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juniperpublishersoceanography · 5 years ago

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Acoustic Systems (Split Beam Echo Sounder) to Determine Abundance of Fish in Marine Fisheries- Juniper publishers

Abstract

Acoustic waves are transmitted into the subsurface ocean will experience (scattering) caused by marine organisms, material distributed in the ocean, the structure is not homogeneous in seawater, as well as reflections from the surface and the seabed. Estimation of fish stocks in the waters wide as in Indonesia have a lot of them are using the acoustic method. Acoustic method has high speed in predicting the size of fish stocks so as to allow acquiring data in real time, accurate and high speed so as to contribute fairly high for the provision of data and information of fishery resources. Split beam echo sounder comprises two aspects, and a transducer. First aspect is the high-resolution color display for displaying echogram at some observations and also serves as a controller in the operation of the echo sounder. The second aspect is tranciever consisting of transmitter and receiver. Echosunder divided bim first inserted into the ES 3800 by SIMRAD beginning of the 1980s and in 1985 was introduced to fishermen in Japan as a tool for catching up. Split beam transducer is divided into four quadrants. Factors that contribute affect the value of Target Strength (TS) fish Strength targer can generally be influenced by three factors: a target factor itself, environmental factors, and factors acoustic instrument. Factors include the size of the target, the anatomy of fish, swim bladder, the behavior of orientation

Keywords: Acoustic systems; Estimation of fish stocks; Split beam echo sounder; SIMRAD; Target strength

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Introduction

Hardware echo integrator aims to get the echo signal integration. The accouracy of this method is very high so it can be applied as estimate the abundance of fish in the waters [2]. According in [3], hydroacoustic method with detection backscatter value of mangrove crab (scylla sp.) using cruzpro fishfinder pcff-80 hydroacoustic instrument. According in [4,5] hydroacoustic method is an underwater detection methods that use acoustic devices, among others: echosounder, fish finder, sonar, and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) (Figure 1).

According in MacLennan [6], a good fisheries resource management must control the number of catches in conjunction with the number of stocks that can be exploited. It required an estimate of the number of fish stocks at the time and acoustic survey techniques can be used to estimate the abundance of fish at a time and under certain conditions.

The use of echosounder and echo integrator for the purposes of exploration of fishery resources today are growing rapidly. Hardware echo integrator aims to get the echo signal integration. The accuracy of this method is very high so it can be applied as an estimate abundance of fish in the waters [2].

Estimation of fish stocks in the waters wide as in Indonesia have a lot of them are using the acoustic method. Acoustic method has high speed in predicting the size of fish stocks so as to allow acquiring data in real time, accurate and high speed so as to contribute fairly high for the provision of data and information of fishery resources [6].

The second aspect is tranciever consisting of transmitter and receiver. Echosunder divided bim first inserted into the ES 3800 by SIMRAD beginning of the 1980s and in 1985 was introduced to fishermen in Japan as a tool for catching up. Split beam transducer is divided into four quadrants [7-9], in which the transmitting wave conducted by the merger of four full beam. The signal reflected by the target is received by each quadrant and reassembled to form a full beam. Gilihat of direction on the ship split beam is divided into four i.e Fore, Aft, Port and Starboard. While in principle Split Beam is divided into four quadrants that FP.FS.AP and AS ( Figure 2-4).

Split beam echo sounder has the function of Time Varied Gain (TVG) in acoustic data acquisition system serves as a reliever TVG attenuation (Amplifier) whether caused by geometrical spreading and absorbs noise as it propagates into the water. There are two types of functions, namely TVG TVG function that works to echo a single fish called TVG 40 log R and a function for a group of fish that TVG 20 log R (Figure 5 & 6).

In (Figure 6) by Simrad, fish axis A located right above the maximum transducer gain, while fish B is located at the end (edge) transducer beam where the gain is lower. A fish echo thus more likely to result stronger than the backscatter echo in fish B. Although both of these fish are at the same depth and the same size. To determine the size of the fish from the echo strength alone is not enough, however, knowledge about the pattern beam transducer and the fish in the beam position is very important to correct transducer gain strength and determining the target value of real fish (Figure 7 &8).

An estimate obtained approximate angle of incidence and factors beam pattern in the acoustic signals can be obtained by using a processor of the split beam which has a signal source X leads to Phase detection and will produce energy or power by means of calculating the results of input and will generate output waveform display in Figure 8 (Table 1).

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Target Strength

Target strength (TS) is the ability of the target to reflect a sound about it. Based domain is used, the target strength is defined into two, namely in the form of Target StrengthIntensity (TSi) and Energy Target Strength (TSE). Targeth strength (TS) can be defined as the quotient between the value of the intensity of the noise coming about the target and multiplied by the number of ten (10) in [10-12] is:

TSi =10 log Ir/Ii (1)

TSe =10 log Er/Ei (2)

Information:f

TSi: Intensity target of strength

Ii: Intensity of sound on targets

Ir: Reflected sound intensity targets

TSE: Energy Target Strength

Ei: Energy sound on targets

Er: Energy reflection sound at a distance of 1 meter from the target

According in [12] stated that the target strength (TS) is a measure decibel sound that is returned by the target as measured on a standard distance of 1 meter from the acoustic center of the target is located, relative to the intensity of sound that hit the target. A simple model to estimate the back scattering cross section based on the size of fish referred by [6]:

σbs= b0 L2(3)

TS = 20 Log L+ b0(4)

Then, according in [13] introduced the equation which connects the backscattering cross section (σ_bs), fish length (L) and wavelength (λ) by the following equation: σ_bs / λ^2 = a⟦(L/ λ) ⟧^b (dB) where a and b are constants that depend on the anatomy, fish size and wavelength. Equation (4) can be converted into a logarithmic form becomes:

TS = a Log(L) + b Log (f) + b0(5)

Information:

TS = Target strength (TS)

F = Sound frequency

A, b = Constant

Then obtained the possibility of the average best performing measurements on the measurement of the target strength of the dorsal aspect:

TSD = 19,1 log (L) - 0,9 (f) - 62 (6)

But according in [11] explains more about the similarities that show no difference in the comparison of results of different frequencies. Furthermore, the equation [11] to formulate relationships TS (Target Strength) to the length of the fish, namely:

TS= 20 Log (L) - 68 (dB) (7)

Conversions strength target value into a length (L) for pelagic fish used equation TS = 20 log L-73.97 [14]. Relations targets strength and OBS (backscattering cross-section, m2) is calculated based in [6] with equation:

TS=10 log Óbs (8)

equation for densitas ikan (ñA, ind./⟦nmi⟧^2) is :

ñA=sA /Óbs (9)

fish length (L) associated with Óbsis:

Óbs=aLb (10)

associated of target strength and L is:

TS=20 log L+A (11)

Where:

A = the value of the target strength to 1 cm long fish (normalized target of strength)

Conversions strength target value into a length (L) for pelagic fish used equation: TS = 20 log L-73.97 [14]. According in [15], the relationship length (L) and weight (W) of a species of fish that is: (Figure 9)

W=aLb(12)

In addition [14] has a long and weighs equation to convert length into weight alleged allegations are as follows:

Information:

Wt: Total weight (g)

Al: Class interval length (cm)

Li: The midpoint of the long-the grade (cm)

Ni: Number of individuals in the grade

a, b: Constants for certain species

Factors that contribute affect the value of Target Strength (TS) fish Strength targer can generally be influenced by three factors: a target factor itself, environmental factors, and factors acoustic instrument. Factors include the size of the target, the anatomy of fish, swim bladder, the behavior of orientation [16]. Factors such targets are:

Size of fish

There is a relationship between the size of the fish with a value of TS, but the relationship varies greatly depending on the species. Generally for fish species, the larger the fish the greater its value TS. This is especially true for the region of the graph geometrical relationship between the size of the target and TS, for the region, resonance, resonance region and the transition region, the tendency of the relationship is not valid [12]. Anatomy such as the head, body, tail and fins have a different sound reflections. Likewise, stomach, intestine, liver, bones, flesh and gills have a specific gravity = (ρ) and the speed of sound = (c) different so acoustically will have the ability to reflect a different sound.

Swimbladder of fish

Acoustically fish and marine organisms are divided into two major groups, namely blader fish (have a swim bladder). Fish that have a swim bladder generally do not have the right meksimum TS on the dorsal aspect, while fish that do not have a swim bladder with a maximum value of TS is generally right on the dorsal aspect. TS value of fish that have a swim bladder [17,18]. With deformed-cylinder model (DCM) with Approximation of>5 and the value of Tilt Angle was not until (<40°) according to [19] results from the resultant corner of a fish that has swim bladder that is:

Behavior / orientation fish

Results of a previous study conducted by [20,21] states that the value of Target Strength (TS) is determined by the orientation of the fish, especially the slope of the body to a line connecting between the head and tail. Fish orientation will include tilting, yawing and rolling along. Yawing no effect because generally spherical transducer position so that the fish does not cause changes in the angle when viewed from the transducer, for Rolling no real effect because the fish have a swim bladder due partly reflected energy is derived from the swim bladder did not come from the dorsal aspect. Tillting lead to a change in angle position transducer is good for fish that have a swim bladder or not [8].

Instrumental factor

The small big factor value Beam pattern depending on the extent of the transducer will be greater the beam angle of the transducer, and vice versa. Large beam angle changes cause TS great value, separately it is better to use a relatively narrow beam.

Acoustic reflections of fish and plankton that are returned in the form of echo is detected by the receiver has an appeal. Estimation of biomass can be seen from how much force the target and how to interpret it. TS plankton are numbers that indicate the size of the echo. The larger the value, the greater echo energy is returned to the receiver by the target. Unit of measure Standard International (SI) for the TS expressed in decibels (dB). The decibel is a logarithmic form of a comparison or ratio of the two intensities due to the values involved can be very large or very small. According in [22] TS formulated as backscattering cross-section of the target which returns a signal and is expressed in the equation:

TS = 10 log ( σ / 4Π ) (14)

Then the value of TS theoretical spherical object is:

TS = 10 Log a2/4 (15)

Where σ = Target strength individual or backscattering cross-section (σ bs) with TS according in [22,23] with equation :

TS = 10 log σ bs (16)

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Volume Backscattering Strength (SV)

Volume Backscattering Strength (SV) is defined as the ratio between the intensity reflected by a group of single targets (target located at a water volume of certain diinsonifikasi instantaneously measured at a distance of 1m from target with the intensity of sound that hit the target. Definition Volume Backscattering Strength (SV) has the same meaning as the target strength for a single target, while Volume Backscattering strength (SV) for a group of fish.

Each individual targets is the source of the reflected sound wave, so that the output of the integration will be proportional to the quantity of fish in the group. Echo integration methods used to measure Volume Backscattering Strength (SV) based on the measurement of the total power backscattered on the transducer [8].

Volume Backscattering Strength (SV) is the ratio between the intensity reflected by a single group targets where the target is located at a water volume [24]. This is similar to the definition of TS where TS value is the result of the detection of a single organism, while SV is the value for mendetaksi organism groups. [25] states SV is defined into the equation:

SV = 10 log (Is i/ I) (17)

Information:

Is: Intensity scattering volume measured 1m from the center of the acoustic waves.

Ii: Scattering intensity emitted

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Fish Density (Abundance Fish)

To date research on fish stock estimates done by cruise track using a SIMRAD EK 60 Scientific split beam echosounder system with a frequency of 70kHz and acoustic data acquisition is performed continuously during the day and night during the period boat cruise at speeds ranging between 7-8 knots. Trails include a data acquisition area of an area that allows the analysis of spatially made with zig-zag shape according to [6,26,27] with the length of each transect approximately 1nmi of bounds islands outwards. Density values for fish processing performed on Ms. Excel. The treatment may be carried out after the integration process SV and TS. Density is generated by using the formula [28,29]:

SV (dB) = 10 log (N Tbs) = 10 log N + TS (18)

Assuming the numerical density is proportional to the density of individuals, then the equation (1) can be rewritten as follows:

SV (dB) = 10 log ρ + A (19)

Where:

SV: Volume strength (dB)

ρ: Abundance / density of organisms (in d/m3)

A: Target average strength (dB)

To Know More About Journal of Oceanography Please Click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/ofoaj/index.php

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#Biogeochemistry #Juniper publishers #fisheries research #Genetics and evolution #Marine conservation

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zeroviraluniverse-blog · 7 years ago

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These $10,000 Concrete Homes Are 3D-Printed in Less Than 24 Hours

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These $10,000 Concrete Homes Are 3D-Printed in Less Than 24 Hours

ICON, New Story

What makes housing so expensive? Labor costs, for one. According to a 2014 Census Bureau survey, the average single-family home takes about six months to construct, and that’s a lot of man-hours. A new type of home from Austin, Texas-based startup ICON and the housing nonprofit New Story is hoping to change that. Their homes can be built from the ground up in 12 to 24 hours, and they cost builders just $10,000 to construct, The Verge reports.

ICON’s construction method uses the Vulcan 3D printer. With concrete as the building material, the printer pipes out a structure complete with a living room, bedroom, bathroom, and porch that covers 600 to 800 square feet. That’s a little less than the size of the average New York apartment and significantly larger than a typical tiny home.

The project, which was revealed at this year’s SXSW festival in Austin, isn’t the first to apply 3D printing to home construction. Moscow, Beijing, and Dubai are all home to structures assembled using the technology. What makes ICON and New Story’s buildings remarkable is what they intend to do with them: Within the next 18 months, they plan to set up a community of 100 3D-printed homes for residents of El Salvador. If that venture is successful, the team wants to bring the printer to other places in need of affordable housing, including parts of the U.S.

ICON wants to eventually bring the $10,000 price tag down to $4000. The 3D-printed houses owe their affordability to low labor costs and cheap materials. Not only is cement inexpensive, but it’s also sturdier and more familiar than other common 3D-printed materials like plastic. The simple structure also makes the homes easy to maintain.

“Conventional construction methods have many baked-in drawbacks and problems that we’ve taken for granted for so long that we forgot how to imagine any alternative,” ICON co-founder Jason Ballard said in a release. “With 3D printing, you not only have a continuous thermal envelope, high thermal mass, and near-zero waste, but you also have speed, a much broader design palette, next-level resiliency, and the possibility of a quantum leap in affordability.”

After printing and safety tests are completed, the first families are expected to move into their new 3D-printed homes sometime in 2019.

[h/t The Verge]

iStock

How to Avoid Long Customs and Immigration Lines on Your Next Trip

iStock

The most painful part of traveling often starts when you arrive at the airport. If you’re traveling internationally, the experience is even more of a hassle: Every second spent standing in line for customs and immigration is time you’re not spending getting over your jet lag in bed. But reentering the U.S. from a foreign country doesn’t have to be a source of dread: As Condé Nast Traveler reports, a mobile passport makes the process quick and virtually pain-free.

Testing out the tool for yourself is easy. First, download the Mobile Passport app for Android or iOS, and then update your profile with information like your passport number, photo, and expiration date. Now when you land in the U.S. after a trip abroad, you can review customs questions on your phone while waiting to exit the plane.

Once you’ve submitted your answers to questions like “Are you bringing back fruits and vegetables?” and “Are you carrying more than $10,000?” you can head to the customs and immigration booths at the arrivals hall like you normally would, only this time you can hop in the Mobile Passport lane. Instead of filling out a long form, all you have to do is show the official your passport and the QR code receipt on your phone to proceed. The entire process may take as little as a minute to complete.

Another option for impatient travelers looking to breeze through customs and immigration is Global Entry. But while this program has become fairly popular in recent years, Mobile Passport is still a well-kept secret known only to the savviest world travelers, making the lines especially short. On top of all that, the app is free to download.

One major drawback to the app is that it’s only accepted at 24 U.S. airports so far. Check to see if your arrival city is on the list before downloading it for your next getaway.

[h/t Condé Nast Traveler]

©AMNH/R. Mickens

7 Technologies That Are Revolutionizing Ocean Exploration

©AMNH/R. Mickens

The Earth is an ocean planet—more than 70 percent of the surface is covered by seawater. But despite being such an essential part of life, the deepest parts of the world’s oceans are still largely unexplored. According to the American Museum of Natural History in New York, merely 10 to 15 percent of the seafloor has been mapped with accuracy, which means we know less about the seafloor than the surface of Mars.

But the state of sea exploration is changing fast. The dark, high-pressure conditions of the ocean depths that once made research there impossible are now being explored with cutting-edge technology. That new tech and the discoveries to come from it are the focus of a new exhibition at the American Museum of Natural History called Unseen Oceans. As museum curator John Sparks said at a press preview, the goal of the exhibition is to show visitors “how little we know, and to tell them how much we’re learning so rapidly with technology.”

Here are some of the technologies featured in the exhibition, which opens March 12.

1. FLUORESCENCE-DETECTING CAMERAS TO FIND GLOWING FISH

One of the biggest recent discoveries made in the field of deep ocean exploration is the proliferation of biofluorescence in the darkest parts of the sea. Realms that look pitch black to human eyes are actually filled with more than 250 species of fish glowing in red, orange, and green hues. One of these species is the catshark, which fluoresces green in the dim blue light that reaches the sea floor. To detect this effect, researchers built a camera that filters out certain wavelengths of light like the shark’s eye does. (This is how the sharks see each other in the darkness.) Combined with artificial blue light to enhance the fluorescent color, this equipment allows scientists to record the light show.

2. AN ALL-IN-ONE ECHOSOUNDER, SPEAKER, AND MICROPHONE THAT “SPEAKS WHALE”

Listening to whales vocalize tells us a lot about the way they live and interact, but this is difficult to do when a species spends most of its time in the deep ocean. In order to eavesdrop on beaked whales, scientists needed to fit sophisticated acoustic equipment into a submersible built to explore high-pressure environments. Enter the Deep Ocean REMUS Echosounder, or DOR-E. (REMUS stands for “Remote Environmental Monitoring UnitS.”) Developed by marine scientist Kelly Benoit-Bird and her team at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, the autonomous underwater vehicle can reach depths up to 1970 feet and has enough battery life to record a day’s worth of deep-sea audio. The device was named for Finding Nemo‘s Dory because it “speaks whale,” according to Unseen Oceans.

3. SOFT GRIPPERS FOR GENTLY COLLECTING SPECIMENS

Collecting specimens at the bottom of the ocean isn’t as simple as collecting them on land; researchers can’t just step out of their submersible to pick up a mollusk from the seabed. The only way to retrieve a sample at such depths is with a machine. When these machines are designed to be bulky and rigid to withstand the intense water pressure around them, they can end up crushing the specimen before scientists have the chance to study it. So-called soft grippers are a clever alternative. Memory foam evenly distributes the force around the creature being handled, and Kevlar lace keeps the fingers from spreading when they inflate with water. Even with its squishy construction, the mechanism is sturdy enough to work at depths reaching 1000 feet.

4. AFFORDABLE AQUATIC DRONES TO EXPLORE HIGH-PRESSURE DEPTHS

A remotely operated vehicle (ROV) can explore the tight, crushing pockets of the ocean that human divers can’t reach. This technology is often costly and limited to research teams with big budgets. A new company called OpenROV aims to make underwater drones more accessible to everyday explorers. Their signature ROV, Trident, starts at just $1500.

5. SATELLITE IMAGING FOR MAPPING THE OCEAN FLOOR

Sometimes the easiest way for scientists to get a view of the bottom of the ocean is by sending equipment to space. Satellites in orbit can estimate measurements of the peaks and valleys shaping the seabed by beaming radar pulses towards Earth and calculating the time it takes for them to bounce back. While this method doesn’t provide a terribly accurate map of the ocean floor, it can be used to gauge depths in even the most remote areas.

6. SWARMS OF MINI ROBOTS THAT BOB AND FLOAT LIKE PLANKTON

Autonomous undersea robots come in all shapes and sizes. Mini-autonomous underwater explorers, or m-AUEs, developed by Scripps oceanographer Jules Jaffe are meant to be deployed in large groups or “swarms.” The grapefruit-sized devices act like plankton, bobbing at a constant depth in the ocean and measuring factors like water temperature. By studying the underwater explorers, scientists hope to better understand how plankton, major contributors of the Earth’s oxygen, thrive and travel through the sea.

7. SUCTION-CUP “TAGS” FOR STUDYING JELLIES

This technology is so new, it hasn’t hit the water yet. Once it’s ocean-ready, researchers plan to attach the miniature suction cups to the bells of jellies. The device automatically measures a jelly’s movements and ocean chemistry as the animal swims around. Eventually the jelly regenerates the top layer of its bell, shedding the tag and moving on unharmed. Once detached, the tag floats to the water’s surface where it alerts scientists to its location via a VHF antenna and green reflective tape.

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#10000 #24 #3Dprinted #Concrete #homes #hours #Facts

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jeantparks · 7 years ago

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Making the unknown known: What is the new mapping software making navigating through unchartered waters safer?

lang: en_US

In the great depths of our oceans, obstacles are constantly changing and difficult to avoid. This makes anchoring in unknown waters dangerous, with vessels often having no way of knowing whether they are next to or drifting towards hazards. However, recent investments into a database for the storage and integration of a boat’s bathymetric survey datasets means this experience could now be a lot safer. The software application stemming from this, named Local History Mapping™ (LHM), has recently been brought to market by navigation expert FarSounder. Below, we explore the extent to which this software is needed in the superyacht industry, and get acquainted with the inner workings of the product.

Poor charting is a worldwide issue

In the US, with millions of nautical miles of water along the US coast and in the Great Lakes, large swathes of coastal area are often left unchartered for years on end. However, poor charting is an issue faced all around the world. Not only is it seen as an expensive and time-consuming task, but it can sometimes seem pointless with weather and natural disasters meaning obstacles are ever-changing. This leaves many coastal areas with incorrect charting, even if they have had a recent update. Over the coming years, melting glaciers will produce more and more ice hazards, storms and earthquakes, which will continue to cause dramatic bathymetric changes.

Initial and subsequent bathymetric surveys are vital for vessels operating in areas with poor or no chart coverage. The risk of grounding is a real possibility in unchartered waters. For example, in 2004 the tanker British Enterprise ran aground near Anchorage, Alaska. The charts had shown it was clear to proceed, but they hit a shoal that had simply not been recorded. When they moved over the area they found themselves in depths of a little over 6m.

Post-disaster applications

After a natural disaster such as a hurricane or earthquake, waterways become filled with debris from broken and lost vessels and equipment, as well as many other obstacles. Bathymetric changes are likely, but are unable to be seen or predicted. For superyachts responding to crisis situations, such as the recent humanitarian mission delivered by M/Y Dorothea III in Grand Turk as part of YachtAid Global’s relief project, these potential unknown obstructions increase the danger of the mission.

How does LHM work?

The software is based on a purpose-built bathymetric survey engine. This map is updated with every ping and is displayed as an overlay on top of the electronic nautical chart. This new overlay is displayed in conjunction with a real-time forward-looking sonar overlay, and so allows crew to quickly see what lies ahead and what they’ve recently passed over. Displaying the survey as an overlay on top of the chart makes it easy for the bridge crew to visualize the vessel’s current position.

Overlaying the software with a 3D forward-looking sonar, which has a wide horizontal field-of-view ahead of the vessel, enhances obstacle avoidance even further. A single pass of the sonar with LHM can survey a much wider swath of the seafloor than with a standard echosounder. In addition, the large coverage zone from a single ping results in a huge overlapping area from one ping to the next. This means that crew will no longer have to worry about missing any obstacles between pings. Using this software and product combination, crew can build a 3D map of the seafloor over which they’ve recently sailed.

The software effectively provides a way for yachts store the data they have already gathered. It means boats can find their way in to unknown waters, do a quick survey of the area and store this information. They can then anchor in the safest place, and continually be aware of what is all around the vessel. Operators can orient the vessel relative to any features or obstructions found with the survey. If they drift, they will know if they are drifting toward hazards and can act before any harm occurs.

How to find it? Local History Mapping™ is now a standard feature in FarSounder’s Forward Looking Multi-Beams. The company has invested heavily in the database infrastructure for storing and integrating large survey datasets, and has plans to add new features and capabilities to the mapping, based both on customer feedback and its product roadmap. For existing customers who wish to add Local History Mapping™ to systems, all you need to do is fill out a Software Update Request form to receive it. However, it is worth bearing in mind for those interested in adding the equipment that the initial installation must be done during drydock.

Safety first

Constantly improving safety at sea can help minimize casualties, environmental damage, and costs across all sectors of the maritime economy. Forward-looking sonars able to display in real-time 3D are a valuable enhancement to improving safety at sea, but with LHM software saving this 3D data to further enhance awareness is a real possibility. And adopting this advanced technology on superyachts is the next logical step for those striving for ever-safer navigation.

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janetgannon · 7 years ago

Text

Making the unknown known: What is the new mapping software making navigating through unchartered waters safer?

lang: en_US

Poor charting is a worldwide issue

Post-disaster applications

How does LHM work?

Safety first

Visit FarSounder

The post Making the unknown known: What is the new mapping software making navigating through unchartered waters safer? appeared first on SuperYacht Technology.

Read Full Content Here

The post Making the unknown known: What is the new mapping software making navigating through unchartered waters safer? appeared first on YachtAweigh.

from http://yachtaweigh.com/making-the-unknown-known-what-is-the-new-mapping-software-making-navigating-through-unchartered-waters-safer/ from https://yachtaweigh.tumblr.com/post/167800736981

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yachtaweigh · 7 years ago

Text

Making the unknown known: What is the new mapping software making navigating through unchartered waters safer?

lang: en_US

Poor charting is a worldwide issue

Post-disaster applications

How does LHM work?

Safety first

Visit FarSounder

The post Making the unknown known: What is the new mapping software making navigating through unchartered waters safer? appeared first on SuperYacht Technology.

Read Full Content Here

The post Making the unknown known: What is the new mapping software making navigating through unchartered waters safer? appeared first on YachtAweigh.

from http://yachtaweigh.com/making-the-unknown-known-what-is-the-new-mapping-software-making-navigating-through-unchartered-waters-safer/

0 notes