begoodblog-blog

[begoodblog-blog]

HW6case, Q3

My Answers to HW6case, Q3

Q3. Write up your case on your blog with the following subheadings:

“The facts of the case.” Here is where you describe the case in your own words.

“My conclusions.” Your conclusions and opinions about the case. Be sure to explain and justify what you write. 3 sentences of average length or more.

“Analysis.” Examine the case in terms of the questions and/or discussion.

“Conclusions.”

“Future environment.” Describe your vision of a future in which technology is more advanced than today, or society has changed in some significant way.

“Future scenario.” Describe how this ethical case (or an analogous one) would or should play out in the environment of the future, and give your opinions about it.

Answer:

The facts of the case. Collaborative and embedded ethics: Integration of ethics in research projects and the principles and practice of responsible research and innovation.

The existing approaches to healthcare robotics are interesting and valuable but arguably not sufficient to make a material and substantial difference to the design, use and societal consequences of healthcare technologies such as care robots, we use this section to explore alternative ways of understanding, highlighting and implementing ethical aspects.

Analysis. The consequentialist approach suggests in this case method recognizes that evaluating the ethical and social consequences of technology is not a marginal and additional task which can be outsourced to philosophers and social scientists, but is essential to the quality of the project and is a collaborative task in which engineers and scientists play a key role. The deontological approach seems to imply that that instead of reflecting on ethical issues at a distance, it is possible to make ethics part of technological innovation projects and programmes which differs from the consequentialist approach in that the idea is here to collaborate with developers of the technology rather than to write about what they do and what they should do but is similar in that such collaboration takes the form of an ongoing dialogue about ethics during the research project — with all researchers involved in it. A Humean analysis indicates that the importance of this direct interaction between science, research and society to develop sensitivity towards ethical issues within projects has been recognised for some time which seems similar to the consequentialist approach in terms of its idea but different in that approach. It also compares to the deontological approach in consequentialist and deontologist but slightly different. I feel that the consequentialist approach works best in this case because deontologist, and that the humean approach seems to give the odd result initially, however, this immediate integration of broader concerns into research projects was prominently achieved during the Human Genome Project, and it embedded ethics in research projects.

Conclusions. Ethical issues related to healthcare robotics by summarizing the main points of the debate. We have also argued that the present discussion has limitations when it comes to changing and engaging more directly with research and innovation (and healthcare) practices. We first offered a way of bridging the gap between ethics and research/innovation in this area by embedding ethics in research projects, constituting possibilities for “internal” dialogue. We then proposed Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) as a way to extend participatory processes to dialogue with “external” parties and to deal with (other) issues not addressed by the former methods and approaches. We introduced the concept of RRI in ICT and outlined the framework of scaffolding questions that was developed to realize RRI. Using the framework, we identified where the current discourse on the ethics of healthcare robotics contributes to RRI and which areas need further development. We used this as a basis to suggest some policy advice to steer research policy in ways that would encourage RRI.

We realize that what we propose is not without problems. We are not suggesting that RRI will be simple, straightforward or linear. There are often different and sometimes contradictory interests at play, for example in cases where industry wants to sell robots but researchers have other aims, such as publishing their findings. RRI is not a panacea that will make conflicting interests disappear. However, we do believe that it can help surface and identify problems and provide the basis for a more intelligent discussion of options and possible solutions.

Future Environment. To embed research ethics in technological projects and by drawing on the literature on responsible research and innovation (RRI), in particular insofar as it pertains to ICT. These options represent what one could call “internal” and “external” forms of rendering technological development more dialogical, and should ideally be combined.

There have also been various normative and theoretical approaches to ethics of healthcare robotics, ranging from Kantian ethics and utilitarianism to phenomenology, critical theory, and ethics of care.

Each of these approaches has helped to highlight different but often converging moral sensitivities in this area, and sometimes they have also contributed to a better understanding of current healthcare practices, which is vital if we want to think about a better healthcare future. More generally, ethics of robotics and philosophy of robotics is a growing area of research and scholarship which attracts excellent people from various academic backgrounds, and is consolidating itself into a solid (sub)field of its own, even if it remains firmly connected to computer ethics, philosophy of technology, and related areas.

Future scenario. To explored what this might mean for the field of healthcare robotics. We propose more dialogical ways of doing ethics of healthcare robotics, involving both internal and external forms of dialogue. This does not mean that we should stop doing conceptual work, speculation, writing scenarios, etc. or that purely technical research has no place.

Such conceptual and technical work is a key component without which Responsive RI cannot be effective. However, what it does mean is that other methods such as collaborative, embedded ethics should be added to render ethics of healthcare technologies, including ethics of healthcare robotics, more relevant to research and technological development. The vista of RRI is to render research and innovation activities more socially responsible, participatory and democratic. This is likely to require technical and scientific expertise to be mixed with the reflection on ethical and societal issues by philosophers and social scientists and the active integration of civil society.

Researchers in robotics, clinicians, and (other) stakeholders may learn from this philosophical work and use it to guide their efforts to improve technologies and practices, and indeed to shape the future of healthcare. Even if some thought experiments or scenarios could be considered to belong to the realm of “science-fiction”, they may help us to think about our values and about what future of robotics and healthcare we want. For example, Coeckelbergh has written a fictional scenario about a robotic dog to explore how ICTs and robots may re-shape elderly people’s capacities for social affiliation and engagement in relations with human and non-human others.

[begoodblog-blog]

HW6Case, Q2

My Answers to HW6case, Q2

Q2. Online students: Explain the case and discuss, one at a time, each question you devised about it, plus the 3 standard questions. Post this on your blog. 

Three Qs useful for any case discussion

 (i) What if you apply deontological ethics (rule-based) to this case?

(ii) What if you apply utilitarian ethics (similar to consequentialist ethics) to this case?

(iii) What if you apply virtue ethics (character-based) to this case?

  Answer:

1. Will robots replace the nurses and other caregivers, leaving the ill and elderly in the hands of machines? Replacement and its implications for labor: Are robots introduced to solve problems in healthcare and elderly care, or are they introduced to save money by replacing human caregivers by robots, and to help robotics research and industry? For instance, in research concerning the development of robots for the elderly, robots are often presented as a response to demographic challenges (see again. But are such technological solutions the main or only way we should tackle these challenges? And if there is truth in the suspicion that robots will replace humans, which problems exactly would they solve, and is robotics really a threat to employment? More generally, what are the consequences of healthcare work? For example, do robots and ICTs threaten “care craftsmanship” 

2. Deontologically the act of introducing robotics in health care may not be good morally but it can lead to something good, such as shooting the intruder (killing is wrong) but to protect your family (protecting them is right). Role and tasks. Related to the previous point is the question regarding the role of the robot in the particular care process. If robots are used as “social” companions and are given other roles which encourage social-emotional involvement of the humans (e.g. elderly people or children), is this not a case of deception, and if so, is this deception justifiable?

3. Could robots deliver the same quality of care? Replacement and its implications for the quality of care: de-humanization and “cold” care. An important fear in discussions about robots in healthcare is that robots may replace human care givers and that this may not only put these people out of job but also remove the capacity for “warm”, “human” care from the care process. It is highly doubtful, for instance, if robots could ever be empathic or have emotions. Robots, it seems, are not capable of a “human” kind of attention and care, whereas healthcare seems to involve more than some “behaviors”; humans have various social and emotional needs, which are not necessarily met by giving them a robot.

4. Utilitarianism the normative ethical theory that places the focus of right and wrong solely on the outcomes (consequences) of choosing one action/policy over other actions/policies. As such, it moves beyond the scope of one's own interests and takes into account the interests of others. Responsibility. This issue raises again the question regarding the autonomy and role of the robot and the human and, more generally, regarding human-technology relations. On the other hand, maybe the robot’s lack of moral agency is not a problem as long as humans are involved and included in the process. Again, the issues of autonomy and role can be raised.

5. Can machines give the “warm”, “human” care we seem to expect from human caregivers? “Machine care” sounds cold and mechanical. There is the concern that elderly people are abandoned, handed over to robots devoid of human contact. More generally, do machines in care “objectify” care receivers? Do they objectify caregivers (see also the previous point)? What do we mean by good healthcare? Do we have good healthcare today, without even considering robots? Is good care possible in the context of modernity? Second, there are issues that have less to do with the idea of replacement as such but are raised by human-robot interaction in healthcare and especially by the robot taking over tasks from humans. As indicated before, this is ethically problematic. But even if robots in healthcare did not entirely replace human care workers, there is still the question how autonomous (in the sense of doing tasks on its own, unassisted by humans) the robot would be and should be in the context of the interaction and the care, and how autonomous it should be in the sense of operating without human supervision. For example, if robots are used in therapy for children, should the robot be supervised (and if so in what way) and what exactly and how much should it do without direct human intervention?

6. Consequentialist ethics. Even if humans are still part of the care process, what exactly should the role of the robot be (and the role of the human)? What tasks can and should be delegated to robots? And in general: should they assist or take over human tasks? When and where should they do what? How does the introduction of robots (re-)shape ethical responsibilities? If the robot takes over human tasks, who is responsible for these tasks? What should be the new distribution of responsibility, when robots take over some tasks? Does it mean that humans remain responsible (assuming the robots cannot be morally responsible), and if so, how can they exercise this responsibility if they have not direct control over the robot (if they do not continuously intervene) or even do not supervise the robot?

7. Do robots used in care deceive vulnerable persons when they (the robots) “pretend” to be something else than they are, for example when they appear as pets? Autonomy. Not all health care robots are autonomous robots. For instance, surgical robots are remotely controlled by the surgeon. Yet health care research often aims to give more autonomy to the robot. An important term in the field, for instance, is autonomous systems (see also the title of this journal). Autonomy means here that the robot is designed to carry out tasks without continuous human guidance and assistance, preferably in an unstructured environment. This development could lead to a future scenario in which robots would replace human care workers, for instance, if care robots take over the work of the human nurse.

8. Virtue, by definition, is the moral excellence of a person. Morally excellent people have a character made-up of virtues valued as good. They are honest, respectful, courageous, forgiving, and kind. Morals. Robots do not seem to have the capacity of moral reasoning or, more generally, of dealing with ethically problematic situations. Hence when a moral problem arises within the human-robot interaction and within the healthcare situation, there seems to be a problem: the robot is given (more) autonomy, in the sense of doing tasks by itself without human intervention, but does not seem to have the capacity of moral agency: it can do all kinds of things, but unlike humans does not have the capacity to reflect on the ethical quality of what it does. Some philosophers, therefore, propose to build-in a capacity for ethical reasoning, whereas other philosophers deny that this is possible or think it is insufficient for dealing with complex ethical issues in healthcare.

7. Computer Security, what kind of policies and cautions may support these “closer” forms of ethical–technological innovation without been hacked or hijacked for the wrong use. Safety and avoidance of harm. Robots should not harm people and be safe to work with. This point is especially important in healthcare and related domains since it often involves vulnerable people such as ill people, elderly people, and children and all clients information safety.

8.. Generally, researchers in the field of health care robotics are very well aware of the latter issues–privacy and data protection and safety–and usually take measures aimed at avoiding these ethical problems. For example, when developing their care robot Fischinger et al. write that their robot should not follow the user all the time (e.g. to the toilet) because of privacy reasons and say that it is their main goal to provide older adults with the feeling of safety Whether or not measures taken are sufficient to ensure privacy and safety is (and should be) of course open to discussion.

The source of my case is https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921889016305292

[begoodblog-blog]

HW6case, Q1

My Answers to HW6case, Q1

Q1. Notes for the case related to robots for the robotics unit. This should include

A link or other citation to the case you are using, or if it is from     personal experience, point that out.

A list of 8 or more important facts about the case. These could help you tell your group members or anyone or remind yourself what the case is all about.

A list of questions (4 or more) to think about or discuss about the     case.

A 5th discussion question about how computer security relates to or could     relate to the case.

Answer:

My Answers to HW6case, Q1

Q1. Notes for the case related to robots for the robotics unit. This should include

A link or other citation to the case you are using, or if it is from     personal experience, point that out.

A list of 8 or more important facts about the case. These could help you tell your group members or anyone or remind yourself what the case is all about.

A list of questions (4 or more) to think about or discuss about the case.

A 5th discussion question about how computer security relates to or could relate to the case.

Answer:

The source of my case is https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921889016305292

Eight important facts are:

Research and innovation in the area of healthcare robotics have seen significant growth in recent years. Consider for instance research presented in this journal: in response to challenges related to aging, care robots have been developed to support elderly people living at home, example robotic nurses have been created to assist with care tasks

Surgical robots have been designed and used in hospitals and robots have been made more socially interactive, which also supports the development and use of robots in health care contexts.

Responding to what is taken to be the near future of health care, ethicists have been especially concerned with what is supposed to be the prospect of intelligent, autonomous, and often also humanoid robots that take care of the elderly.

These reflections on the future of “machine” healthcare are helpful ways of exploring ethical sensitivities about healthcare, thinking through some of our ethical concerns, developing more refined arguments about what exactly we think might be problematic, and better understanding the current developments in the context of modern healthcare and its politics and the wider developments in robotics and our technological culture.

However, they are somewhat limited when it comes to changing how things are done in healthcare research, innovation and practice. This is partly so since the context in which academic reflection and research in ethics take place is largely divorced from the context of innovation and practice.

The traditional ways of bridging the gap such as case studies and, more recently, desk-based “value-sensitive design”-oriented work, are     insufficient to transform ethics of healthcare robotics in a way that     engages with problems as they emerge in innovation, user, and stakeholder contexts.

The methods of philosophical reflection on ethical issues, using case studies and thinking about values in design. Then we discuss what we take to be more ideological, more democratic, and more effective ways of doing ethics: (1) collaborative, “embedded” ethics in healthcare robotics which directly and substantially involves ethicists in innovation and user processes and (2) various ways of really involving stakeholders in innovation and practice, thus rendering healthcare robotics more ethically and socially responsible.

The concept of responsible research and innovation (RRI) and show how a generic framework for RRI in ICT can be applied to healthcare robotics. These options representing forms of “internal” and “external” dialogue. Reflection on what the current societal and organizational barriers are     that prevent these methods from being widely adopted, and we critically     discuss the problems and limitations of these methods.

Five questions to ask about the case are:

Will robots replace the nurses and other caregivers, leaving the ill and     elderly in the hands of machines?

Could robots deliver the same quality of care?

Can machines give the “warm”, “human” care we seem to expect from human caregivers?

Do robots used in care deceive vulnerable persons when they (the robots) “pretend” to be something else than they are, for example when they appear as pets?

Computer Security, what kind of policies and cautions may support these “closer” forms of ethical–technological innovation without been hacked or hijacked for the wrong use.

[begoodblog-blog]

HW5case, Q3

My Answers to HW5case, Q3

Q3. Write up your case on your blog with the following subheadings:

“The facts of the case.” Here is where you describe the case in your own words.

“Analysis.” Examine the case in terms of the questions.

“My conclusions.” Your conclusions and opinions about the case. Be sure to explain and justify what you write. 3 sentences of average length or more.

“Future environment.” Describe your vision of a future in which technology is more advanced than today, or society has changed in some significant way, such that the ethical issues of the case would be even more important than they are in today’s world. 3 sentences of average length or more.

“Future scenario.” Describe how this ethical case (or an analogous one) would or should play out in the environment of the future, and give your opinions about it. 3 sentences of average length or more.

Answer:

The facts of the case.

This was a case between ACLU v. FBI on Freedom of Information Act for Records Relating to Patriot Act of Section 215. 

Freedom of Information Act Request Re: Section 215 of the Patriot Act

The USA PATRIOT Act is "Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001. The purpose of the USA PATRIOT Act is to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world, to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools, and other purposes,

Analysis. The purpose of the USA Patriot Act is to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world. Section 314 helps law enforcement identify, disrupt, and prevent terrorist acts and money laundering activities by encouraging further cooperation among law enforcement, regulators, and financial institutions to share information. 

The consequentialist approach suggests in this case that the USA PATRIOT Act is "Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001." The deontological approach seems to imply that the ACLU who continued to fight for additional disclosures concerning the government’s use of Section 215 which differs from the consequentialist approach in that privacy of the people is key but is similar in that National safety is a paramount interest for the nation. A Humean analysis indicates that intention of the ACLU which seems similar to the consequentialist approach in terms of general interest but different in that public safety is more of importance to the government that privacy. It also compares to the deontological approach in enforcement of law and order but different in moral justice. I feel that the consequentialist approach works best in this case because of the protection and safety of the nation and that the deontology approach seems to give the odd result that privacy is vital, however, the safety and protection a country is key, and cannot be underestimated.

Conclusions. Section 215, perhaps the most controversial of the Patriot Act provisions that Congress reauthorized in 2011, is contrary to traditional notions of search and seizure, which require the government to show reasonable suspicion or probable cause before undertaking an investigation that infringes upon a person's privacy. 

The purpose of the USA PATRIOT Act is to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world, to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools, and other purposes. To strengthen U.S. measures to prevent, detect and prosecute international money laundering and financing of terrorism and many more.

The ACLU (AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION FOUNDATION) is the nation's premier civil rights and civil liberties organization. Will continue its unwavering voice of freedom, fairness, and equality for all people in America.

 Future Environment. 

When necessary the USA PATRIOT Act is subject to special scrutiny of foreign jurisdictions, foreign financial institutions, and classes of international transactions or types of accounts that are susceptible to criminal abuse; To require all appropriate elements of the financial services industry to report potential money laundering. 

To strengthen measures to prevent the use of the U.S. financial system for personal gain by corrupt foreign officials and facilitate the repatriation of stolen assets to the citizens of countries to whom such assets belong. 

The ACLU will continue to fight for privacy using the Freedom of Information Act to fill requests with the Justice Department by seeking information about the government's use and interpretation of the Patriot Act Section 215, which authorizes the government to obtain “any tangible thing” that is “relevant to” a terrorism investigation.

 Future scenario. 

Once, the USA PATRIOT Act is empowered to perform appropriately in line with the Act, they will continue Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001. 

There will be more use of the FOIA through lawsuits to enforce the request compelling the government to release dozens of documents, although many others were withheld from the ACLU and the public.

Fulfilling the objectives and purposes of the USA PATRIOT Act which is to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world, to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools, and other purposes.

Source: https://www.dni.gov/index.php/who-we-are/organizations/ise/ise-archive/ise-additional-resources/2116-usa-patriot-act 

https://www.aclu.org/cases/aclu-v-fbi-foia-case-records-relating-patriot-act-section-215

[begoodblog-blog]

HW5case, Q2

Q2 (33 pts.). Explain the case and discuss, one at a time, each question you devised about it, plus the 3 standard questions. Post this on your blog.

Professional neatness and clarity of format counts! Follow this example. 

Three Qs useful for any case discussion

(i) What if you apply deontological ethics (rule-based) to this case?

(ii) What if you apply utilitarian ethics (similar to consequentialist ethics) to this case?

(iii) What if you apply virtue ethics (character-based) to this case?

 My Answers to HW5case, Q2

Q2. Online students: Explain the case and discuss, one at a time, each question you devised about it, plus the 3 standard questions. Post this on your blog.

Answer:

The USA PATRIOT Act was incorporated to fight against both local and international terrorists within and outside the country. Information collected includes on whom calls are placed to and from, when those calls are made, and how long they last. 

The ACLU has filed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of this bulk collection under Section 215, and a motion with the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) seeking the release of its secret opinions authorizing the dragnet surveillance of Americans’ phone calls under this provision.

This isn't the first time ACLU has sought information about the government's use of this provision. Back in 2002, there was a filed litigation under the Freedom of Information Act that eventually resulted in the release of a few hundred documents.

It has become clear that the government is using Section 215 much more aggressively and broadly than it was back then.

Disseminating information about government activity, analyzing that information, and widely publishing and disseminating that information to the press and public is a critical and substantial component of the ACLU's work and one of its primary activities.

As Patriotic Act been up to expectations? Patriotic Act can be deontological ethics as recorded some level of success for the good of everyone. By effectively using enhance law enforcement investigatory tools, and other purposes.

How as ACLU, a civil rights and civil liberties organization meeting their objectives? ACLU has continuously used utilitarian, that is peoples interest first (Privacy protection) to contest the legality of the federal government agencies the right of gathering people’s information without their consent.

As the Freedom of Information Act been very successful? Using the freedom of information Act to request official information has been consequentialist ethics of having a long run good effect on the public. Anyone or group can request desired information that can be of interest to the people.      

Can information gathered through the Patriotic Act be used wrongfully? Virtue ethics can be abused because not everyone that uses the Freedom of Information Act is genuinely doing it, in the interest of the people. Some are using it for selfish interest.

How secure is this information collected and stored using the Patriotic Act? There are possibilities of the information gathered through the Freedom of Information to fall into wrong hands, who can use them for malicious purposes.

[begoodblog-blog]

HW5case, Q1

My Answers to HW5case, Q1

Q1. As a “case” to discuss for this unit, use a law related to security, privacy, etc. Suggestions: HIPAA, FERPA, Computer Security Act, Sarbanes-Oxley, Gramm-Leach-Bliley,COPPA, Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS), US Patriot Act, Section 508 of the Americans with Disabilities Act, or some other law. 

A     link or other citation to the case you are using, or if it is from     personal experience, point that out.

A     list of 8 or more important facts about the case. These could help you     tell your group members or anyone or remind yourself what the case is all     about.

A     list of questions (5 or more) to think about or discuss about the case.

Answer:

The source of my case is: 

https://www.aclu.org/cases/aclu-v-fbi-foia-case-records-relating-patriot-act-section-215

https://www.dni.gov/index.php/who-we-are/organizations/ise/ise-archive/ise-additional-resources/2116-usa-patriot-act

Eight important facts are:

The purpose of the USA PATRIOT Act is to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world, to enhance law enforcement     investigatory tools, and other purposes, some of which include:

To strengthen U.S. measures to prevent, detect and prosecute international money laundering and financing of terrorism;

To subject to special scrutiny foreign jurisdictions, foreign financial     institutions, and classes of international transactions or types of accounts that are susceptible to criminal abuse;

To require all appropriate elements of the financial services industry to report potential money laundering;

To strengthen measures to prevent the use of the U.S. financial system for personal gain by corrupt foreign officials and facilitate the repatriation  of stolen assets to the citizens of countries to whom such assets belong.

The ACLU is the nation's premier civil rights and civil liberties organization. It is an unwavering voice of freedom, fairness, and equality for all people in America.

In May 2011, the ACLU filed a Freedom of Information Act request with the Justice Department seeking information about the government's use and interpretation of the Patriot Act Section 215, which authorizes the government to obtain “any tangible thing” that is “relevant to” a terrorism investigation.

Some of the FOIA lawsuit to enforce the request compelling the government to release dozens of documents, although many others were withheld from the ACLU and the public.

Section 215, perhaps the most controversial of the Patriot Act provisions that Congress reauthorized in 2011, is contrary to traditional notions of search and seizure, which require the government to show reasonable suspicion or probable cause before undertaking an investigation that infringes upon a person's privacy.

Senator  Mark Udall, one of the members of the Senate Intelligence Committee raised concerns about the way that the Justice Department had interpreted and used Section 215.

Specifically, this request pertains to the FBI's use and interpretation of Section 215 of the PATRIOT Act, as amended, which permits the government to apply for court orders requiring the production of "tangible things."

The records are urgently needed because of recent allegations by some members of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence that the Justice Department has adopted an overly broad interpretation of Section 215.

Five questions to ask about the case are:

As Patriotic Act been up to expectations?

How as ACLU, a civil rights and civil liberties organization meeting their     objectives?

As the Freedom of Information Act been very successful?

Can information gathered through the Patriotic Act be used wrongfully?

How secure is this information collected and stored using the Patriotic Act?

[begoodblog-blog]

HW5proj

My Answers for HW5proj

Question:

For your term project (see “Course Information” tab for details): 

If it is a paper, write 349 words or more of it to your blog. MS Word tells you how many words are in a document you are editing in a little status bar in the lower left corner of its window. OpenOffice Writer has a tool that you can click to find out the # of words. Let me know if you can’t find it. Do not include material submitted for a previous HW, obviously.

If your project is not a paper, do the equivalent amount of work, and provide a brief (but with specific details) description, and evidence as appropriate, in your blog. If you’re not sure what to do, I can try to suggest something.

Answer: 

One of the most important places computers has been useful is in the classroom. Computers allow students and teachers to perform good research and communicate with different education medium. 

Computers as been a source of assistance for both academic and non-academic staff. It helps teachers in recording grades, calculate average and keep track of students to see if they are present or absent. 

Computers have supplied infinite resources for learning and made education more flexible and easy to access. Students can now gain knowledge and information not only from classroom assignments and libraries but also from available online resources.

Generally, the desire for development has always been part of human endeavor. The arrival of the Computer as created opportunities for easier means of achieving different aspirations and goals. 

Computer and Technological developments have influenced all sectors of our lives including communication, transportation, health, and education. It has caused significant changes to human lives it’s either, positive or a negative change.

Using a computer at schools brings a significant role among students and teachers. Children can now access Global libraries such as online video tutorials, free e-books, and FAQ forums where they can grasp concepts easily. Without the computer, students must rely on books given in the classroom or the libraries. And if they don’t understand the material, they only have limited resources in studying.

With the internet, the whole world opened an infinite amount of useful and relevant information. Students can find different ways to solve a certain problem given to them. Through computers and the internet, they can interact with people having the same issues and can learn from each other.

Computers have supplied infinite resources for learning and made education more flexible and easy to access. Students can now gain knowledge and information not only from classroom assignments and libraries but also from available online resources. Video tutorials, free or paid e-books and several forums also contribute to the resources that are needed by the students.

The more teachers know about computers, the more they can correctly teach the students. Knowledge of both teachers and students should not be stuck in computers only, they should also learn the access to the Internet. Computers as played and still playing very significant roles for both students and teachers. 

Source: http://olpccanada.com/advantages-of-having-computer-in-education/ 

[begoodblog-blog]

HW4case, Q3

My Answers to HW4case, Q3

Q3. Write up your case on your blog with the following subheadings:

“The facts of the case.” Here is where you describe the case in your own words.

“Analysis.” Examine the case in terms of the questions.

“My conclusions.” Your conclusions and opinions about the case. Be sure to explain and justify what you write. 3 sentences of average length or more.

“Future environment.” Describe your vision of a future in which technology is more advanced than today, or society has changed in some significant way, such that the ethical issues of the case would be even more important than they are in today’s world. 3 sentences of average length or more.

“Future scenario.” Describe how this ethical case (or an analogous one) would or should play out in the environment of the future, and give your opinions about it. 3 sentences of average length or more.

Answer:

The facts of the case. The case was about a fifty-six-year-old woman, who was diagnosed with gastric carcinoma. In October 2009, she had a biopsy during esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). In the process of trying to get medical treatment, there are controversies about transferring from a hospital to another one. The woman and her family were mounting pressure to transfer patients' electronic records and information to a different hospital. The hospital Ethics Department intervened looking at issues like is it appropriate for a patient and family to be allowed to demand continued medical or surgical care when the physicians believe that the patient will not benefit from further attempts at curative therapy. 

Analysis. The consequentialist approach suggests in this case that the patient had a history of another medical event many years ago in another hospital. The deontological approach seems to imply that she believes she was deceived by medical staff and underwent an unnecessary procedure. Nonetheless, she remained reluctant to proceed with an evaluation, treatment, or other interventions; which differs from the consequentialist approach in that she missed appointments and did not return phone calls but is similar in that and she appeared to acknowledge her illness. A Human analysis indicates that a deontological approach seems similar to the consequentialist approach in terms of intension but different in that, not an action or deed. It also compares to the deontological approach in intension and moral injury but the behavior that is in the general interest. I feel that the utilitarian approach works best in this case because the good for all, and that the consequentialist approach seems to give the odd result that leads to an unfavorable result, however, deontology, and utilitarian helps the medical doctor to justify their duties to care for people.

Conclusions. The Ethics Committee reviewed the medical case and interviewed the physicians caring for WB. The chair of the Ethics Committee did not feel that direct intervention by the Ethics Committee was indicated. WB should be granted decision-making authority regarding her care. Further, the Ethics Committee suggested that if the patient and family desired, the treating team should reconsider the possible transfer of WB to a tertiary facility. Patients and surrogates have long-established right to refuse treatment that they deem unwanted, even if providers believe such treatment could be beneficial. In this case, even when the patient refused interventions, physicians did their best to persuade her to seek a cure, but they had no authority to compel action.

Future Environment. The patient would continue to be treated compassionately despite physicians’ decision to withhold further medical or surgical intervention. The emphasis would be placed on pain and symptom management. Patients and surrogates have long-established right to refuse treatment that they deem unwanted, even if providers believe such treatment could be beneficial.

In this case, even when the patient refused interventions, physicians did their best to persuade her to seek a cure, but they had no authority to compel action.

Providers have the right to not perform interventions that they deem to be more likely dangerous than beneficial. No benefit was initially deemed possible by surgeons or the oncologist. The oncologist subsequently altered his position on this, though he equivocated as to the extent of benefit.

Future scenario. Moral injustice will indicate that medical professionals, however, do not have the right to compel medical treatment in a decisional adult against his or her will.

Consequentialist, significant risk of injury to the patient could result from an intervention. As a concept, futility is complex. Arguments can be entertained as to whether intended interventions will help in the short term, or will help provide significant long-term improvement or cure.

Deontology, in WB’s case, no therapy was deemed likely to do either during the first phase of the management. Dr. R reversed course, however, and stated that though the chance of long term improvement was nil, the chance of short term improvement was not negligible, thus arguing for some form of short-term intervention. 

The source of my case is https://cbhd.org/content/clinical-ethics-dilemmas-capitulation-patient%E2%80%99s-demands

[begoodblog-blog]

HW4case, Q2

My Answer to HW4case, Q2

Q2. Online students: Explain the case and discuss, one at a time, each question you devised about it, plus the 3 standard questions. Post this on your blog.

Three Qs useful for any case discussion

Here they are!

(i)   What if you apply deontological ethics (rule-based)  to this case?

(ii)  What if you apply utilitarian ethics (similar to consequentialist ethics) to this case?

(iii) What if you apply virtue ethics (character-based) to this case?

  Answer:

Clinical Ethics Dilemmas: Capitulation to a Patient’s Demands 

This case is a fifty-six-year-old woman (WB) that was diagnosed with gastric carcinoma in October 2009. In the process of medical professionals treating her and there was a complication.  

Dr. R instituted chemotherapy and WB did “quite well” for about seven days. Subsequently, she became hypotensive and went into septic shock. She was transferred to the ICU, but her condition deteriorated. 

Two days later, after discussions with the ICU staff and family members, the family asked that WB be moved from the Intensive Care Unit, and the care level was changed to palliative care status. She expired ten hours later. 

The moral injury could be defended as a utilitarian will take care of the possible outcome for providing appropriate medical assistance once there is proper equipment’s to treat the patients. 

A utilitarian will point to the fact that the consequences of doing so will maximize well-being, a deontologist to the fact that in doing so the doctor(s) will be acting in accordance with a moral rule in line with their professional practice.

Question: Should a patient and family be allowed to demand continued medical or surgical care when the physicians believe that the patient will not benefit from further attempts at curative therapy? Deontology states that an act that is not good morally can lead to something good. Medical personnel’s doing all possible best trying to keep WB alive, even when the patient does not know better is deontology.   

Question: Can a client decline an offer, when a medical doctor suggests ethics committee intervention? The Ethics Committee reviewed the medical case and interviewed the physicians caring for WB. The chair of the Ethics Committee did not feel that direct intervention by the Ethics Committee was indicated. Patients and surrogates have long-established right to refuse treatment that they deem unwanted, even if providers believe such treatment could be beneficial. In this case, even when the patient refused interventions, physicians did their best to persuade her to seek a cure, but they had no authority to compel action. Providers have the right to not perform interventions that they deem to be more likely dangerous than beneficial. (Historically this has been particularly held true for surgical interventions.) Medical professionals, however, do not have the right to compel medical treatment in a decisional adult against his or her will.

Question: Computer Security, how secure is the safety of the client’s health documents and information on a hospital database? It is very pertinent to have the right health documents and information transferred from a previous health facility to a new health facility in a secure and safe process.

The source of my case is https://cbhd.org/content/clinical-ethics-dilemmas-capitulation-patient%E2%80%99s-demands

[begoodblog-blog]

HW4case, Q1

My Answers to HW4case, Q1

Q1. Prepare case notes on an ethics case which, for this HW, is an example of an ethical code. Online students: post your notes to your blog. Your notes should include the following.

A     link or other citation to the case you are using, or if it is from     personal experience, point that out.

A     list of 8 or more important facts about the case. These could help you     tell your group members or anyone or remind yourself what the case is all     about.

A     list of questions (4 or more) to think about or discuss about the case.

A     5th discussion question about how computer security relates to or could     relate to the case. 

Answer:

The source of my case is https://cbhd.org/content/clinical-ethics-dilemmas-capitulation-patient%E2%80%99s-demands

  Eight important facts are:

Clinical Ethics Dilemmas: Capitulation to a Patient’s Demands 

WB is a fifty-six-year-old woman with a known history of gastric carcinoma, first proven by biopsy during  esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in October 2009.

The patient had a history of another medical event many years ago in another hospital (details not revealed) where she believes she was deceived by medical staff and underwent an unnecessary procedure.

During her care following the EGD, WB was scheduled to be seen by an oncologist (Dr. R). There had been numerous documented discussions by the physicians regarding her cancer, and she appeared to acknowledge her illness.

Nonetheless, she remained reluctant to proceed with an evaluation, treatment, or other interventions; she missed appointments and did not return phone calls.

In February 2010, when she sought care from a new gastroenterologist, WB requested a second confirmatory biopsy. In March 2010, a second biopsy was performed, and it confirmed the diagnosis of gastric malignancy. Several days later, emergent surgery was performed for acute gastric bleeding.

Unfortunately, at the time of the surgery, WB suffered a stroke and was sent to a rehabilitation center for recovery.  

Later in April, the hospitalist (Dr. A) had several discussions with WB, emphasizing the fact that several doctors did not believe that there was any definitive intervention that would be helpful for her.

Dr. A contacted the Ethics Committee, as no staff member believed that any further medical or surgical intervention would be helpful for the patient, and all were convinced that further intervention could result in increased harm with complex complications. Dr. A. asked that the Ethics Committee review the case and offer suggestions regarding management.

 Five questions to ask about the case are:

Should a patient and family be allowed to demand continued medical or surgical care when the physicians believe that the patient will not benefit from further attempts at curative therapy?  

Does a doctor as the right to influence but not to compel a patient to decide to do undergo a medical treatment within an earlier time frame to avoid sickness progression?

Can hospital denial transfer of the patient to another facility because they believe they are giving a good treatment?

Can a client decline an offer, when a medical doctor suggests ethics committee intervention?

Computer Security, how secure is the safety of the client’s health documents and information on a hospital database?

[begoodblog-blog]

HW4proj

My Answers for HW4proj

Question:

Make a blog entry titled “HW4proj.” If your term project (see “Course Information” tab for details) is a paper, write 399 words or more and put it in the blog. Do not include any material already in a previous blog entry. To see the word count, copy into MS Word and look at the little status bar in the lower left corner of its window. OpenOffice Writer has a tool that you can click on to find out the # of words. Let me know if you can’t find it.

If your project is not a paper, do the equivalent amount of work. Explain what you did on your blog. For team projects, focus on your own activities although you can also discuss the overall effort to provide some context. Explain and give evidence (for example, if a web site, you could provide a link to it; if software, give the code; if a skit, give some of the script or list rehearsal or meeting times; etc.).  If you’re not sure what to do, see me or send me an email and I will try to suggest something.

Answer:

Role of computers in Education

There is a need to consider the role that computers play in education will be commendable since the use of computer systems in all levels of education is unmeasurable. Computers have changed how most people acquire their educational training or knowledge, even in professional fields. Therefore, it is only natural that the role of computers in education has been given a lot of importance in recent years. Although, computers play a vital role in every field in this modern day.

   Computers in Education

Computer technology has had a deep impact on the education sector. Thanks to computers, conveying education has become easier and much more interesting than before. Owing to memory capacities of computers, large chunks of data can be stored in them. They enable quick processing of data with very less or no chances of errors in processing.

Storage of information

Quick data processing

Audio-visual aids in teaching

Better presentation of information

Access to the Internet

Computer teaching plays a vital role in the recent education system. Students find it easier to refer to the Internet than searching for information in fat books. The process of learning has gone beyond learning from prescribed textbooks.

  1. Computers are a brilliant aid in teaching.

Online education has revolutionized the education industry. Computer technology has made the dream of distance learning, a reality. Education is no longer limited to classrooms. It has reached far and wide, thanks to computers.

  2. Computers have given impetus to distance education.

Computers facilitate the effective presentation of information. Presentation software like PowerPoint and animation software like Flash among others can be of great help to teachers while delivering lectures. Computers facilitate audio-visual representation of information, thus making the process of learning interactive and interesting. Computer-aided teaching adds a fun element to education. Teachers hardly use chalk and board today. They bring presentations on a flash drive, plug it into a computer in the classroom, and the teaching begins.

  3. Computer software helps the better presentation of information.

The Internet can play an important role in education. As it is an enormous information base, it can be harnessed for retrieval of information on a variety of subjects. The Internet can be used to refer to information on different subjects. Both teachers and students benefit from the Internet. Teachers can refer to it for additional information and references on the topics to be taught.

  4. Computers enable access to the Internet which has information on literally everything.

Computers enable storage of data in the electronic format, thereby saving paper. Memory capacities of computer storage devices are in gigabytes. This enables them to store huge chunks of data. Moreover, these devices are compact. They occupy very less space, yet store large amounts of data.

  5. Computers, hard drives, and storage devices are an excellent way to store data.

This was about the role of computers in education. But we know, it's not just the education sector which computers have impacted. They are of great use in every field. Today, a life without computers is unimaginable. This underlines the importance of computer education. Knowledge of computers can propel one's career in the right direction. Computers are a part of almost every industry today.

  Source:

https://wikieducator.org/%5CRole_of_Computer_in_Education%5C

http://www.continuetolearn.uiowa.edu/nas1/07c187/Module%204/module_4_p2.html

[begoodblog-blog]

HW3case, Q3

My Answers to HW3case, Q3

Q3. Write up your case on your blog with the following subheadings:

“The facts of the case.” Here is where you describe the case in your own words.

“Analysis.” Examine the case in terms of the questions and/or discussion.

“Conclusions.” Your analysis, opinions, and conclusions about the case.

“Future environment.” 3 sentences of average length or more.

“Future scenario.” 3 sentences of average length or more.

Answer:

The facts of the case.

FBI had an iPhone in December 2015 owned by one of the shooters in an ISIS-inspired terrorist attack that killed about 14 people in San Bernardino, California. While the FBI were carrying out further investigations, especially on the suspect, the court ordered Apple to assist the FBI in gaining access to the locked iPhone. But Timothy Cook, Apple CEO challenged the court publicly that that will be violating the owners First Amendment right to free speech and that will be detrimental to the protection of individual privacy was on the line here.

Analysis. The consequentialist approach suggests in this case that the court role was to protect the public at the same time, Apple as a company responsibility to protect its customers. The deontological approach seems to imply that relate to this as shooting innocent people is wrong but the court compelling Apple Inc. to assist FBI to unlock the private iPhone will lead to better investigation and findings which differs from the consequentialist approach in that public safety is at stake but is similar in that individual privacy is questionable here. A Humean analysis indicates that public interest which seems similar to the consequentialist approach in terms of public safety but different in that of its general implication. It also compares to the deontological approach in intention and act or actual activity but it could be understandable for privacy law be suppressed for public interest. I feel that the consequentialist approach works best in this case because deontological, and that the utilitarian approach seems to give the odd result that moral justification is, however, very important, and in public interest.

Conclusions. The controversies between the FBI investigation and having access to a private mobile phone (iPhone) is an issue that needs very careful approach because the court is tries to protect the public. While at the same time Apple Inc. is trying to protect, its customers privacy which is also in line with the law by protecting user privacy, to prevent such code from falling into wrong hands that can be a threat to national security.

Future Environment.  Apple is not willing to violate customers privacy. The court ordering Apple Inc. to grant access will violate, First Amendment right to free speech and that is against the company’s policies which is to protect privacy.  

Future scenario. Apple Inc. did not like to be viewed as government agent but independent company and many other technology companies don’t want to be perceived as an agent of the government during criminal investigations should any of such things relating to compromising their service in favor of government establishments.

[begoodblog-blog]

HW3caseQ2

My Answers to HW3case, Q2

Answer:

Q2 (33 pts.). Online students: Explain the case and discuss, one at a time, each question you devised about it, plus the 3 standard questions. Post this on your blog. 

Three Qs useful for any case discussion

 (i)  What if you apply deontological ethics (rule-based) to this case?

(ii) What if you apply utilitarian ethics (similar to consequentialist ethics) to this case?

(iii) What if you apply virtue ethics (character-based) to this case?

Deontology is the act but often with a different intention like shooting an intruder, that is killing is wrong but this time for family safety, protecting them is right.

Deontology can relate to this as shooting innocent people is wrong but seeking help to break into the iPhone could lead to better investigation

A utilitarian will consider using available resources to achieve objectives, reason for the FBI to have initially asked Apple Inc. to help have access to a personal mobile phone

Timothy Cook, who was the Apple CEO during the investigation confronted the court publicly by displaying ‘Virtue ethics’

Consequentialist ethics, the court role was to protect the public at the same time, Apple as a company role is to protect its customers

Utilitarian aim at the practicality of the law protecting the general interest and striking a balance in the society to maintaining law and order also protecting privacy. 

Moral character prefers the act of good responsibility and duties of doing right things   

Moral injustices on privacy will be arguable if Apple is submissive to the court order and help the FBI gain access to a private iPhone.

[begoodblog-blog]

“Notes on Lecture M 9/30/19”

M 9/30/19

Second blog posting 

The Ethics Bowl

From UALR’s Ethics Bowl team

https://www.ualrpublicradio.org/post/ethics-bowl

“On this episode of Arts & Letters, we talk about ethics, thought to be derived from ethos—the Greek word for character or custom.

We also play the Ethics Bowl, a competition with philosophy students on the University of Arkansas at Little Rock's Ethics’ Bowl team.

And, we discuss some ethical cases whose content may range from the social to the political.

Last year, the UALR Ethics Bowl team placed 16th in the National Intercollegiate Ethics Bowl Competition and earned 4th place at the Texas Regional Ethics Bowl in San Antonio, Texas.”

 Students should come up with an ethics work/topic

Intercollegiate Ethics Bowl was Created by Dr. Robert Lanus from Illinois Institute of Technology

Years back sociologist ask what does ethics means to you. Many ethical questions like should we go to war or not? Is violent justifiable, ….?

Contemporary philosophers are faced with metal ethical questions, philosophers concern about medical issues. Philosophers are often employed by medical companies to know how they can answer so questions concerning ethics.

Ethics in medicines, allow us to understand a particular problem

About Ethos and Morality, sometimes used interchangeably.

Ethical questions about swimmers and swimming beyond the protected region of life guides.  

Interviewing some student’s ideas on ethics questions about cheating. Honesty is very important and the key virtue of a dishonest person.  

Students' ethical analysis explains ethics one using the utilitarian argument that if cheating in a test or unauthorized collaboration ultimately leads to a good grade in the overall result while the other was used ethical ideology to explain cheating is disadvantageous in the long run.

Talked about students who might be interested in securing a degree in philosophy. Invitation for students who may be interested in competition on ethics should indicate interest.

Quote: “…..it takes courage to think critically. It takes courage to love and courage to hope….”

[begoodblog-blog]

“Notes on Lecture M 9/30/19”

M 9/30/19 First blog posting “The Lab” The incident was about the publication of a scientist from a college research lab. Kim was very skeptical about whether to report an ethical issue about the scientist data manipulation report to the Research integrity officer in her office. Greg a scientist and a friend of Kim, working in the same research lab.  Greg was engaging in an unethical behavior regarding data manipulation and using Kims' data Kim narrated her observations and concerns to another college.   At a point, Kim attempted reporting the case to the Research integrity officer but was also concern about the possible consequences of any repercussion that could affect her graduate study.  

[begoodblog-blog]

HW3proj

My Answers for HW3proj

Q1. For your ethics-related term project (see “Course Information” tab for details): Let us continue to develop it step by step over the semester so that it will be manageable rather than a crunch at the end, as follows. Write up 349 words or more (per person if a group project) if your project is a writing project. If it is not a writing project, do work on the project equivalent in effort to writing 349 words or more, and explain specifically what you did (in much less than 349 words!), giving examples (code, for example) if that makes sense. Put this in your blog, labeling it consistently per the example template.

Answer:

The relevance of computer in education and business

Computers play a vital role in almost all fields. They aid industrial processes, they find application in medicine; they are the reason why software industries developed and flourished and they play an important role in modern education. ... Networked computers aid quick communication and enable web access.

A computer can be referred to as an electronic device that can process a big amount of information data with very high speed and accuracy.

A Computer as the following components:  

Hardware:  

This is the physical parts like, the monitor, mouse, keyboard, data storage, hard disk drive, system unit (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard, and chips), and so on, all of which are physical objects that can be touched (that is, they are tangible). 

Input - the information entered into a computer system, examples include typed text, mouse clicks, etc.

Processing - the process of transforming input information into and output.

Output – the visual, auditory, or tactile perceptions provided by the computer after processing the provided information. Examples include text, images, sound, or video displayed on a monitor or through a speaker as well as text or Braille from printers or embossers.

Input Device – any device that enters information into a computer from an external source. Examples include keyboards, touch screens, mouse, trackballs, microphones, scanners, etc.  

Processing Device – the electronics that process or transform the information provided as an input to a computer to an output. Examples include the Central Processing Unit (CPU), operating systems (e.g. Windows, Apple software), microprocessors (e.g. Intel, Pentium), memory cards (RAM), graphics and other production application or programs (Adobe, Microsoft Word, etc).

Output Device - a device used by a computer to communicate information in a usable form. Examples include monitors, speakers, and printers, etc.

Generally, a computer will accept data or information, process it and give back in returns a logical/reasonable result through different outputs depending on the instruction given by the person.

Sources: https://wikieducator.org/%5CRole_of_Computer_in_Education%5C

http://www.continuetolearn.uiowa.edu/nas1/07c187/Module%204/module_4_p2.html 

 Q2. Explain what needs to be done next on the project. Put this in your blog, labeling it consistently per the example template.

Answer:

Since the first section as given us a clearer picture of a computer, computer components and some of their functions. The next step on this project is illustrating further the systematic integration of computer components and the role of computers in education.

[begoodblog-blog]

HW3case, Q1

My Answers to HW3case, Q1

Q1. Prepare case notes on an ethics case related to ethics in research. Online students: post your notes to your blog. Your notes should include the following.

·        Apple Fights Order to Unlock San Bernardino Gunman’s iPhone http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/18/technology/apple-timothy-cook-fbi-san-bernardino.html

A list of 8 or more important facts     about the case. These could help you tell your group members or anyone or     remind yourself what the case is all about.

A list of questions (4 or more) about     the case.

A 5th discussion     question about how computer security relates to or could relate to     the case. 

 Answer: The source of my case is https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/case-study/fbi-apple-security-vs-privacy

Eight important facts are:

FBI attained an iPhone in December 2015 belonging     to one of the shooters in an ISIS-inspired terrorist attack that killed 14     people in San Bernardino, California.  

During the investigation, encrypted software     prevented the FBI to access information on the iPhone.

Obama administration lawyers approached Apple     Inc. for assistance to gain access into the iPhone but no avail.

A court order compelling Apple was obtained     by the Department of Justice (DoJ) to unlock the phone for FBI.  

Apple CEO, Timothy Cook, challenged the     court publicly.    

Controversies continued how to strike a balance between the two parties on maintaining national security and protecting user privacy.  

Compelling Apple to write codes to gain access will be violating its First Amendment right to free speech and that will be detrimental to the protection of individual privacy was on the line here.    

Technology companies don’t want to be perceived as an agent of the government during criminal investigations.          

Five questions to ask about the case are:

What harms are potentially produced by the FBI’s demand that Apple helps it open an iPhone?  

What harms are potentially produced by Apple’s refusal to help the FBI?  

Do you think Apple had a moral obligation to help the FBI open the iPhone in this case because it involved terrorism and a mass shooting?      

What if the case involved a different     type of criminal activity instead, such as drug trafficking? Explain your  reasoning.  

What are the Computer Security effects?