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Sexual Harassment

Author(s) of the Text: Laurie Halse Anderson, Lexie Bean, Jacqui Cheng, Katori Hall, Abraham Riesman, Alice Sebold, Liz Seccuro, Jennifer Sincero, and Anne Wheaton

Title of the Journal/Publication: RAINN (Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network) 

Main Idea: Sexual harassment includes a range of actions from verbal transgressions to sexual abuse or assault.

- Sexual harassment includes unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors and other verbal or physical harassment of a sexual nature in the workplace or learning environment, according to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEEOC)

- Sexual assault refers to sexual contact or behaviour, often physical that occurs without the consent of the victim. Some forms of sexual assault include penetration of the victim’s body, also known as rape, attempted rape, forcing a victim to perform sexual acts, such as oral sex or penetration of the perpetrator’s body and fondling or unwanted sexual touching.

- Sexual harassment can occur in a variety of circumstances. The harasser can identify with any gender and have any relationship to the victim, including being a direct manager, indirect supervisor, co-worker, teacher, peer or colleague. It can exchanges in the hallways, and non-office settings of employees or peers.

Learn more by clicking this link/URL;  https://www.google.com/amp/s/time.com/5503804/ive-talked-with-teenage-boys-sexual-assualt-for-20-years-this-is-what-they-still-dont-know/%3famp=true

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Synthesis

Poverty, economic growth slowed due to lack of public spending and an overall weaker economy, caused by the deceleration in investment growth. According to data from the World Bank, the Poverty rate decreased from 21.6% in 2015 to 16.6% in 2018, and is expected to decline further in the following years. This shows that even though the economy has recently slowed, the Philippines is still making progress in poverty reduction.

The rate of decline of poverty has been slower compared with other East Asian Countries, such as People's Republic of China (PRC), Thailand, Indonesia, or Vietnam. National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) deputy director general Rosemarie Edillon attributed this to a generally low and stable inflation, improved incomes and higher employment rates during the period.

The government planned to eradicate poverty as stated in the Philippines Development Plan 2011–2016 (PDP). The PDP for those six years are an annual economic growth of 7–8% and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Under the MDGs, Philippines committed itself to halving extreme poverty from a level of 33.1% in 1991 to 16.6% by 2015.

Sexual harassment was first recognized in cases in which women lost their jobs because they rejected sexual overtures from their employers (e.g., Barnes v. Costle 1977). This type of sexual harassment became defined as quid pro quo sexual harassment (Latin for “this for that,” meaning that a job or educational opportunity is conditioned on some kind of sexual performance). Such coercive behavior was judged to constitute a violation of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Soon it was recognized in employment law that pervasive sexist behavior from coworkers can create odious conditions of employment—what became known as a hostile work environment—and also constitute illegal discrimination (Farley 1978; MacKinnon 1979; Williams v. Saxbe 1976. These two basic forms of sexual harassment, quid pro quo and hostile environment Tharassment, were summarized in guidelines issued by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in 1980 (USEEOC 1980).

Hostile work or educational environments can be created by behaviors such as addressing women in crude or objectifying terms, posting pornographic images in the office, and by making demeaning or derogatory statements about women, such as telling anti-female jokes. Hostile environment harassment also encompasses unwanted sexual overtures such as exposing one's genitals, stroking and kissing someone, and pressuring a person for dates even if no quid pro quo is involved (Bundy v. Jackson 1981; Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson 1986).

An important distinction between quid pro quo and hostile environment harassment is that the former usually involves a one-on-one relationship in which the perpetrator has control of employment- or educational-related rewards or punishments over the target. In contrast, the latter can involve many perpetrators and many targets. In the hostile environment form of sexual harassment, coworkers often exhibit a pattern of hostile sexist behavior toward multiple targets over an extended period of time (Holland and Cortina 2016). For hostile sex-related or gender-related behavior to be considered illegal sexual harassment, it must be pervasive or severe enough to be judged as having had a negative impact upon the work or educational environment. Therefore, isolated or single instances of such behavior typically qualify only when they are judged to be sufficiently severe. Legal scholars and judges continue to use the two subtype definitions of quid pro quo and hostile environment to define sexual harassment.

Poverty is among the root causes of sexual harassment and often has a daily presence in a victim’s life.Sexual harassment also can jeopardize a person's economic wellbeing, often leading to homelessness, unemployment, interrupted education and health, mental health, and other daily stressors and struggles. In turn, living without one's basic needs met can increase a person's risk for sexual victimization causing a difficult situation.Statistics show that poverty increases people's vulnerabilities to sexual exploitation in the workplace, schools, and in prostitution, sex trafficking, and the drug trade and that people with the lowest socioeconomic status are at greater risk for violence (Jewkes, Sen, Garcia-Moreno, 2002).

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Poverty

Authors of the article:  Celia Reyes and Aubrey Tabuga, PIDS                             

Title of the Journal/Publication: EASTASIAFORUM (Economics, Politics and Public Policy in East Asia and the Pacific                                              

Main Idea: These crises, combined with poverty reduction programs.

- Poverty, one problem is that these efforts do not consciously take action targeted to address the type or nature of the poverty the Philippines is facing.

- Poverty and growth are chronically poor people and there are those who were previously not poor, but because of certain shocks or crises, fell into poverty.

- The nature growth must be inclusive, with the poor participating and benefiting from the growth in order for poverty to decline significantly. 

Learn more by clicking this link/URL;                                                                  https://www.eastasiaforum.orh/2011/09/06/poverty-and-growth-in-the-philippines/