat which swells inside its mouth. It stays attached to the teat for several months until it is sufficiently developed to emerge. Joeys are born with "oral shields"; in species without pouches or with rudimentary pouches these are more developed than in forms with well-developed pouches, implying a role in maintaining the young attached to the mother's nipple.

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Other animals

Many reptiles and the vast majority of invertebrates, most fish, amphibians and all birds are oviparous, that is, they lay eggs with little or no embryonic development taking place within the mother. In aquatic organisms, fertilization is nearly always external with sperm and eggs being liberated into the water (an exception is sharks and rays, which have internal fertilization. Millions of eggs may be produced with no further parental involvement, in the expectation that a small number may survive to become mature individuals. Terrestrial invertebrates may also produce large numbers of eggs, a few of which may avoid predation and carry on the species. Some fish, reptiles and amphibians have adopted a different strategy and invest their effort in producing a small number of young at a more advanced stage which are more likely to survive to adulthood. Birds care for their young in the nest and provide for their needs after hatching and it is perhaps unsurprising that internal development does not occur in birds, given their need to fly.

Ovoviviparity is a mode of reproduction in which embryos develop inside eggs that remain in the mother's body until they are ready to hatch. Ovoviviparous animals are similar to viviparous species in that there is internal fertilization and the young are born in an advanced state, but differ in that there is no placental connection and the unborn young are nourished by egg yolk. The mother's body provides gas exchange (respiration), but that is largely necessary for oviparous animals as well. In many sharks the eggs hatch in the oviduct within the mother's body and the embryos are nourished by the egg's yolk and fluids secreted by glands in the walls of the oviduct. The Lamniforme sharks practice oophagy, where the first embryos to hatch consume the remaining eggs and sand tiger shark pups cannibalistically consume neighbouring embryos. The requiem sharks maintain a placentallink to the developing young, this practice is known as viviparity. This is more analogous to mammalian gestation than to that of other fishes. In all these cases, the young are born alive and fully functional. The majority of caecilians are ovoviviparous and give birth to already developed offspring. When the young have finished their yolk sacs they feed on nutrients secreted by cells lining the oviduct and even the cells themselves which they eat with specialist scraping teeth. The Alpine salamander (Salamandra atra) and several species of Tanzanian toad in the genus Nectophrynoides are ovoviviparous, developing through the larval stage inside the mother's oviduct and eventually emerging as fully formed juveniles.

A more developed form of vivipary called placental viviparity is adopted by some species of scorpions and cockroaches] certain genera of sharks, snakes and velvet worms. In these, the developing embryo is nourished by some form of placental structure. The earliest known placenta was found recently in a group of extinct fishes called placoderms, which are ancestral to mammals. A fossil from Australia's Gogo Formation, laid down in the Devonian period, 380 million years ago, was found with an embryo inside it connected by an umbilical cord to a yolk sac. The find confirmed the hypothesis that a sub-group of placoderms, called ptyctodontids, fertilized their eggs internally. Some fishes that fertilize their eggs internally also give birth to live young, as seen here. This discovery moved our knowledge of live birth back 200 million years. The fossil of another genus was found with three embryos in the same position. Placoderms are a sister group of the ancestor of all living jawed fishes (Gnathostomata), including both chondrichthyians, the sharks & rays, and Osteichthyes, the bony fishes.

Among lizards, the viviparous lizard Zootoca vivipara, slow worms and many species of skink are viviparous, giving birth to live young. Some are ovoviviparous but others such as members of the genera Tiliqua and Corucia, give birth to live young that develop internally, deriving their nourishment from a mammal-like placenta attached to the inside of the mother's uterus. In a recently described example, an African species, Trachylepis ivensi, has developed a purely reptilian placenta directly comparable in structure and function to a mammalian placenta.. Vivipary is rare in snakes, but boas and vipers are viviparous, giving birth to live young.

Female aphid giving birth

The majority of insects lay eggs but a very few give birth to offspring that are miniature versions of the adult.The aphid has a complex life cycle and during the summer months is able to multiply with great rapidity. Its reproduction is typically parthenogenetic and viviparous and females produce unfertilized eggs which they retain within their bodies. The embryos develop within their mothers' ovarioles and the offspring are clones of their mothers. Female nymphs are born which grow rapidly and soon produce more female offspring themselves. In some instances, the newborn nymphs already have developing embryos inside them.

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