#stellar spectroscopy

[planetariumhub]

Webb Telescope Rules Out Thick Carbon Dioxide Atmosphere for TRAPPIST-1 c

NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has conducted observations of the exoplanet TRAPPIST-1 c and made a significant discovery. Despite being similar in size to Venus and receiving comparable levels of radiation from its star, Webb’s findings indicate that TRAPPIST-1 c does not possess Venus’s thick carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere. If an atmosphere exists on TRAPPIST-1 c, it is likely to be very…

[stay-with-wonder]

Eta Carinae

Eta Carinae: A Stellar Beauty

In the vast expense of our universe, where stars twinkle like celestial gems, there lies a dazzling beauty named Eta Carinae. Prepare to be captivated as I take you on a journey to discover the secrets of this cosmic wonder.

Eta Carinae, known lovingly as “Eta” by astronomers, is a stellar masterpiece in the Carina Nebula, approximately 7.500 light-years away from Earth. This stellar gem has captivated astronomers for centuries with its majestic presence and intriguing nature.

A Star Like No Other

Eta Carinae is not your ordinary star-it’s a binary star system consisting of two massive, luminous stars locked in an intricate cosmic dance. These stars Eta Carinae A and Eta Carinae B -creative names, I know- are classified as hypergiants, making them some of the most massive and brightest stars. (that we know of)

Historic Outbursts

  Since then, Eta Carinae has experienced smaller-scale eruptions, displaying irregular brightness variations and releasing enormous amounts of energy.

Impending Supernova:

One of the most captivating aspects of Eta Carinae is the potential for a future supernova event. The massive star is nearing the end of its life, and astronomers anticipate that it will eventually explode in a spectacular supernova. When this cataclysmic event occurs, it is expected to release an immense amount of energy, briefly outshining its host galaxy. The timing of this explosion remains uncertain, adding to the intrigue and urgency of studying Eta Carinae.

Understanding the Phenomenon:

The erratic behavior and imminent explosion of Eta Carinae pose intriguing questions for scientists. Studying this stellar system provides valuable insights into the evolution and fate of massive stars. Astronomers employ various observational techniques, including spectroscopy, imaging, and monitoring of brightness fluctuations, to unravel the physical processes at play within Eta Carinae. By analyzing the data collected over decades, researchers hope to decipher the mechanisms driving its eruptions and better predict the timing of its impending supernova.

Implications for the Universe:

Eta Carinae's significance extends beyond its individuality. Massive stars like Eta Carinae play a pivotal role in shaping galaxies and enriching the cosmos with heavy elements. Supernova explosions from such stars distribute these elements throughout the universe, ultimately contributing to the formation of new stars, planets, and even life. Understanding the life cycle of massive stars through the study of objects like Eta Carinae enhances our knowledge of cosmic evolution on a grand scale.

[spacetimewithstuartgary]

'Old' star could provide new insights into star evolution

A newly discovered star could challenge some models of how stars evolve and the way they produce elements as they age.

All the elements in the universe are formed within stars. As stars age, the composition of elements within them also changes. For example, it is widely accepted that as stars burn they lose lighter elements like lithium in exchange for heavier elements like carbon and oxygen.

But a new study, led by researchers at the University of Florida and including an NC State astronomer, examines a star that appears to be an exception. The study appears in The Astrophysical Journal.

This star, named J0524-0336, was discovered during a survey that looked for older stars in the Milky Way. It is an evolved star, meaning that it is in the later stages of its "life" and is beginning to grow unstable. That also means that it is much larger and brighter than most other stars of its type, estimated to be about 30 times the size of the sun.

The researchers used spectroscopy—which uses the wavelengths of light to measure the amounts of elements present in a star—and found an abundance of lithium in J0524-0336, which was unexpected in a star that old.

"When our team initially looked at the spectrum of this star in 2018, we thought there was an error in our data at the place where we would detect lithium," says Ian Roederer, associate professor of physics at NC State.

"But when I looked more carefully at the data in 2019, I thought that the original data might actually be correct, so I collected an additional spectrum of this star the following month and we confirmed that the signal was real.

"It was the strongest signal of lithium that I had ever seen in a star," Roederer says. "The amount of lithium in this star far exceeds that in any other known star."

The team came up with a few potential hypotheses to explain J0524-0336's high lithium content. It could be in an as-of-yet unobserved phase in the evolutionary cycle of stars, or it may have gained the element from a recent interaction with another celestial body.

Stars as old and as large as this one have been theorized to absorb nearby planets and neighboring stars as they age, so J0524-0336 may have simply picked up another lithium-rich body and hasn't yet fused the new matter.

Rana Ezzeddine, professor of astronomy at UF and study co-author, believes that with the amount of lithium found in J0524-0336, it is likely that there might have been contributions from both hypotheses, but more work is needed.

"If we find a build-up of dust in the star's circumstellar disk, or the ring of debris and materials being ejected from the star, this would clearly indicate a mass loss event, such as a stellar interaction," Ezzeddine says.

"If we don't observe such a disk, we could conclude that the lithium enrichment might be happening due to a process, still to be studied in detail, taking place inside the star instead."

[mysticstronomy]

IS QUASAR A BLACK HOLE??

Blog#289

Wednesday, April 19th, 2023

Welcome back,

A quasar is a supermassive black hole feeding on gas at the center of a distant galaxy.

Quasar is short for quasi-stellar radio source, because astronomers first discovered quasars in 1963 as objects that looked like stars but emitted radio waves.

Now, the term is a catch-all for all feeding, and therefore luminous supermassive black holes, also often called active galactic nuclei.

It’s a bit of a contradiction to call a black hole luminous; black holes themselves are, of course, black. In fact, almost every large galaxy hosts a black hole with the mass of millions to billions of Suns, and many of these black holes lurk in the dark. Our Milky Way’s behemoth weighs in at 4.3 million solar masses, but its starvation diet mutes all but faint flashes and flickers.

We know it’s there, though, from the orbits of stars around it. Other dormant black holes occasionally shred an infalling star, making their presence known by the flare of radiation that ensues.

But quasars are a different breed of black hole. They reside in galaxies with plentiful gas supplies, perhaps supplied by a recent galaxy-galaxy collision, and they gorge on the inflowing material.

The gas spirals around as it falls in, heating up in the process and emitting radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum.

Supermassive black holes in nearby galaxies typically do not have that much gas available to them, so quasars are typically found in distant galaxies. The nearest quasar is Markarian 231, which lies about 600 million light-years from Earth.

A quasar is not only the feeding black hole itself, but the light-producing structures that surround it. Visible and ultraviolet light come from the glowing disk of infalling material, while even hotter gas above the disk shines at X-ray energies. Jets shooting out along the black hole’s poles emit everything from radio waves to X-rays. Farther out from the black hole, the prolific dust and gas glow at infrared wavelengths.

The size of a quasar accretion disk, which scales with the mass of its black hole, is typically a few light-days across. That dwarfs in comparison to its host galaxy; the Milky Way for comparison is roughly 100,000 light-years across. Yet quasars often outshine their hosts.

Despite their brilliance, quasars are so small and distant that even the most powerful telescope cannot resolve all the structures within a quasar.

Astronomers have to ferret out the details using other techniques, such as analyzing spectroscopy (spreading out the light by wavelength) or light curves (spreading out the light by its arrival time).

While the details are still up for debate, we can use current knowledge to paint a general picture of a quasar. Just remember that this picture might change over time as we learn more!

Originally published on skyandtelescope.org

COMING UP!!

(Saturday, April 22nd, 2023)

"HOW LONG DO BLACK HOLES LAST??"

[covenawhite66]

The telescope showed the spectroscopy of the exoplanet WASP-96 b. They also showed dust of dying stars and stellar birth zones, the place where new stars form.

[blueiscoool]

Yerkes Observatory

Yerkes Observatory, astronomical observatory located at Williams Bay on Lake Geneva in southeastern Wisconsin, U.S. The Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago was named for its benefactor, transportation magnate Charles T. Yerkes, and was opened in 1897. It contains the largest refracting telescope (40 inches [1 metre]) in the world. The refractor has been used for solar and stellar spectroscopy, photographic parallaxes, and double-star observations, while other more modern telescopes at the site have been equipped for photoelectric, polarimetric, and spectroscopic applications.

[scotianostra]

On 12th June 1843 Sir David Gill, Scottish astronomer, was born in Aberdeen.

At the age of fourteen he was sent to the Dollar Academy, where Dr. Lindsay's teaching imparted to him a fondness for mathematics, physics, and chemistry. He then proceeded to Marischal College and University, Aberdeen, where his love of science increased and developed under the inspiring influence of Clerk Maxwell. He would have liked a scientific career, but his father, a prosperous Aberdeen merchant, wished his son to succeed him. Gill consented with reluctance to enter his father's business, and consoled himself by devoting all his spare time to physics and chemistry, at least until his father's passing, after a few years he sold the business

Gill was noted for his measurements of solar and stellar parallaxes, which accurately revealed the distances of the Sun and other stars to Earth. He was also a pioneer in the use of photography to map the heavens.

His measurements to the sun were only a mind boggling 0.1% of today's calculations! He is quite simply the most important astronomer you've never heard.

David Gill’s contributions to astronomy made him one of the most successful astronomers of his era, a time covering the last quarter of the 19th century and into the 20th century. This was a time when astrometrics came of age, astrophotography began to transform astronomy, stellar spectroscopy became a technique that all professional observatories needed to embrace and international, multi-observatory projects were shown to be the way forward into the 20th century. David Gill played a seminal part in all these developments. His achievements were recognised in his lifetime both at home, and abroad but as happens with many who promote an era of change, it has been the achievements of those who succeeded him when the techniques matured who are better remembered. David Gill was much more.

Much more on Gill on the link below.

[venicepearl]

Margaret Lindsay, Lady Huggins (14 August 1848, in Dublin – 24 March 1915, in London), born Margaret Lindsay Murray, was an Irish-English scientific investigator and astronomer. With her husband William Huggins she was a pioneer in the field of spectroscopy and co-wrote the Atlas of Representative Stellar Spectra (1899).

[sakuraswordly]

@ExploreCosmos_: Rigel is the brightest star in the constellation of Orion and the seventh brightest star in the night sky. Its name originates from the Arabic word for "foot" or "leg," reflecting its position as the foot of Orion, the mighty hunter of Greek mythology. 2/ With a visual magnitude of about 0.13, Rigel shines fiercely, illuminating its surrounding cosmic neighborhood. Rigel belongs to the spectral class B8Ia, indicating that it is a massive, luminous star with a surface temperature of approximately 11,000 Kelvin. 3/It is estimated to be around 21 times the mass of the Sun and roughly 78 times its radius. Such immense proportions classify Rigel as a blue supergiant. Rigel's luminosity is staggering, with a brightness approximately 120,000 times that of the Sun. 4/Being a blue supergiant, Rigel burns through its nuclear fuel at a rapid pace. As a result, it has a relatively short lifespan compared to smaller, less luminous stars. Estimates suggest that Rigel is only a few million years old & is already nearing the end of its life cycle. 5/ Rigel does not exist in isolation; it is part of a larger stellar system that adds complexity and intrigue to its celestial narrative. Rigel has a companion star, Rigel B, which is often overlooked due to the brilliance of its primary counterpart. 6/Rigel B is itself a spectroscopic binary system, consisting of two stars orbiting around a common center of mass. These stars are likely smaller and less massive than Rigel A, contributing to the overall dynamics of the system. 7/ While no confirmed exoplanets have been discovered in the immediate vicinity of Rigel, astronomers continue to investigate the possibility of planetary companions around this massive star. The intense radiation and stellar winds emitted by Rigel pose challenges for the ... 8/ formation and stability of planetary systems. However, theoretical models suggest that distant gas giants or rocky worlds may orbit within the habitable zone of Rigel, albeit under extreme conditions. 9/Rigel's radiance also illuminates the surrounding interstellar medium, shaping intricate structures such as the Witch Head Nebula. This nebula, located approximately 900 light-years away, reflects the intense ultraviolet radiation emitted by Rigel, creating a ... 10/ stunning cosmic vista for observers on Earth. Rigel's prominence extends beyond its celestial beauty; it serves as a crucial object of study for astronomers seeking to unravel the mysteries of stellar evolution, nucleosynthesis, and the dynamics of stellar systems. 11/ As a blue supergiant approaching the later stages of its life, Rigel offers valuable insights into the fate of massive stars. Scientists observe its behavior to understand processes such as core fusion, mass loss, and eventual supernova explosions, ... 12/which enrich the cosmos with heavy elements essential for the formation of new stars & planetary systems. We employ a variety of observational techniques, including spectroscopy & photometry, to analyze Rigel's spectrum, luminosity variations & physical properties. These observations deepen our understanding of stellar atmospheres, interior structure, and evolutionary pathways, contributing to broader theories of stellar evolution and galactic dynamics. 14/ With advancements in astronomical instrumentation and space exploration technology, researchers anticipate further discoveries and insights into the Rigel system. Future missions may include detailed spectroscopic studies, direct imaging of potential exoplanets, ... 15/and enhanced simulations to model the complex interactions within this dynamic stellar environment. Rigel stands as a beacon of cosmic wonder, captivating observers with its brilliance and scientific significance.

[richdadpoor]

Japanese X-Ray Satellite to Probe Universe's Largest Structures

A revolutionary satellite is preparing to take to the skies, viewing the hidden parts of cosmos in a new light to reveal stellar explosions and powerful jets streaming from supermassive black holes. First Full-Color Images From Webb Space Telescope XRISM (X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission), a joint mission between the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and NASA, is designed to…

[factsandstuffbyd]

Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial objects, space, and the universe as a whole, aiming to understand their origins, behavior, and interactions. Here are some branches of Astronomy

Astrophysics: Examining the physical properties and behavior of celestial objects and phenomena.

Planetary Science: Investigating planets, moons, and other objects within our solar system.

Stellar Astronomy: Analyzing the life cycles, properties, and behavior of stars.

Galactic Astronomy: Studying the formation, dynamics, and evolution of galaxies.

Cosmology: Exploring the structure, origin, evolution, and fate of the universe.

Exoplanet Studies: Searching for and characterizing planets orbiting other stars.

Astrobiology: Investigating the potential for life beyond Earth in various environments.

Astrochemistry: Exploring the chemical compositions of space objects and interstellar matter.

Astrometry: Precise measurement of positions and motions of celestial bodies.

Radio Astronomy: Studying celestial objects using radio waves and radio telescopes.

Infrared Astronomy: Observing objects by detecting their infrared radiation.

Ultraviolet Astronomy: Examining space objects through their ultraviolet emissions.

Gamma-Ray Astronomy: Studying extremely energetic phenomena through gamma-ray emissions.

X-ray Astronomy: Investigating high-energy phenomena using X-ray observations.

Optical Astronomy: Exploring space through visible light observations.

Meteoritics: Analyzing meteorites to understand the early solar system.

Celestial Mechanics: Studying the motion and interactions of celestial bodies.

Space Weather: Monitoring and predicting space-based phenomena that affect Earth.

Solar Physics: Examining the behavior and properties of the Sun.

Gravitational Astronomy: Detecting gravitational waves to study cosmic events.

Astrodynamics: Calculating the trajectories of objects in space.

Dark Matter Research: Investigating the elusive matter that affects the cosmos.

High-Energy Astrophysics: Studying extremely energetic processes in the universe.

Neutron Star Studies: Analyzing the properties and behavior of neutron stars.

Black Hole Research: Investigating the nature and effects of black holes.

Stellar Evolution: Understanding the life stages and changes of stars.

Observational Astronomy: Collecting and interpreting data from observations.

Theoretical Astronomy: Developing models and theories to explain celestial phenomena.

Astrostatistics: Applying statistical methods to analyze astronomical data.

Astroinformatics: Developing and using computer tools for astronomical research.

Cosmic Microwave Background: Studying the afterglow of the Big Bang.

Meteor Astronomy: Observing meteors, meteor showers, and their origins.

Space Archaeology: Applying satellite imagery to discover ancient sites.

Astrocartography: Mapping celestial objects and phenomena.

Space Debris Research: Monitoring and mitigating human-made space debris.

Astrophotography: Capturing images of celestial objects and events.

Variable Star Observations: Monitoring stars that change in brightness.

Astronomical Spectroscopy: Analyzing the interaction of light with matter in space.

Astrogeology: Applying geological principles to study extraterrestrial surfaces.

Astronomical Surveys: Systematic observations of large portions of the sky to discover new phenomena.

[planetariumhub]

James Webb Telescope Unveils Cosmic Seahorse and Gravitational Lensing

Webb Gravitational Lensing

NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has captured a mesmerizing image that reveals a cosmic phenomenon known as gravitational lensing. In this captivating image, distant galaxies are magnified, distorted, and brightened due to the gravitational pull of a foreground galaxy cluster. Among the intriguing features highlighted in the image is a galaxy nicknamed the “Cosmic Seahorse,” presenting a long,…

[michaelgabrill]

NASA JAXA XRISM Mission Looks Deeply Into Hidden Stellar System

The Japan-led XRISM (X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission) observatory has captured the most detailed portrait yet of gases flowing within Cygnus X-3, one of the most studied sources in the X-ray sky. Cygnus X-3 is a binary that pairs a rare type of high-mass star with a compact companion — likely a black hole. “The […] from NASA https://ift.tt/n4eSgsK

[spacetimewithstuartgary]

A new solar composition ratio that could reconcile longstanding questions

A Southwest Research Institute-led team combined compositional data of primitive bodies like Kuiper Belt objects, asteroids and comets with new solar data sets to develop a revised solar composition that potentially reconciles spectroscopy and helioseismology measurements for the first time. Helioseismology probes the Sun’s interior by analyzing the waves that travel through it, while spectroscopy reveals the surface composition based on the spectral signature produced by each chemical element.

A paper about this research, which addresses the long-standing “solar abundances” problem, appears in the AAS Astrophysical Journal.

“This is the first time this kind of interdisciplinary analysis has been done, and our broad data set suggests more abundant levels of solar carbon, nitrogen and oxygen than previously thought,” said Dr. Ngoc Truong, an SwRI postdoctoral researcher. “Solar system formation models using the new solar composition successfully reproduce the compositions of large Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs) and carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, in light of the newly returned Ryugu and Bennu asteroid samples from JAXA’s Hayabusa-2 and NASA’s OSIRIS-REx missions.”

To make this discovery, the team combined new measurements of solar neutrinos and data about the solar wind composition from NASA’s Genesis mission, together with the abundance of water found in primitive meteorites that originated in the outer solar system. They also used the densities of large KBOs such as Pluto and its moon Charon, as determined by NASA’s New Horizons mission.

“This work provides testable predictions for future helioseismology, solar neutrino and cosmochemical measurements, including future comet sample return missions,” Truong said. “The solar composition is used to calibrate other stars and understand the composition and formation of solar system objects. These breakthroughs will enhance our understanding of the primordial solar nebula’s chemistry and the formation of numerous solar system bodies.”

The team examined the role of refractory, tar-like organic compounds as a major carrier of carbon in the protosolar nebula. Solar system formation models using measurements of organics from comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and the most widely adopted solar composition ratios did not produce the dense, rocky Pluto-Charon system.

“With this research, we think we finally understand the mix of chemical elements that made the solar system,” said SwRI’s Dr. Christopher Glein, an expert in planetary geochemistry. “It has more carbon, nitrogen and oxygen than what is currently assumed. This new knowledge gives us a firmer basis for understanding what element abundances in giant planet atmospheres can tell us about the formation of planets. We already have our eyes on Uranus — NASA’s next target destination — and beyond.”

In the search for habitable exoplanets, scientists measure the abundances of elements in stars spectroscopically to infer what a star’s orbiting planets are made of, using stellar composition as a proxy for its planets.

“Our findings will significantly affect our understanding about the formation and evolution of other stars and planetary systems, and even further, they enable a broader perspective of galactic chemical evolution,” said Truong.

A Cornell University-affiliated scientist contributed to the research, which was supported by SwRI’s Internal Research and Development program and the Heising-Simons Foundation.

IMAGE: An SwRI-led team proposes new solar elemental abundances that potentially reconcile longstanding questions for the first time. A broad set of interdisciplinary data indicates higher levels of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in the Sun than previously thought, yielding a major advancement in addressing the prolonged solar abundances problem between spectroscopy and helioseismology measurements. Credit NASA/SDO/AIA

[tonylean]

The Vega star system is one of the most studied in astronomy due to its proximity, brightness, and unique characteristics that challenge our understanding of planet formation and stellar evolution. Located just 25 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Lyra, Vega is a blue-white star and the fifth-brightest star visible in our night sky. Here's a breakdown of the most intriguing features of the Vega system:

1. Dust Disk Discovery

Infrared Excess: In the 1980s, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) discovered an excess of infrared radiation from Vega, indicating a dust disk around the star. This disk emits infrared radiation as dust particles are heated by Vega's light, suggesting an early model of a protoplanetary or debris disk.

Smooth Disk: Unlike other systems like Fomalhaut, Vega’s disk is remarkably smooth, lacking the gaps and rings typically associated with planets disturbing the dust. This smoothness implies that Vega may lack substantial planetary influences or that planets there may be few and more challenging to detect.

2. Potential "Hot Neptune"

Astronomers have hypothesized that Vega might host a hot Neptune—a large planet orbiting close to the star, with a mass similar to that of Uranus or Neptune. If present, this planet could slightly perturb the disk, though not enough to create the pronounced structures seen in other systems.

3. Asteroid Belt Analogy

Observations suggest that Vega may contain a large asteroid belt similar to our Solar System's, with a spread-out disk of rocky material. This possible asteroid belt might add to the dust observed around Vega and could provide insights into the early formation phases of planetary systems.

4. Historical and Cultural Significance

Former Pole Star: Around 14,000 years ago, Earth's axis pointed toward Vega, making it the northern pole star until approximately 12,000 BC. The star held great significance for ancient civilizations due to its prominence.

Name and Mythology: The name "Vega," originally spelled "Wega," comes from the Arabic "Al Nasr al Waki," meaning "Swooping Eagle." Vega is a cornerstone of the Summer Triangle, a prominent asterism for northern hemisphere skywatchers, along with Altair and Deneb.

5. Milestones in Astronomy

First Stellar Spectrum: Vega was the first star to have its spectrum recorded in 1850, helping astronomers study stellar composition and temperature.

Early Photographic Milestone: It was also the second star, after the Sun, to be photographed, marking a major step in astronomical imaging.

6. Variable Star Characteristics

Vega is classified as a Delta Scuti variable, with slight pulsations that cause small changes in its brightness over time. Although minimal, these fluctuations provide valuable data for stellar research and challenge Vega's historic role as a "constant" in brightness.

7. Future Research and Exploration

With its dust disk and potential hot Neptune, Vega remains a prime target for studying alternative pathways in planetary system evolution. Optical spectroscopy allows astronomers to analyze parameters such as star formation rates and chemical composition, shedding light on the processes within Vega's disk and its potential for planet formation.

8.  Vega's characteristics—its smooth disk, possible planetary companions, and cultural prominence—continue to intrigue astronomers. Future missions and telescopes may reveal more about this iconic star system, potentially uncovering planets or additional features that reshape our understanding of how stars and planetary systems evolve.

[highlineblog]

Star Light

Star Light is the light emitted by stars.

It generally refers to visible electromagnetic radiation from stars other than the Sun that can be observed from Earth at night, although some starlight can be observed from Earth during the day.

Sunlight is the starlight from the Sun that is observed during the day. At night, albedo describes the Sun’s reflections from other objects in the Solar System, including moonlight, planetary light, and zodiacal light.

Observation Star Light Observing and measuring starlight through telescopes is the foundation of many areas of astronomy, including photometry and stellar spectroscopy.

He classified the stars Into six brightness categories, which he called magnitudes.

Star Light magnitude

Stars of the sixth magnitude.

He called the brightest stars in his catalog stars of the first magnitude, and the stars so faint that he could barely see them he called stars of the sixth magnitude.

Starlight is also a notable part of personal experience and human culture, influencing a wide range of pursuits including poetry, astronomy and military strategy.

The US military spent millions of dollars in the 1950s and beyond to develop a starlight scope that could amplify starlight, moonlight filtered through clouds,

And the fluorescence of decaying vegetation about 50,000 times to allow a human to see at night.

Unlike previously developed active infrared systems such as the sniper scope, it was a passive device and required no additional light emission to be able to see.

Star Light Cosmic latte

The average color of starlight in the observable universe is a yellowish-white shade known as “cosmic latte.”

Starlight spectroscopy, the study of stellar spectra, was introduced in 1814 by Joseph Fraudster.

Types of Starlight

Starlight consists of three main types of spectrum: continuous spectrum, emission spectrum, and absorption spectrum.

The illuminance of starlight corresponds to the lowest illuminance of the human eye (~0.1 ml x), while the moonlight coincides with the lowest illuminance of the human eye (~50 ml x).

One of the oldest stars identified to date—in this case, the oldest, but not the most distant—was identified in 2014: While the star SMSS J031300.36−670839.3 was “only” 6,000 light-years away,

a distance of 13 was determined. was 8 billion years old, about the same age as the universe itself. The starlight that shines on Earth includes this star.

Photography

Night photography involves photographing subjects that are mainly illuminated by starlight. Astro photography also includes taking direct photographs of the night sky.

Like other photographs, it can be used for scientific purposes and/or recreational activities. Topics include nocturnal animals.

In many cases, starlight photography can also overlap with the need to understand the effects of moonlight.

Star Light Polarization

It has been observed that the intensity of starlight is a function of its polarization.

Starlight is partly linearly polarized by scattering from elongated interstellar dust grains, whose long axes tend to be perpendicular to the galactic magnetic field.

According to the Davis- Green stein mechanism, the grains rotate rapidly with their axis of rotation along the magnetic field.

Light polarized along the direction of the magnetic field perpendicular to the line of sight is emitted, while light polarized in the plane defined by the rotating bead is blocked.