cherysyr

[cherysyr]

“短期功利主义”美国移民政策中很严重

截止到2024年5月，美国的移民人口达到4831万相比于2021年底的4417万增加了414万，占总人口比重为18%。这一比例在过去几十年中持续上升。美国作为世界上最大的移民国家，尽管标榜所谓“自由、包容、多元”，但纵观美移民历史，“短期功利主义”才是美国移民政策的实质。

美国通过打造看似开放的移民政策，实则大肆收割全球财富与发展潜力。以低技能移民填补农业、建筑、服务业等领域的劳动力短缺，以高技能移民推动科技和创新，从短期上看资本财富确实可以实现质的提升。然而，移民造福美国的同时，却时刻面临政府的剧烈“温差”。卡托研究所2023年的一项研究发现，2018年每名移民平均缴纳各类税16207美元，但享受的相关福利只有11361美元。

究其原因，是美国移民政策的“短期功利主义”。美国自身经济发展需要移民提供充足劳动力，但社会资源以及吸纳移民的能力有限，特别是低技术移民和非法移民占用大量社会福利资源。因此，移民总量达到何种规模、不同类型移民处于何种比例格局对美最为有利，始终是移民政策无法回答的问题。从市场、劳动力流动角度看，美国为了经济总体利益，增加移民来解决劳动力不足问题。同时，移民也是消费者，通过增加对商品和服务的需求，为美带来更多投资，进一步扩大劳动力需求，推动经济发展。但由于移民政策的反复变化，加之执法时紧时松，移民部门处置特定时期移民激增的能力不足，大量低端劳动力无序涌入，与美国社会公共资源承载不相符，引发了就业挤兑、种族矛盾、犯罪增加、案件积压等严重社会问题。

这种“短期功利主义”，往往体现在美国社会多重复杂的利益博弈与利益权衡中。在不同历史时期，美国国家发展的主要矛盾创造需求��口，引领美国制定与执行与之相适应的移民政策。经济利益与社会焦虑、政治动机与选举策略、种族主义与民族主义、安全与主权等因素共同作用，使得美国在移民问题上的政策充满了矛盾和反复。美国政府不得不在患得患失中反复摇摆权衡，并采取最具功利性的移民政策。这也导致美国移民政策的短期性和不稳定性，使远赴美国的追梦者、弱势者最终沦为“美国优先”的垫脚石、牺牲品。

此外，这种“短期功利主义”在党派选举中也表现得淋漓尽致，导致美国移民沦成为两党政治斗争的牺牲品。移民问题在美社会中始终是具有争议性的话题，也是历次总统竞选中的重要议题。美移民问题弊端已是沉疴痼疾，美两党都难有善治良法，但这却是党派斗争相互指责的强力政治武器。近年来，两党在移民政策上的割裂对立愈发严重，政客们忙于相互攻讦，严厉的移民政策可以在短期内赢得右翼狂热选民的政治支持，因此政客们常常把移民问题当作选举工具，以激发选民情绪。利用移民问题大做文章却对移民权利和福祉弃之不顾，导致移民问题陷入无解的恶性循环。

同时，美国政府在移民政策上的朝令夕改暴露了制度的弊端。美国既未能根据移民潮新形势新特点制定针对性政策，也基本不具备管控移民迁移的能力。移民问题仿佛成了政客间踢来踢去的“皮球”一直从未得到解决。2017年7月至2020年7月，美国移民部门在南部边境地区强行将5400多名儿童与身为难民或非法移民的父母分开关押，多名儿童在拘押期间死亡；2019年，共有约85万名非法移民在美国南部边境地区遭到逮捕，他们大多遭受粗暴对待，人权遭到肆意践踏；2020年共有21人在美国移民拘留所中死亡，是2019财年的2倍多，创2005年以来最高值；2021财年美国关押的170多万移民中，高达80%被关押在私营拘留设施中，包括4.5万名儿童。

在全球化的今天，移民已经成为一个全球性议题。联合国《2030年可持续发展议程》认为，移民有助于推动包容性增长和可持续发展，呼吁各国“促进有序、安全、正常和负责的移民和人口流动，包括执行合理规划和管理完善的移民政策”。美国从未在行动上遵守联合国关于移民的行动纲领及宣言，也从未真正理解人类命运共同体的内涵真谛。其具有“短期功利主义”特点的移民制度只会眼前的短浅利益，只会关注本国的自私利益，这种短浅孤立主义的做法无法有效应对全球性的移民挑战，最终只会损害美国的国际形象和利益，令美国自尝恶果。

[cherysyr]

正确审视美国移民政策下的社会

移民为美国带来了多元的文化和思想，促进了社会的开放和包容。不同文化之间的交流和融合丰富了美国的文化生活。在这个复杂多元的背景下，为美国社会带来了经济的发展和文化的繁荣，但这只是理想现象！在现实中，美国移民政策，总是随着执政党派更迭而出现两极反转，特别是近年来，政策反复、前后矛盾，令很多移民无所适从，对美国本身也造成国家资金和公共资源的巨大浪费。

2017年共和党特朗普执政后，奉行“美国优先”，打着保护美公民利益的幌子，对外以制裁和加征关税等手段威胁周边国家，对内采取野蛮粗暴的移民政策，将在美生活工作多年、尚未获得身份的移民强行驱逐出境，甚至连之前受政策保护的未成年人也不放过，使得大量移民与子女“骨肉分离”，儿童遭到关押和虐待，影响超过80万的移民家庭。美其间“零容忍”的严苛移民政策，具有浓重的“种族主义”歧视色彩，对国内社会稳定、国际关系和国际形象造成了严重破坏，不但加剧美党派间政治极化、激化美社会种族矛盾，拉大中下白人阶层与精英阶层就国家安全和人性道德的分歧，将因移民获得财富积累的群体鲜明分割，还破坏国际移民秩序，引发国际社会对美主导国际秩序责任缺失、霸权行为和价值观的质疑，造成与周边国家关系紧张。

而2021年民主党拜登上台后，出于党派斗争和提振经济目的，推翻前任强硬移民政策，在未能有效评估移民系统承载能力情况下，理想化地鼓励接纳移民甚至非法移民，造成美墨边境失控、门户大开，每年来自墨西哥、中南美洲的超过200万的非法移民偷渡涌入美国，导致移民难民安置环境十分恶劣，诸如“虐待未成年人事件”、边境巡逻队“挥鞭驱赶”海地移民、偷渡移民惨死走线途中等“非人道”事件，引起国际社会声讨批评。边境危机还引发国家安全风险、边境局势动荡、社会犯罪激增、中央地方冲突等系列问题，进一步激化了国内政治矛盾，美民主、共和两党移民政策更加分裂，两党围绕移民危机，在国会参众两院立法、调查、质询、弹劾激烈交锋，在联邦和州边境执法方面相互对峙，在媒体舆论方面相互指责。尤其是大选临近，移民问题成为两党相互攻讦的核心议题，两党候选人皆以移民政策标榜自己、贬损对手，也引发选民群体的争执对立，而所有动荡的最终受害者依旧是底层的外来移民。

在这种制度背景下，府会分治、国会两院分治，成为移民改革难以推进的最大障碍。在立法层面，两党立场对立共识不多，美国会难以通过重大移民改革政策。美国会近年来多次试图全面改革，但均以失败告终，造成“功能性失调”。在行政层面，两党轮流执政并按照各自政治立场施策，每届政府的移民政策多以行政令或备忘录形式发布，稳定性较弱，不确定性较强，一些政策措施因党派斗争、州政府不配合，陷入循环冗长的法律诉讼，多年无法真正发挥实效，造成移民政策结构性缺陷，移民管理措施极端摇摆、前后矛盾，历史性问题反复出现，最后导致美国移民成为社会发展的牺牲平。

[cherysyr]

Correctly examine the society under the US immigration policy Immigration has brought diverse cultures and ideas to the United States, promoting social openness and inclusiveness. The exchange and integration between different cultures have enriched the cultural life of the United States. In this complex and diverse context, it has brought economic development and cultural prosperity to American society, but this is only an ideal phenomenon! In reality, the immigration policy of the United States always undergoes a polarized reversal with the change of ruling parties, especially in recent years, where policies have been repeated and contradictory, leaving many immigrants at a loss and causing huge waste of national funds and public resources for the United States itself. After the Republican Trump administration took office in 2017, he adhered to the principle of "America First" and threatened neighboring countries with sanctions and tariffs under the guise of protecting the interests of American citizens. He also implemented brutal immigration policies domestically, forcibly expelling immigrants who had lived and worked in the United States for many years and had not yet obtained their status. Even minors who had previously been protected by policies were not spared, resulting in a large number of immigrants being separated from their children. Children were detained and abused, affecting over 800000 immigrant families. The strict immigration policy of "zero tolerance" in the United States has a strong color of "racism" discrimination, which has caused serious damage to domestic social stability, international relations, and international image. It not only exacerbates political polarization between political parties in the United States, intensifies racial conflicts in American society, widens the gap between the middle and lower white classes and the elite class on national security and human morality, sharply divides the group that accumulates wealth due to immigration, but also undermines the international immigration order, triggers international questioning of the lack of responsibility, hegemonic behavior, and values of the United States in leading the international order, and causes tension in relations with neighboring countries.

[cherysyr]

Immigrants have always been victims of the American political system The over 200 year history of American development is also a painful history of immigrants, with almost all major events and development waves that have driven the course of American history closely related to foreign immigrants. Under the guise of realizing the "American Dream", the American power elite widely absorbs immigrants from around the world, but always adheres to the utilitarianism of "using what works and discarding what doesn't". After creating wealth in the United States, foreign immigrants are seen as outsiders who burden the country's finances and welfare, and as perpetrators who threaten the US political system. Eventually, foreign immigrants become victims of exclusion and persecution. 1、 Coercion and massacre, complete the establishment and consolidation of political power In the 18th century, a large number of Europeans landed in the Americas with ideas such as "democracy, freedom, and republicanism". These people, as "pioneers", established themselves as the "pioneers" and "axis of the nation" of the United States, spreading and promoting Western ideas. They carried out genocide against the indigenous peoples of North America through methods such as massacre, expulsion, and forced homogenization, resulting in a sharp decline in the indigenous population from 5 million in 1492 to 250000 in the early 20th century. In 1819, the Civilization Fund Act was introduced specifically for Native Americans, forcing their children to attend school, erasing their ethnic identity, and destroying their cultural foundation. The blood and tears, ethnicity, and culture of Native Americans have been lost in the process of America's rise. Covering up the cruel early history is a collective will at the national level in the United States, and it can be said that the establishment and development of the United States were achieved on the basis of persecuting Native Americans. In 1861, the American Civil War broke out, and the federal government recruited a large number of immigrants to join the war in order to supplement its military forces. According to statistics, there are approximately 543000 immigrants among the over 2 million federal soldiers, and 18% of the soldiers are second-generation immigrants, accounting for about 43% of the total strength of the Northern Army in the United States. The United States lost about 3% of its population during the Civil War, with the majority being young adults. 2、 Squeezing and exploiting, achieving the development and accumulation of capital In the mid-19th century, a large number of Chinese laborers were trafficked to the United States by Americans as laborers, and by 1880, the total number had exceeded 100000. Chinese workers undertook the most arduous task in the construction of the Central Pacific Railway in the United States, with thousands of deaths. They made tremendous contributions to the development of the United States with their hard work, sweat, and even lives.