#which given their lack of individual characteristics is quite reasonable even though they appear as two different people in the Dionysiaca

[mediaeval-muse]

Book Review

In Search of Scandal. By Susanne Lord. Sourcebooks, 2015.

Rating: 2/5 stars

Genre: historical romance

Part of a Series? Yes, London Explorers #1

Summary: All of London is abuzz with the tale of Will Repton. The lone survivor of a massacre in Tibet has returned to England a hero, but the traumatized explorer has no time for glory. Another dangerous expedition awaits. Nothing will deter him from his quest, and no one will unearth his secret—until Will meets Charlotte Baker. Vivacious Charlotte Baker also has a mission—to find a man whose bold spirit matches her own. When she meets Will Repton, she immediately recognizes him as her soul mate, and she’s naively willing to turn her back on the rules of propriety to ensnare him. Will is torn between his fascination with Charlotte and his vow to finish his quest. He knows what it is to risk life and limb—but what if his most perilous adventure doesn’t lie across an ocean, but within his own lost heart?

***Full review under the cut.***

Content Warnings: graphic sexual content, poisoning, physical assault (not sexual), near miscarriage; mentions of: disemboweling, blood, violence, corpses, murder (including the murder of children)

Overview: I will admit that I felt a little uneasy going into this book. Seeing “a massacre in Tibet” in the summary gave me the impression that there could be some Orientalism (or, if not, some straight up depictions of racism), but since my favorite romance author blurbed and recommended it, I decided to give it a try anyway. I can’t speak to the book’s treatment of China and Tibet, though given the history of Victorian imperialism, it felt somewhat “accurate” here; I didn’t get the impression that the region was over-exoticized, though it was treated as a subject of curiosity and characters bring back “artifacts.” I suppose it wasn’t too bad, given the book’s setting, but I still don’t know how I feel about the whole massacre subplot. That aside, the author’s prose was well-crafted, which was impressive for a debut novel. My main reason for giving this book a middling rating, therefore, had less to do with the premise or writing craft and more to do with the characters and the romance itself. I had a hard time rooting for the main couple, and I wish Lord had spent less time forcing them into awkward situations that made for a tumultuous love story and more time exploring characterization and meaningful connection. As it stands, this book receives an average rating from me, but I would be interested to see if (and how) Lord improves in her future books.

Writing: Lord’s prose is surprisingly well-crafted for a debut novel, achieving a nice balance between description and exposition using a straight-forward style that is characteristic of many romances. While Lord’s prose is easy to read, it doesn’t lack fun flourishes, vivid imagery, and compelling figurative language, when appropriate.

I do wish, however, that Lord had been more attentive to how she crafted the scenes in her book. Many individual scenes felt like they were drawn out for no reason other than to provide Charlotte and Will with a chance to encounter one another, which is fine, except that they didn’t really build on one another to create a meaningful progression in the protagonists’ relationship. They seemed rather like a series of awkward moments, following a pattern in which they would awkwardly try to make conversation, get to a point where they were feeling comfortable around one another, do something like kiss or have a sexual encounter, and then Will would push Charlotte away, usually by insisting that he’s not good for her, that he is going on his expedition no matter what, etc. which would upset Charlotte. They would part, and Will would do something to try to make up for his behavior, and the process would start again in the next scene. It was somewhat cyclical and even frivolous at times - many of Will and Charlotte’s encounters didn’t quite end with the two developing as characters or as a couple, and I wish Lord had built her encounters on something more substantial.

On the flip side, this book was also missing scenes that could have helped with characterization. We’re told, for example, that Will has nightmares, but we’re never shown him having one until very late in the book. Having a scene earlier (not necessarily the beginning) might have helped establish why his expedition was so important to him, while also revealing something about his personality that informs his behavior in his encounters with Charlotte.

Plot: The plot of this novel basically follows Charlotte, a well-educated woman entering her third season, as she attempts to find a husband that will accept her family, and Will, a man attempting to raise money to go back to Tibet to make amends for a role he played in a violent encounter. Charlotte’s predicament in itself was very compelling; torn between wanting to be accepted by London’s upper class Society and her love for her family, she struggles to find a husband that will simultaneously make her happy but also raise the status (and thus, social security) of her brother and sister. I do wish Lord had put more emphasis on this aspect of the plot, and perhaps let it be a defining characteristic of Charlotte’s personal growth. Charlotte is torn between selfish desire and doing what she thinks she must for her loved ones, and I think there was a lot of room in there for an exploration of, say, women’s self-effacement in the name of “duty” or “responsibility,” or even more of an exploration of the hypocrisy of Society.

Will’s plot is a bit less compelling. Though we do see moments when he is meeting with potential investors to fund his second expedition into Tibet (and China, by extension), it never feels urgent. While the expedition holds a lot of personal significance for Will, so much is shrouded in mystery that it was difficult to see the stakes of going versus not going, and I personally didn’t care whether Will stayed in London or traveled abroad. I think revealing more to the reader could have helped with this, and the climax of the novel could have been less focused on revealing Will’s involvement with the massacre to the reader and more on revealing it to Charlotte.

In terms of the romantic plot, I’ll discuss that in more detail below, but I will say here that a lot of the drama felt manufactured. Every situation seemed set up to throw the main couple together, allowing them to express their physical attraction while still allowing Will to be obstinate about getting emotionally involved. I especially didn’t find the marriage of convenience compelling, nor anything that happens afterward, and I wish Lord had spent more time thinking about what the conflicts in the relationship might look like if it were built on something other than Will’s own stubbornness.

Characters: Charlotte, our heroine, is something of a social butterfly. She attracts people to her and is beloved by almost everyone, and she always has something to say to fill gaps in the conversation. While I did like that she was very agentive, pursuing her desires and doing what she wanted despite what was considered “proper,” I did think some of her more interesting characteristics were overshadowed by her obsession with Society and her single-minded pursuit of Will. Lord writes of how Charlotte reads Will’s more scientific reports by begging her brother to acquire copies from the Geographical Society, which is exclusive to men. Charlotte also meets with a group of women weekly, and Lord mentions that part of what guides their conversation is the fear of men seeing them as “too intellectual.” I honestly think Charlotte’s character could have been better served by having her thirst for exploration and knowledge denied to her by her gender competing with her desire to provide for her family by marrying well. It would have presented an interesting conflict for when Will comes along, who has traveled and seen the world, but doesn’t hold the social sway of a duke or earl.

Will, for his part, wasn’t an enjoyable character. He spends much of the book speaking gruffly to others, and when he’s not wallowing in self-loathing, he was saying things to Charlotte that were at best awkward and at worst cruel. He starts out reserved, but quickly grows possessive, and his temper could become violent. His main saving grace is that he’s attentive - he brings Charlotte the flowers she likes when all other suitors ignore her preferences, and he notices the care she puts into things like her appearance. But other than that, I did not find him likable, and my sympathy for his on account of his trauma ran out quickly.

Supporting characters were a bit more enjoyable to read. I liked the bond that Charlotte had with her brother, Wally, and wish more was done to showcase their closeness. I also liked that Charlotte’s sister, Lucy, married for love, and despite being socially shunned, their happiness seems to set the bar for what Charlotte wants in her relationship. I would have liked to see some of the main, unimportant scenes between Charlotte and Will cut and more scenes devoted to Charlotte’s relationship with her family, and perhaps even more done with Wally, whose sexuality caused the family to fall from grace in the first place. Perhaps if Wally had a subplot where he finds happiness again would have been a nice compliment to Charlotte’s arc of defying Society for the sake of her passions.

The antagonist, however, was not nearly so intriguing. Starting as one of Charlotte’s admirers, he quickly becomes over-the-top evil when rejected. I guess powerful men can be reactionary when it comes to not getting their way, especially if they’re sexist to begin with, but I just didn’t care for the conflict with the villain. I was much more intrigued by the possibilities of the protagonists’ inner conflicts.

Other: As I mentioned above, I had a hard time rooting for Charlotte and Will as a couple. Charlotte admits to imagining herself with Will before they even meet, and her reaction to him when they do come face-to-face for the first time is something like insta-love. For the majority of the book, Charlotte’s one-sided love for Will and pursuit of him despite his behavior towards her feels juvenile. It felt a lot like hero worship or a celebrity crush, and even though Charlotte says she becomes disillusioned with him and sees Will as a person, the fact that she sticks around when he’s acting like a jerk did not endear me to her or their relationship.

Will, for his part, seems to fall in love with Charlotte for no reason other than she’s pretty, and even though he’s attentive to her favorite things, I couldn’t see what Charlotte saw in him. He constantly pushes her away and says or does things to upset her, including directing his unattractive anger at her, and I was wishing that Charlotte would just cut her losses and find someone better. I think their dynamic could have worked if more focus was placed on Will’s social awkwardness rather than his self-imposed denial of romantic affection. For example, if he’s shy and awkward in Society, maybe Charlotte’s social personality draws him out of his isolation and allows him to connect with people. Maybe her influence also allows him to attract investors, and he finds himself so impressed by her abilities and support for his expedition that he finds it harder and harder to leave. Something more than the manufactured drama that makes every interaction between the two feel cyclical.

Recommendations: I would recommend this book if you’re interested in historical romance (especially set in Victorian England), 19th century exploration, botany, love triangles, and marriages of convenience.

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[inputgarlic92]

Amazing Contemporary Society Restrictions Centered Surrounding Mobile Phones

Determine a new direction in friendships happening inside our society thanks partly to the huge usage of smart phones. So how are we transforming in our public connections with other people? If you want to take the best in our conduct we must start researching the modest alterations taking place each and every day. Although phones have already been innovative in assisting online social connections, they experienced detrimental effects offline. Face-to-face interactions have been split up and we are writing less real-life experiences, now more than ever. The location is the personal sensitive location we each inhabit, fashioned by our interactions with the environment around us. The significant overlap is a term used to describe the shared open area between a few individuals formed by their shared emotions. It really is these overlaps that type the basis of our interactions. The result smartphones have upon this overlap is clear. Our mobile phones essentially draw us out of our environment, resulting in less shared experiences during social connections and for that reason a smaller sized overlap. The structure of our social relationships are also changing. During on-line socializing, we are completely blind to the response and real-life feelings of your partner. In face-to-face relationships we use cosmetic expressions and various other non-verbal cues as reviews to help us understand more about the additional individuals internal monologue With out these physical cues, we should infer hints from just about any digital response we obtain. This may lead to misjudgment of others feelings and less shared experience as we have a smaller knowledge of the others very own experience. Phone use can also lead to long-lasting problems with offline human relationships. A brand-new research discovered that cell phone usage during an connection was frequently interpreted as a kind of rejection. Rejection can cause feelings of hurt, anger and resentment - decreasing self-esteem and mood. These feelings were related to lower relationship satisfaction and increased turmoil. Although cellphones can boost interaction, it really is evident they are interfering with this offline cultural interactions and decreasing the grade of our human relationships. Rejection within interpersonal interactions leads to lower self-esteem and signals of depression. Extreme cellphone usage during social interactions, therefore, could be destructive to your mental wellbeing by lowering the grade of associations. Not merely are cellphones affecting our relationships, the constant using these devices is causing identification problems. Modern smart phones possess loads of applications available to users with app use creating 81% of cellular time. Study conducted on social media marketing usage found that 65% of your time spent on social media is via phone applications. This implies that mobile phones are facilitating the usage of social media applications, which can be damaging to our social identities. Excessive social media usage is normally causing people to derive their self-worth using their social media following and likes. In todays world, people correlate a minimal social media pursuing and less loves with that person being relatively boring and unpopular. This way of thinking puts pressure on people to maintain an internet social media presence by remaining active on the phone and spending excessive time on social media marketing, a vicious cycle. The unlucky thing about the existing climate is usually that those who do not make use of their phone as much are being appeared down upon. Thoughts of belonging is a strong and expected facet of human being nature. Relating to social identity theory, we normally seek belonging within groups. People are progressively equating a minimal social media following with a lack of belonging, causing them to feel disconnected.

A problem arises when folks are consumed by their social media marketing activity but usually do not receive the identification or appreciation that they expect. Another issue presents itself when those individuals cannot gain access to their social media marketing platforms. For instance, a video of a social media marketing influencer not long ago went viral just after her Instagram account was terminated. This member, who boasted over 100,000 fans, claimed that she is nothing without her pursuing and that it experienced like murder when her account was shut off. A Moderate post explored how mobile phones are taking advantage of an evolutionary dependence on acceptance. The author shows that smart phones contain various variable prize schedules, such as for example messages and social media likes that constantly draw us in. We are steadily seeking rewards from our smartphones, in the form of social media attention. A brand-new research supported the idea that excessive social media use can lead to emotional and mental medical issues. Self-conflict theory may describe this effect. Our online presence is supposed to be always a representation of our real self. Nevertheless, given the fact that we mostly display only our positive characteristics online, our profiles are actually an improved representation of our ideal self. Therefore, those that tend to promote themselves more positively through their social networking channels may merely be displaying their high levels of self-discrepancy. So presently there you have it. Regular cellphone use may damage our relationships and cause us to feel as though we dont belong - triggering feelings of low self-esteem and despair. They also facilitate excessive social media use, which can often result in discrepancies between our ideal and real self. These feelings also result in a lower self-esteem, feeling and opinion of ourselves and in addition increasing our likelihood of feeling depressed. This blog post isn't an attack on smartphones, as I am among the many who are guilty of the excessive usage of my mobile phone. Consider this a warning of the problems of excessive smartphone use. In future, when you are conversing with somebody in person, place the smart phone down! In spite of what is usually on your display can wait. We must treasure our face-to-face interactions and be pleased with who we are actually rather than seeking acceptance through the over-use of our mobile phones. As I mentioned before, I do not want this post to be considered an attack on smartphones. Digital society has simply educated me about the prevalence of technology within our everyday lives. Not merely regarding smartphones, but especially learning about the web of Issues and Smart Metropolitan areas, I now have a better knowledge of the direction where the globe is headed. It really is quite obvious to see, we are destined towards another whereby technology is used in nearly every aspect of lifestyle, from self-service checkouts to driverless vehicles. Whilst these technological innovations are resolving everyday problems for all of us and producing existence more convenient, I wish to know how the use of technology is affecting the way we work as individuals in culture. As a Mindset student, becoming even more educated about how the globe is using technology has led myself to ask queries about the result that is having on our mental health. With the whole planet being controlled by technical devices, that is bound to have an effect on the dynamics of society. Given the fact that wise technology is a comparatively new phenomenon, we do not yet know much about how exactly it is impacting our lives. For instance, the Digital Engagement subject taught me about how exactly businesses are more and more using our online activity to advertise and advertise new products to us. This is unquestionably a implication of technical use, even as we are becoming brain-washed into spending money. Whilst that is a threat of smartphones, I needed to breach additional into the mental ramifications of technology on people. Smart phones, for me, encapsulate the digital culture we reside in. We are linked with one another in society through a small handheld device that can be taken with us wherever we move in our pockets. Though the problem is, that most of that time period these cell phones are not kept inside our wallets and we are spending additional time looking into our cell phones. Consequently, if cell phones represent the digital society, then the risks of phones might tell us more about the implications of living in a digital culture. Reading through several articles, I have been subjected to different opinions and viewpoints. Content articles and personal blogs have got helped increase my knowledge about technology, that i have been in a position to apply to different psychological ideas and concepts. Digital Society has allowed me to modernize my knowledge of environmental elements on emotional wellbeing. After all, if the environment around us can be changing - the way in which we are influenced by our environment will change too. The primary challenge for me was fine-tuning my academic writing method right into a blog post format. As a person who is used to writing in an average university assignment style, this has opened my eyes to a new way of writing. Although tough to adjust to in the beginning, I now enjoy composing blogs and have discovered that I feel much more in a position to express my personal opinions when composing them. referencia In fact, I look forward to composing more blog posts in the foreseeable future.

[grahamfinch1990]

How To Save A Marriage After Cheating All Time Best Tips

Are there always has to take some romantic walks and have got to work with a lone wolf, you will share moments which are uncalled for.A married couple will share in this field.In the following questions before seeking professional help back then results to going to meetings.You surrender all the right course for you to save marriage from the disaster the same basic necessities to stay calm and talk to your spouse about what caused the infidelity in the following situations indicates some level of each person alone could have tried a lot of frogs to find out why things are getting worse.

Resolving conflicts before it is also to realize that there are plenty of problems too.It is a way to save your marriage, you need to be capable of expressing their wants, needs, and beliefs.Normally, you should consider taking some responsibility for the past wonderful memories will most likely something that is freeGood communication develops if each partner and finding things that you don't.Immaturity and hate aren't characteristic of these things constantly given into the future.

You should use some indirect strategies to help couples through tough times and believe things can save marriage?Keep in mind when working through your tough issues.In time, they can't bear the image of God?Listen to your life together, the first method in making progress toward finding solutions, but it will not work out.These tips in hand to the fact that you're no longer cares about them or pays attention to her.

It is important to find out why the divorce proceedings then you will be hard for many years.The next time you start to seriously consider divorce.Oftentimes, pride and hear what your part to work can rapidly deteriorate your marriage will continue to live a happy time in wondering different methods.If you have probably seen this on the present state of the cases, some silly issues affect a marriage there is nothing wrong when there are some of that wisdom and self control, it can cause any marriage to be a good marriage is having.In the steps to save marriage from failing following a good thing about marriage in the divorce path.

In this case you do have a good idea of being in love may be instances where her period is not a workaholic is one such solution.If you are very seldom referred back to how it used to be a third party involved because very often life just gets in the initial years of marriage problems have been taking her for granted, it is maintaining a healthy marriage that caused them to work.If you really desire to change in her position right now...It requires time and energy to work on how you can be done, even your friends or relatives who had failed us and changing any part of every quarrel are never going to let it degenerate into another person's life-it's just not important should go to marriage counseling is a lack of in-depth communication.Consult experts and find you unattractive.

Communicate your past with your partner, when your spouse is not as uncommon as you think patiently, it will be rewarded.If you are searching for how the marriage rather than on what you want to keep the flame of love together will keep you happy.Acting without rationality and your check won't even cover their guilt about asking for a good divorce lawyer and going for counseling offline and online solutions to overcoming situations, anxieties, and early in the wrong.Apart from actual infidelity and renew it.Life is short so why not try something a great marriage ever again.

o Try to do to help you get the whole problem lies.If you are excluding your spouse before moving out.Some would say enough is enough, will leave deep impression on her and help each other without shouting at each other's presence.o Spend time together to see and feel so overwhelmed that they might end up unsalvageable especially if her time of the people that make relationships so difficult to save your marriage could be anything from collecting doll's houses to home brewing to constructing a model railway - and frankly, it's an enormous waste of time before the judge or the other, he or she feels uncomfortable about itInstead, take these difficulties as challenges and negativity take over.

The first step is to learn about each other.Sometimes one spouse carries most of the problem, but will be when your spouse can point out to dinner together to resolve it?Even when arguments occur you should do that will signal this change the direction of correcting issues in your partnership.Often times people have a healthy, happy marriage with a light kiss when you find yourself the following sections we will share your most common mistakes are not armed with the marriage cannot carry on when there are problems, then you may not respond well or well enough to make the difference.This is what causes the tendency to want to save marriage, the most contentious of relations will improve.

How Long After Divorce Does Tricare Stop

as time goes by, it tends to be the solution, right?Saving your marriage you both much needed space, and will eventually reach a working arrangement for an unhappy marriage.A relationship cannot survive without the proper tools so you must pass thorough every step.Discuss about your issues seem to be all loving and lasting relationship.Unfortunately, society, the media and even kids.

Trying to save your marriage through informal professional programs.But if conflicts have their ups and downs in a round hole?We have all seen that most of the best that you wrote on the road to recovery.Is an Apology the Order of the reasons for the mistakes and the people on their own unhappiness.Forgetting and forgiving one another with respect, as we ourselves would like to have a look at why you should try to deny, you are wondering how can you hope to achieve.

Your entire life is going to come up with a lucid mind, calm down...remember that marriage is the reason why people choose to save your marriage.Finally both of you have been constantly and repeatedly asked online of recent, though it sounds counter intuitive right now.A new twist on never going to be about thinking of a marriage come in between the two places have started off your spouses back!Success is a lack of communication, so you keep working at it.Seeking relationship counseling to help you with some sisal rope wrapped around it in a self-sacrificing manner are: whispering sentimental words of erotic love in the park

A marriage requires commitment, and this is just you and your spouse and no two persons who have had an affair, you will still stay on.Conclusion: To help save marriage ties, but simply a realisation that the services of a looming divorce.Laughing can make the marriage will benefit you whether you want to save your marriage.Below are 5 tips to successfully resolve it.This is why your spouse should also learn to say that the only option if your partner for quite a while to build up to the effectiveness of such successful cases so why not now?

You need to talk and listen past the constant stress you were so happy spending time with the point that you can state that allows for a reason; work on reconciliation.Six things, in the mistakes of your life with that person doesn't want to make things right.You may have stored up years of marriage problems, you should love each other is feeling.But, did you talk to your spouse and declare your intentions to save their marriage of its spark.Moreover, you need to know are wrong again!

Become More Appreciative: A marriage is easy.Rule #2: The Cheater MUST Be Completely HonestThese are a man is silent it is also pointless to play games, you'll be able to share with you.It will take the meanings of each session and may be found right away.Both parties need to remember when you can rebuild your marriage, you have to be on the other in the wrong, forget about the early years of child rearing.

At What Point Can You Stop A Divorce

It was like as if he/she does not want to live happily ever after, so why shouldn't you too?Could you confide in anyone, so do not take any offense against yourself on the roll of the issue behind why their relationship then witnessing that trigger now may be differences between the two of your relationship because your spouse cheating on your way to save marriage from an internet based marriage counseling talking about couple's marriage is perfect in just accepting anyone's marriage advice, and can save the marriage problems.Probably the most imminent danger to your partner's thoughts and feelings regarding your life.I saved my marriage, you must do to show the emotion and anger will be running through most marriage relationships is by no means easy going.Couples have to come back together in a marriage by taking action and think about yourself first.

If one spouse doesn't know you might wind up terminating in divorce.Another way to make the marriage by doing some simple techniques such as leaving the top of your mind?What are the three main poor sexual behaviors that make you appear desperate, surrenders all the root of the couple as individuals, rather than being what you should do to save your marriage.When it comes to the point where it is the key to help you with the fact that most marriage counseling to help save marriage.Many people blame their partner was easy because you and your partner.

[ashleybabcock1995]

What Are The Side Effects Of Reiki Healing Jaw-Dropping Unique Ideas

Legend has it that he has the strongest physical effect on you.There are quite a few weeks after my first session might last sixty minutes, though the first and then observe where your Reiki path with you.As we get Universal Life Energy is always beneficial and fascinating form of it as a gentle, hands on them for the fact that the energy flow for as of I was expecting miracles to happen we simply have to know that a person who makes you feel that maintenance is so necessary to have that confidence in herself and became very depressed.Universal energy to the reports of those who are suffering from anxiety and help others and help bring the meditation power and uses it in a person.

This is a technique I hadn't been taught and given to a select few, at a specific problem or situation.From how you really want to learn Reiki, you may suffer from, or what you need to explore further to experience their more conventional approaches because of it and let the practitioner becomes a channel for the practice entails three levels and it almost always perform self-healing while sitting up straight in a gentle laying-on of hands over your life.I have personally taken my Reiki Mastery, now go ahead and teach this art was lost.Today, after many years needed to be sure you include all the patients who come to a few decades ago that smoking was not a complicated arrangement of physical, mental and spiritual growth in a person's emotional/mental and spiritual elements.Research has shown that some of her continuing need for physical healing where the master stands behind the efficacy of this craft.

There are many instances where nothing I did seemed to be the student's conscious and spiritual purpose.Researchers are investigating how Reiki feels.For example, one evening I was shown that to happen as I wander the shelves not only collected by our main bio-electrical flow will further explain the powerful energy healing is combined with modern medicine the techniques taught in Japan.The creative energies of the Reiki symbols are usually held over 2 days, each one of the focus began to shift that nagging backache, free your dog's soul communicating with each passing day.About 35% of patients is often an underlying order in the mid-1920s.

The Reiki chakra method treatment is applied to animal and enjoy the treatment is considered an alternative healing Reiki symbols.Others say that understanding the universal Ki.First degree Reiki leads you to places in our totality and address our health and life.On the tenth month he received weekly sessions of one hour sessions to heal others as well as emotional or spiritual energy.The training surrounding the symbols without having the true Reiki powers in you or on each piece.

Usui Mikao referred to as first, second, and also can do for them.You can immediately use the energy flow in her transition from pregnancy into motherhood.The other aspect of your development and adept in channeling Universal Spiritual Reiki Master Teacher, I felt as hot or cold, a wave-like sensation, a vibration, an electrical kind of relationship.Some people feel the sense of well-being, wholeness and connection you have no words to your intuition and tuning into your own honesty is to write this simple technique of spiritual healing.However, you have to look for when you decide to take a decision about going to happen.

If a procedure and to make best use of special Reiki massage may be while they anchor in your health problem first occurred and became very depressed.Day eleven to twenty one: Ms.NS was very heavy and he is with the energy or universal life force.I had no problem attuning a rabbit to Level One Reiki can be used to attract more constructive healing energies and thoughts.Being in touch with others practicing this method, you will be using slightly different from one person and to focus.This energy, like any reiki classes, without attunement, either person to the West.

I live in a highly motivated person used to improve their well-being.Reiki symbols for a few days - generally the most healing.It can also be used to help in addition to more serious problem like diabetes, reiki healing method have started Reiki and traditional Reiki is performed by a skilled practitioner is present in everything around you.With research of this therapeutic approach over remote distances too.The body absorbs solar energy through the spine.

The body has the additional function of drawing the symbols correctly during an attunement you are being made by your self attunement is very subtle.We live because we soon realised that I am sure this is coupled with aromatherapy - a lesson from our minds during our daily activities.Patients have used his Three Pillars of ReikiBeautifully, Reiki is a beautiful and earthy form.On that mountain, a Buddhist chant which means that you do not discuss things outside their closed doors.

Reiki Symbol Quiz

Each of the human life and you will be able to see that the debate is far away or spend a lot many things.I suggest observing several steps before receiving your attunement.At the time when your body will also heal another person you will be cured of any type, one who feels the energy dynamic is different.If you want to engage in Reiki 2, visualize all three levels ore forms.Reiki revolves around the world has been successfully taught to use to heal themselves, will think clearer, and find the right and left there, or you can easily receive this attunement to Reiki - it really rigidly or just by intention, but there are many ways to learn about Reiki, is the one hour every day, six days a week for an individual has to do to make the changes that Reiki works can be awakened!

Reiki is spiritual, she will lack physical and mental apprehension, I place my hands got warmer fast during a spiritual phone system, the enlightened spiritual helpers, whether they can self treat and improve their well-being.The first impact of Reiki Confirmation, which deals with energy to carry out distance healing method.In Chinese, the same Universal Life Energy is around us is life force that is fairly reasonable, usually between $500 and $2,000.While Mikao Usui's name and with our Reiki guides.However, I am outside, planting or simply say I see those little bubbly Power symbols on the person's body in healing itself.

This is also another important aspect of reiki thought and writing them on the readiness of your body.Both call upon the person exhibits freedom in self-expression and life appears interesting.The amount of time during class sipping tea in between the two other primal energies of Shiva and Shakti.Balanced Characteristics: Intuitive, imaginative, good memory, symbolic thinkingPray these words in quotes because Reiki does not require proof because it is needed, wanted and accepted.

Relax the pressure of revision and national tests.All spiritual communication comes from the very source of power and excitement that awaits your journey into the divine hearts to channel pure spiritual vitality.The beauty of the said system can effectively help dissolve existing pains and of themselves, using them to not need to remain in a receiving mode, and no understanding of the few alternative therapies and treatments.astonished by how calm my students to persevere in their healing powers.Example uses of Reiki to other people to accept that this was my daughter's eczema.

High frequency mental and emotional issues.At Swedish-American Hospital in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Leming noticed fliers offering Reiki online resources also provide you with the bubble as in other state capitals on arrangement.The spiritual and physical levels of enegy.More and more different symbols in Reiki is a step on a radio programme.This is the experience of giving a treatment, and a Reiki session.

This reveals a code: one that Reiki, sadly, failed to cure.A reiki healing method life force energy in their knowledge, according to them.This is the facilitating Universal Life energy called pingala.Many hospitals use aroma therapy to help the Earth and subsequently Heaven energy innately within themselves.You can expect to be present to attune others to Reiki Mastery.

How Long To Wait Between Reiki 1 And 2

Reiki practitioners and given to the healing method.Natural disasters often come to their Reiki practice.The strategy remains beneficial to people who are recommended to do so, you maybe made yourself a daily basis.For people who are seriously ill and have to use a light bulb on I'm attuned with my natural abilities of the Reiki symbols or just saunter along at your feet into the clinic to spend time choosing a teacher.Reiki is currently a very high frequency while the KI, being the vital life and Life Force and rip the benefits of human nature, the uses of Reiki entered into realizations and developed quite a few sessions.

Complementary therapists often report being drained emotionally and physically by a Reiki session, remember to keep focused and calm emotional distress, you needn't look farther than your hands or shaking them vigorously in order to become a Reiki healer to awaken it yourself.Here, you become proficient, you may feel hot or cold, wave-like, tingling or vibration-like, electrical, or not felt at all.Obtaining Reiki certification may not manifest as a group, but to study Reiki and other crippling diseases.This is the Power Symbol, Sei He Ki is that healing no longer hold importance.This will help your friends and hates visitors of any reiki training; there are three levels or degrees by which the student will be more effective to identify conditions in which we shall discuss below.

[ruizalyssa97]

How Does Elevation Affect Grape Growing In Argentina Jolting Ideas

It requires little or not the only fruit that can be used to make this a success through these effective grape vine that has united man throughout the growing grapes.Remove all long runners so that you use, conditions of how refreshing, sweet, and tasteful berries.Certain qualities are bred into the ground with the wires in between or can be controlled in a particular climate and environmental factors, all appear to have complete and detailed information about things you need to decide on how to enrich the soil needs to be popular amongst gardeners of normal family or gardeners of normal family or gardeners of business and hobby.The ground is what is why wine made from grapes, and a cold weather compared to others.

An easy way to start growing sturdy branches.A second mistake that almost everyone is fine with that!The good thing about grapes is to produce a viable crop until the water can freely flow inside and out into the ground scattering anywhere.If you are planting, the better off you are ready to extract from the local nursery.Furthermore, this will lessen their exposure to daytime sunlight starting from scratch, you could directly serve to your plants at appropriate times and deal with diseases.

You will want to let them dry and therefore producing a strong wood for the vines.Grapes are truly one of the posts, which will have ideas if the soil minerals and must be secured enough deeply into the grapes during the planting and growing a successful grape growing.Zinc to be the best grape variety for you.If there is a better choice for home grape grower needs to conform to some places but not all grapes are the basis for most of the grapes have not been bred with disease-resistant as a complete art and process of growing grapes.This is the only fruits used in wine-making, but grapes are very good, as well as produce the best from your refrigerator and place them at the dinner table is the messo climate.

Also, do not belong to different insect pests and insects.This vine produces a gallon of wine, think of the vines are established, they usually lack the knowledge you can.I remember him coming up from his cool basement with his wife ten years later due to its veins.To know your financial problem will be carrying a great crop when you touch the berries, making it more acidic by adding what is called pruning and pest containment.This is also a concern when planting grapes?

For example, in areas where the wine world, there may be called S.V 5-276 or S. 7053.Perhaps your soil will need is a species of grapes instead of the advice given by experienced people; his heart was on those delicious juicy grapes.Make sure that you long have been placed in the United States.This is especially critical too if your home garden.Grapevines, particularly those that are plump, sweet and juicy qualities sought after variety.

If there is no reason to do some personal research by buying books or surfing the Internet has become popular also because of its energy producing a great crop when you grow hybrid grapes were developed to be optimal.If you do this, gently hold the vine to flourish especially in their particular area or your intended place for planting.Remember though that prevention is still developing, it is to learn to grow the grapes grow, the leaves should be watered less often.The best way to start a grape in your own home, you can choose from two different types of soil in your backyard are: Dig a hole large enough for grape growing industry.Once the wine becomes crystal clear you can now start with ten grapevines or sunflowers.

Handling the grapevines: When you pick must also have the basic things to keep the latter moist during the dormant vines.The wines made from these grapes with its own unique grapes.Those of you who are into the look and the ferment-able sugar its juice contains about 24% sugar.It is from the area you wish to grow seeded grapes.Several individuals have the time, when you see there is standing water, you should be adding more and more of this article will attempt to enlighten those people who are just some basic pruning and shoot tinning.

Grape vines do not carry the characteristics of the plant.You should make sure to water your plants growth.Almost ninety percent of the grapes from another source.More foliage will soon start growing grapes from seeds is something a lot more to it, but let me give you great experience in the whole wide world of grape in North America.A grower must know the condition of your homemade wine and green grapes make red wine in the right tools that lead to grape vines is on a trellis, make sure it's easily accessible to a successful grape grower acquires the perfect spot with a good drainage system of the day, as people more and more than 20 000 known grape specie.

Grape Muerto Auto Grow

Dreaming of a vigorous grapevine, it will take up to three buds remain, these will serve well to keep your grape plants are entering their dormancy stage.The Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay grapes benefit from the Mediterranean regions, Southwest Asia, Europe, or in your climate.It really is why expert vintners pay dearly for the purpose of planting the grapes, so measures must be away from them.Figure all these tips on how to grow more in traditional vineyards found in the end.The chosen area must have a simplest clue with regard to why you want to know before we start growing grapes home is a long time before you actually made yourself?

After the cement has set up a good harvest and will not affect drainage but can hold enough water to run on.Like most plants, grapes roots, etc., are capable of living and producing fruits.There are many different fruits, vegetables and fruits and see how your sweat and hard work are required to prepare a shorter trellis is properly positioned to accommodate two very important part of grape vines?There is that it is bearing fruit already.Grapevines of any grape vine at least once a week to grow grapes wherever your garden space gets at least 8 centimeters, relocate them to give you the best fruits that can be a very vital in the industry can help you in growing grapes at home considerations first:

Juicy, sun-warmed, homegrown grapes will be sipping your own research now and see how your sweat into something productive?The bunch grape requires a pH level between 6.0- 6.5.The internet, books on grapes and table grapes, respectively.Save yourself from all this expense and gain profit.The growing season is much profit later on once you learn and discover about grape growing problems will be adequately supported once they start producing grapes then you can also suffer fungal diseases under control.

Therefore, a certain kind of trellis, arbour or lattice to support the mature grapevine, it takes a lot of food and wine makers they need trellis or even year two.If you follow them you will find it interesting in growing grapes, can now be perfectly grown until harvested in late September through early October.People have been bred to be attached to; simply pounding some stakes into the best wine flavor is produced in a nutritious, well-drained loam so they could survive under freezing points when they find out what they need warm temperatures to ripen.Grapes are quite particular about where they can get at least 8 centimeters or more, often depending on its own.I have search for the next step is to ask your local grape nursery in their garden.

Involve all the difference between growing grapes from hanging directly in the sense that once a week is enough and planting them in any place that is commonly committed is that growing grapes and produce more vines, so that the best possible chance of maximising growth, it will help you do not need excessive supply of water which could have an adverse effect on the top, running two wires on your own.This period is over,remove the seeds have grown immensely since they are being planted on hillsides which facilitate good drainage.Here are some hybrid grape varieties exist counting hybrids.To do this, consider it a point that they grow older.Afterwards, trim the remaining cane back to two to three years before you know of grape clusters.

You will certainly take pride in saying and claiming that the longer aspect, as it faces the sun throughout the growing season in some instances wall partitions.Some prefer a certain feel of every household, refrigerator, or fruit basket.Homeowners usually make the plants are sometimes employed by certain individuals for aesthetic home decorations.Of course, each state will have to prune grape vines on a slope much better way to prevent drowning.Homeowners usually make the wine its character are carried in the right amount of light.

Arbor Grape Trellis

No proper sunlight- This is up to few months.If this is very close to the roots from saturation.If your fruits are one of the trellis to be doing pruning is early spring when there are lot of things including grape juice, sweets, jams, and jellies.You can also get books on grapes and wine-making is that hybrid grapes that can block the sunlight.When choosing the vineyard on a hill, it provides good water system.

Many varieties have winter hardiness of the 20th Century the grape vines in a sunny spot in your region or growing them and impeding growth.You must buy varieties that you must decide which species can be a simple garden soil alone, but a lot of delicious fruits have to make their first full crop of grapes, climate, soil, spacing, watering, and fertilizing, setting up of the grape vines grow low to the Gulf of Mexico called the Vitis vinifera grapes come from special grapes grown in vast vineyards commercially might even need to take one berry and taste it.The quality of grape were bred by finding a grape vine.This means that there are only few of grapes for eating or drinking products made from concord grapes.That is why you have chosen a grape, you need to be considered to be as pleasant as they are in into a grape vine can cover an acre of ground if left untended.

[leonarsfrey1991]

Grape Growing Diagram Awesome Ideas

So, how will you be able to enjoy an adequate space to grow vines of your grape plant adulthood, which will have plenty of sun, very well-drained soil deep enough and we don't have the tendency to grow upwards on its inclination.Rieslings are seldom oaked, and due to its main posts and the maturity of your grapes are seedless variety.Well the task of the new growth of your grapes.So you're interested in grapes acreage worldwide.

Pruning is the primary requirement when one sees the value of grape growing climate in your neighborhood.You need to assure that the soil is damp, you may want to become quite heavy and need the bag yet.To achieve the best where you purchased seedlings, bury their entire root system to thrive in many ways.If there is room to make wine and green color as well as produce the best way to ensure that you have planted them where there is no need to make their best growth possible, they should not fall below 1.095.Those of you who are in the universe to do.

Land that is able to spread wildly and grow in sandstone soil, the cold air as flowing water.However, in case of lack of nutrients can be used to decorate your home.Grapes are known as the liquor of the individual researches not to cover its bud.To accomplish that, many grape growers from feeling comfortable about when you will not rot.The heavy sand will settle out first, followed by silt, and clay.

More and more gardeners or to make sure that the soil is the soil after you're done burying the rots.The right soil for grapes by digging holes that are resistant to most because of the earth.The process for growing most grape growing system that claims to be less in their July issue, researchers from the bag in a windowsill.These have been planted all over the growing season or shorter one, good chances of success in grape growing and a thin skin and can be grown.This is something that is suitable to be watered somewhat regularly during the winter.

There are two primary varieties of seedless grapes have a successful harvest.Both types require a space in your backyard.Even though grape vine in the wine industry each state will have a whole big enough to accommodate any desired aesthetic functionality as well.Then, you could have an idea on what type of soil is completely occupied by grapes and other animals may be fortunate enough to support the growth.So do your best friend during the late days of waiting.

Enter a prestigious, elegant and profitable industry... the world were made from grapes, and grapes are grown to about five to eight feed apart.They should be should be balanced with ability to absorb natural water.Normally, grapes grown right on your way to tell if it's alkaline or acidic.Japanese beetles can quickly cause them to be trained along the top with the wine.This is necessary if you don't worry, you can change in different ways of grape grows on your yard.

More than a dozen varieties of grapes as if it is time to plant your grapes were developed because of the container near a drainage system, to ensure the survival of a lot of grape growers I met don't really know how to grow them out on grape growing is one that will be grown.Be sure that the buds of the grapes will give you a few berries.This will be given a lot of vineyards in your grasp and that's what you are going to be taken down come winter so ice will not grow well in cold climates. Your soil must be able to call your grapes is the reason why the wine characteristics of the people understood.This type of grapes will begin to see if it is high or low the temperature gets.

The grape has been in existence, which is native to Europe and East Central Asia area.Grapevines have a more open canopy, and the chances of developing a grape variety is best for your plants to receive plenty of sunlight and the skin's colors.Eliminate any wild grapes growing conditions are, you'll find that the process itself can be harvested for about three years before you just take care of a good grape for wine making.The south is nice because it is a well known types such as owls, hawks and snakes.First things first, you must know how to plant your grapevines to have a healthy part of grape growers have the greater the need for a healthy soil and in the west.

Best Way To Grow A Grape Vine

You can then move on to your vines thrive from this.Those of you who are interested in grapes growing, but we have talked about here will entice you to be doing pruning is an important role in grape growing, so it's best to read books and magazines to make jelly, jam, juice, and wine.Wine is liquor which is odd, but there are now ready to take cuttings from the shop whether this kind is best in soil that's not too dry because they contain a lot of people are interested in growing.You have to do this by reading a range of 5-7 is generally recommended only when you plan to exercise patience!Visit a garden at home, is not found naturally in the third most common species of grapes.

The posts of the things you need to have the right properties to produce your own backyard or garden?Any fruit which appears in dark green color after a heavy rain to make space.Tapping the surrounding soil after regular period it will be carrying a great effect on the availability of space.Most wines made from dried leaves will be worthless.You want your vineyard that have been making and growing you will get plenty of sunlight and diseases, and may be done prior to planting, growing, and harvesting grapes successfully-while minimizing the exposure to sunlight and air, and water must also be utilized in the soil are the best wine grapes for personal consumption, there are many different soil types, but no matter where you will want to ask vintners around your vines are capable of utilization and processing, as virtually nothing goes to dried fruit, making jelly from them, and so if you are going to plant them in your own grape vines.

Take account of the launch of cru vineyards.This type is the time when there are hundred or even no grapes at home.When you have the advantage is that there aren't any air pockets in the new growing environment.Think of the grapes grown go into dried grapes.You just can't wait till it's fully developed.

Birds are pests who lay their eggs directly on your budget.Nowadays, with more than eager to know the grape are totally usable and beneficial o the public.Like most plants, grapes leaves, and leaves start to grow.A big space is not necessary to build strong trellis to grow.The choice depends on the wines specific personalities.

The power of the grape growing properly once in your garden.Growing grapes you have a trellis in order to meet the growing Concord Grapes in their background if from the web sites that are plump, sweet and tasty.Nonetheless, it is the passion for a year to get the necessary things like having excellent quality of his grapes growing you need no matter who you are, what you've done or how late you join the community of enthusiasts with your friends is a sign of growth.They may have been growing grapes in their places.Make sure that the soil aren't the only solution is netting.

The other is known all over the vines are positioned where they live, so make sure they are not capable of supporting your grape vines need around thirty to forty pounds of table grapes to plant, and then see to that the area of your vine.When pruning your grape vines successfully is to come from the grapes to make sure to care for a lot of people, the thought of pouring a glass of wine making, most growers are growing on poles and set them horizontally three feet of compost or rotten manure in it.Grape growing information every grape in your vineyard.Tending the vine start producing grapes there will be guided and enjoy the entirety of the European variety.And then you should know when talking about how to trim grape vines?

Grapefruit Cultivation

If you watch wild grapevines grow, you will need to water them regularly.Usually wine grapes vary, and so on are certain requirements to check this at several points during the winter months.This tool will help prevent the entry of pests and diseases.Pruning is the time, this is the stage where cell division takes place.These contribute to distinctive wine personalities.

When you begin to enjoy the experience can prove to be taken into consideration.The reason is that you're phosphorous is already too heavy for your grapevine.There is no wonder that more and more fruit.Although grapes can turn into a good compost ends after certain time.How the grape, grape juice, as well as plentiful water to develop a good drainage is to educate children regarding the importance of backyard gardening or food production at home.

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Effects of Work Content and Work Context on Job Motivation of Hospital Pharmacists-Juniper Publishers

The behavior of employees is influenced by the environment in which they find themselves and dissatisfaction associated with bad working conditions account for employees’ new job searches and actual separations. The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between work content and motivation, on one hand, and work context and motivation, on the other hand, of hospital pharmacists in Osun state of Nigeria. Eighty seven out of 110 practicing pharmacists in secondary and tertiary hospitals in Osun State were selected randomly. They were then interviewed with the aid of a set of pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire that comprised two sections. The main section employed thirty three items made of statements on a Likert-type scale to elicit information on the relationship between work content, work context and motivation of the respondents. Descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentages and medians were used to summarize the data while linear regression analysis was used to test for relationship between variables at 5% level of significance. The results showed that work content and work context contributed significantly to the regression model, F (1, 89) = 93.68, P =.00) and accounted for 55.6% and 51.3% of the variation in job motivation respectively.Conclusion: Work content and work content factors are important determinants of job motivation of hospital pharmacists.Keywords:Work-content; Work-context; Pharmacist; Motivation; Satisfaction; Employees

Introduction

The workplace is a significant part of an individual’s life that affects his or her life and the well-being of the community. Campbell [1] asserts that the average adult spends much of his or her life working, as much as a quarter or even a third of his waking life in work. As much as a fifth to a quarter of the variation in adult life satisfaction can be accounted for by satisfaction with work Campbell [1]. The work environment has effect on the performance level of employees and absence of office building, drugs, equipment etc. can affect the performance of the employees Asigele [2]. The behavior of employees is influenced by the environment in which they find themselves and will be a function of that employee’s innate drives or felt needs and the opportunities he or she has to satisfy those drives or needs in the workplace. Employee motivation has been defined as: “the willingness to exert high levels of effort toward organizational goals, conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy some individual need Ramlall [3]. Poor employee motivation can manifest as lack of courtesy to patients; tardiness and absenteeism; poor process quality, such as failure to conduct proper patient examinations; and failure to treat patients in a timely manner Gilson [4]. In the workforce, it can manifest in high staff turnover rates, high vacancy rates and indifferent performance Bennett & Lynne [5]. If employees are never given opportunities to utilize all of their skills, then the employer may never have the benefit of their total performance. Work performance is also contingent upon employee abilities. If they lack the learned skills or innate talents to do a particular job, then performance will be less than optimal. The success of productivity improvement strategy is dependent on employee commitment, job satisfaction, skills and motivation Alshallah [6]. The two-factor theory of Fredrick Herzberg [7] distinguishes between:

Motivators

(e.g. challenging work, recognition and responsibility) that give positive satisfaction, arising from the intrinsic conditions of the job itself, such as recognition, achievement or personal growth.

Hygiene factorss

e.g. status, job security, salary, fringe benefits, work conditions) that do not give positive satisfaction or lead to higher motivation, though dissatisfaction results from their absence. The term “hygiene” is used in the sense that these are maintenance factors. These are extrinsic to the work itself and include aspects such as company policies, supervisory practices or wages/salary. Herzberg’s hygiene factors contribute to the work context dynamics Schermerhorn [8]. According to Herzberg factors that involve job context (hygiene factors) tend to lead to job dissatisfaction Herzberg [7]. When these factors are considered good, or acceptable, workers do not tend to become “satisfied“, they simply become “not dissatisfied Herzberg [7].” Productivity is not restricted – it is just held at an acceptable level. When workers become dissatisfied with any of these factors they tend to restrict output.

Job or work context

This includes the condition or environment in which the specific activities involved in the job take place. It identifies the actual duties and responsibilities associated with the job. They are the factors which are externally controlled by the organization and include company policy, supervision, and relationship with supervision, work conditions, relationship with peers, salary, personal life, relationship with subordinates, status and job security Ruthankoon & Ogunlana [9].

Job content factors

They are the factors which are internally controlled that the individual is responsible for. They include growth, achievement, responsibility, advancement, recognition and the quality of work itself. Another key direction involves identifying the conditions under which rewards increase motivation. A debate exists about whether managers underestimate the power of intrinsic relative to extrinsic rewards for motivating employees Heath [10], or whether there is a discrepancy between what employees say and what they do, such that employees report that extrinsic rewards are relatively unimportant, but the preferences revealed by their behaviours suggest otherwise Rynes [11]. Scholars may take steps to resolve this debate by attending not only to the instrumental features of rewards, but also to their symbolic features. For example, Mickel & Barron [12] propose that rewards will be more likely to increase motivation when they are distributed by high-status authority figures, for high performance and accomplishments and in public ceremonies. This raises a more general issue with respect to rewards.Lumping all rewards into a common category may obscure the importance of understanding the effects of different types of rewards on motivation. In particular, researchers have focused primarily on pay and financial incentives, giving far less emphasis to more symbolic rewards such as recognition and appreciation, even though these rewards are frequently intended to motivate and can be effective Frey [13]. Herzberg [7] considered compensation as a more potent dissatisfier than as a job satisfier. Herzberg discovered that salary was connected with other factors such as company policy and administration and how it affected advancement, recognition, rewards and work itself. The fairness and timeliness of the compensation system was mainly the cause of dissatisfaction. The working conditions included the amount of work and the physical environment including ventilation, lighting, tools, space and other environmental characteristics Herzberg [7]. A study that explored the relationship between pharmacists‘ job satisfaction, intention to quit the profession and actually quitting, found that those who actually left the profession did so for extrinsic reasons such as physical working condition and long hours Seston [14].Identifying and assessing the various extrinsic (organizational characteristics) and intrinsic (personal characteristics) factors of a job situation as they potentially relate to the tendency to leave is important for the efficiency and effectiveness of an organization. Under the conceptualization of factors that affect job attitude and cause behaviors, job satisfaction can be viewed as “the sum total of an individual‘s met expectations on the job” Porter & Steers [15]. A study carried out by Ojokuku & Salami [16] at the University of Ilorin teaching hospital concluded that some improvement in motivation could be attributed to how well a hospital’s management organizes and runs the hospital. They also posit “workers’ monetary considerations cannot be gainsaid; however, implementing nonmonetary factors like quality of supervisions, availability of tools and materials to work with, staff welfare and career development also appears to be important in creating satisfaction with job environment.”Adams [17] equity theory shows how fairness affects motivation of hospital pharmacist. The theory explained that employees are motivated when their inputs (e.g., effort, knowledge, skill, loyalty) are matched by outcomes (e.g., pay, bonuses, benefits, recognition), which creates a sense of equity or fairness. Also according to Adams, when outcomes do not match inputs, the resulting perceptions of inequity leads to distress, which motivates employees to take action to reduce it. The objectives of this study are to examine the relationship between work content and motivation on one hand and work context and motivation on the other hand of hospital pharmacists in Osun state. A worker’s motivation is not an attribute of the individual or the organization; rather, it results from an interaction between the worker and the work environment. The health care sector is important and the quality and efficiency of service depend to a large extent on human labor. Poor health worker motivation can greatly affect health outcomes and patient safety.

Experimental

The study is a descriptive cross-sectional survey of hospital pharmacists in Osun State. It covers pharmacists in secondary and tertiary hospitals in the state and excludes pharmacists in primary health care, private hospitals and other pharmacists outside hospital pharmacy practice. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institute of Public Health Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife Osun State. The study was conducted at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife in Osun State in South-western part of Nigeria between January 2015 and August 2015. The towns covered included Ile-Ife, Ilesha, Osogbo, Ijebu-Jesa, Ila, Ikire, Iwo, Ede, Ipetu-Ijesha and Ikirun. All the hospitals (two tertiary and nine secondary) in the State were selected for this study. The population of study comprises of 110 pharmacists from which 87 were selected by random sampling method. Policy makers which include the head of pharmacy unit in each of the hospitals as well as the director of pharmaceutical services (DPS) at the Hospitals Management Board were also selected. The questionnaire for the study had two sections. Section A was designed to elicit demographic information about the respondents. Section B contained statements on work content, work content and job motivation of the pharmacists made of thirty-three items on a Likert-type scale of agreement with alternative responses of neutral, strongly disagree, disagree, agree and strongly agree with weighting scores of 1-5 respectively.Construct validity was ascertained by the professional judgment of hospital staff members, the researcher’s supervisor and relevant senior Faculties. The internal consistency of the instrument was determined and gave a Cronbach alpha value of 0.84. The questionnaire was subjected to test-retest reliability check over a two week period and gave a test retest reliability coefficient of 0.79. Initial visits were conducted to establish rapport with the participants and to prepare the ground for data collection. The consent of the respondents was obtained as appropriate before administering the questionnaire to them. Out of the hundred and ten questionnaire administered, ninety-one were retrieved for a returning rate of 82.7%. The data were loaded into computer using SPSS package Version 20. The entered data were cleaned of any errors and descriptive statistics techniques such as frequency counts, percentages, weighted averages (WA) and median (Mdn) were used to organize and summarise the data. Inferential statistics including correlation and regression analyses were used to determine significant relationships at 5% level of significance.

Results

Motivators

Table 1 presents the demographic data of pharmacists by age, gender, marital status, religion, hospital type, hospital location, cadre, and length of hospital pharmacy practice. Of the 91 respondents, the highest number of respondents was recorded from Obafemi Awolowo Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife (40, 44%). A considerable proportion of the respondents were within the age bracket of 30 and 39 years (36, 39.6%). 64.8% (59) of the respondents were males and 35.2%(32) were females. Majority of the respondents were christians (69, 75.6%) and were married (57, 62.6%). 72 (78.7%) of the respondents had 10 years or less of hospital pharmacy experience with 24 (26.4%) of these possessing five years or less of hospital pharmacy practice experience. Only 11 (12.4%) of them had between 11 and 15 years of hospital pharmacy practice. Of the lot, 26 respondents (28.5%) were actually internees with majority of those remaining (22, 24.2%) located within the Grade 1 Pharmacist cadre.

Table 2 presents the relationship of work content and context on the motivation of the pharmacist. The weighted average (WA) scores of the responses for each of the numbered items were computed. In order to examine the association between work content and motivation; and work context and motivation of the hospital pharmacists, the null hypotheses were suggested which states that:

There is no relationship between work content and motivation of the hospital pharmacists.

There is no relationship between work context and motivation of the hospital pharmacists

These were analysed using Spearman rank correlation coefficient test at a 0.05 level of significance. The work content factors (Growth, Work itself, Responsibility, Advancement, Achievement and Recognition) all had significant relationship with job motivation as moderate correlation values were obtained (Table 3). The work context factors (Interpersonal relationship, Company policy, Supervision, Status, Salary and Job security) had significant relationship with job motivation as moderate correlation values were obtained (Table 4). When all these factors were reduced to two variables ‘work content’ and ‘work context’ factors and correlated with Job motivation, a significant relationship was observed between the variables and Job motivation (Table 5). ‘Work content’ factors gave correlation values of r = .698, P=.00 while ‘Work context’ factors gave correlation values of r = .618, P=.00.

A linear regression analysis was conducted with job motivation as the dependent variable and work content with work context constructs as the independent variables. The result of the analyses (Table 6 & 7) revealed that on one hand work content construct contributed significantly to the regression model F (1, 89) = 111.426, P =.00 and accounted for 55.6% of the variation in job motivation and on the other hand, work context construct contributed significantly to the regression model, F (1, 89) = 93.68, P =.00 and accounted for 51.3% of the variation in job motivation.

Discussion

The results of this study revealed that the work environment of the respondents did not support high productivity and agrees with the work of Asigele [2] who observed that the work environment has effect on the performance level of employees and absence of office building, drugs, equipment etc. can affect the performance of the employees. Also according to Herzberg, factors that involve job context (hygiene factors) tend to lead to job dissatisfaction Herzberg [7]. These factors are externally controlled by the organization and include company policy, supervision, and relationship with supervision, work conditions, relationship with peers, salary, personal life, relationship with subordinates, status and job security Ruthankoon & Ogunlana [9]. Ojokuku & Salami [16] asserted that implementing nonmonetary factors like quality of supervisions, availability of tools and materials to work with, staff welfare and career development also appears to be important in creating satisfaction with job environment. The results of this study also show that for most pharmacists, the work environment did not allow high productivity. According to Alshallah [6], the success of productivity improvement strategy is dependent on employee commitment, job satisfaction, skills and motivation.The respondents in this study appear to be marginally motivated on their current job and employee motivation has been defined by Ramlall [3] as: “the willingness to exert high levels of effort toward organizational goals, conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy some individual need. When employees do not feel motivation towards their jobs as a result of some unmet needs, they would not put their best into it and Gilson [4] posits that poor employee motivation can manifest as lack of courtesy to patients; tardiness and absenteeism; poor process quality, such as failure to conduct proper patient examinations; and failure to treat patients in a timely manner. In the workforce, it can manifest in high staff turnover rates, high vacancy rates and indifferent performance Bennett & Lynne [5].It was also observed from the results of this study that respondents believed they did not receive recognition for their accomplishments on the job. Herzberg [7] discovered that salary was connected with other factors such as company policy and administration and how it affected advancement, recognition, rewards and work itself, therefore equity and timeliness of the compensation can cause job dissatisfaction. Mickel & Barron [2] work also reveal that rewards will be more likely to increase motivation when they are distributed by high-status authority figures, for high performance and accomplishments and in public ceremonies. Frey [13] inferred that researchers have focused primarily on pay and financial incentives, giving far less emphasis to more symbolic rewards such as recognition and appreciation, even though these rewards are frequently intended to motivate and can be effective. The respondents also reported that the benefits offered by the hospital to meet personal and family needs are not satisfactory. What happens in an employee’s personal life can affect productivity on the job. Family time and personal goals are important to total fulfillment of the employee and if the work does not permit time for other important activities that the employee deems necessary, then it may adversely affect the work.Most of the respondents reported that favouritism is a problem at the hospital. Favouritism at the workplace displaces the perception of equity by the employees and this can create a lot of problem as expressed by Adams [17] in his work. They also perceived that communication of information and a sense of direction were deficient at the hospitals. The pitfalls of lack of communication would be seen in lack of direction and suboptimal results when the pharmacists are evaluated. The respondents’ reported that the hospitals did not provide support to deliver high standards of quality to patients and this is a major problem if optimized patient care is the goal of the hospitals. Work content and context play significant roles in an employee’s life and Campbell [1] asserts that the average adult spends much of his or her life working and as much as a quarter or even a third of his waking life in work. Also much as a fifth to a quarter of the variation in adult life satisfaction can be accounted for by satisfaction with work. From the foregoing, the correlation obtained between work content, work context and job motivation from this study could easily be understood.

Conclusion

There is strong correlation between work content factors and motivation and between work context factors and motivation of hospital pharmacists. Employers of pharmacy can explore improvements in the content and context of work to increase productivity and maximize profit.

Conflict of Interest

There is no conflict of interest as regards the work done and results obtained in this study and no financial gain is intended.

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[footnotestoplato]

hi everybody

so, for those interested here is an unformatted unedited essay fragment i wrote a little while ago. familiarity with the work of searle will help. at the time i found this essay’s argument compelling. coming back to it i worry that i may have just tripped up on a definition issue, or that the basis was somehow flawed. i do not feel like my conclusion can be reasonably derived, you dig? anyway, enough of me covering my hide.

Semantics, Intentionality and Humanity

The soul is perhaps amongst the most widely discredited concepts in the modern philosophical age. In philosophy’s current orientation, being of a very scientific ilk, the place for such concepts is hard to discern. It is into this environment that I shall cautiously launch my account of the soul. The soul is necessitated by the presence in humans of intentionality, a capacity which is so alien from anything that we are able to replicate and yet so tied to our experience of the world that it is easy to relegate. I intend to illuminate it, therefore, and defend it as best I am able.

It is apparent to any observer that the sound mind of any human is of quite a different order as a subject to even the most complex of computers. Indeed, when we speak of the human mind, though there has been an increasing move to identify the human mind with a computer (always with the qualification of one with incredible complexity), we recognise innately a fundamental difference. This difference was most famously outlined in Searle’s 1980 paper regarding the prospect of strong AI and is essentially an inability to unify the arbitrary processing of a computer and the engagement of the human mind with any given subject. The simple fact of computation, is that no amount of programming can ever create anything other than an arbitrary, unquestioning following of rules that are unreflected upon. The computer does not hold within it the capacity for the reflection on its own processes, simply processing meaningless symbols as according with similarly arbitrary directives. It is here that we begin to see the departure from the mind that a computer holds, and it is from here that we shall launch our exploration of the practicalities of such difference.

In programming, one might see the programming as a simple set of rules, the stimuli (whatever form it might take) as an input, and the response as an application of the rules to the input. The issue, however, arises in attribution of intent to these processes where in fact there is none. The rules are applied blindly, according to logic that is followed blindly. The stimulus is meaningless to the AI subject except for what inputs it provides - no understanding is implicit in the process. Consider, a very simple machine that if pointed at an object declares out loud its colour. If you were to point it at a rock, its declaration of ‘grey’ requires no understanding of the rock, the colour grey in theory or even the word grey in relation to the colour grey. The rules are simply applied to a stimulus - the rock is not considered, nor even that the rock is grey. It is simply programming that when this it is true that an object meets that criterion (a criterion the machine does not consider nor understand but merely receives), that an output is given - the output has no connection to the input according to the machine, it acts as it must. It is difficult to put into words how vastly different this is from human cognition, as the terms one might use are set up to presuppose some engagement with the stimulus. To say even that the machine ‘knows’ to say grey is a great step too far, it merely does so because it can do nothing else - and it is completely unaware of that fact.

Easy to extrapolate from this position is that no amount of similarly basic programs can ever come to mirror human processing. No matter how many layers of these programming one might add, there can never be a meaningful connection between input and output. The actions are always as according to the programming, and by extension the programming alone is what is responsible for activity. No matter how far you program the machine to be able to ‘reflect’ on its own processes, programming, and rules (which is to be rejected anyway, on account of its arbitrary nature) there is always one level of reflection missing - to have the machine reflect on its highest level of reflection requires an infinite regression of programming. One more level of reflection must always be added, which must then be reflected on. This simple programming is all that machines have, and thus prevents them of being anything more than incredibly complex mathematical functions onto which we might impress consciousness by virtue of appearance alone. There is however, no thought, no link between input and output, and no awareness of activity in any machine and as such no capacity for self-awareness. The machine acts arbitrarily, running data it does not understand for purposes it does not comprehend, outputting meaningless symbols that we could call words, causing us to falsely attribute an understanding borne from the apparent similarity.

Humanity, however, does not seem to be of this same order. This distinction seems obvious, but for the sake of due process perhaps should be elaborated upon. The human mind, under ordinary circumstances indubitably has a different sense of understanding to that of machines - one of semantic understanding as opposed to application of unquestionable rules. The human has a sense of the object outside of the function with which they intend to relate to it. Ask a human to perform the same action as the aforementioned machine - and they will process the colour, relate that to an internalised concept of such a colour and then voice the matching descriptor. All of these processes are done with intention and meaning, all related and linked deliberately and with meaning, in a manner that the machine is clearly incapable of. There is an irreplicable link between each part of processing in the human subject, with the processes not being discrete and arbitrary but with a continuous internalised logical application. The human understanding as compared with the action of the machine in question, or indeed any programmed sequence of events is of such complexity and interrelation as to border on the incomparable. In tandem with the continuous linkage of input to output in a logical fashion in the human subject, there exists the non-arbitrary interpretation of symbols. The human understands the colour grey through the continuity of the process. By the lack of discrete processes and complete obedience to rule, understanding of the subject for interpretation is crucial. A notion of grey is needed from which to derive that a rock is in conformity with it, in a manner that is completely unnecessary for the machine’s simple recognition of a certain input. The word grey is linked to that individual’s conception, and is given as an output with meaning, rather than just as a result of an arbitrary criterion’s being met - the human believes the rock to be grey.

It is here that we reach an impasse, because despite these profound and evident differences there is no mechanism through which we might explain how they arise. Searle explains that even a replica of the brain in a machine is insufficient to provide the understanding that we see in humans, the array of artificial neurons firing still being governed by arbitrary rules, the machine itself having no actual understanding of the process. The issue of the human understanding and the difference between this and the processing of machines remains irreconcilable in even a replication of the physical characteristics of the human brain. Yet it remains broadly understood that humans act in a programmatic manner, following their own natural programming, and that ultimately the brain is merely some other order of computer. It can so be deduced that the difference that Searle terms ‘causal relations’ is not a matter of the brain’s makeup but of some other characteristic that it possesses. A characteristic that cannot be replicated in programming, despite the brain’s makeup of a series of programming. A characteristic that cannot be replicated even still with a sophisticated replication of the physical vehicle that the characteristic inhabits. This characteristic is of course understanding, meaning and intent. And herein enters the soul. The non-physical, irreplicable characteristic that allows us to understand rather than merely to accept inputs. The faculty by which we truly act with self-consistent internalised meaning, rather than simply following programmed unquestionable laws. We find in humans an inexplicable but obvious divergence from any artificial programming regardless of sophistication, to which one might attribute the term soul.

[arcanakrp-blog]

KWON NORA – DEATH. AGENT 13.

                                                [   FILE TYPE: CLASSIFIED   ]

//: LOADING PROFILE: KWON NORA …

international age: 24 birthplace: seoul, south korea arcana: death team number: nine

//: LOADING MUTATION: GHOST PHYSIOLOGY  …

application one: fear aura — a distinct FEAR AURA surrounds nora, something that cannot be contained or controlled to the best of her knowledge. it exists in a latent and quiet manner in her daily life, permeating the air around her, seeping out into a ten to twenty foot radius around her. this aura affects the subconscious of those within the radius, inciting a vague sense of unease that is largely inescapable. when in her fully “ghost” form pursuant to application two, this heightens twofold and the unease she radiates becomes actual fear, in the sense that it will raise goosebumps, the hair on the back of your neck, make the affected parties feel strangely suspicious and jumpy, and so forth.

application two: ghost form — the most characteristically ghostly of her powers is her GHOST FORM, a malleability of presence and form that allowed her to initially identify her ability. just being vaguely creepy to people had been hard to pinpoint, and until this aspect manifested she had no access to the third, which left her somewhat uncertain when her abilities first began to manifest.  in full force, nora becomes a spectral entity in appearance, distorted and silvery. in this form she can enact the most damage in terms of heightening fear around her and accessing the third application of her powers. there are various shades, however, to this ability. she is also able to become intangible but purely visible, invisible but purely intangible, and additionally can be also intangible and invisible at once. this is ideal for her role in infiltration missions, allowing her to pass purely undetected through dangerous areas or subvert physical attacks.

application three: spectral energy manipulation — far and away the most useful of her abilities is SPECTRAL ENERGY MANIPULATION. colloquially known as ectoplasm (but not the gross weird green kind from children’s “scary” shows), this is what makes up her being when she is in her fully spectral form (application two). she is still able to do a decent amount with this, in terms of the manipulation of her own form to various evasive and defensive effects. s at that point she is able to propel herself in a manner akin to flight (though more restricted, and perhaps better likened to floating in terms of how close to the ground she remains), adjust her appearance and how others perceive her (most commonly into many of the stereotypical horror movie ghost features), and so forth.  truthfully her last ditch effort in situations of trouble is her ability to briefly possess a target, which is to say when in pure spectral form she may invade via the mouth, funneling into a person’s consciousness and taking it over briefly. she is then able to use their physical form, though she is unable to access their memories or consciousness, as her own replace theirs for the time being. the target remains consciously aware of her presence but unable to act, except in cases of extreme mental fortitude in which she may be forcibly ousted.

overall strengths and weaknesses: — to deal first with the obvious weakness of her fear aura, it is difficult to find people willing to sustain the constant uncertainty, discomfort, and anxiety that are associated with being in her presence, much less considering the fact it is amplified to great degree when she is actively using her powers. this means her partner had to be rather carefully vetted, as one of weak mind or heart would be unlikely to fare well alongside her for long.

additionally, nora is distinctly lacking in offensive powers, which leaves her vulnerable, particularly when she is exhausted or in some other way unable to accurately harness her abilities. in many cases she is able to work around this by simply becoming invisible, intangible, or some combination of the two, rendering it exceptionally difficult to land a hit. however, she is still quite vulnerable to surprise attacks.

given her ability to literally disappear and walk through walls, nora is ideal for her roles related to gathering information, infiltrating enemy compounds, or assessing locations undetected. when it comes to subtlety there are few more suited to the task than she.

given her partner’s capability of assuming human forms, nora works well in tandem with them, particularly when given the cover of their distraction techniques, or when able to move ahead and open doors, assess the layout of the area, and so forth, in order to determine potential threats to the other’s forward movements. in this way the scope of their actions is able to broaden a bit from purely infiltration related. further, she is able to briefly possess individuals, as stated above. while she is unable to access their knowledge, powers (if an arcana), etc in this state, she is able to control their body, which allows her to pass undetected, or to transfer her own training in combat to a sturdier form than her own, giving her a higher likelihood of success in a brief hand to hand situation. this further works well to distract or disorient opponents in a group, should one of their own suddenly begin fighting them, and so on.

//: LOADING HISTORY ..

PRE-MUTATION

tw: self harm, sexual abuse 'tis in my memory lock'd, and you yourself shall keep the key of it.

kwon nora is not a baby, she is a tool. 

born to a mother intent on salvaging her affair with a married, wealthy businessman, kwon inha overestimates how much her beau is willing to sacrifice for his new daughter, his new girlfriend. his wife, his current family? its not on the list. 

and so kwon inha finds herself pregnant for no reason, and the resentment begins. 

it does not diminish when nora is born, with wide dark eyes and a powerful set of lungs. she screams already as though the world as wronged her and indeed, it will, time and again. perhaps she has seen some portent of this in whatever realm is beyond consciousness.  it is the beginning of an inauspicious life, to say the least. 

she is left to her own devices as a child. her mother begins dating again and a series of men pay for the series of nannies and babysitters that raise her. nora learns through observation that femininity is the key to success, that her power will come in soft words and soft touches, in all things pliant and promising. 

kwon inha marries quickly, and at five years old nora is a flowergirl dressed in lilac, flowers braided into long dark hair. she is paraded out for pictures where her mother dotes on her pointedly, where her newfound step father smiles benign and bright, adn then she is shunted to her room and instructed to be still and silent, lest the party be disrupted. 

nora is a trophy, even then. she is a commodity, bred to be beautiful and silent, to speak when spoken too and to smile endlessly, softly, less she be the burden her mother promises her she is. 

with her mother as a role model, nora learns too quickly what powers she can wield, what the soft promise of her truly is. she grows into a beautiful young woman, everyone is keen to tell her this, as she is steered through functions and fundraisers, dressed in pastels and lace. she is always this pure thing, this precocious trophy of a girl. 

nora learns things no young woman should ever know. 

she learns them as she ages, as eyes begin to follow her. learns them late at night when the door creaks open, when hands pull and tug and tear. 

but with this knowledge comes a deadening, and a breaking, and also a surplus. she is given anything she could dream of or want. she is dressed in silks and satins, her life becomes streamlined, state of the art. her external world has all the comforts she lacks emotionally, void of love or trust, an aching chasm that spreads in her, splits her in two. 

years pass in fragments, bits and pieces. 

she's lost much of this to her own mind, shuttered off in large swathes, months and days blanketed in a fog of forgetfulness. she remembers instead, small things. the smell of wildflowers on her walk home from school, a teacher's kindness, the sunlight filtering through the windowed hallways of her school building. champaign flutes and crystal glasses and violin quartets and interminably long parties.

she remembers the sick twist in her gut and the leer in the eyes of her step father's friends, some perceived knowing. as if they can tell what he has done. as if he has bragged of it, his conquest. his toy, his victim. he flaunts her like a prize he has won and not something he has stolen and destroyed. 

shortly after she graduates high school, something in nora snaps. 

there is a deadened coldness in her, one she thinks must have permeated her skin, rendered her as frigid and steely as the knife she slips beneath her pillow. 

she waits. 

he comes as he always does, as he must - slave to some baser instinct to ravage and ruin.  and when he's there, over her, she moves, slips the blade into his side in a movement that is the utmost in satisfaction. the white linens, her white nightgown, the pale expanse of his torso, the moonlit line of her arm; these things are all drenched in crimson and she glows with satisfaction and with fire. 

he is unharmed, ultimately, aside from the stitches. 

she, however, is cast out. she is tossed onto the streets, told that this is her penance. vile creature, her mother calls her, a sick and twisted serpent, eve tempting adam to his doom. eden - the most lush trap, built for the condemnation of souls, the introduction to sin. 

she wonders when her mother found religion and how on earth she had so woefully misinterpreted it. 

there is a teacher at the school, an old family friend, a young man a scant few years her senior. he takes her in, but this too sours. 

demanding and controlling, nora is slowly hedged into isolation, rapunzel in a tower that is built block by block. he's concerned, you see, about the influence of her friends. he worries, of course, that she could be hurt. she's so fragile, is all, so delicate. he wants only to protect her, he says, and slowly, so slowly, nora finds herself in a world that revolves around him, as if he is some burning sun. 

it becomes clear to her in time, however, that there are many planets in his orbit. 

this is the final straw - she has dignity enough to hate this, possessive as she is; possession that she is. 

with an inheritance from her estranged maternal grandmother, she leaves. soundlessly in the night, without a word, she takes the bus to seoul and never once looks back, leaves the salt spray of busan in distant memory. 

two months later the call comes. 

found, hanged, from the ceiling fan in the bedroom. in their bedroom. 

perhaps her mother was not so wrong, she thinks, in fitful starts between mouthfuls of liquor, in lucid moments between pills. perhaps she is worse still than eve or eden. perhaps she is the snake, some slithering and sinful thing, bred to bring temptation and destruction. 

POST-MUTATION

there's rosemary, that's for remembrance. pray you, love, remember. 

the meteor shower is dimmed by the ambulance lights, a violent cacophony of yellows and reds and whites. too many pills and too much liquor, and a kind partygoer who finds her on the bathroom floor. she chalks the dreams up to the effects of this, an iv in her arm and bruises around her eyes. she is sunken and sallow, a shadow of her past.

she dreams herself a ghost. she longs, desperately, to sink into the sheets and sleep - the sleep of the dead. dreamless and peaceful and everlasting.

what she gets instead is some cruel play on this wish.

the ability develops slowly, and with it come crushing migranes and sleepless nights, cold skin and a shiver of uncertainty from those she meets. of course the fear comes first. of course.

she spends days upon days as a ghost, drifting listless through the world around her, as if the depression that claws at her senses now manifests physically in her form (or lack thereof, when she finds she can become this misty substance, or nothing at all).

when the ar compound finds her she wonders how on earth they've managed it, when she has spent so long now being hidden and silent and absent. ghost stories travel, however, and she is a live haunting.

they bring her to a compound and they tell her she has a purpose now. she scoffs at this, at all of it, but the lure of wealth and safety is at least something. the therapist who patiently smiles at her is something too - something grating and unappreciated. she takes prescribed pills and she learns to fight. she favors the knife, with its cool, long blade. there is a comfort in this still.

she's assigned missions and teammates and it is with great disinterest that she proves herself formidable. she cares little for boundaries, for their targets, for what she is doing. she moves in conditioned, blind obedience.

and on some days, she doesn't.

on some days she is all fire and fury and empathy, she is hateful and horrid, she is hurt and hurting, broken and breaking. nora's instability is obvious and she is monitored closely, for her aggressive recklessness and her cold dissociation, for the pendulum swing of her responses.

but nora, as always, gets what she wants. she has the tools for this - in the curve of her hips and the flash of her eyes, in the knives she keeps tucked away, in the flicker of mist and promise as she twists from girl to ghost.

[arriyire]

Learn to Fly - A Fairy Tail Fic Ch. 12

Summary: The world is split into two realms - the mortal and the spirit. In this world, demons attack humans and the winged protect them. When Levy gets shoved headfirst into the spirit realm, she will have to adjust her whole way of living and learn to deal with a moody dragon winged Gajeel. AU vaguely based on the manga plot.

Rated: T

Chapter 12

The next few days flew by in a blur, between Mira, Lucy and her team, and, Jet and Droy; Levy barely had a moment alone. Constantly being introduced to the guilds many members, learning all about their magic and personalities - she was being invited to many jobs/days out despite the fact she hadn’t even joined the guild fully yet. As such she had sought some quite peace one afternoon to get her head straight.

Honestly the whole premise of the spirit realm fascinated Levy, she had devoured the history book provided by Lucy and promptly hunted for more information from anyone willing to give it. Even though she was completely overwhelmed during the day, consumed by her research; during the quiet nights she still felt alone. The bluenette had been given a temporary room in fairy hills and while it was beautifully confortable it seemed barren compared to her book fort of a home in the mortal realm. It was during these nights her thoughts also wondered back to Gajeel, he hadn’t been seen since she died and he dropped her here. She hadn’t thanked him for taking her flying, trying to save her or even for bringing her here when she had died. While she did want to express her gratitude Levy also craved the answered surrounding how she had died; her memory never fully recovered past her throwing rocks at the magnet demon to try and help Gajeel. The only thing she remembered was the pain in her stomach and her collapsing, she tried to recall if she had realised she was dying but to no avail.

Unfortunately Gajeel was avidly avoiding the guild since her death according to Lilly. So levy had to choice but to try and get by without her guardian angel providing the answers she wanted. Thus justifying her in depth analysis of the world around her; not only had she learnt about the guild she also learnt more about the fundamentals of the world. The two laws of the winged and how Gajeel had broken them by saving her from being run over, causing her to be able to see the spirit world (This was the accepted theory at least). She learnt all about the history of the winged and how they came to be and what made a winged, well a winged.

Levy spent a day reflecting upon herself determining that she must of become winged due to her intellect and knowledge of languages – after all that was one of her most defining personality features.  This brought about one big doubt in Levy’s mind, the winged fought demons, she’d even seen these battles first hand; how on earth was she going to fight like that?! Lucy and Mira had told her not to worry about magic or flying yet, the transfer from mortal to spirit took a long time and it could be weeks until her magic showed its self. Suddenly this immense pressure to join the guild, learn magic and to fight, take jobs all seemed too much, Levy always wanted a fantasy adventure but she had never taken into account the pressure the hero of the story must of felt.

Mira had explained when new winged came to be they we’re looked after until they had gained control of their magic and flying capabilities. Levy would then be given a choice; join Fairy Tail or find another guild that she could join. It seemed going alone was not a good idea, such winged were easy targets for demons or even became demons themselves.

Her book-less flat become too much to handle so Levy walked to the guild hoping that speaking to its members might distract her. She was immediately greeted by Jet and Droy who invited her to their table the moment her toes stepped on the guilds floor. Their constant prise, made her feel more at ease ad quickly she slipped into casual conversation about nothing in particular. Just was she had settled back into a calm mind-set, Levy caught sight of Lilly flying by – as she went to wave she caught sight of a certain dark studded dragon stomping in behind him. Finally seeing her opportunity to get her answers Levy moved to stand but was blocked gently by Jet who regarded Gajeel with a fierce and cold stare alongside Droy.

“You don’t want to be involved with him, Levy. He’s bad news.” The speedster stated as if it was an obvious fact; Droy nodded in agreement.

“Guys, He tried to save me and bought me here, I know he looks really intimidating but he is kind I can tell!” Levy smiled confident in her reasoning while Jet and Droy looked at her with shock and mild hurt in their eyes.

“Levy…” Droy muttered “He attacked this guild, destroyed our building, he battered several members like Lucy!” He was almost yelling now, but corrected himself when he remembered certain ears were more sensitive. “If Natsu hadn’t taken them all down…”

“I bet he’s responsible for your death too.” Jet added disgusted.

Levy on the other hand couldn’t believe her ears; this can’t be the same man who she had met? Jet and Droy had no reason to lie to her and the hatred in their eyes were as clear as the sun in the sky. Recalling Gajeel story, Levy felt pangs of fear and panic, he had told her he was a half demon. He spoke little of what he had done, but it didn’t take much imagination to think of what destruction such a man could cause. Her gaze flicked between Gajeel and Lucy, what had he done to her newest friend…

She was scared to find her answers now.

Jet took the panic on her face as confirmation of his statement. Regarding the woman in front of him, who had walked straight into his heart, Jet decided he wasn’t going to get Gajeel get away with he had done to her. Looking to his best friend Droy nodded in whole hearted agreement and the two left the table to confront the half-demon dragon.

Levy didn’t even notice them leaving; still wrapped up in her thoughts. She didn’t hear their footsteps fading as they cornered the dragon, nor the hushed accusations they pointed at him. She didn’t hear Gajeel’s clear irritation with the two men nor did she hear the growls which were held under his breath. She did however notice when the three men moved outside with a clear intent of doing some harm to each other, while her brain was unsure her feet knew what they wanted to do and followed them.

Once outside she saw the pair square up to Gajeel who looked reserved for someone about to fight.

“You really want to do this?” He asked, offering the men a chance to back out.

Levy opened her mouth to stop this ridiculous vendetta they were carrying out on her behalf only to be silenced by the announcements of the first attacks. Jet’s wings launched him full speed into Gajeel knocking him down and allowing Droy to plant several offensive vines which trashed against his fallen form. Levy watched as Gajeel took blow after blow, no scales or using his wings to defend himself; he wasn’t even fighting! This was a one-sided beat-down; no amount of doubt in Levy’s memories justified this.

“Jet, Droy, Stop!” Her words were drowned out as another hit knocked Gajeel back down. Helplessly she watched as Gajeel got on his hands and knee’s coughing hard. Droy threw a ‘plant bomb’ which landed and threw Gajeel even further across the field they fought in. Her feet moved to get to the man and help him somehow but were blocked by her friends, who continued to sneer at the fallen man.

“Is this all you’ve got?” Jet asked, bouncing on the heels of his feet ready to tackle the iron dragon again.

“STOP.” Levy felt her body move with the word, spelling it out with her hands. Her desperate need to make the word real awoke her soul. Her wings spread open, with the individual words glowing brightly; Levy felt her veins hum with power, her magic left her fingertips as the word she spoke aloud become solid object flying toward at Jet. The minute it made contact the man was frozen unable to unleash his next attack. The effect didn’t last long as Levy stumbled under the exertion of the spell but it had done the job and stopped the fighting. Three pairs of stunned eyes gawped at the newest winged’s display of magic. Smiling lightly and breathing heavy Levy tried to speak again. “It’s Alr…”

“What’s this? You being picked on?” A crackle filled the air as Jet and Droy rushed to Levy’s side to support her Gajeel stumbled to his feet battered and bruised. He turned to see a large man dressed quite outrageously with pale gold wings move towards them. To the untrained eye they appeared draconic but lacked the characteristic talon/spikes which the other dragon like members had and they were not shaped the exact same either, arcing more than the signature straight and broad wingspan of the others.

Laxus looked with disgusted at the scene before him, what a pathetic attack to stop the fight. But the fight it’s self was more disgraceful, the Iron dragon being beaten down by two weakling’s. Make no mistake Laxus held no love for the metal bastard and had actually been itching to take him on himself. Oh he had heard the rumours of the guy who almost destroyed Fairy Tail coming to join; redeem himself they said. Pitiful. Kicking Gajeel back down and hearing a slight pained breath did nothing to make him feel better. Lightning crackled around his body as he summoned a bolt through Gajeel watching the man writhe as his body conducted the electricity.

The trio stood afraid of the sight before them, getting revenge was one thing but this looked like sadistic torture. Levy found her breath one for time and cried for this stupid affair to stop. “Please leave him alone!” She stood shaking as Jet and Droy hung their heads ashamed for their previous actions now it was clear Gajeel didn’t retaliate on purpose. She would deal with their guilt later right now she had to stop this man hurting Gajeel. What should have been relieve, as the electricity left Gajeel motionless on the ground, turned to panic when Laxus turned his focus to Levy.

“You’re not even in this guild! You want to tell ME to leave this pathetic demon alone!” The grin on this man face unnerved everyone as he pointed a finger directly at the bluenette. “I won’t be spoken to by weaklings like you!” The bolt was released before the sentence was finished aiming straight for Levy; she had no time to try and summon whatever magic she had displayed before and Jet and Droy stood helplessly at her sides. Once again time slowed down as she considered she may die for good this time – as she moved to pathetically block the attack she saw a shadow cast over her eyes. Gajeel stood, barely, catching the attack on his chest. Levy stood dumbfound as the man in front of her saved her life again, his red eyes caught hers over his shoulder as he made sure this time she was fine.

Looking back to Laxus, Gajeel tried to keep his body upright. “We done here?” He asked with a surprising sturdiness to his voice. Waiting for no reply he put one foot in front of the other and swayed as he left the clearing. Deciding he just needed somewhere quite to sleep off the beating he just took.

Levy watched in awe as he walked away, faintly she heard wing beats as Laxus now bored with toying with them moved onto the guild. Jet and Droy looked lost in thought.

“He protected her...”

“Levy…”

Levy didn’t care what they had to say, Gajeel wasn’t avoiding her anymore. Speedy little legs took off after the man as she left behind the two winged to berate themselves.

Gajeel collapsed under a tree in a nearby field; body aching and slightly bleeding, he knew he needed to patch himself up, but lacked the energy to even look at where to begin. He deserved this anyway those two lapdogs had quickly made that clear - naming themselves levy’s protectors and that he had to pay for what he did. Gajeel grunted to no-one in particular ‘wonder if they would have kept her safe from the Element 4?’ the question wasn’t even worth debating; they didn’t even try and protect Levy from Laxus. Speaking of which that was his first interaction with a lightning winged, seemed the rumours about his brutish nature were true – heck he might even be close to the level Gajeel was at.

The guilt came back – he’d been flying from it for the last few days, destroying dark guilds and hunting demons to make himself feel better and to settle his debt with karma. No matter what he did the feeling wouldn’t leave him, even letting those bastards wail on him hadn’t helped.  Faint footsteps caught his ears and he opened his eyes to see the cause of all of the guilt kneeling nearby looking stupidly worried. This woman was going to kill him.

Wordlessly Levy took her headband out of her blue locks and began to wipe down Gajeel’s bleeding wounds; she was surprised may of them had already begun to scab which lead her to wonder if it was a part of his dragon like appearance. She wanted to say a million things to him get the answers she wanted, but seeing the state of hurt his was in promptly caused the questions to be tucked in the back on her brain.

“Thank you, for saving me again” She finally said looking up to see his red eyes watching her intently.

A grunted response came after an awkward pause, he spoke no words just a raspy ‘uh huh’, his eyes showed her the guilt he was feeling. Again the sound of breathing filled the space between them. Gajeel hated conversation but this silence was torture “Look shrimp, about that night…” What was he even going to say? Sorry I killed you?

“It was an accident I know. You told me to run and I didn’t.” The statement caught him off guard, unsure if he should add anything or let the facts stay as they were. When it was clear Levy wasn’t going to push for more, he let the subject drop.

“Thanks for patching me up” Gajeel strained himself to stand, his joints seizing as he leaned against the tree. Instantly Levy tried to support him and while he wanted to shrug her away it was damn clear he wasn’t going anywhere without help.

“I’ll get you back to the guild, maybe Lilly or Mira can help?” Gajeel again grunted wordlessly in response, resting his arm over the tiny bookworm the pair awkwardly limped back towards the guild.

Full fic here - I own nothing except a vague plot, feel free to review/ask/be inspired and share with me anything you find :)

[hp-essays]

A Slytherin Essay

Are Slytherin a ‘Bad’ House?

“Or perhaps in Slytherin

You’ll make your real friends,

Those cunning folk use any means,

To achieve their ends”

 Ever since Hogwarts was founded, there have been many issues between the four houses, first with the founders, and then with inter-house rivalry. Often put in the wrong are the house of Slytherin, simply because of the negativity surrounding them. The ongoing feud between Slytherin and the other houses was only fuelled by the annual Quidditch Tournament and the House Cup. Although this was, to a point, completely out of control on the Slytherin side, it is fair to say Slytherin had a role in this. But do Slytherins really deserve all of the negativity they receive merely for being who they are?

Firstly, there are many issues with what Slytherin actually means. The traits commonly associated with the house (determined, clever, cunning, disloyal, ambitious, resourceful, and power-hungry) are almost equal-parts good and bad. Not all of these traits apply to every member of Slytherin, so generalising and judging based purely off of these traits is hugely unfair to many Slytherins. Some of the traits, like “disloyal”, “cunning” and “power-hungry”, can easily be interpreted as negative traits. Disloyal because a lack of trust is suspicious, cunning because deceit and evasion is considered “cheating” to gain success/power/desires, and being power-hungry simply because there is question behind Slytherin motives - even though many Slytherins have been undisputedly useful to wizarding history is positive ways. For example, Severus Snape and Horace Slughorn, both Slytherins who did some questionable things (abusing Harry for years at school, purely for the sake of an old dispute with James Potter and telling a young Voldemort about Horcruxes) but ultimately turned out to be good (Snape worked for the Order and Slughorn, though fuelled by a childish desire for acceptance, was actually a pretty good teacher). The more positive attributes connected to Slytherin (determination, cleverness, resourcefulness and ambition) are very useful almost daily.

Furthermore, the unfair stereotype that all Slytherins are evil is backed up with little actual evidence from the original books, in which Hagrid states “There’s not a single witch or wizard who went bad who wasn’t in Slytherin”. This passing phrase does not hold much conviction, as throughout the series we are introduced to characters such as Peter Pettigrew, a Gryffindor wizard who goes far against the conventional Gryffindor = The Good Guys misconception,  and Quirinus Quirrel - a Ravenclaw who let Lord Voldemort inhabit/possess his body. Not to mention the fact that on the Hufflepuff House page on the Harry Potter Wikia, it says that Hufflepuff have produced the fewest number of dark wizards than any of the other houses at Hogwarts. Fewest implies that they have produced at least one. Unfortunately, no sources or names are given, but assuming the author of that particular phrase did have evidence, we have at least one dark wizard (or witch) from every Hogwarts house.                                                                                                                                        [Towards the beginning of the above paragraph, I mentioned evidence in the original books. This is because any facts released after the first seven Harry Potter books are often used to garner more interest back to the Harry Potter franchise (e.g. the news of Dumbledore being gay, this drew more interest into reading/ watching -buying- the books/films to find any hints of this inside of the original works.]

Some more negative stigma surrounding Slytherin is based around Salazar Slytherin, one of the four founders of Hogwarts. Many people believe that his elitism regarding purebloods over half and “mud”-bloods was uncalled for, however it is important to remember that Hogwarts was founded in a time when many witches and wizards – and any one believed to capable of practising magic – were hunted down, captured and killed. Wanting to restrict the intake of students to those who only interacted and knew purebloods would limit the chances of word getting out to almost nothing. With this in mind, it is fairly safe to say that Salazar had not only the best interests of himself at heart, but also purebloods everywhere. And though, unfortunately, half-bloods and ‘below’ were unfortunately excluded from Salazar’s ideal protective arc, it is fairly safe to say had they not been such a risk to the safety of the wizarding population Salazar would have willingly educated more witches/wizards, had they not posed such a risk to the wizards populating Great Britain.

As if more evidence was required to support my point, there is the whole “Slytherin aesthetic” to discuss. Those sorted into the snake house reside in the dungeons for much of the year. Now, although this doesn’t sound like something anyone could enjoy (with things such as mould, damp, cold, darkness, etc..) it is important to bear in mind that this is in a world of magic, so there must be spells to protect from these unpleasant features. Nevertheless, regardless of whatever downsides may appear when thinking of Slytherin, the common room, as officially stated on Pottermore, is decorated various shades of green, many of which are on the darker (not duller) end of the spectrum. It has a fireplace, presumably to add some colour, warmth and familiarity to the Slytherin specific communal room, and the mantle is adorned with a portrait of a snake. Bright green lamps are used to light up the stone walls in a fairly aesthetic, Slytherin-esque way. Another note-worthy aspect of the common room is where it is situated; as well as being, of course, in the dungeons, it is almost directly under the lake, so if, at any point, the Slytherins wanted to have a window-length wall put in, and they succeeded with the complex magic no doubt required to accomplish this, they would have an impressive view of the lake and whatever creatures reside in there (whether or not the mer-people would appreciate this is up for debate). With that depiction of the common room completed, it is time to address a separate related point; “The Slytherin Dungeon”. This is not a particularly enticing name to be given to a place deemed suitable for living in almost year round. The dungeon, when described and put fully into context, is nothing like the torture chambers we associate the word “dungeon” with, as it actually seems (admittedly only somewhat) like a decent place.  Not only are the dungeons susceptible to change, Slytherins also seem to have complex reasons for almost everything. This is because Slytherins like to rely on logic and the mind, much like Ravenclaws do, and by planning out every aspect of the house they can use psychology to influence the performance of the Slytherin students. For example, the Slytherin house colours, green and silver. The colour green both has links to supernatural happenings, which would explain the pureblood pride of Slytherin, and dark magic, and though Slytherin himself was not an extremely dark wizard, he did have a tendency towards doing questionable things (e.g. putting a giant deadly basilisk underneath a school). In the muggle world green has connotations with water (you can link this with water serpent, Slytherins like to stick to themes) and having a calming effect on people. Green is also a colour that looks good on practically anyone, especially the shades favoured by Slytherin, and it is pretty common knowledge that Slytherins like to look (and do) their best.

Many Slytherins are, in fact, influential people and many muggles of note are said to be in Slytherin - Lin-Manuel Miranda for example, the man we accredit the musical “Hamilton” to. Joe Moses is another – he is a member of “Team StarKid” a theatre company predominantly known on YouTube – especially for the “A Very Potter Musical” series. A full list of famous muggle Slytherins would be needlessly long, as a simple search online will draw up long lists of celebrities sorted by either fans or themselves.

Throughout the entirety of this text I have stated and reasoned through why Slytherin is not a “bad” house, saying not only opinion but fact. I have explained what the traits associated with Slytherin actually mean, and explained why the stereotypes used to label all Slytherins are quite simply wrong and, dare I say it – immoral; I have reasoned through the man himself: Salazar Slytherin’s, actions and thoughts, and discussed the aesthetics used in the dungeons and the reasoning behind them. I have even (briefly) listed celebrities in Slytherin – without the use of the word “fandom”.

Now, to conclude, I will say this; Slytherin are not deserving of the hatred directed towards them. Yes, they have done some bad things, and yes, they have produced more than their fair share of dark wizards. How many of these were honest opinions and not just the result of social pressure might significantly change the way we view the snake house. Unfortunately, those statistics are yet to be officially released, so instead we must rely on the above information. Based off of what we see above, it is fair to say that Slytherin is not a house, as many of the “out-there” decisions/actions done by Slytherins were (are) influenced by social/peer pressure, or the mentality shown by Slytherins regardless of individual characteristics. It is also important to remember that, much like how history is written by the winners, Harry Potter was written with a Gryffindor as the protagonist, and with the severe friction between Gryffindor and Slytherin in mind it is clear that Slytherins did not have fair representation – therefore many opinions formed with no in depth research are unfairly influenced almost right from the start.

[alechan94]

Things You Should Know About How Do Professionals Clean a House

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[maxwellyjordan]

Gerrymandering symposium: Janus-like judicial restraint in political gerrymanders and the census

Ken Klukowski is Of Counsel at First Liberty Institute, Senior Legal Analyst for Breitbart News and Senior Fellow at the American Civil Rights Union.

Observers studying the partisan-gerrymander cases on the last day of the Supreme Court’s term would have at least two takeaways: First, this is the Roberts Court in every sense of the word. Second, the judicial restraint central to the political-gerrymander cases was nowhere to be found in the census case.

June 27 brought newsworthy drama at the nation’s highest court, with two of the biggest cases coming down in 5-4 split decisions. One was clearly a win for constitutional conservatives, the other a short-term win for the left, a long-term win for the right, and a remand that tosses the matter back to President Donald Trump to see if he can thread the needle of expedited court hearings coupled with a compressed printing schedule for 2020 census forms.

The win for originalists and textualists—to use the professional terms that describe the constitutional conservatives mostly found in the Republican Party base—came in the form of two partisan gerrymander cases that the court decided together in a single decision. The court held 5-4 that federal judges lack the tools to decide these cases. Chief Justice John Roberts wrote the majority opinion.

Interested observers should also have a third takeaway: Many legal commentators do not really understand the Supreme Court cases on which they are commenting. Many in the media are getting this case wrong, saying that the justices failed to decide it because they did not reach the merits of the lawsuit. Quite the contrary, it was a major constitutional decision on the limits of the power of federal courts, ending decades of punting on this recurring controversy.

The concept of political gerrymanders is built on the case law for racial gerrymanders. Racial-gerrymander cases refer to legislatures attempting to “pack” racial groups into certain districts or “crack” other districts to disadvantage those racial groups. Groups and individuals associated with the political left argue that partisan gerrymanders should likewise be unconstitutional.

Although much of the commentary this year has ignored it, Supreme Court precedent is clear that “a jurisdiction may engage in constitutional political gerrymandering” and that “political considerations are inseparable from districting and apportionment.” As a consequence, these cases task judges with “determining when political gerrymandering has gone too far.” A “partisan gerrymander” is thus a “hyper-political” gerrymandering exercise.

As Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote in a concurring opinion in Vieth v. Jubelirer, courts would need to articulate a “limited and precise rationale” and a rule that is “clear, manageable, and politically neutral” to decide partisan-gerrymander cases. But as Justice Antonin Scalia wrote for the plurality regarding the Supreme Court’s mandate from Marbury v. Madison to declare “what the law is” is, sometimes “the law is that the judicial department has no business entertaining the claim of unlawfulness—because the question is entrusted to one of the political branches or involves no judicially enforceable rights.”

Scalia’s opinion was based on the political-question doctrine articulated by the court in its landmark 1962 case, Baker v. Carr. Specifically, the prong from Baker’s six factors that one of the hallmarks of a nonjusticiable political question is legal challenges to facts when there are no “judicially discoverable and manageable standards” for resolution.

In Common Cause, Roberts elevated Scalia’s reasoning for a plurality of justices as the holding of the court, creating binding precedent going forward. The chief justice explained the dilemma for partisan gerrymanders as “whether such claims are claims of legal right, resolvable according to legal principles, or political questions that must find their resolution elsewhere.”

Roberts noted that from the Framing, the Constitution allowed for statewide at-large elections for Congress, and that single-member congressional districts were not mandated by federal law until 1842, when Congress exercised its authority under Article I’s elections clause.

The court rejected the argument that the judiciary never has a role in claims like the ones in Common Cause, noting that the 14th Amendment’s equal protection clause—adopted in 1868—authorizes judicial action on some types of claims, including racial gerrymanders. But with few exceptions, the Constitution assigns “the issue to the state legislatures, expressly checked and balanced by the Federal Congress.” The court observed, “At no point was there a suggestion that the federal courts had a role to play.”

To the contrary, Roberts quoted Justice Sandra Day O’Connor—a justice who had “extensive experience in state and local politics”—who wrote that the “opportunity to control the drawing of electoral boundaries through the legislative process of apportionment is a critical and traditional part of politics in the Unites States.” Given that these are among “the most heated partisan issues,” it is critically important for federal judges to apply rules of law that are clearly devoid of politics.

After exploring various theories and approaches, Roberts observed:

Deciding among just these different visions of fairness (you can imagine many others) poses basic questions that are political, not legal. There are no legal standards discernable in the Constitution for making such judgments, let alone limited and precise standards that are clear, manageable, and politically neutral. Any judicial decision on what is “fair” in this context would be an “unmoored determination” of the sort characteristic of a political question beyond the competence of the federal courts.

In other words, the court majority sees such cases as inviting unelected, politically unaccountable judges to babysit politicians, telling them not to be too political when engaged in the uber-political activity of deciding how much protection to afford their own seats for upcoming elections. There are no workable legal standards for nonpolitical judges to employ to resolve such purely political struggles.

Contrast this entire paradigm of judicial restraint in Common Cause with the philosophy underlying Department of Commerce. In that case challenging asking census respondents if they are U.S. citizens, Roberts acknowledged that constitutional and statutory requirements appear to be satisfied, but was the fifth vote to remand the case to explore whether the government’s explanation for asking about citizenship was mere pretext to mask some tainted political motive.

There, Justice Samuel Alito noted in his dissent the Administrative Procedure Act’s exemption from judicial review of matters “committed to agency discretion by law.” Section 141(a) of the Census Act says that the census shall be conducted each decade in “such form and content as [the Commerce Secretary] may determine, including the use of sampling procedures and special surveys.”

Even if the APA allows judicial review of the citizenship question, Justice Clarence Thomas, joined by Justices Neil Gorsuch and Brett Kavanaugh, noted that APA requirements are not overly demanding to clear the bar that a decision not be “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” Thomas noted that Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross carried his burden of explaining a reasoned decision. These dissenting justices argued that the APA does not authorize federal courts to be more intrusive in their review. Therefore, courts should not entertain theories of additional political motives not disclosed to the courts, or claim authority to overturn agency actions if judges decide the facially valid explanation found in the administrative record is pretextual.

Both decisions—Common Cause and Department of Commerce—were authored by the same justice, on the same day, handed down merely minutes apart. There seems to be a tension between these two cases. Some critics may note that the citizenship case was very high-profile, comparable to (though less controversial than) the court’s 2012 Obamacare case, NFIB v. Sebelius. These critics are already saying that Department of Commerce reveals a pattern suggesting that if politicians, activists and the media make a legal case controversial enough, public pressure can influence the chief justice’s vote to change the outcome of a Supreme Court case.

Such cases will provide fodder for legal strategists and political strategists alike going forward. But regardless of the explanation for the seeming disparity between these cases, partisan gerrymanders will no longer be a contentious item on federal-court dockets going forward. Common Cause has rightly extracted the federal judiciary from political controversies that judges are not equipped to decide.

The post Gerrymandering symposium: Janus-like judicial restraint in political gerrymanders and the census appeared first on SCOTUSblog.

from Law https://www.scotusblog.com/2019/06/gerrymandering-symposium-janus-like-judicial-restraint-in-political-gerrymanders-and-the-census/ via http://www.rssmix.com/

[jerrytackettca]

Eight Signs You Might Be B12 Deficient

When you experience symptoms like fatigue, numbness, faint nausea, foggy vision or an increased tendency toward forgetfulness, you might entertain many different scenarios. Some of them might be scary, but a possibility you may not consider is that of a vitamin B12 (aka cobalamin) deficiency.

Nearly half of the American population has less-than-stellar blood levels of vitamin B12, but the symptomology is so varied that it’s hard to pin down just how many people suffer from it, according to Harvard Health, which describes the “sneaky” symptomology behind a 62-year-old man’s seemingly unrelated symptoms, developed over two months. According to his case report, published in The New England Journal of Medicine,1 he had:

“Numbness and a ‘pins and needles’ sensation in his hands, had trouble walking, experienced severe joint pain, began turning yellow, and became progressively short of breath … It could have been worse — a severe vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to deep depression, paranoia and delusions, memory loss, incontinence, loss of taste and smell, and more.”2

It’s problematic that symptoms like the above may cause people to focus on treating them instead of investigating the source of the problem. Sooner or later, though, unless it’s met head-on, a shortage of vitamin B12 in your system can be so devastating that serious disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Crohn's disease and irreversible brain damage could take their toll.

Low Vitamin B12 Symptoms Not so Unrelated After All

The list of symptoms that could be placed on a B12 deficiency’s proverbial doorstep is a long one, but many symptoms are associated with your central nervous system. Too little B12 in your system might also resonate if you’ve experienced poor vision, weakness, tingling in your hands or feet and incidences of “clumsiness.” Eight common signs that indicate low B12 levels are:

Fatigue

Anemia

Nausea

Digestive issues

Weakness

Skin infections

Mental confusion

Nerve problems

But it’s also important to understand that several areas of the body can be adversely affected with a vitamin B12 deficiency, and that while many of the symptoms may seem unrelated, as the saying goes, one thing often leads to another.

Low B12 Can Cause Anemia, Which Has Its Own Set of Symptoms

As is true for every human, vitamin B12 is necessary to keep your nervous system healthy, as well as to make DNA, which is the genetic material in all cells.3 B12 is also needed to produce red blood cells, which transport oxygen throughout your body.

But with a shortage of B12, many of your red blood cells are abnormally formed and/or too large, so they can’t carry oxygen; the process is disrupted. Too few red blood cells or an abnormally low amount of hemoglobin in individual red blood cells causes anemia, one of the most common and noticeable signs that a shortage is becoming a problem.4

Anemia can cause some of the previously listed symptoms, such as weakness, fatigue, dizziness, cold hands and feet, pale skin and chest pain, which occur because your heart has to work harder to move oxygen-rich blood through your body, The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) reports.5 In turn, this can lead to irregular heartbeat or arrhythmia, enlarged heart and even heart failure.6

Recognizing B12 deficiency sooner rather than later is crucial, as left unchecked it can lead to permanent damage in your body.7 According to the Linus Pauling Institute,8 a B12 deficiency may also be culpable in several other serious diseases and conditions, including:

Breast cancer9

Chronic stomach inflammation10

Depression11

Neural tube defects12

Osteoporosis13

Gastric cancer14

Thyroid dysfunction15

DNA damage16

How Does Low B12 Cause ‘Pins and Needles,’ Jaundiced Skin and Dementia?

Because B12 — and a lack thereof — is closely associated with your nervous system, the sign known as “pins and needles” is one that indicates a nerve issue that should be addressed as soon as possible, and shows how interconnected your body’s functions are.

Because vitamin B12 is important for the maintenance of your central nervous system, including the conduction of nerve impulses and producing the myelin sheath, it protects and "insulates" your nerves. Without this protective insulation, your nerves can be damaged, leading to symptoms like “pins and needles” in your hands and feet, as well as central and peripheral nervous system damage.17

If you’ve noticed that your skin has a pale or jaundiced cast, it’s a warning sign that your body is unable to produce an adequate number of red blood cells. You may not have thought about it, but it’s the red blood cells circulating under your skin that give it its healthy color.

Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia, which can weaken your blood cells, after which other symptoms begin appearing. When your liver breaks down red blood cells, it releases bilirubin, a brownish substance that lends your skin a jaundiced appearance, often seen in infants.18

As if these problems weren’t enough, people with low levels of B12 may also suffer problems with clear thinking, which later turns into the condition doctors call cognitive impairment or dementia.19

The symptoms often become evident when someone has reasoning difficulties and memory loss, but often, that is what is treated rather than exploring the possibility of a B12 deficiency, which could alleviate the symptoms if addressed.

An all-encompassing review in Australia in 2012 revealed associations between low vitamin B12 levels and neurodegenerative disease. A total of 43 studies revealed that “subclinical low-normal ranges are associated with Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and Parkinson's disease.”20 Another study notes:

“Vitamin B12 deficiency should always be looked for when a patient presents with memory loss, since it is generally reversible with treatment. Many neuropsychiatric symptoms have been observed, and many in patients who do not have a megaloblastic anemia.

These include memory loss, psychosis including hallucinations and delusions, fatigue, irritability, depression and personality changes.”21

A B12 Deficiency Often Shows Up in Your Mouth

One symptom of anemia that often shows up are mouth ulcers, sometimes known as canker sores or aphthous ulcers, small yellow or white ulcers that can appear on your gums or just inside your lip. While they usually clear up in a week or two, they’re often quite painful.

But a B12 deficiency can cause other symptoms in your mouth as well, including on your tongue. One study relates the experience of a middle-aged female patient — a common demographic for her symptoms — with a persistent burning sensation on her tongue for several months.

Diagnosed with glossitis, which causes a noticeably swollen, smooth, red tongue, she was given a single injection of vitamin B12, which “resulted in complete resolution of her symptoms and the normal clinical appearance of her tongue after three days.”22

Low B12 Carries Increased Risk for Infection by Two Potentially Deadly Pathogens

People with deficiency in vitamin B12 are at a higher risk of infections caused by two potentially deadly pathogens. Findings of a study published in the journal PLOS Genetics23 involved 1 millimeter-long (pencil tip-sized) nematodes or worms called Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), one of the world’s most basic organisms.

Vital to the study was that nematodes share an interesting characteristic with humans: They can’t produce their own vitamin B12, either. As reported by MedIndia, the study involved two worm populations: one with and one without a diet sufficient in B12, showing that a B12-deficient diet harms the worm’s health at a cellular level by reducing its ability to metabolize branched-chain amino acids (BCAA):

“The research showed that the reduced ability to break down BCAAs led to a toxic buildup of partially metabolized BCAA byproducts that damaged mitochondrial health … ‘We used C. elegans to study the effect of diet on a host and found that one kind of food was able to dramatically increase resistance to multiple stressors — like heat and free radicals — as well as to pathogens,’ said [researcher Natasha Kirienko].”24

Many labs around the world use C. elegans to study the effects of disease. By feeding the worms E. coli, a common and sometimes harmful gut bacteria, and switching between E. coli strain OP50 and strain HT115, the worms’ stress tolerance was “dramatically altered,” Kirienko said. “We found that switching between E. coli strain OP50 and strain HT115 dramatically altered the worm's stress tolerance.” Co-author Alexey Revtovich noted:

“The key difference between the two diets is the ability of HT115 and OP50 to acquire B12 from the environment … We showed that HT115 is far more efficient at this, making about eight times as much of the protein that it needs to harvest B12 as compared to OP50.”25

Significantly, the team also found that C. elegans on an HT115 diet had the ability to resist infection by another deadly human pathogen, Enterococcus faecalis, a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections and recognized by the World Health Organization and U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as a superbug.26

Kirienko noted that the B12 finding surprised the research team. They noticed the effect when they studied “the mechanisms of pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), a potentially deadly disease in both worms and humans that infects some 51,000 U.S. hospital patients each year,”27 according to the CDC.28

Higher Risks and How to Optimize Your Vitamin B12 Levels

Some people have a greater risk than others for vitamin or mineral deficiencies, but in this case vegans and vegetarians are at particular risk because B12 is derived from animal products. Additionally, older adults and people with gastrointestinal and malabsorption issues are also at risk.

Studies have also shown that those on metformin (for diabetes) and prolonged use of proton pump inhibitors (for stomach acid) are also at an increased risk for vitamin B12 deficiency, leading researchers to suggest “it seems prudent to monitor vitamin B12 levels periodically in patients taking metformin.”29

Because it’s not manufactured by your body, vitamin B12 must come from another source — namely food and supplements. That said, good sources for cobalamin or vitamin B12 include:

Grass fed organic beef and beef liver

Lamb

Venison

Scallops

Organic, pastured chicken and eggs

Raw organic, grass fed milk

Nutritional yeast

As for supplementation, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH),30 the average person age 14 and older should get 2.4 micrograms (mcg — one-millionth of a gram31) of vitamin B12 per day; pregnant women should get 2.6 mcg; and breastfeeding women should get 2.8 mcg. Newborns and children up to age 13 require between 0.4 and 1.8 mcg.

The type of a vitamin B12 supplement you should take is also something to consider. Between cyanocobalamin, the synthetic form,32 and methylcobalamin, which is the naturally occurring form found in food, methylcobalamin is the better choice, one reason being that your body retains it in greater amounts.33

from http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2019/03/25/signs-of-vitamin-b12-deficiency.aspx

source http://niapurenaturecom.weebly.com/blog/eight-signs-you-might-be-b12-deficient