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KEYBOARD  SHORTCUTS

1. Ctrl + A    -  Highlight everything in the current folder, document, or page

2. Ctrl + C / Ctrl + insert  - Copy the selected text, image, or item to the clipboard.    

3. Ctrl+X      -Cut (remove) the selected text, image, or item and move it  to the clipboard.

4. Ctrl+V      - Paste contents of the clipboard into the current program or window.

5. Ctrl+F      -  Open up a search window. In Microsoft Outlook, this         forwards a message.

6. Ctrl+S      -  Save an open document, file, or web page.

7. Ctrl+Z      - Undo the last action performed

8. Ctrl + P    - Print the current document or page.

9. Ctrl + N    - Open a new window.

10. Ctrl + W    -Close the current window.

11. Alt + Tab   -  Switch between open applications.

12.Windows Key + D - Show/hide the desktop.

13. Windows Key + L-  Lock your computer.

14.Windows Key + E -  Open File Explorer.

15.Windows key + S -  Open Search.

16.Ctrl + Y     -  Redo an action.

17.Ctrl + Esc   - Open the Start Menu.

18.Windows key + M -  Minimize all windows

19. Ctrl + 1 to 9 - Move to nth tab

20. Ctrl + mouse scroll wheel - Change the size and appearance of file and                 folder icons

21.Windows key +   "+" - Zoom in

22. Windows key +  "-" - Zoom out

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GITHUB

WHAT IS GITHUB ?

     GitHub is a code hosting platform for version control and collaboration.

It lets you and others work together on projects from anywhere.

 REPOSITORY ?

     A repository is usually used to organize a single project. Repositories

can contain folders and files, images, videos, spreadsheets, and data sets –

anything your project needs. We recommend including a README, or a file with

information about your project. GitHub makes it easy to add one at the same time

you create your new repository.

 CREATE A NEW REPOSITORY ?

     1. In the upper right corner, next to your avatar , click "+"

and then select New repository.      2.Name your repository      3.Write a short description.      4. Select Initialize this repository with a README.      5. Click CREATE REPOSITORY.

CREATE A BRANCH ?

     Branching is the way to work on different versions of a repository at one

time.      By default your repository has one branch named master which is considered

to be the definitive branch. We use branches to experiment and make edits before

committing them to master.      In GitHub, our developers, writers, and designers use branches for keeping

bug fixes and feature work separate from our master (production) branch. When a

change is ready, they merge their branch into master

CREATE A NEW BRANCH ?

      1. Go to your new repository.       2. Click the drop down at the top of the file list that says branch:

master.       3. Type a branch name, into the new baranch text box.       4. Select the blue Create branch box or hit “Enter” on your keyboard.

COMMITS ?

      On GitHub, saved changes are called commits.

HOW TO ?

      1. Click the README.md file.       2. Click the  pencil icon in the upper right corner of the file view to  

    edit.       3. In the editor, write a bit about yourself.       4. Write a commit message that describes your changes.       5. Click Commit changes button.

PULL REQUESTS ?

      Pull Requests are the heart of collaboration on GitHub.       When you open a pull request, you’re proposing your changes and        

requesting that someone review and pull in your contribution and merge        

them into their branch. Pull requests show diffs, or differences, of the        

content from both branches. The changes, additions, and subtractions are        

shown in green and red.

MERGE PULL REQUEST ?

      1. Click the green Merge pull request button to merge the changes into    

      master.       2. Click Confirm merge.       3. Go ahead and delete the branch, since its changes have been          

incorporated, with the Delete branch button in the purple box.

[ananthapadmanabhanaj]

10 SIMPLE STEPS TO INSTALL FLASK IN WINDOWS ?

Step 1: Create a file with name flask_app

Step 2: open cmd prompt and cd flask_app

Step 3: Now you need to create a virtual environment

           for that type

           “ py -m venv env”

Step 4:   Now when in your folder flask_app you will see a new folder named “env”. Now to turn on your virtual environment type

              “env\Scripts\activate”

Step 5: Now to install flask type :

            “pip install flask”

Step 6: Now create a python file in flask_app with name “app.py”

Step 7: Set an environment variable onn cmd prompt by typing :

            “set  FLASK_APP=app.py”

Step 8:  Now you want to enter the code in the python file, the code is given                     below :

Step 9:  Now on cmd prompt type “ flask run”, by clicking enter key you will get                  the address where the program is running.

           In this case its in 127.0.0.1:5000

Step 10:

            Now copy the address and paste it in the browser

This will be the output.

                                             Thank You.

[ananthapadmanabhanaj]

FLASK

WHAT IS FLASK ?

Flask is a micro web framework written in Python. It is classified as a micro-framework because it does not require particular tools or libraries.

Flask was created by Armin Ronacher of Pocoo, an international group of Python enthusiasts formed in 2004.

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DARK WEB AND DEEP WEB

What Is the Deep Web?

The deep web refers to all the pages which are not indexed, which means that most search engines won’t return them to you after a search. Their crawlers don’t ‘see’ these pages, making them invisible to these search engines. This means that in order to access one of these pages, you need to either know their exact address (link) or to click on another link once you get in the deep side of the web.

What Is the Dark Web ?

The dark web is a layer even deeper: technically also part of the deep web(which makes it inaccessible unless you know exactly where to go), but focused on illegal activities and services. It can be pretty gruesome. Some people call it the place where humanity’s darkest side surfaces.

So what exactly is on the dark web?

1.Marketplace for various drugs, from mild recreational and borderline legal

ones (like weed) to the hard stuff;

2. Marketplace for various fire weapons and ammunition, obviously unregistered;

3. Software needed for deeper browsing (like Onion Browser) and listing

directories

4. A few rare books, scanned

5. Lots of blueprints for 3D printing stuff, from legal things to illegal things

6. Some building plans boasting to offer undetected access (via secret tunnels)

to important buildings;

7. Wikileaks documents;

8. A so-called Hidden wiki portal, claiming to be ‘The Original Wikipedia’ plus

its mirrors;

9. Websites with videos depicting abuse towards children, animals, war prisoners

10. Child pornography content

11. racist content and content promoting violence against various minorities

12. Recipes on how to cook human meat and video footage

13. Marketplace for hiring hit-men

14. Rumors of so-called ‘red rooms’, live video footage of torture and murder

What’s the Difference between Deep Web and Dark Web?

Many times the two terms are used interchangeably as if they are more or less the same thing. This is very inaccurate, as the deep web just refers to non-indexed pages, while the dark web refers to pages which are both non-indexed and involved in illegal niches.

the deep web might be made of up of non-indexed pages simply because search-engines fail to see them or because they’re not deemed relevant enough to be-indexed. In contrast, the dark web wants to be hidden, since it’s a hub for shady business on purpose.The deep web is ethically neutral, it can be used for good or for bad. The dark-web is where the parts of moral-lacking economy and society come together.

THEN WHAT ARE WE USING CURRENTLY, IN WHICH CATEGORY DOES YAHOO, GOOGLE, ALL COMES UNDER.....?????

Surface Web :             Another concept you should be familiar with from now on is the surface web: it refers to all the websites normally accessible from search-engines, the so-called vanilla parts of the internet.

shadow web :            Finally, the last concept you should know about is the shadow web.This is allegedly a layer of internet even deeper than the dark web, the well-known hub for criminal activity. Rumors say that this shadow web is a place where even darker, more serious criminal activity takes place.

[ananthapadmanabhanaj]

OBSTACLE AVOIDING ROBOT

INTRODUCTION :

An Obstacle Avoiding Robot is a type of autonomous mobile robot that avoids collision with unexpected obstacles. In this project, an Obstacle Avoiding Robot is designed. It is an Arduino based robot that uses Ultrasonic range finder sensors to avoid collisions.

 MATERIALS REQUIRED:

·        Arduino NANO or Uno (any version)

·        HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor.

·        LM298N Motor Driver Module.

·        4 BO Motors.

·        Battery.

·        Wheels.

·        Chassis.

·        Jumper Wires.

·        Servo motor

BRIEF DESCRIPTION ON THE PROJECT:

In the above figure,  Arduino is the main processing unit of the robot. Out of the 14 available digital I/O pins, 7 pins are used in this project design.

The ultrasonic sensor has 4 pins: Vcc, Trig, Echo and Gnd. Vcc and Gnd are connected to the +5v and GND pins of the Arduino. Trig (Trigger) is connected to the 9th pin and Echo is connected to 8th pin of the Arduino UNO respectively. 

A Servo Motor is used to rotate the Ultrasonic Sensor to scan for obstacles. It has three pins namely Control, VCC and GND. The Servo Control Pin is connected to pin 11 of Arduino while the VCC and GND are connected to +5V and GND.  

L293D is a 16 pin IC. Pins 1 and 9 are the enable pins. These pins are connected to +5V.  Pins 2 and 7 are control inputs from microcontroller for first motor. They are connected to pins 6 and 7 of Arduino respectively.

Similarly, pins 10 and 15 are control inputs from microcontroller for second motor. They are connected to pins 5 and 4 of Arduino. Pins 4, 5, 12 and 13 of L293D are ground pins and are connected to Gnd.

First motor (consider this as the motor for left wheel) is connected across the pins 3 and 6 of L293D. The second motor, which acts as the right wheel motor, is connected to 11 and 14 pins of L293D.

The 16th pin of L293D is Vcc1. This is connected to +5V. The 8th pins is Vcc2. This is the motor supply voltage. This can be connected anywhere between 4.7V and 36V. In this project, pin 8 if L293D is connected to +5V supply.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

Before going to working of the project, it is important to understand how the ultrasonic sensor works. The basic principle behind the working of ultrasonic sensor is as follows:

Using an external trigger signal, the Trig pin on ultrasonic sensor is made logic high for at least 10µs. A sonic burst from the transmitter module is sent. This consists of 8 pulses of 40 KHz.

The signals return back after hitting a surface and the receiver detects this signal. The Echo pin is high from the time of sending the signal and receiving it. This time can be converted to distance using appropriate calculations.

The aim of this project is to implement an obstacle avoiding robot using ultrasonic sensor and Arduino. All the connections are made as per the circuit diagram. The working of the project is explained below.

When the robot is powered on, both the motors of the robot will run normally and the robot moves forward. During this time, the ultrasonic sensor continuously calculates the distance between the robot and the reflective surface.

This information is processed by the Arduino. If the distance between the robot and the obstacle is less than 15cm, the Robot stops and scans in left and right directions for new distance using Servo Motor and Ultrasonic Sensor. If the distance towards the left side is more than that of the right side, the robot will prepare for a left turn. But first, it backs up a little bit and then activates the Left Wheel Motor in reversed in direction. 

Similarly, if the right distance is more than that of the left distance, the Robot prepares right rotation.  This process continues forever and the robot keeps on moving without hitting any obstacle.

APPLICATION OF THIS CONCEPT:

·        Obstacle avoiding robots can be used in almost all mobile robot navigation systems.

·        They can be used for household work like automatic vacuum cleaning.

·        They can also be used in dangerous environments, where human penetration could be fatal

[ananthapadmanabhanaj]

They are more intelligent, but can’t be replaced for our humanity nor our emotion’s. Still future is here.....

[ananthapadmanabhanaj]

YOU ARE WHAT YOU BELIEVE

MYSELF

[ananthapadmanabhanaj]

HOW TO RUN A CODE IN MATLAB.

Start writing a new program by clicking new script at the top left of the Matlab window

It is always wise to place some notes at the top of your program describing the programs purpose. It is also a good idea to place comments around confusing parts of your code. There are often times when you will be working as a team and everyone writes code differently. Do yourself and your team members a favor and explain what you are doing.

“clear all” clears all variables from the Workspace

“close all” closes all open figures

“clc” clears the history of commands entered in the Command Window

Another important habit is to place a semi-colon ”;” .

at the end of every command in your program. This will surpress printing of the command in the Command Window. However, occationally it will be useful to allow the computer to print a particular command.

Type the commands in the script editor in the order that you would like Matlab to execute them

It is important to notice that if your variables are not saved in a file like “data.mat”, they will be cleared by the first line of code

Once you have written your code you will need to save it. Click on “Save” near the upper left of your Matlab window.

Once the file is saved you are free to run the program by clicking “Run” 

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MATLAB

What Is MATLAB?

MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include:

Math and computation

Algorithm development

Modeling, simulation, and prototyping

Data analysis, exploration, and visualization

Scientific and engineering graphics

Application development, including Graphical User Interface building

MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in a scalar noninteractive language such as C or Fortran.

The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects, which together represent the state-of-the-art in software for matrix computation.

MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced courses in mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-productivity research, development, and analysis.

MATLAB features a family of application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions (M-files) that extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.

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AN EXAMPLE FOR LINEAR ALGEBRAIC REGRESSION

Lets’s considor an example in order to understand linear algebraic regression 

Here the mark obtained by the students in a test are given on the x-axis and on the y-axis the mark for their attitude in the class, now if you want to find the mark for a student’s attitude,  if the student has 15 marks in the test what should you do ?. In this case we use linear regression.

These are the baisic formulas required for linear regression. Here ‘b’  is the slope of the regression line and ‘a’ is the Y-intercept of the regression line.

Now we find the value of pearson’s correlation coefficient 

we need to find the standard deviation of both x and y, and in order to find the slope of the regression line, we use theequation mentioned above.

by getting the value of slope, hence we can find the Y-intercept.

from both value of a and b we can form a general equation of the form

                                   “y = a +  (b *x)”.

So, corresponding to the value of ‘x’ you will get the value for ‘y’.

[ananthapadmanabhanaj]

PEARSON CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

The Pearson correlation coefficient is a very helpful statistical formula that measures the strength between variables and relationships. In the field of statistics, this formula is often referred to as the Pearson R test. When conducting a statistical test between two variables, it is a good idea to conduct a Pearson correlation coefficient value to determine just how strong that relationship is between those two variables.

WHAT IF THE COEFFICIENT IS POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

In order to determine how strong the relationship is between two variables, a formula must be followed to produce what is referred to as the coefficient value. The coefficient value can range between -1.00 and 1.00. If the coefficient value is in the negative range, then that means the relationship between the variables is negatively correlated, or as one value increases, the other decreases. If the value is in the positive range, then that means the relationship between the variables is positively correlated, or both values increase or decrease together. Let's look at the formula for conducting the Pearson correlation coefficient value.

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LINEAR ALGEBRAIC REGRESSION

Linear regression is a common Statistical Data Analysis technique. It is used to determine the extent to which there is a linear relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.

APPLICATION OF LINEAR ALGEBRAIC REGRESSION

The following can be some of the best applications of Linear Regression:

1)   If a company’s sales have increased steadily every month for the past few years, by conducting a linear analysis on the sales data with monthly sales, the company could forecast sales in future months.

2)  Linear regression can also be used to analyze the marketing effectiveness, pricing and promotions on sales of a product.

3)   Linear regressions can be used in business to evaluate trends and make estimates or forecasts.

4)  If a company, wants to know if the funds that they have invested in marketing a particular brand has given them substantial return on investment, they can use linear regression.

5)  Linear regression could also be used for weather forecasting.

WHY LINEAR ALGEBRAIC REGRESSION

Simple linear regression is useful for finding relationship between two continuous variables. One is predictor or independent variable and other is response or dependent variable. It looks for statistical relationship but not deterministic relationship. ... Error is the distance between the point to the regression line.

[ananthapadmanabhanaj]

Research paper on Internet of Things

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A project on the current situation of farmers in India, how can we improve it ?