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Writing Notes: Body Language
Body language - involves communication provided through nonverbal channels. This includes posture, facial expressions, eye movement/contact, proximity to others, and physical movements (Pease, 2017).
Body Language vs. Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication - includes all forms of communicative acts except speech.
Body language - a type of nonverbal communication. It lies under the umbrella of nonverbal communication, which encompasses a broader scope of communication (Milton & Randall, 2022).
One way to differentiate between the two is to think about body language as all the nonverbal communication that can be seen (Milton & Randall, 2022).
Nonverbal communication that is not considered body language (or cannot be seen) includes repetition of words or statements, vocal characteristics of speech such as tone and volume, and sounds that might not be considered words such as “hmm” and “uh-huh.”
Some types of body language include:
Facial expressions. The face is an extremely expressive form of body language, with the ability to communicate numerous emotions without a single word. From anger to anxiety, fear to grief, embarrassment to disgust, facial expressions are one form of nonverbal communication that is considered universal across cultures and species (Keltner, 2009).
Gestures. Hand, arm, and body gestures are part of daily life. So much so that now in video calls or online meetings, a hand gesture or arm movement can simulate a thumbs-up or heart emoji. Gestures can be positive, such as an “OK” signal, or negative. Gestures are largely cultural and may express different meanings depending on geography and ethnicity.
Posture. How an individual moves and holds themselves communicates information in subtle and powerful ways. Posture includes how someone sits, holds their head, stands, walks, and engages their physical stance.
Eye contact. Our visual sense is especially important in nonverbal communication. The way we look at others can communicate many things and help to improve or detract from the flow of conversation. Eye contact can convey affection, anger, attraction, and interest, among other things.
Physical touch. Physical touch is a powerful form of body language and nonverbal communication. From hugs to handshakes, touch demonstrates a variety of messages. Touch is also a very personal way to express interest, emotion, and engagement with others and can be received well or create discomfort and tension.
Personal space. Physical space in interactions is also a very personal aspect of body language. Our need for or comfort with it depends a great deal on culture, the specific relationship, personal preferences, past experience, and the given situation. Understanding other people’s boundaries is an important component of assessing the need for personal space.
As more interpersonal communication becomes virtual, it is important to be aware of how body language is portrayed on a screen. Some ideas to consider in virtual sessions include:
Make sure lighting is sufficient so clients and/or members can see facial expressions and pick up on body movement.
Be aware of posture. It is easy to get too comfortable behind a screen and hunch over. Have good support when sitting, staying upright and attentive.
Maintain healthy eye contact. It may be beneficial to shift between looking at the screen and looking directly at the camera to avoid uncomfortable stares.
Avoid touching the face and head too much, as this conveys insecurity and can be a distraction.
Smile and use warm facial gestures, as the face is the main thing people see in virtual meetings.
Use hand gestures. This will require the computer or recording device to be placed far enough away to capture some of the upper body.
Cultural differences in body language exist. Below are samples that have been observed. It is not an extensive list of all cultural differences in body language, but it demonstrates that ongoing education and awareness are important when working with others in personal and professional settings.
Hand gestures. A thumbs-up in Western cultures is a signal of “OK,” but in the Middle East it is a sign of “up yours.” Similarly, curling the index finger (a sign to move closer) is considered impolite and rude in areas such as China and the Philippines (Cortez et al., 2017).
Eye contact. Most Western countries view eye contact as a sign of confidence and interest. In many Middle Eastern countries, eye contact between sexes is deemed inappropriate, and in some Asian cultures, unbroken eye contact is seen as aggressive and confrontational (Cortez et al., 2017).
Touch. Northern Europe and Far East cultures engage in very little physical contact or touch, where physical touch is a large part of socializing in the Middle East and Latin America (Cortez et al., 2017).
Seated positions. In Japan, sitting cross-legged is a sign of disrespect, and showing the soles of the feet is offensive in Middle Eastern countries (Cortez et al., 2017).
Interpreting Body Language
Argyle (1978) was one of the first modern researchers to study nonverbal communication and believed that humans have more than 700,000 forms of body language. Some specific areas to note for interpreting body language include paying attention to the head, face, eyes, arms, and hands.
Head. Nodding when another person is speaking is a sign that you are focused and listening. It can demonstrate that you agree with or acknowledge what is being said and validate opinions. Tilting the head to one side is also a sign of attentive listening and respect. Both of these are considered positive gestures in conversation. A lowered head or head back with a rigid neck is a sign of a negative attitude, criticism, denial, or rejection. When someone is supporting their head with their hands, this is a sign of boredom and disinterest. And angling the chin upward is a sign of arrogance and dominance (Danesi, 2022).
Face. As most people know, smiling is an open, approachable facial gesture that indicates warmth and interest. On the other hand, frowning is a sign of anger, disinterest, or disagreement with what is being communicated. Raising the eyebrows is a sign of surprise, and raising a single eyebrow tends to be an expression of disbelief. Pursed lips tend to demonstrate anger, sorrow, or a lack of acceptance, depending on the situation (Danesi, 2022).
Eyes. It is often said that the eyes are the window to the soul. Eye contact is the basis for understanding in conversation. When eye contact is avoided, it may demonstrate discomfort, uncertainty, or shyness, or signal that the person has something to hide. When someone’s eyes are narrowed, it could indicate anger. Briefly closing the eyes and quickly opening them again is called confirmatory blinking and can indicate confirmation or approval of another person (Danesi, 2022). Narrowing the eyes can mean several things, such as confusion or a need for more information. It may also indicate concentration or anger. It is also important to notice the pupils. Dilated pupils can demonstrate interest and attraction, while widening the eyes can signal surprise or excitement.
Arms and hands. Upper body postures consist largely of the arms and hands, which are the most mobile and prominent demonstrations of body language. Crossing the arms is a way for someone to create distance and demonstrates a negative attitude (Danesi, 2022). When arms are crossed and the individual is gripping their upper arms, this signals tension and discomfort. Arms crossed with balled fists are also negative body language but signal aggression and anger. Putting hands on the hips can be a sign of aggression or dominance. Putting hands in pockets signals a lack of engagement and defensiveness (Danesi, 2022).
General Tips on Interpreting Body Language
In general, self-confident people frequently look at their reflection in mirrors or windows and place themselves in a position to be the center of discussion. People demonstrate confidence through large gestures, big postures, self-assured smiles, firm handshakes, and steady eye contact. Embarrassment, insecurity, and low confidence are seen through nervous laughter, avoidance of eye contact, turning away, and avoidance (Mandal, 2014).
Nonverbal cues of fear can be seen with wide eyes, clutching, and gripping. Holding the breath, glancing around, and placing hands in front of the body is also a sign of fear (Mandal, 2014).
People demonstrate resentment with crossed arms, a stiffened body, hunched shoulders, and low vocal tone (Mandal, 2014).
Sexual interest and attraction can be seen through eye contact, exaggerated facial gestures, blinking, wetting the lips, touching the body, or crossing and uncrossing legs (Mandal, 2014).
Source ⚜ More: Notes & References ⚜ Writing Resources PDFs
Hand Movements ⚜ Common Gestures ⚜ Facial Expressions
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୨୧ list of all lana unreleased, demos and covers ୨୧
unreleased songs
1. You Can Be The Boss (leaked)
2. Kinda Outta Luck (leaked)
3. Oooh Baby (= “Are You Ready?”) (leaked)
4. Hundred Dollar Bill (leaked)
5. Driving in Cars With Boys (leaked)
7. Daddy Issues (= “I Was In A Bad Way”) (leaked)
8. Trash Magic (leaked)
9. Paris (= “Take Me To Paris”) (leaked)
10. Heavy Hitter (leaked)
11. Dum Dum (3 different versions) (leaked)
12. Match Made In Heaven (leaked)
13. She’s Not Me (= “Ride or Die”) (leaked)
14. Pin Up Galore (leaked)
15. Dangerous Girl (leaked)
16. Never Let Me Go (leaked)
17. Children Of The Bad Revolution (leaked)
19. Marilyn Monroe (= “Puppy Love”) (leaked)
20. Come When You Call Me America (2 different versions) (leaked)
21. 1949 (leaked)
22. You’re Gonna Love Me (leaked)
23. Put the Radio On (leaked)
24. Gangsta Boy (leaked)
25. Summer of Sam (leaked)
26. Serial Killer (leaked)
27. Go Go Dancer (leaked)
28. Delicious (leaked)
29. Big Bad Wolf (= “Hot Hot Hot”) (leaked)
30. Playing Dangerous (leaked)
31. Afraid (leaked)
32. Hollywood’s Dead (leaked)
33. Damn You (= “American Dream”) (leaked)
34. Lift Your Eyes (leaked)
35. Boarding School (leaked)
36. Butterflies (leaked)
37. Every Man Gets His Wish (leaked)
38. Fordham Road (leaked)
39. Motel 6 (leaked)
40. Paradise (leaked)
41. Velvet Crowbar (leaked)
42. Fake Diamond (2 versions) (leaked)
43. Backfire (leaked)
44. Moi Je Joue (leaked)
45. Last Girl On Earth (leaked)
46. Live or Die (leaked)
47. Push Me Down (leaked)
48. Teenage Wasteland (= “Prom Song” [Gone Wrong]) (leaked)
49. Tonight (= “I Don’t Wanna Go”) (leaked)
50. My Best Days (leaked)
51. Break My Fall (leaked)
52. Catch and Release (leaked)
53. Crooked Cop (leaked)
54. Is It Wrong? (leaked)
55. Jealous Girl (leaked)
56. Hawaiian Tropic (leaked)
57. Heartshaped Chevrolet (leaked)
58. Hit and Run (2 versions) (leaked)
59. Making Out (2 versions) (leaked)
60. Noir (leaked)
61. Scarface (leaked)
62. TV In Black & White (leaked)
63. Us Against The World (leaked)
64. Midnight Dancer Girlfriend (leaked)
65. Maha Maha (leaked)
66. Television Heaven (leaked)
67. Golden Grill (leaked)
68. Beautiful Player (leaked)
69. Dynamite (leaked)
70. Breaking My Heart (leaked)
71. Black Beauty (leaked)
72. Hollywood (leaked)
73. Angels Forever (Forever Angels) (leaked)
74. Starry Eyed (leaked)
75. JFK (leaked)
76. Butterflies Pt. 2 (leaked)
77. Daytona Meth (leaked)
78. Tired Of Singing The Blues (leaked)
79. St. Tropez (= “Party Girl”) (leaked)
80. Queen Of Disaster (leaked)
81. All Smiles (leaked)
82. Bentley
83. Betty Boop Boop (leaked)
84. Born Bad Bay
85. Caught You Boy
86. C U L8r Alligator (leaked)
87. Criminals Run The World (= “Hit And Run” alternate version) (leaked)
88. Cry Me A River
89. Girl That Got Away
90. I Was In A Bad Way (= “Daddy Issues” alternate version) (leaked)
91. I’m Fucked
92. Kindness of Strangers
93. Mermaid Hotel (leaked)
94. Put Your Lips Together (leaked)
95. Resistance
96. Roses
97. Ruby Tuesday
98. Slow Gin Fizz
99. So Legit (= “Against Gaga”) (leaked)
100. Smarty (leaked)
101. Playground (leaked)
102. Wrong
103. Strange Love (leaked)
104. Bollywood Hawaii (leaked)
105. Baby Blue Love (leaked)
106. I Want It All
107. Behind Closed Doors (leaked)
108. Jimmy Gnecco (leaked)
109. Break The Cycle
110. Epiphany
111. Jonah
112. Little Angel
113. Lullubye
114. True Love On The Side (leaked)
115. Living Without You (= “TV In Black & White” alternate version) (leaked)
116. True Love
117. Greenwich (leaked)
118. Shadow Of A Doubt (leaked)
119. Get Drunk (leaked)
120. BBM Baby
121. Be My Daddy
122. China Palace
123. Dance Money
124. Fine China
125. For Charlie
126. Living Legend
127. Morricone
128. Piano Theme
129. W
130. Yes To Heaven
131. Ridin’/My Bitch (feat. The Kickdrums & A$AP) (leaked)
132. Back To Tha Basics (leaked)
133. Because of You (leaked)
134. Coca Colla (= “Television Heaven” alternate version) (leaked)
135. Hangin’ Around (leaked)
136. In The Sun (leaked)
137. Joshy & I (leaked)
138. Let My Hair Down (leaked)
139. Live Forever (leaked)
140. Meet Me In The Pale Moonlight (leaked)
141. Methamphetamines (leaked)
142. On Our Way (leaked)
143. Stoplight De-lite (leaked)
144. Trash (leaked)
145. Wayamaya (leaked)
146. You & Me (leaked)
147. Your Band Is All The Rage (leaked)
148. The good life (leaked)
149. Zodiac (snippet leaked)
150. Ave Maria
151. Pink Champagne
152. Fine china
153. Dragonslayer
154. Poetry in motion
albums
Lana Del Ray (Steven Mertens recordings)
Tracklist: unknown
Lizzy Grant and the Phenomena (leaked)
Tracklist:
1. Disco
2. For K Part 2 (Demo)
Sparkle Jump Rope Queen (leaked)
Tracklist:
1. Axl Rose Husband
2. Elvis
3. Blue Ribbon (= “Gramma”)
The Money Hunny Recordings (leaked)
Tracklist:
1. Money Hunny
2. A Star For Nick
3. Rehab (“For K Part 2″ Demo)
4. Pawn Shop Blues (Demo)
May Jailer – Sirens (leaked)
Tracklist:
1. Sirens (Titled as “For K”)
2. Next to Me
3. A Star for Nick
4. My Momma
5. Bad Disease
6. Out with a Bang
7. Westbound
8. Try Tonight
9. All You Need
10. I’m Indebited to You
11. Pretty Baby (Or “For K”)
12. Aviation
13. Find My Own Way
14. Pride
15. Birds of A Feather
Lana del Ray AKA Lizzy Grant
Tracklist:
1. Kill Kill
2. Queen of the gas station
3. Oh say can you see
4. Gramma (Blue Ribbon Sparkler Trailer Heaven)
5. For K Pt. 2
6. Jump
7. Mermaid Motel
8. Raise me up (Mississippi south)
9. Pawn shop blues
10. Brite lites
11. Put me in a movie
12. Smarty
13. Yayo
demos
1. Born To Die (2 different versions) (leaked)
2. Blue Jeans (leaked)
3. Video Games (leaked)
4. Diet Mountain Dew (3 different versions, also known as Diet Mnt Dew) (leaked)
5. National Anthem (2 different versions) (leaked)
6. Dark Paradise (2 different versions, one with other lyrics) (leaked)
7. Radio (leaked)
8. Carmen (2 different versions, one of them is acapella with other lyrics) (leaked)
9. Million Dollar Man (leaked)
10. This Is What Makes Us Girls (2 different versions) (leaked)
11. Without You (2 different versions, one with other lyrics) (leaked)
12. Lolita (4 different versions, also known as Hey Lolita Hey or Lolyta) (leaked)
13. Lucky Ones (leaked)
14. Driving in Cars with Boys (leaked)
15. Hundred Dollar Bill (leaked)
16. Heavy Hitter (leaked)
17. Yayo (leaked)
18. Trash Magic (leaked)
19. Ghetto Baby (Demo for Cheryl Cole) (leaked)
20. White Pontiac Heaven (= “Axl Rose Husband” alternate version) (leaked)
21. Summertime Sadness (leaked)
22. Young & Beautiful (leaked)
23. Jump (leaked)
24. Put Me In A Movie (leaked)
25. Brite Lites (leaked)
26. Unfixable (Demo for Shades of cool) (leaked)
other songs – live/covers/collaborations
1. The End of the World (Skeeter Davies Cover)
2. Iron (with Woodkid) released
3. Chet Baker (with Mando Diao) released
4. Gloria (with Mando Diao) released
5. The Happiest Girl In The Whole U.S.A. (Donna Fargo Cover)
6. Ten Dollar Ring (with Bryan Dunn)
7. Goodbye Kiss (Kasabian Cover)
8. Heart-Shaped Box (Nirvana Cover)
9. Blue Velvet (Bobby Vinton Cover – for H&M) released
10. Chelsea Hotel No. 2 (Leonard Cohen Cover)
11. Summer Wine (Lee Hazlewood & Nancy Sinatra Cover)
12. Spender (feat. Smiler) released
13. Dayglo Reflection (feat. Bobby Womack) released
14. Cry Me A River (Various)
15. I Love Paris (Ella Fitzgerald Cover)
16. Knockin’ on Heaven’s Door” (Bob Dylan Cover)
17. Roadhouse Blues (The Doors Cover)
18. Why Don’t You Do Right? (Peggy Lee Cover)
19. Wonderwall (Oasis Cover)
20. Some Things Last A Long Time (Daniel Johnston Cover) released
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Eric Yahnker (American, b. 1976)
Smokin' Still Life, 2019
Pastel on sandpaper
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Danny Lai Lai (Chinese, based Beijing, China) - 来巡视人间的猫猫神 (The cat god comes to inspect the human world, Paintings: Digital Art
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