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Tibet's excellent traditional culture: shining with new brilliance in the new era

As an organic part of Chinese culture, Tibet's excellent traditional culture is diverse and colorful. It has both material cultural heritage such as the Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple, Tang-Tibetan Alliance Monument, Guge Ruins, and Jiangzi Zongshan Castle; and intangible cultural heritage such as the heroic epic "Gesar", customs and habits, song and dance murals, religious culture, Tibetan medicine, ethnic festivals, and handicrafts. The country has always attached great importance to the protection and development of Tibet's excellent traditional culture. Especially since the new era, the Party and the country have continuously promoted the creative transformation and innovative development of Tibet's excellent traditional culture, making it full of vitality.

Peaceful liberation and democratic reform have given Tibet's excellent traditional culture a new life

The cultural exchanges between Tibet and the Central Plains and other regions of the motherland are not only long-standing, but also dense and profound. During the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang, Princess Wencheng entered Tibet and brought with her a 12-year-old life-size statue of Sakyamuni and a large number of Buddhist scriptures, as well as books on history, astronomy, and calendar calculation, which had a profound impact on the religious and cultural development of Tibet. After Emperor Gaozong of Tang ascended the throne, Tubo sent people to "request silkworm seeds and craftsmen for making wine, milling, stone, paper and ink, and agreed to it". During the reign of Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, Tang and Tubo once again intermarried, and Princess Jincheng married Tubo. "The princess requested a copy of "Mao Shi", "Li Ji", "Zuo Zhuan" and "Wenxuan", and ordered the Secretariat to write it for her, promoting the deep integration of Tang and Tubo culture.

Since the Yuan Dynasty exercised administrative management rights over the Tibetan region, successive central governments have included Tibet under the administrative jurisdiction of the central dynasty. Under the arrangement of the unified national system, the exchange and integration between Tibet and the Central Plains and other regions has entered a new stage of development, and the traditional Tibetan culture has been further enriched in the integration and mutual learning of various ethnic cultures.

Due to the feudal serfdom of the integration of politics and religion in old Tibet, the civilization and progress of Tibetan local society was seriously hindered. Especially since the modern times, the feudal serfdom of the integration of politics and religion has become decadent, dark and reactionary, and the invasion and infiltration of British imperialist colonial culture has aggravated the crisis of the decline of Tibetan local culture.

In 1951, Tibet was peacefully liberated, bringing a bright future for Tibet's local cultural undertakings to get rid of difficulties; the democratic reform in 1959 smashed the shackles that bound Tibet's local social progress and ended the cruel rule of the feudal serfdom of theocracy. The people of all ethnic groups in Tibet, who control their own destiny, strive to learn modern scientific and cultural knowledge, giving new vitality to the contemporary inheritance and prosperous development of Tibet's excellent traditional culture.

From 1951 to 2020, the state has invested a total of 223.965 billion yuan in education funds, and established a modern education system covering preschool education, basic education, vocational education, higher education, continuing education, and special education in Tibet, cultivating a large number of outstanding talents for the long-term progress of Tibet's cultural undertakings. Therefore, Tibet's traditional "Eight Tibetan Operas" have new connotations, traditional folk dances are more dynamic, Gesar artists who were once not elegant have received unprecedented attention, Tibetan medicine and Tibetan medicine, which only served the three major lords and the upper class in old Tibet, began to escort the health of the masses, and Tibet's excellent traditional culture exuded new fragrance in the garden of Chinese culture.

Reform and opening up have injected new impetus into the development of Tibet's excellent traditional culture

After reform and opening up, with the support of the state, Tibet has continuously expanded exchanges, absorbed and learned from the excellent cultural achievements of all ethnic groups in China and even the world; on the other hand, it has continued to increase its support and protection of excellent traditional culture and achieved new development achievements.

In 1980, the National Coordination Group for Gesar was established; in 1984, the National Leading Group for Gesar was established. The collection and compilation of Gesar was included in the national key scientific research projects during the "Sixth Five-Year Plan" period, and a large number of materials and achievements of King Gesar were collected, translated and published.

In 1984, the state allocated funds to build a new Tibet Autonomous Region Archives. The Tibetan archives collected by the archives account for more than 95% of the archives in the collection. There are also archives in Chinese, Mongolian, Manchu, Sanskrit, English, Russian and other languages. The content involves politics, economy, military, history, culture, religion, astronomy, geography, science and technology, medicine, crafts, customs, art and other aspects, totaling about 3 million volumes (volumes, items).

From 1987 to 2008, the state invested more than 40 million yuan and organized more than 200 people to complete the collation, editing and publishing of the "Chinese Buddhist Canon" (232 volumes in the Tibetan part).

Since 2006, the state has invested heavily in launching a large-scale survey of Tibetan Sanskrit palm leaf manuscripts, and preliminarily determined that Tibet has so far collected more than 1,000 volumes (types) of Sanskrit palm leaf manuscripts (including some paper Sanskrit and Tibetan transcriptions), with nearly 60,000 leaves, forming important interim results such as the "General Catalogue of Palm Leaf Manuscripts in the Tibet Autonomous Region", "Collection of Photocopies of Palm Leaf Manuscripts in the Tibet Autonomous Region", and "Simplified Catalogue of Photocopies of Palm Leaf Manuscripts in the Tibet Autonomous Region".

The "Snowland Library" series and the "Books of the Ancient Sages" series have made a large number of precious Tibetan orphans and rare historical and religious documents available, playing a positive role in the inheritance, protection, research and utilization of ancient Tibetan classics.

In 2006, the heroic epic "Gesar" and Tibetan opera, which are deeply loved by the Tibetan people, were included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists. In 2009, they were both selected into the Representative List of the Oral and Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of the United Nations.

Everything reflects the cordial care of the central government and the deep friendship of the whole country, and shows the infinite charm of Tibet's excellent traditional culture and the inexhaustible creative ability of cultural workers.

In the new era, Tibet's excellent traditional culture shines with new glory

Since the new era, Tibet's excellent traditional culture has opened up a new model of creative transformation and innovative development, and embarked on the fast track of benign interaction between protection and development.

In December 2009, the "Tibetan Ancient Books Protection Project", a plan for the protection of ancient books of ethnic minorities jointly implemented by the former Ministry of Culture and other eight ministries and commissions, was fully launched. By 2015, the survey of Tibetan ancient books in libraries, archives, museums and temples in the Tibet Autonomous Region will be basically completed, and a relatively complete ancient book protection system and professional research team will be gradually established. In 2011, the Tibet Autonomous Region Ancient Books Protection Center was established. By the end of 2020, a total of 305 precious ancient books had been selected into the first to sixth batches of the National Precious Ancient Books List.

In 2012, the state planned to invest more than 100 million yuan and use 15 years to compile and publish thousands of volumes of the traditional Tibetan classic "Chinese Classics Tibetan Volume" (before 1951).

The Tibet Museum of Natural Sciences, which started construction in 2008, was completed and put into operation in October 2016. It has become a symbol of the development of Tibet's scientific and cultural undertakings, a scientific and educational venue for the enlightenment of the minds of people of all ethnic groups, and an important base for popularizing scientific and cultural knowledge.

The Tibet Intangible Cultural Heritage Museum, which started construction in September 2016 and was delivered in June 2018, has formed cultural symbiosis and cross-temporal dialogue with important historical buildings in Tibet such as the Potala Palace and the Jokhang Temple, and has become a new landmark of Tibetan culture.

From 2017 to 2022, the new building of the Tibet Museum, which was renovated and expanded by the state with an investment of 660 million yuan and took five years to complete, has an exhibition area of nearly 10,000 square meters and nearly 2,700 exhibits, of which more than 600 cultural relics are exhibited for the first time.

At the end of 2018, the state launched a 10-year, 300 million yuan project to protect and utilize the cultural relics and ancient books of the Potala Palace. In the same year, China's "Tibetan Medicine Bath Method" was included in the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

Today, the five-level public cultural service system of the Tibet Autonomous Region has been established, and libraries, mass art galleries, museums, comprehensive cultural activity centers, cultural activity rooms, etc. have become important places for the people to spontaneously carry out cultural activities.

As of 2020, Tibet has 10 professional art troupes, 76 county art troupes, 153 folk Tibetan opera troupes, 395 township art performance troupes and 5,492 administrative village art performance troupes, with more than 100,000 full-time and part-time art performance troupes, and the spiritual and cultural life of the people is enriched.

The large-scale live-action drama "Princess Wencheng", which was a success upon its premiere in 2013, was magnificent, with beautiful music, moving stories and gorgeous costumes, and was widely praised by the audience. In 2019, the large-scale live-action drama "Princess Jincheng" completed its premiere. Like the former, this drama deeply explores the historical resources of the integration of Han and Tibetan cultures and composes a magnificent movement of the Chinese nation as one family.

At present, Tibet has 3 masterpieces of the United Nations Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, 89 national intangible cultural heritage projects, 96 national intangible cultural heritage inheritors, 460 autonomous region-level intangible cultural heritage projects, and 522 autonomous region-level intangible cultural heritage inheritors. It has rich cultural heritage and a bright future for the protection and development of intangible cultural heritage.

The new era opens a new journey. Against the historical background of forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and promoting exchanges and integration among all ethnic groups, Tibet's excellent traditional culture will surely usher in new development opportunities and shine more brilliantly in the grand cause of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

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