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Project: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Addendum P-Matics App for Patient's Easy Accessibility to Health Records and History

P-Matics is an app that combines Patient care and clinical informatics into one platform. There is currently no App in the market that provides easy access to patients. Some clinics, like Cleveland Clinic, have implemented some Apps for patients. However, this app is not adequate to provide all the data information to the patient. There are different factors as to why an app like P-Mastics has was not available universally. One aspect is government regulation and the patient's health security (Obayomi, 2019). Government regulation is mostly due to HIPAA regulations and compliance. There are so many products that have become available on an app platform. The patient's information is protected under the law. P-Matics would be a model product that would help the patient's accessibility to information (Obayomi, 2019).

Case Study of Proxy Model, Epic MyChart App: Apps like P-Matic are currently not in the market. Surprisingly, a Cleveland Clinic has implemented a similar app as P-Matics by partnering with Apple. Cleveland Clinic announced that its patients can now access their health data on their iPhone3 with the health records feature. That, together with the Cleveland clinic version of the Epic My chart app, offers patients more comprehensive mobile access to their health data and a way to manage appointments, message their physicians, and more, officials said. Health companies like Cleveland Clinic are exploring something similar to the P-Matics App (Milliard, 2018). MyChart app is available on the Apple iOs app and also on the Android App. However, the bureaucracy involved would impede the efficiencies of such applications. The Cleveland Clinic version would only provide access to Cleveland clinic information. Unfortunately, it would not access other patient records from other health facilities (Milliard, 2018).

Stakeholders: Epic is a software company headquartered in Wisconsin that is focused on health databases. Epic develops software for clinics and hospitals. Cleveland clinic partnered with Epic to create an app that focuses on its patients. Cleveland Clinic Partnered with Epic and EHR company system (MarketWatch, 2014). Just Like Cleveland Clinic, P-Matics will also partner with Epic to develop a good software platform that will be used in the United States. Epic EHR serves more than 170 million patients per year. However, MyChart is specific to Cleveland Clinic patients and health practitioners (Market Watch, 2020). Based on federal law, there are HIPAA rules and regulations as well. HIPAA is the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996. This is a United States legislation that provides data privacy and security provisions for safeguarding medical information (HIPPA). Law is essential to defining the level of competitors in a market. It will avoid who can provide cover by requiring evidence of the licensing and capital standards' suitability. P-matics would need to partner with Congress to make sure that the app is within compliance with HIPAA. The app stakeholders will be Epic, Apple and Android, Health professionals, Health facilities, Congress, and all patients. In terms of entry into the market, MyChart and Cleveland Clinic partnered with Apple Health Kit to enter the market.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: COMPANY DESCRIPTION

The app's name is P-Matics, which is a combination of patients and Informatics. P-Matics will be a private entity focused solely on the App platform for all health institutions and patients. Growth will be based on expanding the use of various individuals and health facilities. P-Matics will be domicile in Phoenix, Arizona (Obayomi, 2019). Currently, the app is still fictitious and not in the market. We are testing the app through clinics under health organizations like Banner Health, Dignity Health, and Honor health. We are also trying the platform by working closely with an insurance organization located in Nebraska, Lincoln Financial Group. The project is focused on using mobile applications to provide accessible information to patients (Obayomi, 2019).

The app is focused on using a development lifecycle. A life cycle is a phase that the app would have to go through to become available to the patients. P-matics will be available as an app on any digital platform. We also plan to have the app in a wearable form. Wearable apps will be like Apple watch or fit-bit type products. This will make patients have access to their medical data easily. Having wearables creates a sense of ownership with patients who see a need for easy accessibility and a sense of ownership. There is a modern diagnostic wearable that is commonly used in sports. P-matics will tap into the pool of sports athletes to promote the brand. Michael Jordan is famously known for the Jordan brand snickers. Many consumers associate themselves with Michael Jordan when they wear Jordan shoes (Obayomi, 2019).

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: TARGET STAKEHOLDERS

First and foremost, the App P-matics is a universal App, and for all patients. It is a necessity for health care, and it will be in high demand. Cleveland Clinic currently uses my Chart for patient's data. Many hospitals are concerned with patients' security, so they do not implement a similar platform. Furthermore, the paper further discussed theoretical and managerial implications (Boonstra, 2017). According to the article "Validation of a smartphone app to map social networks of proximity," college students are more responsive to applications. More college students are likely to use the app for personal use. This makes it easy to integrate the apps into mobile phones and significant wearables as well. P-matics will also be made into its wearable where anyone can easily access their health information. Most college students are likely to use the app for work-out and weight reasons. These populations fall under the health of patients' demographics. Most college students are concerned about physical features and health. The emergence of Apple watches faded away products like the fit bit. The goal of P-matics is to compete with wearables like Fitbit and Apple watches and leverage their platforms for use (Obayomi, 2019).

Business ethics is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to individuals and the entire organization's behavior. P-Matics is an app that combines Patient care and clinical informatics into one platform. There is currently no App in the market that provides easy access to patients (Obayomi 2019). Some clinics, like Cleveland Clinic, have implemented some Apps for patients. However, this app is not adequate to provide all the data information to the patient. There are different factors as to why an app like P-Matics has not been made available universally. One aspect is government regulation and the patient's health security (Obayomi, 2019). This is mostly due to HIPAA regulations and compliance. There are so many products that have become available on an app platform. The patient's information is still protected under the law. P-Matics would be a model product that would help the patient's accessibility to information (Obayomi, 2019).

TRENDS: BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

Case Study of Proxy Model, Epic MyChart App: Apps like P-Matic are currently not in the market. Surprisingly, a Cleveland Clinic has implemented a similar app as P-Matics by partnering with Apple. Cleveland Clinic announced that its patients can now access their health data on their iPhone3 with the health records feature. That, together with the Cleveland clinic version of the Epic My chart app, offers patients more comprehensive mobile access to their health data and a way to manage appointments, message their physicians, and more, officials said. Health companies like Cleveland Clinic are exploring something like the P-Matics App (Milliard, 2018). MyChart app is available on the Apple iOs app and also on the Android App. However, the bureaucracy involved would impede the efficiencies of such applications (Obayomi, 2019). The Cleveland Clinic version would only provide access to Cleveland clinic information. Unfortunately, it would not access other patient records from other health facilities (Milliard, 2018). P-matics is to offer the same product but universally.

TRENDS: DESCRIPTION

The app's name is P-Matics, which is a combination of patients and Informatics. P-Matics will be a private entity focused solely on the App platform for all health institutions and patients. We are testing the app through clinics under health organizations like Banner Health, Dignity Health, and Honor health. We are also trying the platform by working closely with an insurance organization located in Nebraska, Lincoln Financial Group. The project is focused on using mobile applications to provide accessible information to patients (Obayomi, 2019). P-Matics would have to take extreme measures to solidify its security. At the beginning phase, only P-Matics would only have a privacy and cyber-security department that would have an over-sight on patient's information privacy.

Intrapreneurs would be considered similarly to project managers within a functional matrix company but with more autonomy. Intrapreneurs utilizes the same tools and techniques for innovation as entrepreneurs and project managers (Obayomi, 2019). Like project managers, Entrepreneurs initiate, plan, execute, monitor and control, and close a project to produce a new product. The App P-Matics, a derivative of patient data and informatics, would help patients get all data integrated into one app system. P-Matics Intrapreneur would have to pass thru HIPAA regulation before the app can be implemented. The rules set by HIPAA limits the ability of such applications like P-Matics. To provide an app platform like P-Matics, it would require verification of secured data sharing on the application. In the era of hackers, especially from foreign countries, data privacy legislation has become stricter in the United States. This would be a limitation from competitors who are innovating similar applications (Obayomi, 2019). P-Matics intrapreneur would also have to evaluate the security aspect of the global app platform. There would have to be a fraud and cyber-security team that would have to focus on patient security. The Cyber-security would also work closely with the FBI and CIA when there is a bridge in security.

To be successful as an entrepreneur, it is imperative to think and act as scientists, politicians, and Olympians (BAILEY, 2018). As a scientist, the entrepreneur would have to create a hypothesis and then design the experiments to test the hypothesis (BAILEY, 2018). Scientists are very skilled in breaking complex problems into constituent parts and evaluating each piece. Entrepreneurs are expected to be relentlessly curious about the product that they are innovating (Obayomi, 2019). As a politician, Entrepreneurs are expected to build coalitions and gather support around teams, ideas, and innovations (BAILEY, 2018). As a politician, entrepreneurs would have to persuade others on the merit of their cause. The entrepreneur would have to learn to build momentum behind their ideas. Thirdly as an Olympian, Entrepreneurs would have to be resilient and tenacious ((BAILEY, 2018). Entrepreneurs train hard and are experts in their domain. Entrepreneurs would have to learn to accept accountability and pursue the best (BAILEY, 2018).

What makes intrapreneurs different from entrepreneurs is the autonomy and management support recognized as conducive to intrapreneurial behavior, which is a pre-requisite to succeed as an intrapreneur (Smith, 2016). Health care must become adaptable to the accessibility of technology. An entrepreneur for P-matics would have to maximize the autonomy to develop a model for P-Matics. Patients do not have to wait longer to receive their information. Organizations that adapt to time are the best in serving consumers. Health organizations that maximize the use of technology through apps would be ahead of other health organizations that have been slow to adapt (Obayomi, 2019).

Entrepreneurs would help analyze a company's range of services based on domestic services, special services, and international services (Kadlubek, 2016). These services are influenced by political factors, economic factors, social factors, and technological; factors ((Kadlubek, 2016). P-Matics entrepreneurs would also have to evaluate the security aspect of the global app platform. There would have to be a fraud and cyber-security team that would have to focus on patient security. The Cyber-security would also work closely with the FBI and CIA in a situation that there is a bridge in security (Obayomi, 2019)

The present and future of medical products and services are suitable. They are expected to touch new heights as new and established companies march ahead to create products and services for the next generation (Kauffman, 2015). Several companies' surveys reveal that several customers are ready to abort traditional care for better and more convenient alternatives. It also shows that customers prefer to choose retail options or at-home options compared to medical conditions (Kauffman, 2015). They rely much on self-diagnosing methodology as compared to visiting the doctor's clinic or hospitals. Kauffman, V. & Tsouderos, T. (February 2015), believed "Within a decade, the health business will look and feel much more like other consumer-oriented, technology-enabled industries (Obayomi, 2019). It will have its own Amazon-style, iconic brands-companies that give consumers an easy way to access information, doctors, and treatments; provide them with a variety of services and products at a variety of prices, and centralize their care through user-friendly interfaces."

TRENDS: IMPACT

ETHICS: ISSUES

Regarding regulations, P-Matics can model after the initiation of the Integrity office for Cleveland Clinic (Sinko, 2018). Cleveland Clinic's executives and their auditing department leveraged the work of the offices of Internal Audit and Corporate Compliance by putting them under one umbrella and calling it the Integrity office (Sinko, 2018). The Integrity Office will present information on the U.S. Federal Sentencing Guidelines, formal guidance issued by the office of the Inspector General at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (Sinko, 2018). The Integrity office serves to ensure that the company's financial recording meets compliance with the federal requirement. This has made Cleveland Clinic meet all the needs throughout its establishment. According to Sinko; Most organizations separate the departments and leadership (Sinko, 2018). This is one of the reasons why there are lapses in oversights in corporate auditing.

ETHICS: ALIGNMENT

It is easy to integrate the apps into mobile phones and significant wearables as well. P-matics will also be made into its wearable where anyone can easily access their health information. Most college students are likely to use the app for work-out and weight reasons. These populations fall under the health of patients' demographics. Most college students are concerned about physical features and health. The emergence of Apple watches faded away products like the fit bit. The goal of P-matics is to compete with wearables like Fitbit and Apple watches and leverage their platforms for use (Obayomi, 2019). As P-matics evolve, it is imperative also to align the regulatory successes of that of Cleveland Clinic. Over twelve years ago, Cleveland Clinic's senior management and the audit committee decided to leverage the work of Internal Audit and Corporate Compliance offices by putting them under one umbrella and calling it the Integrity office (Sinko, 2018). To be consistent with the U.S. Federal Sentencing guidelines, formal guidance issued by the Office of the Inspector general at the U.S> Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), and requirements imposed in numerous corporate integrity agreements, corporate compliance must maintain an independent reporting structure to the governing body of the organization (Sinko, 2018). Due to the complexity of an academic medical center's various operations, Cleveland Clinic's internal audit staff consists of professionals with different backgrounds in finance, billing, doing nursing, medical research, IT, and forensics (Sinko, 2018).

ETHICS: SUSTAINABILITY

The critical aspect of maintaining sustainability will be through risk assessment (Sinko, 2018). For example, Cleveland Clinic is a complex, $8 billion academic medical centers, with multistate regional hospitals and international operations (Sinko, 2018). It has an enterprise risk management (ERM) process focused on monitoring the significant risks to the organization and what it is being done to mitigate those risks (Sinko, 2018). Three lines of defense will provide sustainability. The Three Lines of Defense model of internal controls put corporate compliance in the second line of defense and internal audit in the third line of defense (Sinko, 2018). The primary concern of putting corporate compliance and internal audit under everyday independent leadership is that internal audit cannot independently audit the compliance function activities (Sinko, 2018). Business ethics is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to individuals and the entire organization's behavior. P-Matics is an app that combines Patient care and clinical informatics into one platform. There is currently no App in the market that provides easy access to patients (Obayomi 2019). Some clinics, like Cleveland Clinic, have implemented some Apps for patients. However, this app is not adequate to provide all the data information to the patient. There are different factors as to why an app like P-Matics has not been made available universally. One aspect is government regulation and the patient's health security (Obayomi, 2019). This is mostly due to HIPAA regulations and compliance. There are so many products that have become available on an app platform. The patient's information is still protected under the law. P-Matics would be a model product that would help the patient's accessibility to information (Obayomi, 2019). People exceptionally talented in the Responsibility theme take ownership of what they say they will do. They are committed to stable values such as honesty and loyalty (Gallup, 2020).

As an executive team, it imperative to impact all employees at every level and not only on the executive team. According to Weiss, Individualists are driven by natural reason, personal survival, and preservation. The self is the source and justification of all actions and decisions. Individualists believe that "If I don't take care of my own needs, I will never be able to address the concerns of others." The moral authority of individualists is their reasoning process, based on self-interest. Apps like Epic

DECISION MAKING: DECISIONS

Based on the potential business ethics and regulatory issues identified within the scope of the intrapreneurial or entrepreneurial idea, there are significant decisions that must be made. These decisions and processes do impact business sustainability and elements of the corporate culture. This culture includes corporate citizenship, philanthropy, community involvement, the environment, and casual support. It is essential to know how stakeholder groups will be affected by the decisions and processes. Corporate Social Responsibility is recognized as a concept that offers ways of thinking and behaving that will deliver multilayered benefits that include government developmental programs, transnational corporations (TNCs) profile and profits, enhancing the capacity of small business within supply chains and transforming lives through community engagement and local content programs (Vertigan et al. 2017). Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) encompasses vital elements that include decision making, Culture, Stakeholders, community, and the Global Environment. P-Matics is an app that combines Patient care and clinical informatics into one platform. P-Matics would be a model product that would help the patient's accessibility to information (Obayomi, 2019). One platform used as a case study is the Epic MyChart App that is already available and its collaboration with Cleveland Clinic. This is the application that is also used by the Cleveland Clinic.

DECISION MAKING: CULTURE

In 2014, Cleveland Clinic made all its information available on the patient's electronic health record, Epic MyChart patient Web portal (Cleveland Clinic Boosts PHR. 2013). Cleveland Clinic patients can access their portal after their after-visit summary, medication and allergy lists, immunizations, diagnostic images, and preventive care information (Cleveland Clinic Boosts PHR. 2013). Over the years, Cleveland Clinic has expanded its platform to include clinical documents to become available online, spanning surgery notes, etc. due to strong leadership (Cleveland Clinic Boosts PHR. 2013). Cleveland's clinic's outstanding leadership has also led them to spearhead the first local drug development to treat COVID-19. The partnership between Epic MyChart and Cleveland Clinics exudes strong leadership and culture. In 2014, Experian integrated its identity-proofing and risk-based authentication platform, Precise ID for healthcare portals, with Epic's Mychart patient portal to enable healthcare providers to quickly and securely authenticate, validate, and risk-assess patient identities before accessing medical information online (Identity tools integrated into portal, 2014). Before accessing medical information online, patients and authorized users can be authenticated via a combination of real-time questions that only they are likely to know. Besides, the Precise ID platform offers a flexible framework that can be incorporated into existing identity-proofing and authentication processes, allowing connectivity with various EHR and patient management systems (Identity tools integrated into portal, 2014). Cleveland Clinic has provided an outstanding culture and leadership that P-Matics can model after. Cleveland Clinic has a motto of "Patient First," which is reflected in its direction and corporate culture (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). Cleveland Clinic's corporate culture developed a leadership model focused on creating a serving leader's mindset, Sustaining change, and transformational opportunity (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). Under the new leadership model, Cleveland Clinic highlighted five integral focal outsets of their culture. These focal points are;

I. Run to great purpose- envisioning and pursuing a great goal so convincing that everyone is motivated to achieve it

II. Upend the pyramid- exercising your power to empower those who follow you to unleash the energy, excitement, and talents

III. Raise the bar- holding high expectations for yourself and others

IV. Blaze the trail- providing ongoing teaching on the things you expect from those who follow your lead

V. Build on strengths- exercising good stewardship of strengths and qualities of those you lead

Cleveland Clinic has branded itself as a Clinic that follows its motto of "Patient first" in its corporate culture (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). Cleveland Clinic also processes decisions through a servant leader's mindset. The servant leader's perspective focuses on removing the barriers helping others succeed, seeing greatness in people, and empowering others to follow (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). This mindset uses the necessary processes, tools, and techniques to enable collaboration, innovation, and continuous improvement to build trust and partnership (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). This has led Cleveland clinic to have productive enterprise outcomes. According to Cleveland's Clinic vision statement, it states that "a serving leader fully engages in caregiver's minds, addressing knowledge and intelligence; communicates compassion, respect, and dignity; and takes a hands-on approach to service so that the best possible Cleveland Clinic experience can be delivered to (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). This has led to Cleveland Clinic successfully implementing the EHR system through MyEpic Chart. Another aspect is the sustaining change. Cleveland Clinic sustains desired growth by creating a community of practice where those caregiver leaders who completed the serving leadership experience come together periodically to share the best practices, learn from one another, encourage critical thinking, serve as consultants to one another, and share resources and opportunities for further learning (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). This is a significant aspect of Cleveland's culture that could also be implemented in P-matics. Another dimension to Cleveland's Clinic is its ability to provide a transformational opportunity. Transformational leadership is built on doing more with less, drawing on the very best from everyone on the team, and emerging as a high-quality, safe, cost-effective healthcare organization with an outstanding patient experience (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). The Cleveland Clinic's leadership experience has created a transformative opportunity to make a difference, achieve more significant outcomes, and provide care for patients (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). This transformational opportunity by Cleveland Clinic benefits everyone- leaders, caregivers, the enterprise, and ultimately, the patient (O'CONNELL, M. 2015).

DECISION MAKING: STAKEHOLDERS

Cleveland Clinic has a significant focus on ensuring that its corporate culture includes all stakeholders, including every Cleveland clinic corporate leader, caregivers, the enterprise, and, most significantly, the patient (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). We must keep in mind that the major stakeholders in a health care system are patients, physicians, employers, insurance companies, pharmaceutical firms, and the government (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). Insurance companies are known to sell health coverage plans to patients directly and indirectly through an employer or governmental intermediaries (Rodriguez-Osorio CA, 2011). Insurance Industries are critical stakeholders in any healthcare. The insurance company could easily breach the ethical lines of health due to its model built around profit (Rodriguez-Osorio CA, 2011). If Insurance companies are not kept in check, they have developed loopholes in providing healthcare to mostly health individuals and isolate patients that would be considered at-risk patients. There is also another stakeholder, which is the Pharmaceutical Companies. Pharmaceutical companies have a significant impact on the affordability of drugs. If a company culture is not putting patients first, it might lead to undue burdens on patients to buy expensive medications due to rising prices.

Recent research provided that since the late 1980s, pharmaceutical firms send attractive young representatives with ho formal training to market their drugs by establishing a social relationship with the physician and offering incentives to offer their drugs (Rodriguez-Osorio CA, 2011). Recently, the CEO of a major pharmaceutical company in Arizona was sent to prison for manipulating health care practices to market the company's prescriptions. And most times, the doctors were over-prescribing medications to patients (Rodriguez-Osorio CA, 2011). The other stakeholder is Physicians. Physicians work closely with Cleveland Clinic to provide a patient-first experience. No many physicians working in various healthcare have been trained to put patients first. Most of the time, physicians are prepared to put profit first. This is common among resident physicians who are treating patients while burdened with the rising student loan. Physicians have a responsibility to patients independent of insurance companies (Rodriguez-Osorio CA, 2011). It is imperative to have a corporate culture that makes physicians independent of Pharmaceutical companies and insurance to provide adequate care to the patient. Another key stakeholder is the patients. The patients would probably be the most critical stakeholders. Patients are responsible for their health care and determining the cost they would like. Unfortunately, health care costs can easily malign low-income at-risk populations. At-risk populations include obese people, the elderly, and those who want in neighborhoods with toxic waste.

Contrary to popular opinion, the most expensive treatments are not necessarily the best, not always cost-effective (Rodriguez-Osorio CA, 2011). The last but not the least stakeholder is the government. The government's role is to provide the necessary regulation to ensure that the patients' rights are not infringed upon. The current conversation in Congress is regarding affordable health care. Health care has been considered a human right, but there is no consensus on the extent to which patients should have this right. Many young people are generally disenfranchised with proper health care because they are not covered under any insurance and left to bear the weight all by themselves. Cleveland Clinic has worked closely with insurance companies to provide affordable and first-class treatment to all its patients (Rodriguez-Osorio CA, 2011). P-Matics Intrapreneur would have to pass thru HIPAA regulation before the app can be implemented. The rules set by HIPAA limits the ability of such applications like P-Matics. The scope of Cleveland Clinics operation has described its stakeholders as the entire healthcare provider industry, trade associations, federal and state agencies, regional and national philanthropic foundations, media outlets, community groups, citizens, etc. (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). Cleveland Clinic, however, has prioritized the stakeholders in this order; patients, caregivers, communities, and national sustainability leaders (O'CONNELL, M. 2015).

IMPACT: COMMUNITY

Cleveland's primary objective is to serve communities by providing high-quality healthcare and wellness services, medical research, and education (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). The app is focused on using a development lifecycle. A 2014 report shows the following areas that impact the community care group:

I. Patients are most interested in patient safety and quality care indicators.

II. Caregivers are most interested in caregiver demographics and caregiver stories.

III. Local community stakeholder groups are most interested in our contributions and impacts on our local communities.

IV. Local community stakeholder groups are most interested in our gifts and effects on our local communities.

V. National environmental groups are most interested in our environmental performance and commitment to reporting Cleveland Clinic's progress transparently.

Cleveland Clinics engages through caregiver feedback. This is mostly done through various channels, including surveys, weekly polls, and team huddles (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). The actions and improvements are made based on the feedback. One engagement is called Engagement with Dr. Cosgrove. Dr. Toby Cogrove is the CEO and president of Cleveland Clinic. The clinic provides a quarterly connection addresses where he reviews clinical staff, operations, education, and research teams to highlight the most significant successes and opportunities in the healthcare system (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). There are also MyTwoCents. This online forum provides feedback and makes suggestions for improvements (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). Since 2010, my two cents has generated 6000 ideas with over 800 caregivers ideas implemented (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). These submissions have also realized Cleveland clinic $2.5 million in savings, with projected future additional savings of nearly $3.5 million. There are other parameters in place like the engagement coaches, leadership rounding, and Press Ganey Caregiver Surveys (O'CONNELL, M. 2015).

Cleveland Clinic also has events to celebrate caregivers like; recipient highlight, Eco caregivers, and providing Employee Resource Groups (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). Cleveland Clinic's goal is to provide compassionate, high-quality healthcare services, medical research, and education (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). Cleveland Clinic's goal is to serve and support efforts to improve the health of their communities. This is a template that P-matics also plans to implement for future successes. Cleveland Clinic is a nonprofit, multispecialty academic medical center with a proud history of serving the needs of the residents of its communities through engaging in a broad range of medical research, education and training programs, and supporting community health initiatives (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). The significant impact is that Cleveland Clinic is the largest employer in Northeast Ohio and the second-largest employer in the state (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). Cleveland Clinic also has initiatives towards encouraging healthy and vibrant communities across Ohio. The clinic has also taken leadership on environmental issues like energy conservation, waste reduction, healthy buildings, climate resilience, innovative leadership, water stewardship, and environmental performance. Cleveland Clinic has made transparency its focal point. Cleveland Clinic discloses detailed information about physicians and their affiliations on the websites (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). They share information about the environmental, social, and economic impacts with stakeholders. They believe in operating transparently by creating the best value for patients, caregivers, and communities (O'CONNELL, M. 2015).

IMPACT: GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT

First and foremost, the App P-matics is a universal App, and for all patients. It is a necessity for health care, and it will be in high demand. Cleveland Clinic currently uses my Chart for patient's data. Cleveland Clinic has become a key player in the global environment. Cleveland Clinic became a signatory of the UN Global Compact and wrote the first communication on the progress in year 20120 (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). Cleveland Clinic has been consistent in including its benchmark, management strategies, and intentions in the extension of Cleveland Clinic culture (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). The report aims to reflect and reinforce the commitment to ethical and transparent organizational behavior (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). Cleveland has been fully engaged in the United Nations Compact by presenting principles focused on human rights, environmental responsibility, and corporate integrity (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). The Cleveland Clinic is involved in the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) by being the second U.S healthcare provider to adopt an international gold-standard reporting process.

Cleveland has provided a template of a gold-standard corporate responsibility that P-matics can adopt. As an executive team, it imperative to impact all stakeholders at every level. According to Weiss, Individualists are driven by natural reason, personal survival, and preservation. The self is the source and justification of all actions and decisions. Individualists believe that "If I don't take care of my own needs, I will never be able to address the concerns of others." The moral authority of individualists is their reasoning process, based on self-interest—apps like Epic.

OUTCOMES: EFFORTS

One aspect of community engagement by Cleveland Clinic is the Go Baby project. The Go Baby project is related to technology, engineering, and design (TED) education. The goal is to provide effective learning, rehabilitative technology, and outdoor learning to disenfranchised communities (Kelly, 2018). The Go Baby project is a collaboration between Cleveland Clinic and Cleveland State University (Kelly, 2018). The CSU faculty and community partners utilize low-cost technologies to minimize the barriers that once limited children's participation. The area of focus includes the following:

a. Promotes independence and access for young children with mobility and sensory impairments in the community

b. It provides a play/leisure experience while facilitating fun, fulfillment, and friendship for children of all ability levels.

c. Exposes children of all ability levels to new, engaging, and enriching activities in the community

d. It offers movement and sensory experiences while encouraging children to think and socialize with friends (Kelly, 2018).

The service-learning provides a practical context through which students can apply their understandings of what they have learned in a classroom setting (Kelly, 2018). The efforts outcomes focus on comprehensive cultural awareness and civic engagement efforts in which businesses have the best desired potential outcome. Cleveland Clinic's corporate culture developed a leadership model focused on creating a serving leader's mindset, Sustaining change, and transformational opportunity (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). Under the new leadership model, Cleveland Clinic highlighted five integral focal outsets of their culture. These focal points are;

VI. Run to great purpose- envisioning and pursuing a great goal so convincing that everyone is motivated to achieve it

VII. Upend the pyramid- exercising your power to empower those who follow you to unleash the energy, excitement, and talents

VIII. Raise the bar- holding high expectations for yourself and others

IX. Blaze the trail- providing ongoing teaching on the things you expect from those who follow your lead

X. Build on strengths- exercising good stewardship of strengths and qualities of those you lead

Cleveland Clinic sustains desired change by creating a community of practice where those caregiver leaders who completed the serving leadership experience come together periodically to share the best practices, learn from one another, encourage critical thinking, serve as consultants to one another, and share resources and opportunities for further learning (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). The caregivers give back to the patient care community by providing adequate mentoring to a new provider (Kelly, 2018). The Cleveland community impacts not just the city but also the health practitioners by providing sufficient support when needed (Kelly, 2018). This is a significant aspect of Cleveland's culture that could also be implemented in P-matics. Another dimension to Cleveland's Clinic is its ability to provide a transformational opportunity. Transformational leadership is built on doing more with less, drawing on the very best from everyone on the team, and emerging as a high-quality, safe, cost-effective healthcare organization with an outstanding patient experience (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). The Cleveland Clinic's leadership experience has created a transformative opportunity to make a difference, achieve more significant outcomes, and provide care for patients (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). This transformational opportunity by Cleveland Clinic benefits everyone- leaders, caregivers, the enterprise, and ultimately, the patient (O'CONNELL, M. 2015).

OUTCOMES: ALIGNMENT

OUTCOMES: IMPACT

VI. Patients are most interested in patient safety and quality care indicators.

VII. Caregivers are most interested in caregiver demographics and caregiver stories.

VIII. Local community stakeholder groups are most interested in our contributions and impacts on our local communities.

IX. Local community stakeholder groups are most interested in our gifts and effects on our local communities.

X. National environmental groups are most interested in our environmental performance and commitment to reporting Cleveland Clinic's progress transparently.

P-Matics plan to model after Cleveland Clinic in creating events to celebrate caregivers. That includes recipient highlight, Eco caregivers, and providing Employee Resource Groups. P-matics goal, just like Cleveland clinic, will be to provide compassionate, high-quality healthcare services, medical research, and education. The purpose of P-Matic will be to serve and support efforts to improve the health of their communities. Cleveland Clinic is a nonprofit, multispecialty academic medical center with a proud history of serving the needs of the residents of its communities through engaging in a broad range of medical research, education and training programs, and supporting community health initiatives (O'CONNELL, M. 2015). P-Matic will be established as a nonprofit organization but focused on application and wearables for the patient. Community initiatives will encourage healthy and vibrant communities across the United States. P-Matics will be a Macrocosm of what Cleveland Clinic and Epic MyChart have created. The Go Baby project will provide a connection between P-matics and the community. It will provide opportunities for leaders in P-matics to contribute to a sustainable change beyond health care. This would give more excellent retention of leaders and also a patient's confidence in P-Matic.

REFERENCES

Baca, A., & Schwartz, B. (2016). Wearables and Apps -- Modern Diagnostic Frameworks for Health Promotion through Sport. / Wearables und Apps als moderne diagnostische Frameworks zur Gesundheitsförderung durch Sport. Deutsche Zeitschrift Für Sportmedizin, 67(6), 131-135. http://web.b.ebscohost.com.bigbrother.logan.edu:2048/ehost/detail/detail?vid=10&sid=83a9ed86-9872-4bb1-b227-3b4cb8356653%40sessionmgr104&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=116634799&db=s3h

Boonstra, T. W., Larsen, M. E., Townsend, S., & Christensen, H. (2017). Validation of a smartphone app to map social networks of proximity. Plus ONE, 12(12), 1-13. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0189877. http://web.b.ebscohost.com.bigbrother.logan.edu:2048/ehost/detail/detail?vid=13&sid=83a9ed86-9872-4bb1-b227-3b4cb8356653%40sessionmgr104&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=126874061&db=fsr

Cleveland Clinic Boosts PHR. (2013). Health Data Management, 8. https://eds-b-ebscohost-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=3&sid=127d84b9-8e4c-4472-a763-2bba4780377e%40pdc-v-sessmgr01&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=edsgcl.338382436&db=edsgbe

Clifton-Strengths(2020):https://my.gallup.com/_Portal/Component?gssClientId=dduOMXW7d71AS3U_2BFMiMY8EiRX0WxJVn_2FHNUkaHb4okdayR4Pz6_2BetryXCC5aLQ2&gssComponentId=6872#/summary

Epic Ties MyChart App to Apple HealthKit. (2014, September 22). Health Data Management (Web Content).

Identity tools integrated into the portal. (2014). Healthcare Leadership Review, 3, 14.

Kelly, D. P., Sabet, A., & Galloway, C. (2018). technological literacy through service learning and Go Baby Go! (cover story). Technology & Engineering Teacher, 78(1), 8–13.

MARKET WATCH: Epic Ties MyChart to HealthKit; Epic customers will be able to use HealthKit through Epic's MyChart app, which the company says is the most popular U.S. patient portal. (2014, November 1). Health Data Management, 22(11).

Milliard M., (2018) "Cleveland Clinic puts HER data onto iPhone with Apple Health Records" HealthcareIT News.

Obayomi, B. (2019). P-Matics App for Patient's Easy Accessibility to Health Records and History. MBA 560.- Project Milestones.

O'CONNELL, M. (2015). PATIENT FIRST. TD: Talent Development, 69(8), 58.

Rodriguez-Osorio CA, Dominguez-Cherie G. Medical decision making: paternalism versus patient-centered (autonomous) care. Current Opinions in Critical Care 2008 Dec; 14(6):708-13.Steinbrook R. Imposing Personal Responsibility for Health New England Journal of Medicine 2006 August 24; (355):653-756.- https://sites.sju.edu/icb/health-care-reform-duties-and-responsibilities-of-the-stakeholders/#:~:text=The%20major%20stakeholders%20in%20the,through%20employer%20or%20governmental%20intermediaries.

Sinko, D. A. (2018). The Integrity Office: Cleveland Clinic leverages the work of Internal Audit and Compliance under one umbrella. Internal Auditor, 75(2), 31–35.

Vertigans, S., & Idowu, S. O. (2017). Corporate social responsibility : academic insights and impacts. Springer.

Weiss, J. W. (2014). Business Ethics : A Stakeholder and Issues Management Approach: Vol. Sixth edition. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Williams, M. D., Gish, K. W., Giuse, N. B., Sathe, N. A., & Carrell, D. L. (2001). The Patient Informatics Consult Service (PICS): an approach for a patient-centered service. Bulletin Of The Medical Library Association, 89(2), 185-193. http://resolver.ebscohost.com.bigbrother.logan.edu:2048/openurl?sid=EBSCO%3acmedm&genre=article&issn=00257338&ISBN=&volume=89&issue=2&date=20010401&spage=185&pages=185-93&title=Bulletin+Of+The+Medical+Library+Association&atitle=The+Patient+Informatics+Consult+Service+(PICS)%3a+an+approach+for+a+patient-centered+service.&aulast=Williams+MD&id=DOI%3a&site=ftf-live

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We have not been created just to exist. We exist to touch the lives of those around us

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Allende's Coup d'état and U.S. involvement

United State's influence on Chile began in the early 19th century until the 1900s during American companies' expansion to a multi-million enterprise. America's power grew in competition with British companies due to the capitalistic motive of making profits. The Chileans were first resistant to the United States' ulterior explanation to spread its investments in Chile because they understood America's economic imperialism history. There is an intersection between economics and politics. For the United States to strengthen the economic interests it has in Chile; the political atmosphere has aligned with America's attitude of curiosity.

Due to America's sizeable economic interest in copper and other Chile, the Braden Copper Company, which started in 1904 in Chile, has made Chile, a large copper producer by having the largest open-pit copper mine in the world (MacEoin). As the working class's power grew to fight for higher wages, the situation began to shut down British and European influences and competitors in the Chilean hemisphere. Still, it opened the door for the spread of the United States of America's economic control. Social reform has been one of the significant priorities for Chile's betterment, which has failed under different governments. The previous leader, Eduardo Frie (who was the president before Salvador Allende), wanted the Chileanization of American copper companies by buying them. The debt to buy these copper companies took over two years to pay. The Chileanization of these copper companies only landed Chile in economic chaos. The social and economic class between the rich and the poor widened in Chile. The financial instability made so many Chileans lose faith in the Christian democrats and craved a new social reform.

America has grown to be a mighty economic force to Chile and has been an impetus to influence Chile's political attitude. The Communist Party has been banned in Chile from 1948 to 1958, but they have been secretly organizing a coalition for Allende's election as the president (MacEoin 63). "The Allende government put under state ownership and control part of the Chilean economy that had been privately owned before it came into office" (Alexander 159).

One of the main issues that provoked United States intervention in the Allende regime was his decision to privatize the International Telephone & Telegraph Corp (I.T.T.). I.T.T. was the U.S. owned Chilean-based Telephone Company that owned 70% of Chile's operation (Chile &Allende 57). Allende wanted to keep good ties with the U.S. Still, President Richard Nixon of the United States made it clear in early 1971 of his dissatisfaction of Allende being elected as the president of Chile. President Nixon was not supporting the Allende regime but publicly acclaimed that an individual country has the right to elects its leader (Chile & Allende 60). After Nixon's hypocritical acclamation, United States National Security Council has been secretly engineering a tactic with the C.I.A. to overthrown Allende. The National Security Council developed Memo #19 of overthrowing Allende (MacEoin 63). The U.S. intelligence never expected Allende to be elected but assumed that he could only be selected by violence and force. Allende won by supporting two significant members of the six-party coalition and the left parties and groups' political, ideological division. The U.S. State Department financial assistance aimed at financing Allende's opponent to stop him from being elected, which failed. I.T.T. has allocated over a million dollars to halt the Allende election (MacEoin 63-65).

The United States had begun to channel the overthrown of Allende right before he was elected. By September 11, 1973, the army forces were able to oust the popular unity government. The U.S Department and White House denied ever having a hand in the military coup. Conversely, a State Department official admitted that the U.S was knowledgeable of the coupon September 12 (Chile & Allende 143) to the previous statement made. The public recognition of U.S. involvement in the Allendes coup as a mistake was made by Colin Powell a few years ago when supporting the war in Iraq.

Work Cited Page

Alexander, Robert, J. The Tragedy of Chile., Ed. Bernard K. Johnpoli. Greenwood Press; 1978

MacEoin, Gary. NO PEACEFUL WAY: Chile's struggle for Dignity ., Sheed and Ward, I.N.C.; 1974

Sobel, Lester. A. Chile & Allende., Eds. Jordan M. Young, Chris Hunt, and Joanne Edgar, New York, N.Y.; 1974

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Multinational Corporate Environment

1. Why are many governments in today's world liberalizing cross-border movements of goods, services, and resources?

China Globalizing

The year 2010 is very significant in China in regards to the economy and immigration. In a capitalist country, industrialization and immigration go hand in hand. Contrary to what seems like a norm to a democratic country, a socialist country like China has also experienced a massive influx of immigrants into the country. In 2010, China surpassed Japan as the second-largest economy. In addition to that, China also drafted its first-ever Policy on immigrants in China. China's Immigration and Internal migration policies have to be reconsidered to sustain its rapid influx of immigrants within the country and maintain its economic status quo.

China is known to be the most populous country globally, with a population of over a billion people. China is also known for its mass immigration of people worldwide, which can be seen through the location of China Town in various countries around the world. China is also experiencing an influx of people from the developed and the developing world into China. China categorized the immigrants into the following groups, the skilled, the unskilled migrants, investors, etc.

Categories to outline:

· The Skilled Workers- Professionals from the United States and other countries who have decided to join the working class in China

· Investors/Diplomats – includes business people, diplomats who are usually in China temporarily for business and political reasons rather than as a permanent resident.

· The Unskilled workers- are those who have immigrated to China in search of a more decent life different from that of where they have come from. It also includes the peasant in China who granted passports to move around.

These immigrants have moved to China for different reasons; while some stay there temporarily, some have made China home. Foreigners from other East Asian countries are not relatively new to China, especially those from Taiwan and Tibet. What makes it fascinating is the newcomers' faces from Africa, who share a different racial background. Due to the origin of the new immigrants, China has begun to tighten its immigration policies and adapt to the influx of immigrants' new faces in China. The protests of more than 100 Africans who protested in the Chinese town of Guangzhou, in regards to the death of a Nigerian clothing trader, Ojide John Okene, in July 2009, had drawn the attention of the international community to the situation of immigrants in China (Allafrica.com). Such protests by foreigners have never been staged before, which was a significant outrage in China. China has begun scrutinizing its immigration policies by haunting illegal immigrants, or immigrants who have overstayed their presence. Those who protested in Guangzhou felt that the haunting is more racially motivated than a claim of its attempt to reform the immigration policies.

Immigration- The treatment of rural people in China has immigrants

From a political scientist's point of view, China's immigration policies are very hypocritical. In the first reading for the class on China, "Kinship, Contract, Community, and State, Anthropological Perspectives on China" by Myron Cohen, He described how rural China is viewed and how the term 'peasants' have been used derogatorily for people who came from a pastoral challenge. China's immigration situation is a tragic case because those described as 'peasants' from rural China are still obligated to have a traveling passport for them to travel. The problem in China, whereby citizens still have to get a ticket, is similar to that of the Apartheid in South Africa. Blacks had to have access to travel, similar to that of the Jim Crow law in the rural South. Once a citizen has to be issued a ticket to travel around their own country, the individual has technically been ascribed to being a second class citizen, which equates to the immigrant in any nation.

As a nation, China has fantasized about an ideal society that models after the United States without losing its communist elements. In the name of the Bandung Spirit, China's policies are also to compete with the capitalist Ideal by developing an economy heavily dependent on the people's workforce and utilizing the immigrants' skills for its industrialization to strengthen the communist government. As it has been stated, China is a country of contrast, and it is essential to study and research how its immigration policies work and anticipate if the systems will survive in the long term.

China is not a threat in the aspect of its foreign policy, especially with Taiwan. China wants to keep Taiwan's economic status quo; this status quo is "one country, two systems." And although China intends never to allow Taiwan to become independent, there is a chance of a military confrontation between Taiwan and China. A military conflict between China and Taiwan is unlikely because the United States will defend Taiwan. In that case, China does not want to have a war with the United States directly because the United States military at this point, and time is better equipped. China does not want to damage its economic ties with Taiwan. Taiwan and the United States are strategically critical economic factors for China, contributing to keeping the status quo. The Taiwan Relation act in 1979 and the Shanghai Communiqué in 1972 during the visit that Nixon made created the structure to which the United States and China base on their relationship. This has worked for almost three decades now. These two diplomatic gestures have influenced how the two countries will communicate with each other. And since China has no intention of destroying the relationship it has with the United States economically, then China will not be a threat to its foreign policy towards Taiwan shortly

China's Foreign Policy:

New World Order; China has not established a Communist World System, neither has communism helped the system a great deal. Under Deng Xiaoping, China developed Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence; maintaining a positive attitude toward international cooperation; making energetic efforts to promote the establishment of a new global order; opposing arms race and promoting the disarmament process; practicing wide opening to the outside world, and actively enhancing the friendly people-to-people contacts across the globe.

Bibliography

Adie, W.A.AC, "China's Foreign Policy," The World Today, Vol. 24, No. 3 (Mar. 1968) pp. 111-120

"Africans Protest in China Over Death of Nigeria" July 17, 2009, http://allafrica.com/stories/200907170601.html

Ian Taylor, "China's foreign policy towards Africa in the 1990s", The Journal of Modern African Studies, 36, 3 (1998), pp. 443-460, Cambridge University Press

Ian Taylor, "China's Rising Presence in Africa" China review International Volume 16, Number 2, 2009

Denis M. Tull, "China's engagement in Africa: scope, significance and consequences" J. of Modern African Studies, 44, 3(2006), pp. 459-479. 2006 Cambridge University Press.

Stephanie Hanson, "China, Africa, and Oil," June 6, 2008

Meine Pieter Van Dijk (ed.) The New Presence of China in Africa, Amsterdam University Press, 2010

2. What are the approaches international managers seek to understand when instituting change in the international arena?

Managers and International Labor Law

There is a famous quote, "Absolute power corrupts absolutely." As much as this applies mostly to political power, it applies to all facets of leadership. A great Greek philosopher, Aristotle, defines leadership based on three principles. The principles are pathos, ethos, and logos. Pathos emphasizes the ability to appeal to people's emotions. Ethos involves ethics and values, and Logos requires logic.

Management guru Peter F. Drucker is right when he said, "Managers do things right while leaders do the right things; managers usually do not consider the pathos, ethos, and logos of leadership. They are more concerned about the result. Managers are prone to treat people like machines whose mission to produce, but not necessarily to be productive. Managers manage people, but leaders invest in people.

Furthermore, labor laws are implemented to prevent the abuse of power and human rights. For example, there are two fundamental labor rights, according to the International Labor Organization (I.L.O.), that transcend the principles of modern democracy, which are recognized as; the Freedom of association and the right to bargain (Liebman 15). The Freedom of association is simply the right of individuals to collectively mobilize themselves to express, promote, and pursue a common interest. The Freedom of association is expressed in many democracies. The goal is to empower and come together in voicing a re-occurrence of the violation of their rights in the labor force and demand actions to be taken on such issues. Many workers have been able to be mobilized through unionizing to express themselves and get those goals accomplished. When those issues are being frowned upon by the nation state that the issue is taking place and the worker's rights conflict with the constitution, it is presented to the International Labor Organization for review. If the workers are not contented, then it is taken to the International labor court. Secondly, collective bargaining is a process between employers and employees to agree on the rights and duties of people at work. Collective bargaining is an attempt of meeting in the middle of deciding on work leisure and payment between the employees and the employers.

The best example of protecting workers' rights is the Nigerian Union of Teachers (NUT). The Nigerian Union of Teachers (NUT) has been very consistent over the two decades in demanding a stable condition of learning and an adequate salary to motivate skilled teachers' furtherance at the Nigerian primary and secondary level. The demand for a salary increase has intensified over the years, which has led the Federal Government to commission an Inter-Ministerial Committee on Teachers' Salary Structure, which was presented on October 3, 1996. The minister of education declared that teachers will be taken out of the Public Service Salary Structure, which the issue is still kept in the archives till now (NUT Teacher's Salary). The continuous demand by the Nigerian Union of Teachers has provided it a representation on the Joint Consultative Committee on Education and also on the Committees that deal with the technical aspects, such as qualifications, training, and the construction of school buildings.

International managers must always consider protecting employee rights. Nigeria's Teacher's Union has also influenced corporate employees in exercising their democratic rights. The issue of bargaining between the teachers and the government in Nigeria has significantly been politicized. Even though Nigeria has a democratic government, Nigeria's Teacher Union has made efforts to agree on salaries with the government, which has led to an occasional strike by the Nigerian Union of Teachers. Nigeria has the largest population of people in Africa, and the lack of necessary educational infrastructure has led to a few communities of teachers to a large percentage of students. The teachers in the thirty-six states in Nigeria are under the umbrella of the Nigerian Union of Teachers (NUT).

Work Cited

Aguda, T. A., "Nigeria in search of Social Justice Through the Law" Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies Occasional Paper 1, 1979; p.17- 18

"International Labor Organization" http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/afpro/abuja/countries/nigeria.htm

Lugbe, S. "THE TEACHERS' SALARY STRUCTURE (T.S.S.): THE JOURNEY SO FAR; An Insider's Chronological Account on the 25 years Struggle For Better Condition of Service For Teachers in Nigeria", Nigeria Union of Teachers, Abuja

Obong I. J. "The State of Basic Education in Nigeria: The way Forward" 47th Annual Conference of Science Teachers Association of Nigeria (STAN) Calabar; Aug 13-19, 06 http://www.nutnigeria.org/state_primaryedu.html

"The Annual State Report of the Federal Republic of Nigeria: Education, Chapter 6," I.L.O. report link. http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/nbsapps/annual_reports/CHAPTER%206.pdf

3. What is culture shock, and how does it affect international business?

FRANCE, NATIONALISM & INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

According to Investopedia, culture shock is "a feeling of uncertainty, confusion or anxiety that people experience when visiting, doing business in or living in a society that is different from their own." France is the best example of a country where businesses would experience a culture shock. France shares some history with the United States, but their approach to foreigners is very different. France absorbs individuals into its traditional culture. France has been the European country that has been the most open to immigration and international businesses, but very peculiar to the assimilation of the foreigners

Furthermore, understanding the France cultural norms would help International businesses in adjusting to the condition of the country. The majority of immigrants in France are from former French colonies. What has created the discourse between the French North Africans known as the Maghreb and the French has more to do with religion. France finds it hard to assimilate its immigrant population because they strongly support their religious and cultural practice. Unlike the United States, France does not have an affirmative action whereby every group is being represented. The majority of Muslims have their settlement in Northeast Paris, much of Marseilles, and in the inner suburban rings. There are few immigrant descents in French politics, and most Muslims do not show any interest in it. France might not follow a United States pattern of assimilation whereby the immigrants involve themselves in national politics and become accepted. A Senegalese, French-made this statement "I was born in Senegal when it was part of France. I speak French, my wife is French, and I was educated in France. But the French don't think I'm French." (Deaux 91). The French have been very insistent on French nationalism and separating religion from politics.

Also, international businesses would have to consider the social welfare of the country. Societal culture also has a significant influence on the immigrants' integration into society. In the United States, it is easy to get by without assimilating into the broader culture. Still, it might make a person's life unbearable in a culture of intense nationalism in France. Women have also had a good integration than men in France. Cultures also involve the United States' social welfare and how it has impacted how different groups have survived in the United States. France has a large welfare state that provides to immigrants. The welfare states in France are more concentrated on the elderly by providing the best health care. There is more acceptance of the French way of life by the elderly immigrants who have immigrated to France in the earlier 1960s than the young people who are just arriving. The French are running out of programs for young people, and there is an increase in joblessness. This creates a significant disparity between the elderly and the young people in France. With the massive welfare state, France is still partially in its welfare by caring for those who have been more assimilated than those who haven't, and then they only have access to a few French resources. This situation increases the crime rate among immigrants and children of the immigrant group in France due to little consideration. The United States has successfully provided welfare to immigrants and assimilated into American culture (Levine, pg 15, 2004).

France's approach to immigrants is also the same as France's approach to international business. France is currently experiencing the rapid growth of immigrants in urban centers. The recent racial and religious tensions in France have created hysteria among immigrants. The struggle to contain Muslim women who continued to wear their head-starves in French schools has caused a sense of xenophobia in the French population. It is widespread to see French people of the second generation, born in France, who still firmly upholds their foreign parents' cultural elements. In 2004, France government proposed to ban Islamic headscarves in French state schools, which provoked international scrutiny. Most Islamic states saw it as an attack on Islam and disregard the French educational system's secular government. Multicultural issues had become a great debate among the French and the Americans. Before Vietnam was, the United States was following the same system, believing that everyone has assimilated to American society until the United States became more liberal after the Vietnam war (Pfaff, 2004).

There is a high rate of joblessness among the immigrant youths in France, which could explain their rebellion against the French way of life. The availability of education for all citizens has made the United States the world's envy at large. Knowledge has accelerated the assimilation of immigrants in the United States and the productivity of international businesses.

Bibliography

Deaux Kay. To be an Immigrant, New York Russell Sage; 2004

Donald L.Hprowitz. "Immigration and Group Relations in France and America" Blackwell Publishers Inc, Malden, Massachusetts; 1998.

Friedman, Jane." Immigration and insecurity in France."

Huntington, Samuel P., "The Hispanic Challenge," Foreign Policy, March/April 2004.

Levine. R. A. Assimilating Immigrants- Why America and France Cannot; July 2004

Pfaff, William, "Why France Still Insists on Cultural Assimilation: Head Scarves," International Tribune, January 17, 2004.

Reston, A. Stanley, 2005, "THE 50% AMERICAN Immigration And National Identity in an Age of Terror" Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.

Simpson, G. E. Racial and Cultural minorities; 1985

4. What is the political risk, and how does it affect international business?

GHANA, POLITICAL RISK, AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS THEORIES

According to Investopedia, Political risk is defined as "the risk that investment returns could suffer due to political changes or instability in a country." Ghana is a country that has survived different military governments, just like the neighboring countries. Ghana has become a political frontier in African democracy. It has been able to institute a controlled government that is checked and well balanced. It is essential to understand how Ghana's government has transitioned since its independence in 1957 till now. In the words of Alexis de Tocqueville, the French political thinker, Democracy and socialism have nothing in common but one word, equality. But notice the difference: while democracy seeks equality in liberty, socialism seeks equality in restraint and servitude."

Historical and Political Timeline

To understand the influence of democracy on the nation's economic growth, it is important to understand its economic and political aspects. Dr. Kwame Nkrumah became the prime minister on March 6, 1957, and later became the President on July 1, 1960. As the President of the Republic of Ghana and the leader of the Convention People's Party, Kwame Nkrumah wanted to organize a government that models after the western-style parliamentary, which later became a one-party government.

Kwame Nkrumah initiated social programs to improve the economic and social development in Ghana. Due to his strong Pan-African background, which he had been influenced by in the United States, Nkrumah wanted to work towards having the United States of Africa that would compete with the western power. The infighting within the Convention People's party had promulgated corruption in Nkrumah's government. It decapitated his idea of properly executing his social programs and social reforms to expedite Ghana's economic development.

For example, the colonial presence in Africa has not contributed to Africa's progress in any way but has only left Africa under-developed and continuously dependent on its colonialist countries. In an article, Maldevelopment- anatomy of a global failure, Samir Amir analyzes Frantz fanon theories of how Europe and the world economic powers have underdeveloped Africa and how Africa can free itself from these predicaments. Samir mentioned how the African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group of States (A.C.P. Group) and European Economic Community (E.E.C.) have resulted in a European neo-imperialism in Africa and how decisions being made have become more beneficial to Europe than it's helpful to Africa. Africa's financial system has been much dependent on Europe, especially the Franco-phonic African countries.

Conflict Theory Perspective

Those who support the Conflict theories, Bhagwati, Huntington, do describe democracy and economic growth as competing concerns. Theorist Bhagwati puts it as "the political economy of developments poses a cruel choice between rapid (self-sustained expansion) which highlights expansion and the democratic process (Haan, K, & Siermann 1996). Bhagwati further stated that it would require an authoritarian regime that suppresses basic civil and political rights to have stable economic growth. In Ghana's case, Bhagwati would argue that Ghana was in a better economic state during the authoritarian regime of the 1960s and 1970s than it is now under a democratically elected government (Haan, K, & Siermann 1996). Another prominent "Conflict" theorists, Huntington, explains further that developing countries' political institutions are very weak and fragile. Hungtington would argue that a country like Ghana that had survived many years of imperialism and suddenly gains independence can not suddenly rebuild a perpetually incongruent economy to a vital economic force through a nonaligned democratic state. The democratic process usually overburdens economic growth and makes it a lot more complicated.

The Comparability Theory Perspective

Theorists, who share the comparability perception, argue that democracy works as long as the market works. Rather than democracy influencing the market, it is the market that is affecting democracy. Comparative theorist like Wittman argues that "democracy interest groups are competing for the rents and each is maximizing the net difference between benefits from policy measures taken and the costs of lobbying which leads to an inefficient equilibrium both because lobbying are wasteful and because the transfer of income that results from group pressures cause deadweight losses (Haan, K, & Siermann 1996). The proponents of comparability are more concerned about how the democratic government is best suited to foster sustained equitable economic development. The argument could not be made that authoritarian regimes are more effective in promoting a more robust economy than democracy, or can it be made otherwise.

The economic force stands on its own and probably has more influence on the government's government type of economy. Comparative theorists would argue that Ghana's economy is growing because Ghana's democratic process has sustained its economic growth. Democracy in Ghana has provided checks and balances that have fostered accountability and regulated corruption within the country. Some comparatives theories also argue that a democratic government in Ghana is better than any other type of government that could have been established at any time. Democracy entrenches economic Freedom.

The Skeptical Theory Perspective

The third perspective is the skeptical view that doubts if there is any correlation between democracy and economic development. In the skeptic world, politics alone matters very little (Haan, K, & Siermann, 1996). The more critical aspect of the political element has more to do with the kind of pursued policies. Recently vast revenue of oil has been discovered in Ghana. The economic growth would be influenced more by the economic factors and how it has been maintained irrespective of the government system currently in place in Ghana.

The term "Development" in Introspect

The economic progress in parallel to the growth of Democracy in Ghana had begun in the late 1980s. There has been a consistency of power supply, water supply, and the population of people connected to the electricity grid had multiplied over the year. Most empirical and theoretical papers usually conclude that governments generally invest more where most of their supporters live. When the N.D.C. was in power from 1999 to 2000, the districts that voted for the opposition received more public goods. The idea of favoring constituents that favor the opposition party is to select the opposition party. As comparative theorist Wittman stated, the democratic government helps foster economic sustenance through checks and balances.

Ghana's democracy has dramatically improved from where it was in the 1970s and its economy. Irrespective of what angle of theorist agrees with, neither the conflict theorists who share Huntington approach that Ghana was in a better state under the authoritarian government or the comparative theorists who argue that democracy has a role to play in the economic development of any country or the skeptics, who not see any connection between the political system and the economic growth. Ghana's democracy has a correlating impact on growing international businesses in Ghana. The skeptics would probably conclude that economic forces drive the economic developments, and political parties drive political results. Also, the term development is very ambiguous in the definition of what standard is being used to understand a nation's economic growth like Ghana. If Ghana is compared to Malaysia or Western countries, its development would be undermined, and individual factors, including imperialism and neo-colonialism, would also be overlooked. Ghana is only fifty-four years old, and it still has a lot to accomplish as a young nation.

Bibliography

Andreasson, S. (2005, September). Orientalism and African Development Studies: the 'reductive repetition' motif in theories of African underdevelopment. Third World Quarterly, 26(6), 971-986.

http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=17691667&site=ehost-live

Beitz, C, R. Economic Rights and Distributive Justice in Developing Societies World Politics, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Apr. 1981), pp. 321-346. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-8871%28198104%2933%3A3%3C321%3AERADJI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-2

Chua, A. "A world on Edge, World on How Exporting Fire: Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability" Doubleday; Yale. 2002.

Fanon, F. Speech at the Congress of Black African Writers, 1959 Wretched of the Earth - Reciprocal Bases of National Culture and the Fight for Freedom. http://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/fanon/national-culture.htm

Goulet, D. "Development Ethics at Work Explorations (1960-2002)" Wikipedia; 2006

Haan, K, & Siermann C. L. J. New Evidence on the Relationship between Democracy and Economic Growth. Public Choice: Vol. 86, 179-198; Jan. 96

Harris, K. (2005, September). STILL RELEVANT: CLAUDE AKE'S CHALLENGE TO MAINSTREAM DISCOURSE ON AFRICAN POLITICS AND DEVELOPMENT. Journal of Third World Studies, 22(2), 73-88. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=19221352&site=ehost-live

5. Why do countries with high G.N.I. and G.D.P. are attractive for foreign investment?

UNITED STATES AND COLOMBIA

The United States is very interested in Colombia because of its growing gross domestic product. Columbia is the 5th largest economy in South America, with a G.D.P. of $427 billion in 2015. Both President Barrack Obama and vice-president-elect Biden have shown a great interest in the situation of Colombia. Vice-president elects Biden has proposed that the United States Congress cut aid to Colombia and turn over to the Colombian operation of vital military aviation units (The Associated Press). President Bush has previously opposed the reduction of aid to Colombia and also opposed the bill proposed by Nancy Pelosi but all to no avail. The outgoing President vehemently warns of the cut for assistance on U.S.-Colombia relations (Palmers). President Obama would have to strengthen the United States-Colombia free trade agreement that was an an-ongoing contract for the Bush presidency until September 11. This trade agreement could be an extension of revisiting the North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement by Obama's presidency to remake the United States image in Latin-America (Castaneda). Sustenance of this relationship would be much determined by Obama's presidency, who's Republican Party have not been too lenient in supporting Colombia. China's rapid growth as a trade giant has increased outsourcing to Latin America, including Colombia, one of the United States contenders in the region. The U.S-Colombia relationship has led to the rapid growth of Colombian immigrants in the United States, with most New York, Florida, and California. In 1999, Colombia became the third largest country that benefits from United States security aid after Israel and Egypt.

Furthermore, the United States military-industrial complex has strong ties to Alvaro Uribe's government in supplying military weapons to destroy the militant groups in Colombia. The Bush administration has dramatically strengthened the relationship between it's his regime and that of Colombia. Just like the Israel lobbyist groups, Colombia has also been supported by powerful lobby groups. These lobbyists group have been encouraged by the outright support of Republican members, including President Bush and Republican minority leader John Boehner. The Colombian federal Army's first counternarcotics Brigade, Anti-Narcotics Directorate (DIRAN), has become one of the most potent and well-organized forces in Latin America (United States Department of State). For Obama's presidency, the United States Office on Colombia outlined some reports for Colombia's effective Policy.

1. Obama's presidency should use U.S. Aid and leverage for Human Rights and the Rule of Law. The United States has to use its diplomacy and aid to make sure that Colombia addresses the human rights issue in its country and destabilizes organizations with a long history of abusing human rights. The Colombian judicial system is to be strengthened as the principal rule of law.

2. The U.S. has to support the overtures for peace actively. The United States has become sensitive and mandate vacation to the countryside population whereby war is without end and continuously bankrolled.

3. The continuous expansion of the civilian government presence in the countryside. Lawlessness, poverty, and inequality are always the root of conflicts; the military juntas' prevalence would only exacerbate the war in that region.

4. The rights of the internally displaced persons and refugees have to be protected. The dismantlement of the paramilitary would significantly resolve the humanitarian crisis in Colombia.

5. The rights of the Afro-Colombian and Indigenous communities have to be protected. Colombia has to be inhibited from carrying out racist policies in the earlier century by its neighboring countries Argentina and Chile. The United States has to pay special attention to promoting ethnic minority groups in Colombia and protecting their lands from being displaced.

6. The United States has to ensure that the trade policy supports but not undermines policy goals towards Colombia. The labor rights are inferior in Colombia, which is due for some advancement. United States must ensure that its trade agreement does not undermine U.S. policy goals, such as reducing the farmer's dependence on coca and ending the conflict.

7. The United States needs to increase its serious alarm on drug control. There has to be a cut down on the use of narcotics, and the United States should lament more on alternative development designed with affected communities. The U.S. has to counter violent traffickers and track down money laundering. Access to a higher quality of drug treatment in the United States would significantly reduce Colombia's dependency on the drug trade.

Eric Holder was part of a $655 million fruit giant corporation know as Chiquita Brand. For years now, the Chiquita brand has been involved in the secretly paid off death squads A.U.C. (United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia) in Colombia. Chiquita group has sponsored A.U.C. with over $1.7 million who destroyed unions, terrorize workers, and killed thousands of civilians. United States has labeled A.U.C. as a terrorist organization. For this reason, Chiquita was charged in March with engaging in transactions with terrorists. Chiquita was arrested and fined almost $25 million. There was a statement made by Adam Isacson, director of the Colombia program at the Center for International Policy, in Washington, which says, "While the A.U.C. was murdering thousands of Colombians, "to our knowledge, the paramilitaries never touched a hair on the head of a U.S. citizen or company" (Undernews).

According to the U.S. government, the unresolved dissolution of terrorist groups, like the FARC, is a continuous threat to the government's stability in Colombia. These drug policies have successfully reduced the corrupt trade of narcotics by Colombian forces and reduced paramilitary forces in Colombia. Colombia is also an excellent asset for the United States to amend its strong relationship with South America, despite the constant propaganda by Hugo Chavez of Venezuela and Eva Morales of Bolivia against United States policies. The continuous connection between the United States and Colombia would be significantly affected by the current change in the United States presidency from republican to democratic. The republicans have always been a supporter of increasing aid to Colombia to combat the terrorist organizations. In contrast, the Democrats have always advocated for reducing Colombia's support until its government works in lowering the kidnapping and crimes committed by these terrorist organizations.

Work Cited Page

B.B.C. Expulsions stoke US-LatAm dispute, British; September 12, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7612778.stm

Goldiner, D. Hostages released by the Colombian military, Daily News/U.S. World News; July 2, 2008

Human Rights Watch. U.S.: Delay Colombia Trade Vote, Washington DC; April 10, 2008. http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/04/10/colomb18503.htm

MacEoin, G. NO PEACEFUL WAY: Chile's struggle for Dignity ., Sheed and Ward, I.N.C.; 1974

Palmer, D. U.S. House votes to delay Colombia trade pact, Reuters Ed. Eric Beech; April 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN10360664

The Associated Press. "Colombia Aid Failed to Halve Drug making; Report Finds," New York Times (A10); Nov.6, 2008

Undernews. "Eric Holder, Chiquita & The Colombian Death Squads." Portfolio of Kevin Gray, 2007; November 20, 2008

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Is the immigrant experience in the U.S. different from France? If so, why?

INTRODUCTION

The United States and France have shared a similar history relative to their openness to immigrants. With shared history, culture, and enlightenment experience, there are still normative differences that make one country more unique than the other in immigration. The exceptionalism of the immigrant experience could be visible through both nations' various policies and ethnic immigration. The immigrant experience involves the rapid process of assimilation of the immigrants. The paper is focused on how immigrants in the United States are different from France and why? France is known to have provided enlightenment thinkers that have greatly influenced modern civilization. France is the land that proclaims Liberte, Egalite, and fraternity (Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity) as its motto to commemorate United States life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. The term fraternity itself could be the pathological ideology behind the French's very constricted nationalistic approach to immigrants. The "Pursuit of happiness" could also define how immigrants have been currently shaped in America through history. As defined by Eric Bogle, America is "the land of the free, home of the brave and a city upon the hill," and France is known as "the No Man's land." The free land emphasizes the United States' individualistic culture, whereby any immigrant is born with inalienable rights for liberty and freedom. As a "No Man's land," France represents how France has a long history of having descendants from different groups worldwide, Arabs, Blacks, and Europeans. It's very open immigration policies. France has always had an opening system to immigrants, especially to the Maghreb (those of Algerian ancestry), but it has not been very welcoming in its assimilation process. The United States and France both have almost similar attitudes towards immigrants by 62% on seeing immigration as a good thing (Kohut & Stokes 153). The exceptionalism of both France and the United States could be significantly identified in their immigrants' experience.

Furthermore, the United States is very rich in cultural diversity. The United States is a country founded by immigrants who sailed England's shores to the United States to escape unemployment and suppression to a free world. The U.S. is a land of a greener pasture and beacon for immigrants since its foundation, and the same immigration culture has continued to make its impact in the present time. It is comprised of people from different backgrounds. The United States could be defined as a nation that has been greatly influenced by immigrants from other nations. It is a country that values pride in its immigrant history and democratic principles. The United States has people of diverse ancestries with unique immigrants' experiences. The immigrant experience has gradually shaped the American experience. There has also been a historical influence of France on the United States. Louisiana, for example, promotes the use of English and French. This explains the unique culture of the United States and shared history with France. The United States is more populated than France due to the rapid growth of immigration from different countries. The rapid growth of immigration in France cannot match the large population of immigrants in the United States. The larger size of immigrants in the United States has made the United States more exceptional than France. In a country like the United States with such a large population, immigrants have arrived and melted into the United States culture. Immigrants assimilate firstly by learning the language of their new country. English is the nationally standardized language in the United States. Twelve percent of United States populations are Spanish speakers. New Mexico and California encourage both English and Spanish, while Louisiana promotes English and French; Hawaiian and English are two official languages of Hawaii. 216.2 million Americans speak English, Spanish is 32.2 million, Chinese is spoken by 2.3 million, French by 1.9 million, German 1.1 million, and other languages spoken by different ethnicities from other nations living in the United States. The foreign-language speakers' census exemplifies American society's uniqueness in tolerating other languages without becoming a barrier to the standardized language of the United States. It reflects the United States immigrant past and multiculturalism of the present. This diversity has made the United States unquestionably exceptional in comparison to other nations around the world. The United States has a population of 305 000,000 with a landmass of almost a continent's size. No other country can account for the large population of such diversity. The United States has been known as an immigrant nation because of the historical influx of immigrants from various backgrounds. Compared with the United States, France has a population of 64 000 000, according to a 2008 estimate; slightly less than twice the size of Colorado. France cannot amount to the level of the United States in geography and immigration. These differences would broadly measure the polarity of assimilation of both countries. United States' large landmass and immigrants' flexibility to live anywhere would have made immigrant assimilation less of a concern than France with a small continent. France is still struggling to control its population growth by reducing birth rates and immigration to sustain its landmass and resources available. The United States does not work much with such concerns.

Furthermore, Tocqueville mentioned that democracy was a balance between equality and liberty. The balance is what makes up the republic of the United States. In a republic, there should be a democracy whereby individuals have the right to express themselves. Tocqueville also stated that the material causes…which can foster wellbeing, are more numerous in America than in any other country in the world at any time in history." There is no limitation to the United States sustenance of immigrants due to the limitless availability of land. "While the Europeans emigrant, arriving without friends and often without resources. "

Two significant factors would be taken into consideration in determining the assimilation of immigrants in both countries. One aspect is the culture, and the other element would be education.

CULTURE

In understanding assimilation, a social scientist, Emile Durkheim, noted in 1893 that individuals are always torn between having loyalty to their native land and pledging allegiance to represent hope and future. The immigrants assimilate into the United States culture by absorbing the culture and still retain their original identity, depending on the generation. This has added to the United States' diversity without actually ascribing the United States to one mundane culture. United States exceptionalism is so broad that it cannot be compacted into a single definition. Exceptionalism is a state of extra-ordinariness which has always described America's world, from the intellectual perspective or just through mere observation. The United States is an individual immigrant nation whereby different groups usually assimilate individually and later come in mass and impact the United States with their culture. "United States has found a middle version, less like the melting pot than a soup with many ingredients, enriching the basic stock and replete with delectable solid tidbits, old and new" (Levine, 2004 pg. 2).

There is no universally accepted process of assimilation. But most Immigrants like the Irish, Jews, Italians and Hispanics, and Asians could be a case study of rapid immigration in the United States. Most immigrants usually come individually and assimilate into the culture more quickly due to demands and the necessity for survival and acceptance. The following immigrants following the individual immigrants in the United States come in mass. As the population grows, they develop a community for themselves in the cities like Boston, New York, and California, mostly due to lack of acceptance by the mainstream Americans. These immigrants usually enter the broader economy through public jobs, like becoming policemen or run for public offices. The one exceptional group during colonial times was the Germans. Germans have greatly influenced places like Texas and Pennsylvania that it could reflect in their dialects. One of the American Revolutionists, Benjamin Franklin, was also skeptical that Pennsylvania would soon become a German colony due to the enormous influence. German hostility increased after the United States' entrance to World War I (Levine, 2004, pg. 3). The Irish have gone through similar assimilation into American culture.

The majority of the Irish had to leave their homelands due to the Irish potato famine of 1845. They were very different from the mainstream Anglo-Saxon Americas who had been in the United States a century earlier. The Irish were English speakers but looked very different and spoke differently and also mostly Catholics. They experienced discrimination from the Ku Klux Klan and the Anglo-Saxons because of their unique differences. They established themselves in Boston places and got public jobs like policemen, and in 1905, John "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald (John f. Kennedy's grandfather) became the first Irish mayor of Boston. This signified the rapid inclusion of Irish-Americans into national politics. This much-made way for the normalization of Irish descents in American culture with America's culture becoming partly Irish. By 1928, Governor Al Smith of New York became the first fully Irish-American to run for president's democratic nomination, which he lost to President Herbert Hoover in the general election. The same similar assimilation has been experienced by the Germans, Italians, and Jews and would also happen to Mexican-Americans' normalization into American culture. Many Irish-Americans have intermarried of many with other groups.

Italians and Jews almost have a similar experience in population and period of immigration into the United States. The earliest Jews have first arrived in the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam in the 17th century through the early 19th century from Germany. The majority of Jews settled in Michigan and New York and mostly became very rich assimilated more rapidly. By the early 1880s, the oppression in the old Soviet Union (including Poland, Lithuania, and Belarus) has forced many more have immigrated in mass to the United States. By 1925, the United States already accounted for over 4.5 million Jews out of the U.S 1920 population census of 106 million. Immigration acts also play a role in slowing the assimilation process. The Immigration Act of 1924 placed restrictions on those whose national origin is other than Northwestern Europe, which affected the assimilation of the Jews. What aided the assimilation of Jews in the United States was the Holocaust in Germany. The rapid acceptance of the Jews was due to sympathy with Jews and the United States' close relationship with Israel. Holocaust quickened the assimilation of the Jews. 1974, New York City produced its first-ever mayor of Jewish background, Abe Beame. This assimilation pattern continued to impact the Italians, whose immigrant experience is very similar to that of the Mexicans. Most Italians of the early 1900s immigrated to the United States from the South of Italy (Naples, Calabria, and Sicily) due to economic hardship and southern Mezzogiorno. Just like Mexicans, the majority were mostly peasants and developed neighborhoods in U.S. cities. The Jews also laid a foundation for the Italians' assimilation because the Jews organized unions and mafias that were also common among the Italian communities. New York also had its first Italian-American mayor, Fiorello LaGuardia. There was a growth in the Italians' influence on American culture, which is known as the Italianization of America. According to Robert A. Levine, Mexicans have also followed similar assimilation trends as the Italians. They would soon integrate into American culture just like other groups from the past by shaping the United States with its culture. Like the Vietnamese-Americans, Cuban-Americans are mostly anti-communist and middle-class business people who had escaped their country's political regime. Other Hispanics, like Mexicans, are above the average for poverty and below for higher earnings. The average wages for Hispanics are $35 000 Hispanics. Mexican Americans have also followed the same trend as other immigrants by catching up with other groups by having rapidly growing senators and representatives in congress's house.

Samuel P. Huntington strongly disagreed that Mexicans have assimilated into American culture. Huntington stated that Mexican-Americans are remaking the American culture and dividing it into two different homes. Millions of immigrants are attracted to the culture, economic opportunities, and political liberties the country provides. Huntington further stated that the United States wouldn't have been the country it is now if it had been settled by the French or Spaniard, like Quebec's. The United States generalizes immigration without distinguishing among them and has them benefit from the immigration policies without considering the social and cultural consequences. The question has always been if the United States would retain its Anglo-Saxon influence with the flood of immigrants from Latin-America. The rapid growth of Hispanics would create the need for the incentive for them to learn English. Huntington stated, "The persistent inflow of Hispanic immigrants threatens to divide the United States into two peoples, two cultures, and two languages. There are changes in the U.S. racial balance which underlie the concerns that Non-Hispanics whites' population had dropped from 75.6 percent of the people in 1990 to 69.1 percent in 2000. For example, in California, Hawaii, New Mexico, and the District of Columbia, non-Hispanic whites have become minorities in these areas. As predicted by the demographers that by 2040, non-Hispanic whites could become a minority of all Americans. The economic increase of Miami, led by the early Cuban immigrants, made the city of attraction to Latin American and Caribbean countries. The majority of Cubans in Florida are successful because they are trying to start a dramatic economic Unlike past immigrant groups, Mexicans and other Latinos have not assimilated into mainstream American culture, forming their political land linguistic enclaves-from Los Angeles to Miami instead ---and rejecting the Anglo-Protestant values that built the American dream.

The fear of having a nation divided by languages, as described by Huntington regarding Mexicans in the United States, is also a similar contention in France. The main difference between the United States and France lies in numbers. France absorbs individuals into traditional culture until the massive immigration of North Africans, which had not adjusted its society. France has been the European country that has been the most open to immigration but very peculiar to the assimilation of the immigrants. The majority of immigrants in France are from former French colonies. What has created the discourse between the French North Africans known as the Maghreb and the French has more to do with religion. France finds it hard to assimilate its immigrant because they hold on firmly to their religious and cultural practice. In 1962, President Charles de Gaulle ended the eight years of bitter civil war in Algeria by withdrawing French troops and recognizing Algeria as an independent country. Like the immigrants in the United States, the Muslims also immigrate to France and have their communities. Many maghrebians are not seen as French but rather as North African Arab (Levine, 2004 pg. 13-15).

In contrast to the United States, the Muslims still pass their faith to their children and have some traditional practices, like genital mutilation, which is seen as not part of French culture. France tries to promote a secular state but finds it hard to contain the Muslims who have refused to trade their faiths for a secular state. Unlike the United States, France does not have an affirmative action whereby every group is being represented. The majority of Muslims have their settlement in Northeast Paris, much of Marseilles, and in the inner suburban rings. There are few immigrant descents in French politics, and most Muslims do not show any interest in it. An extreme anti-Muslim catholic group predicted that the Muslim population would overtake the native French European population after 2020. France might not follow the United States pattern of assimilation, whereby the immigrants involve themselves in national politics and become accepted as usual. A Senegalese French made this statement "I was born in Senegal when it was part of France. I speak French, my wife is French, and I was educated in France. But the French don't think I'm French." (Deaux 91). The French have been very insistent on French nationalism and separating religion from politics.

Societal culture also has a significant influence on the immigrants' integration into society. It could also be that the United States has become a new frontier for immigrants of diverse groups. Our country's shores have been a border of openness to those outside to become part of the American experience. I would like to know more if our individualistic culture has opened us up to people from everywhere. I can explain any better than the new status of the newly-elected United States president, Barack Obama. Obama, a Kenyan father, and American mother, also commented that America is a place where anything is possible, and goals could be achieved. Levine mentioned how immigrants like the Irish, Jews, Italians, and Mexicans had used political platforms to get acceptance. There is no culture with so much polarity whereby a person like Obama could be elected can only happen in the United States. African-Americans have immigrated here forcefully during the early 1800s. Still, the election of Barrack Obama might also evolve the full acceptance of blacks in America and reduce the racial barriers that have been in the nation for centuries. France has not been culturally polarized to the extent of having someone like Obama in power. French's president Nicolas Sarkozy is also of immigrant origin, with his father being Hungarian. Maybe Sarkozy and Obama draw the line between democratic and liberal views that both France and the United States share. There are cultural differences that are still needed to be dissected on immigrant integration in France. It is easy to get by without integration in the United States, but it might make a person's living unbearable in France's culture of intense nationalism. In the United States, we have an Austrian-born Arnold Schwarzenegger as a state governor of a powerful state like California, but could that be achieved in France? We have tons of first-generation and second-generation Americans who have risen to the position of leadership. Could that ever happen in France? Or maybe France is still in the metaphase stage of U.S. individualistic culture. Different groups have been more favored in assimilation, Poles in comparison with Africans in France.

Women have also had a good integration than men in France. Cultures also involve the United States' social welfare and how it has impacted how different groups have survived in the United States. France has a large welfare state that provides to immigrants. The welfare states in France are more concentrated on the elderly by providing the best health care. There is more acceptance of the French way of life by elderly immigrants who have immigrated to France in the early 1960s than the young people who are just arriving. The French are running out of programs for young people, and there is an increase in joblessness. This creates a significant disparity between the elderly and the young people in France. With the massive welfare state, France is still partial in its welfare by caring for those who have been more assimilated than those who haven't, and then they only have access to a few French resources. This situation increases the crime rate among immigrants and children of the immigrant group in France due to little consideration. The United States has been very successful in providing welfare to immigrants and assimilating into American culture. The Puerto Ricans make up over 1.4 million people in the United States, and most of them have migrated from the slums of Puerto Rico to live in ghettos of the United States. The country has not decided to break away from the United States due to its benefits and freedom to retain their cultural roots and still have the same benefits as other Americans (Levine, pg 15, 2004).

The United States is a country surrounded by free speech, whereby immigrants could express themselves. The Jewish-Americans were able to mobilize and empower themselves through unions before Italians joined as a shield to protect themselves from abuses. The term national identity requires people to identify with something. Post 9/11 changed the United States policy towards immigrants. There more restriction on the naturalization of people of a specific origin. People of particular origin are getting more racially profiled because of their looks and religion. This is a statement by a Bangladeshi-American, Anika Rahman, in 2001, "I became a United States citizen four years ago because of my long love affair with New York…..I am a Bangladeshi woman, and my last name is Rahman, a Muslim name……before last week, I have thought of myself as a lawyer, a feminist, a wife, a sister, a friend, a woman on the street. Now I begin to see myself as a brown woman who bears a vague resemblance to the images of terrorists we have seen on television……As I become identified as someone outside the New York community, I feel myself losing the powers to define myself" (Deaux 91). September 11 has dramatically impacted the way Muslims identify themselves in the United States. Their experiences after 9/11 almost became critical like that of those in France. Muslims' experience in America is more of an immediate experience due to an occurrence rather than a long-term unacceptance by society like that of France. The United States might not have been exceptional in applying assimilation to immigrants, but the United States is outstanding in most immigrants' American experiences.

EDUCATION

The experiences of immigrants significantly differ. In the 1990s, the French began to use the republican model to assimilate immigrants into French society through the state institutions (Zanten). The republican model was a way to institute immigrants into French history and culture. The republican model has failed significantly because most immigrants, especially the Maghreb, attend mostly traditional segregated schools. The separated schooling has divided France into two worlds. Assimilation is more of a "must" kind integration than the United States process whereby, being American is being learned in school but not forced on them. Robert Levine mentioned the inability to integrate into the educational system due to France's new exposure to such a large population of immigrants at the same time. France values its classical principle. French ideas and philosophies are being introduced in French schools to accommodate immigrants into an identity of being French. Assimilating into the French culture could define how far an individual would be able to incorporate. In relevance to the class, the notion of citizenship and identity is much shaped in different ways. The nation-building of the United States has developed through these significant measures of immigration, and so on. United States' experience of this ruggedness culture of assimilation also shapes new immigrants' identity in understanding how society works.

In the 1960s, the French had adopted the Jacobin style of immigration, which immigrants claim is forceful assimilation. The majority of immigrants have not started immigrating in mass. Jacobin was the confusion of the cultural and the political as a reason why foreigners couldn't maintain their original identity in France. There is still a level of respect maintained for the local groups in the United States, facilitating organizing community-based cultures. In the United States, assimilation comes freely. By the first generation, an immigrant in the United States still has strong cultural ties to ethnicity. By the second generation, there is already smooth assimilation and speaks fluent English but is always influenced by the parents' origin. By the third generation, the assimilation process is already completed. Assimilation could be seen as an act of more or less voluntaristic government measures (Noiriel 266-267).

Tocqueville emphasized how education has much shaped the United States' way of thinking. The United States has become a new extension of the frontier movement. The United States and France share a lot of commonalities in the declaration of independence and enlightenment influence. With significant similarities, it could still be argued that there is always a substantial prevalence of differences in their immigrants' experiences. France is currently experiencing the rapid growth of immigrants in urban centers. The recent racial and religious tensions in France have created hysteria among immigrants. The struggle to contain Muslim women who continued to wear their head-starves in French schools has caused a sense of xenophobia in the French population. It is widespread to see French people of the second generation, born in France, who still firmly upholds their foreign parents' cultural elements. In 2004, France government proposed to ban Islamic headscarves in French state schools, which provoked international scrutiny. Most Islamic states saw it as an attack on Islam and disregard the French educational system's secular government. Multicultural issues had become a great debate among the French and the Americans. Before Vietnam was, the United States was following the same system believing that everyone has assimilated into American society until the United States became more liberal after the Vietnam war (Pfaff, 2004).

There is a high rate of joblessness among the immigrant youths in France, which could explain their rebellion against the French way of life to stick to an identity that they feel more accepted. On the other side, the availability of education for all citizens has made the United States the envy of the world at large. Knowledge has accelerated the integration of immigrants in the United States. The immigrants have learned the United States way of life.

Republican model

Schooling Immigrants in France in the 1990s: Success or Failure of the Republican Model of integration (Agnes Van Zanten). Immigrants' perception and treatment in French society have been strongly influenced by an ideology of integration known as the Republican model (Nos centers, les Gaulles). This model relies on state institutions and particularly on schools for its transmission. The schooling of immigrants was analyzed in the 1990s, revealed that the enforcement of this model is still producing the desired manifestation of assimilating into the culture. The model has not lived to its ideological concept, and an alternative model known as neoliberal ones might progressively play a central role. Republicanism is a Universalist value being spreads through the school system. An intellectualist, Andre Siegfried, actually claimed that it takes three generations for integration in the United States. Simultaneously, assimilation is more difficult due to the old rigid , "completed" France nation, but there is only a little difference between France and the United States. More neo-liberal approaches have been made in substituting the republican model of France. One of the liberal principles put in place in France was the incorporation of two significant innovations. The first innovation is that children born in France of foreigners born abroad would become French citizens upon reaching adulthood. Children born in France to parents of non-French origin would be automatically considered French without any possibility of accepting or declining, known as "Double jus soli." The National code was to distinguish a "national" from a "foreigner," which abolished the intermediate category of being semi-French and semi-foreign. Educational assimilation is more complicated in France because of the intense loyalty most of these immigrants have for their religion. With every attempt to not recognize religion, France continued to battle with women wearing their head scarfs to school and having practices that oppose western and French behavior.

In conclusion, William Pfaff stated that "The universal assumption of Americans has always been that immigrants came to the United States to become (or see their children become) culturally assimilated Americans. Americans took for granted that assimilation was essential to national unity…. The French position has always been that nationality is indifferent to race or origin but is cultural and be acquired. It has been the European country most open to immigration but the most insistent on assimilation. The new immigrants in the United States differ from the old in that they more closely represent in the United States on the term of demographics and socio-economic characteristics. The class has become more of a factor in the United States assimilation than ethnicity. Those who are well-off are sent to good schools that are beneficial to them. Huntington projected that the rapid growth of Mexican–Americans in the United States would remake America to look like that of Quebec or create future internal conflict like France. By comparing the immigration of the Irish, Italians and Jews to be very similar to that of the Mexicans, Levine replied. Andre Siegfried stated his theory that United States assimilation is based on three steps, the first generation which includes those from the original country, second-generation which include those who have well integrated into the American culture but still greatly influenced by their parents, then by the third generation, they are already fully assimilated. There is also the republican model, which is supposed to be a faster way for the France government to integrate

. Foreigners into French society through education. This has failed dramatically, which has led to joblessness and cleaves to their communities and dissociating themselves from French company at large. This has not helped France's assimilation process, and the future doesn't look like this would resolve shortly for the French until they begin to apply affirmative action's to their policies.

Bibliography

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Donald L.Hprowitz. "Immigration and Group Relations in France and America" Blackwell Publishers Inc, Malden, Massachusetts; 1998.

Friedman, Jane." Immigration and insecurity in France."

Huntington, Samuel P., "The Hispanic Challenge," Foreign Policy, March/April 2004.

Kohut A. & Stokes B. America against the World, Henry Holt, and Company Publishers, New York, NY; 2006.

Levine. R. A. Assimilating Immigrants- Why America and France Cannot; July 2004

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