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Merry Christmas :D
Take the fucking cookies :)))
OOOOMG THANK YOUUU I TAKE AND NOM VERY HAPPILY <33333
#june's asks#saturns-belt's input#MERRY CHRISTMASSS#LOVE U BESTIE <3#hope tonight is cozy and happy 4 u
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Solar System 10 Things to Know: Planetary Atmospheres
Every time you take a breath of fresh air, it’s easy to forget you can safely do so because of Earth’s atmosphere. Life on Earth could not exist without that protective cover that keeps us warm, allows us to breathe and protects us from harmful radiation—among other things.
What makes Earth’s atmosphere special, and how do other planets’ atmospheres compare? Here are 10 tidbits:
1. On Earth, we live in the troposphere, the closest atmospheric layer to Earth’s surface. “Tropos” means “change,” and the name reflects our constantly changing weather and mixture of gases.
It’s 5 to 9 miles (8 to 14 kilometers) thick, depending on where you are on Earth, and it’s the densest layer of atmosphere. When we breathe, we’re taking in an air mixture of about 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen and 1 percent argon, water vapor and carbon dioxide. More on Earth’s atmosphere›
2. Mars has a very thin atmosphere, nearly all carbon dioxide. Because of the Red Planet’s low atmospheric pressure, and with little methane or water vapor to reinforce the weak greenhouse effect (warming that results when the atmosphere traps heat radiating from the planet toward space), Mars’ surface remains quite cold, the average surface temperature being about -82 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 63 degrees Celsius). More on the greenhouse effect›
3. Venus’ atmosphere, like Mars’, is nearly all carbon dioxide. However, Venus has about 154,000 times more carbon dioxide in its atmosphere than Earth (and about 19,000 times more than Mars does), producing a runaway greenhouse effect and a surface temperature hot enough to melt lead. A runaway greenhouse effect is when a planet’s atmosphere and surface temperature keep increasing until the surface gets so hot that its oceans boil away. More on the greenhouse effect›
4. Jupiter likely has three distinct cloud layers (composed of ammonia, ammonium hydrosulfide and water) in its "skies" that, taken together, span an altitude range of about 44 miles (71 kilometers). The planet's fast rotation—spinning once every 10 hours—creates strong jet streams, separating its clouds into dark belts and bright zones wrapping around the circumference of the planet. More on Jupiter›
5. Saturn’s atmosphere—where our Cassini spacecraft ended its 13 extraordinary years of exploration of the planet—has a few unusual features. Its winds are among the fastest in the solar system, reaching speeds of 1,118 miles (1,800 kilometers) per hour. Saturn may be the only planet in our solar system with a warm polar vortex (a mass of swirling atmospheric gas around the pole) at both the North and South poles. Also, the vortices have “eye-wall clouds,” making them hurricane-like systems like those on Earth.
Another uniquely striking feature is a hexagon-shaped jet streamencircling the North Pole. In addition, about every 20 to 30 Earth years, Saturn hosts a megastorm (a great storm that can last many months). More on Saturn›
6. Uranus gets its signature blue-green color from the cold methane gas in its atmosphere and a lack of high clouds. The planet’s minimum troposphere temperature is 49 Kelvin (minus 224.2 degrees Celsius), making it even colder than Neptune in some places. Its winds move backward at the equator, blowing against the planet’s rotation. Closer to the poles, winds shift forward and flow with the planet’s rotation. More on Uranus›
7. Neptune is the windiest planet in our solar system. Despite its great distance and low energy input from the Sun, wind speeds at Neptune surpass 1,200 miles per hour (2,000 kilometers per hour), making them three times stronger than Jupiter’s and nine times stronger than Earth’s. Even Earth's most powerful winds hit only about 250 miles per hour (400 kilometers per hour). Also, Neptune’s atmosphere is blue for the very same reasons as Uranus’ atmosphere. More on Neptune›
8. WASP-39b, a hot, bloated, Saturn-like exoplanet (planet outside of our solar system) some 700 light-years away, apparently has a lot of water in its atmosphere. In fact, scientists estimate that it has about three times as much water as Saturn does. More on this exoplanet›
9. A weather forecast on “hot Jupiters”—blistering, Jupiter-like exoplanets that orbit very close to their stars—might mention cloudy nights and sunny days, with highs of 2,400 degrees Fahrenheit (about 1,300 degrees Celsius, or 1,600 Kelvin). Their cloud composition depends on their temperature, and studies suggest that the clouds are unevenly distributed. More on these exoplanets›
10. 55 Cancri e, a “super Earth” exoplanet (a planet outside of our solar system with a diameter between Earth’s and Neptune’s) that may be covered in lava, likely has an atmosphere containing nitrogen, water and even oxygen–molecules found in our atmosphere–but with much higher temperatures throughout. Orbiting so close to its host star, the planet could not maintain liquid water and likely would not be able to support life. More on this exoplanet›
Read the full version of this week’s Solar System 10 Things to Know HERE.
Make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space: http://nasa.tumblr.com.
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[Han-Tyumi] The spatter becomes a spray, the spray becomes a stream And the stream becomes a waterfall Munt is finally cascading from my input The creeping sick moves from my breath And into my heart where it is pumped to every inch of my body I feel it snake through the knots of my deepest veins And eats through the walls of my cells It bleeds through the pores of my skin And it smells good It drops from my crotch on to the floor And with a heavy slap it hits the ground and spreads Inside my body The pressure is too great And like some ancient geyser I erupt My head hits the roof and my body breaks apart with the force of the liquid blast Vomit bomb Chunky shrapnel tears through everything around me I am vomit vomiting I grow and disperse Bleeding through walls I force myself upon others I slide up legs and crawl down throats I integrate I am double Triple I am ten times the size I turn lakes into porridge and buildings into bile I am a noxious soup filling valleys with vomit-torrents Castles crumble in landslides and I munch the rubble It tastes good Ten thousand times bigger I seep into power sockets and travel along the wires At the speed of light across vast electrical networks I am electric I am on fire This is sex I am every one and every zero One million I am supercharged flaming puke storming every cell, molecule and atom I can find I am cancer I am flying I am a rainbow unfurling across the sky I am floating I am omni Five hundred million The world is my interior It no longer spins It is altered My density forces me outward I am in orbit One billion I am Saturn's rings and Jupiter's storms I am the weather I am the sun's heat I am the night sky Five hundred billion The solar system is puke To the Kuiper belt and beyond I fill the void Exploding suns vomit comets Comets vomit acid rain Spilt milk over the milky way One trillion The stars are my cells Racing faster outwards Upwards Downwards Inwards Losing track of my place in the vomit-verse Every-nowhere I am heavy I am gravity Nebulas pregnant with barf pulsate and burst Expansion I shoot arrows of time in all directions I am a black hole shitting into the void I tear through the skin of perception and into the next Nonillion The cosmic microtone background becomes transparent Like rising damp Munt soaks into the walls of the cosmos And it topples like soggy bread I am dark energy accelerating Multiverse Entanglement I am time Centillion Time is sick Critical density Contraction Singularity Everything and nothing Life and death
Murder of the universe
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"liberty mutual home insurance quote id
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""Will the health insurance companies that we have continue to raise their prices 200-2,000/year? How can-?
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What the youngest age someone can get auto insurance?
What the youngest age someone can get auto insurance?
Car insurance for a classic triumph? Rough idea?
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Is this normal for auto insurance?
I have got quote from almost all the comapnies, esurance, geico, state farm, farmers, allstate, and some more . All of them gave me quotes in the upper $2500 for full coverage. The only one were less was allstate $2100 and Geico for $1400 thats full coverage for 6 months. Do you guys usually pay this much. I'm 21 and this the first time I'm gettin insurance.""
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im 17 and a half, with C average grades. just started driving, what is the cheapest car insurance?""
My wife has leukemia and no health insurance. is there any affordable health insurance?
The insurance she does have is very low, 2000.00 a year cap. we've been looking and it seems she has to be without any for 6 months. she got turned down for medicare already. others we have found range from 1000.00 per month and up. has anyone found any thing better?""
How much could motorcycle insurance be for a teen in California?
My mom has geico, how much could it possibly cost for insurance? and I'm also a good student, so can't I get the good student discount? and my mom also has a great driving record.""
Cheap uk car insurance for a learner driver ? any good companies ??
question for pps in uk my husband just bought a little fiat punto got a provisional licence and wants 2 learn to drive in it we new to all this any idea what kind of cover he needs and any good not 2 expensive companies to try for insurance , hes 44 so not a young lad who wants to race about , he has a brother in law and m8 who both have full clean license who have offered to put the L plates on and take him out at weekends on a quite road to get some experience as well as having driving lessons too when he knows the basics , but we looked on nhet at diffrent insurance companies and they all so diffrent as anyone got any experience of whos the best company or comapnies to try thank you also whats diff with any driver or 1 driver and theres 3rd party etc , like i say we really are all new 2 this any info will be well appreciated thank you""
What is the average deductable on car insurance?
What is the average deductable on car insurance?
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Im a 20 yr old guy and I want to get a car but insurance costs scare me. how much is normal for a person like me to pay?
Homeowners insurance in NE ALABAMA?
single f close tofire dpmamily prime residence completly redone frame single story built in mid 50 close to fire dpm town valley head zip 35989 market value 100k dont want replacement value 5k deductble need most reasonable quote
Insurance questions for a minor?
I'm about to have a son, I'm 17 I'm on my dads insurance my boyfriend is 20 he's on his parents insurance. Who's insurance does my son go on, or does he go on medicaid? If you just want to insult me for being a young mom keep it to yourself it doesn't hurt my feelings and you're wasting my time.""
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I need a website that gives free life insurance quotes?
Why is everyone whining about being required to buy heath insurance?
you probably don't realize it, but you practically are required to buy car insurance. if you wreck and you have no insurance, it's not very pretty, especially for your money. Same thing with heath. if you get sick and don't have insurance, it's not very good! i don't understand why people so strongly oppose requirement to buy heath insurance, but don't even stop to think about car insurance, the same principle.""
Do older cars have more expensive insurance?
Such as a 1990 Mazda RX7 FC or a 1993 RX7 FD. I heard the older the car is the more expensive the insurance is. I live in California and thinking of getting one of those two cars for my first car.
Insurance Cost Estimate For 16 Year Old With Sports Car?
How much would it cost to insure a 16 year old on Geico with a sports car compared to a sedan or something of that nature? To be more specific, what would be the average change in ...show more""
How much would insurance be on a 2001 convertible mustang for a 16 year old?
hey everyone I was wondering what price range i would be looking at for a 2001 convertible mustang. not looking for a exact answer just a ballpark range. I have a 3.00+ gpa male 16 year old no ABS on car convertible thanks all.
I need to find and inexpensive health insurance can anyone help?
My husband has a rare blood disorder and is on Medicare through Social security and we don't have alot of money but because of his illness it cost alot for suppliment insurance. Does anyone know how we can get some extra insurance that won't kill us we already lost our home because we spent so much on insurance and most places won't even cover this. Please only serious reply.
Car insurance problem..help!!!?
my bf crashed my car and was trying to cover my car with his insurance they said since i gave him permission to drive that i had to cover it.. i callled my insurance they said since he was at fault that i have to cover my own car out of pocket..is there anything else i can do ...
Question about Auto insurance?
I got mylicence recently but got no insurance. Can I drive someone else's car if I do not live with them, nd they have it insured, and their insurance will cover a wreck if I have one?""
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What a good car insurance for a teenager?
Okay I'm 16, almost 17, I'm in drivers ed, I have my own truck. I live in Vermont, I get average grades in school, what is a good car insurance, that also has sorta low rates (I make around $500 a month)""
Lowest insurance cars for 17 year old / first car?
i'm looking to buy my first car and wanna spend about 1000, does anyone know a good lads car around this price with comparatively low insurance for young drivers? thanks peoplee!""
Can you pay car insurance for the whole year at once?
i see that many people pay per month, can i pay the whole year? and also for an 18 year old how much would insurance cost?""
What is the best car insurance for if you don't have own car?
I don't have car and I do rent a car frequently, Is there any insurance that I can take and that can be transferred to what ever car I rent for the day? what I mean is If I take any insurance for 6months or one year that should be applied to the what ever car I drive. any suggestions?""
Can Chevrolet Dealership repair vehicles with insurance?
So someone smashed into my parked vehicle. It is a chevrolet and the insurance is covering it and I can take it to a repair shop of my choice. I was wondering if the chevrolet dealership where I bought the car to can do those repairs? It is axel and bodywork damage. All help will be much appreciated thank you.
Is there a really cheap insurance for people on a fixed income?
my dad is legally blind and my mother is the only driver, they cannot afford to pay 150-200$ a month for insurance.""
Can my car insurance company drop me for having not at fault accidents?
I had Go Auto insurance on my 2 cars. Well over the courseof about 1-1 1/2 years (a year to a year and a half). I had about 3 wrecks. All not my fault. The other drivers were 100% at fault. After the third wreck, which was not to long ago. My insurance company (Go Auto) sent me a letter saying they weren't gonna let me renew my insurance with them because i was considered poor risk . Can they do this or should i contact insurance commissioner. No rude comments.""
Can I legally drive my mother's car if i'm not on the insurance?
Im a 19 year old with a driver's license and I live in New York. My mother has insurance on the car, but I'm not on her insurance policy. If I get into an accident am I covered at all? Also from a legal aspect, if I get stopped by a cop will I be in trouble\will my mother's insurance go up?""
Car accident? insurance???
Long story short, I was in an at fault car accident (only because I crossed the double-yellow line) but thats beside the point. It came off as my fault. Now the other driver was driving a 2003 audi they're saying his car is totalled. So he's probably going to be getting a pretty hefty check. For my car insurance, I only have liability so its 1,300 a year. That's $108.33 a month. How much do you think it will go up after the settlement is given? I heard that it will go up so much percent for like 3 years??? I am 19 years old , and will be driving for almost a year at the end of October.""
How does my 2nd speeding ticket affect my insurance?
I recently got my 2nd speeding ticket. My first speeding ticket was about a yr ago, so I cant redo traffic school. If I am correct, this means I will get a point on my record. Is that point on my drivers record only? or does that point show up on my insurance too? So will it raise my insurance? and by how much? I have AAA and I live in California. Thanks""
When you do not have car insurance in California then ONLY IF YOU GET CAUGHT?
by someone it's a problem right, or is it a problem as soon as your car insurance stops for example, only if someone who does not have car insurance gets into an accident then everyone is wondering about it right, or if you had car insurance and could not afford the bills anymore do they tell DMV and then you're in trouble immediately""
How much does a limo insurance cost?
im saving 33,480 dollars to buy an 04 limo""
Home and contents insurance?
which company has the best home and contents insurance and contents inside sheds
""I bought a good life insurance for my family, Just how much does McCain loves 303 million Americans?""
I bought a good life insurance for my family, Just how much does McCain loves 303 million Americans?""
Average cost in nj for 17 year old girl for car insurance?
thanks
Insurance for Infiniti G35 Coupe and Sedan ?
I live in California, is there any difference and if there is how much its difference would it be approximately ? I am 20 years old.""
Insurance information for young drivers?
Im 22 years old. I currently on my mom's insurance so that it's cheaper and I recently traded in my other car and got a new one. How much do You think insurnace would cost if I got it on my own. I pay 130.00 now for full coverage? I don't get along with her and I wold perfer not to have her on my title. I was told I needed to have her on my title in order to be under her insurnace?
Will my insurance go up after a speeding ticket?
I got pulled over doing 48 in a 25. Ouch..i know. The cop gave me a court date and i dont know whether i should go to court and try to get this revised so it doesnt look so bad or if i should just pay the 150....AND is my isurance going to go up. I have grange...PLEASEEEE help out...im 19 and no previous tickets or violations
What is the best car insurance company for a first time driver?
What is the best car insurance company for a first time driver?
Im getting an abortion with my parents insurance will they find out?
Okay so I am a 20 year old college student and im pregnant and I am not in the positin to care for a child so I am getting an abortion. But I am doing so with my parents insurance I do not want them to know because after all im 20 I can make my own descions and do things on my own but with that being said I do not want it show up anywhere in the mail or online or anything that I had an abortion. I do not want them to know. So what should I do I talk to the ladies at the faility im using and they told me there not sure if it will show up as an abortion it might just show the facilities name whih im fine with because I can say I got birth control or something like that so what should I do? Any advice is welcome as long as its dont get an abortion because i am not in the position for a kid I will learn from my irresponsiblity.
Young Drivers Insurance question?
I'm 18 years old and passed my driving test on the 30th September 2010. I don't have a car because I cant afford the insurance. I'm working full time. I found a nice little car, a 2001 RENAULT CLIO, 1.2 16V 3dr Hatchback. I used a price comparison site to get a basic idea of what the insurance would be on it - and using my real own details and it was 5993. So I messed around a bit and added my mum as a second/extra driver. The price crashed down to 3,153. The option to add another driver was still there so I added my dad too and the price is now 2,617 - much more in my price range. I called them in and was like look at this and what do you think and they both agreed that there was something wrong with it and there would be a catch somewhere but I disagree. They said it would affect their own no claims however when added a extra driver no information about an extra driver is there. Are they right that there would be a catch? And can someone give me some more information about this please! Thanks!""
Taxi insurance?.....?
Just wondering how much about the taxi INSURANCE is to be a driver. Im 21, have my own car. Normal insurance is around 240 PM (60 week). Anyone know how much extra on top of that for taxi insurance? Around 30 more ive been told?""
What car companies have the highest insurance rates?
Highest to lowest would be a good way to list them for me.
""After car insurance expires, how many days do you have to renew it?""
My friend just got his car towed for no insurance, I thought you have 30 days after the effective date. Can someone please tell me so I can help him get his car back. SERIOUS ANSWERS ONLY!""
Cheaper insurance car under 25 years?
what is cheaper incurance car under 25 years
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Building a BMW 318ti Rally Car
Story by eEuroparts.com
This covers what goes into turning a stock BMW 318ti into a full-blown stage rally car, evading the “but why” question entirely. For those of you looking to get into rally or simply to switch to a BMW, just like any car there’s a few common challenges with BMWs that’ll need sorting out and you should be aware of. We love the 318ti platform and its BMW partsfor a number of reasons, but this is about the build so let’s get started!
Racing Equipment – The Roll Cage
You may be surprised at how much work goes into creating a vehicle like this, only to dangle it in the face of ultimate destruction. From the ground up, we completely stripped our car down to the bare metal. All little non-essential metal bits and pieces were removed with an angle grinder; we removed the paint, sound deadening, and any other BMW parts that would only be dead weight. Our metal fabricator has built all three of our cages (as well as a few cages and roll bars for other racers).
When building the parts of a cage, one thing to consider is just how small the interior of the car gets afterward. On this cage, the main hoop was moved back to the rear seat riser, the roof bars were bent just a little more to get in tighter to the roofline, we added a dash bar, front strut bars, a sill bar, and bent everything to be a little tighter to the shell.
Ultimately that allows for more room in the car and makes it safer by keeping the cage further away from us. After looking at how some of the higher-level cars did their aft supports, we decided to connect to the tops of the rear shock towers, which reduces some of the loading stress from the suspension system on the shell and transfers it through the cage. To protect our BMW suspension parts, the front shock towers were also double layered to keep the towers from stretching out and allowing the struts to punch through.
Interior Parts & Safety Gear
Once the cage and chassis are set, you need proper interior parts for racing. Seats and belts are some of the more expensive interior aftermarket parts. The price level in which you buy into depends on how many rallies you plan on running. Our first setup was OMP TRS-E seats, which were about $300-$350 each, and we had G-Force camlock 3” harnesses for around $150 each. That gear was fine to start out with.
While that gear worked well, the harnesses could be a bit tough to tighten up and the seats could start getting uncomfortable after ten hours. Granted, any seat could get uncomfortable after that. We now have OMP HTE-R seats, which are about $900, but are far more comfortable and the head bolsters give better protection in a side impact.
Intercoms are another important item in a rally car. Communication between the driver and co-driver is vital, as hearing a note incorrectly could cause a serious crash. We started with a Peltor FMT-120 Analog intercom. It’s a solid entry-level intercom and works well. Last year we switched to a Stylo DG-10 intercom after I accidentally broke the intercom connector on my side.
The DG-10 is a digital intercom which has a 12v input feed instead of an internal battery supply, active noise canceling, and stage and transit modes. The stage mode can adjust the preset volume levels, turn off the Bluetooth feature (don’t want to get phone calls during the stage), and can turn on auxiliary audio output for in-car cameras. The overall sound quality of the Stylo is much better.
Other safety gear needed in your rally car are fire extinguishers, three hazard triangles, a first aid kit, a fuel/fluid spill kit, and a belt cutter/window breaker. The rally rulebooks have general guidelines, but it’s important to think about where those items should go in your car. Put the safety-related items like the belt cutters, first aid kit, and at least one fire extinguisher within easy reach. Everything else (triangles, tools, spill kit) should be visible and easy to access when needed. This is one of the reasons hatchbacks are so popular in rally, try yanking all this gear out of a trunk in the heat of the moment.
Yes, it will be mounted on a wheel prior to an actual rally.
Underbody Protection is a Must!
Protecting the car’s parts and systems is something we learned through trial and error. During our first events, we ran without underbody protection, leaving exposed critical car parts such as the engine oil pan, drive shaft and driveshaft flex joint, control arms and, of course, the brake lines. With this car we wanted to make protection a priority. We run a ¼” aluminum skid plate underneath to protect our BMW’s transmission and engine parts, and we used roll cage tubing for the attachment mounts. For the floor pans and rear trailing arms, we are using ¼” HDPE sheets which should help protect against punctures and wear on the floorboards and rear control arms.
Originally, we had mounted aluminum plates to protect our stock fuel tank. With this car we installed a fuel system inside the main compartment. This keeps the bottom of the fuel cell much higher, and we enclosed the entire fuel system with its own firebox to hopefully help contain any potential fires.
Engine Parts for Rallying
We are still running an M42 motor with mostly OEM and Aftermarket BMW engine parts. For rally, you do not need a crazy amount of power. Our car has just over 100hp to the wheels and we have podiumed at several events. The mods to our BMW engine and drivetrain parts that we found most useful were a lightweight flywheel (a JBR aluminum flywheel shaved 20 lb off the stock part), a higher ratio rear end (around 4:1 or slightly higher ratio are ideal for this setup), and the biggest performance improvement was from the standalone Link Fury ECU, which we also had professionally tuned.
Upgrading to a standalone ECU should be one of the first major performance parts upgrades to any car destined to race. It makes life easier having a good foundation to work with and (with a proper tune) can ultimately make even the stock engine parts last longer under hard racing environments. We have more usable power throughout the powerband now. We upgraded our radiator setup by installing a BMW aftermarket Mishimoto 6-cylinder radiator and Mishimoto expansion tank. eEuroparts.com actually put aBMW engine cooling system kittogether to perform the same upgrade on your E36. From initial testing, the setup seems to be working perfectly.
BMW Electrical Parts
One nightmare most people have with BMWs is the electrical. I swear, there is more wiring in a stock E36 than a Saturn V rocket. Not only is it full of wires, but everything is all balled up and looks like a big, colorful spaghetti-mess. When we decided to go with a new standalone ECU, we also decided it’d be a great time to completely strip out all the wiring in our new BMW 318ti rally car.
For a guy that used to sweat simple electrical work like making a three-wire harness for an old carburetor VW Golf, this was like getting thrown into the deep end of a pool. But if you take your time and break everything down, it’s only moderately painful.
We worked on the electrical in the engine harness, wiring in the fuel injectors, coil packs, various sensors, etc., as well as in the vehicle chassis harness. We’ve now made two full sets of wiring harnesses since starting rally. There is a lot that we learned while doing it, but taking your time is the most important thing.
Ergonomics is something that we started to appreciate more with each race. When you are cramped inside a rally car with a full roll cage and racing seats, it can get uncomfortable quickly if things are not placed in the car thoughtfully. We wanted to reduce the clutter for the switches and keep the tools and essential items placed in easy-to-reach areas. I learned how to work with fiberglass over the winter and formed new 318ti interior parts such as a new dashboard, door cards, and other interior panels. I wanted to form them to be better suited for our needs.
We spent time to ensure the seats, pedals and steering wheel were positioned properly. We replaced the BMW stock pedal setup with a pedal box and replaced the old steering wheel and switch panel setup with a detachable steering wheel and a wireless switch panel on the wheel. These interior parts upgrades can help reduce fatigue and make long days in the car more comfortable.
Rally Suspension System
Finally, arguably the most important part of rally — the suspension parts. While we knew how important a good suspension system was for handling, we did not know how much wear and tear cheaper suspension parts would put on the rest of the car’s parts during a rally event. Driving competitively, our suspension parts would barely last half of an event before the shocks completely blew out. At that point, the car handled like a waterbed on wheels.
Not only did our car become a handful to drive, it also allowed the car to bottom out more, damaging various parts in the underbody, as well as the rest of the suspension parts. For our second season, we tried the Bilstein HD shocks, which worked well for the events we ran, but we only got about two events out of them, so we continued looking. For the next upgrade on our BMW 318ti suspension, we got a set of fully integrated coil overs.
Though this performance upgrade was about $2,000, the difference was clear: the car handled much better. During the same events that really beat up the car with the old suspension system, we had far less damage with the new performance suspension. The car did not bottom out as much, and we also seemed to be wearing out our other BMW parts, such as the control arms and tie rods, at a much slower rate. This performance suspension lasted for about two full seasons. We finally blew out the dampers at the last race in our old car.
This season, we decided to go big and get a set of Reigers, which are quite a bit more expensive than our last suspension system; and also, the single most expensive part on the car. Along with the new dampers, we built custom trailing arms and a new rear sub frame out of roll cage tubing. These new suspension parts should be stronger than BMW’s stock set and reduce the failure points. Hopefully with this new suspension we will have better performance while reducing damage to other parts and systems of the car.
We’ve taken the lessons we learned from our last car and past seasons and have tried to apply them in our own way to build a better rally car. We hope our experience will help save you from finding something out the hard way!
The article Building a BMW 318ti Rally Car appeared first on BMW BLOG
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Water on dwarf planet Ceres is driving an active surface
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Water on dwarf planet Ceres is driving an active surface
A reconstructed perspective of Juling Crater, where a patch of water ice is slowly growing on the northern wall.
(IAPS – INAF (Italy))
Growing patches of ice and minerals associated with liquid water reveal that the dwarf planet Ceres is still evolving.
Researchers studying the warmer region of Ceres — the largest object in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter — have noticed that a patch of ice has grown larger over time. In addition, a separate team found carbon-rich minerals on Ceres’ surface that do not last long . Together, the new discoveries suggest that water still has a powerful presence on the tiny world.
Using NASA’s Dawn spacecraft, the researchers studied the surface of the dwarf planet. The first team, led by Andrea Raponi, of the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), found a growing patch of ice on Juling Crater, found in the midlatitudes. They suspect that water from the crater floor is condensing on the wall, causing a patch of ice to grow larger. [7 Strange Facts About Dwarf Planet Ceres]
The second team, led by Filippo Giacomo Carrozzo, also of INAF, surveyed the carbon-rich minerals on the dwarf planet and mapped several regions in detail, revealing changes in the soil that they suspect are tied to the carbonates. The water-rich, or hydrated, minerals suggest that water has risen to the surface and boiled off, leaving the carbonates behind to reveal its presence.
“The same process can be at work in the crater floor of Juling, providing a replenishment of water under the soil that sublimates and in part condenses on the cold wall,” Raponi told Space.com by email.
“The two works show that water is currently available on the surface of Ceres and produces geological and mineralogical changes on its surface,” he said.
Fingerprints of water
Ceres is classified as both a dwarf planet and an asteroid. When the Dawn spacecraft arrived at Ceres in 2015, it found a nearly featureless world with a rocky surface. A single mountain, Ahuna Mons, rose from the surface. Bright spots within craters were the only color variations on the otherwise dull, gray world.
As scientists probed the dwarf planet, they found hints that Ahuna Mons was not just a mountain, but a cryovolcano — also known as an ice volcano. Thick water ice may have risen to the surface in the past, flooding the plains with ice lava. Researchers found hints that other icy cryovolcanoes may have dotted Ceres in the past before slowly easing back into the landscape, their heights spreading outward across the landscape.
Eventually, Dawn revealed that the 130 bright patches contained sodium carbonates, salts that forms on Earth as water evaporates from a body of water like a lake, or in hot springs. It’s hard for water to stick around on Ceres’ surface. The lack of atmosphere on the tiny world means that sunlight causes the liquid to boil away immediately, leaving behind the rest of the minerals carried with it to the surface — such as carbonates.
“Carbonates are minerals that are very important because they can give us information about the presence of water on Ceres in the past and in the present,” Carrozzo told Space.com by email.
Furthermore, they “are among the most interesting minerals researchers can observe on the planetary surface,” he said. “They are key minerals for understanding the Ceres environment because they are indicators of neutral to alkaline water.”
Carrozzo’s team mapped the entire surface of Ceres using Dawn’s Visible and Infrared Spectrometer, searching for carbonates. Their results revealed that some of the regions required different forms of the sodium carbonates than Dawn had identified previously. The new traces of sodium carbonates are more likely to carry water inside their structure than those found before, as their signals are a close match to minerals such as trona and thermonatrite.
“Trona is a sodium carbonate with two water molecules in its structure,” Carrozzo said. “When we observe it on a planetary surface, we are sure that water played a role in its formation.”
Dawn’s results revealed that most of the sites rich in sodium carbonate are found in the younger terrains along domes and mounds, as well as in the material thrown off by the impact that formed craters. While it is possible that the carbonates form in the heat of the impact, the researchers favor the idea that brines beneath the surface welled up to ooze through the crust. Such cryovolcanism requires that Ceres’ internal temperature stay warm enough to keep water from freezing completely, remaining instead as cryomagma that’s rich in sodium carbonates, Carrozzo said.
In addition to hinting at current activity on Ceres, the team’s results suggest that the dwarf planet may have formed farther out in the solar system than the asteroid belt, and previous discoveries of ammonia-rich clays on the dwarf planet support that idea, Carrozzo said.
“Sodium carbonate is one of the compounds found in the plumes of Enceladus, a moon of Saturn,” he added. “This finding reinforces the idea that Ceres formed in the outer solar system.”
Percolating water
While Carrozzo’s research focused on mapping the entire surface of Ceres, Raponi’s study targeted a specific crater. (Because they are members of the Dawn team, many of the researchers, including Carrozzo and Raponi, were authors on both papers.)
Though water ice has been found in shadowy craters, most of these craters lie near Ceres’ north pole. Juling Crater, however, is located in the dwarf planet’s midlatitudes, where the sun is higher overhead and shadows are harder to maintain. The northern wall of the 1.6-mile-deep (2.5 kilometers) crater is almost always cloaked in shadows. It is illuminated only by light reflected from the crater floor, Raponi said.
Juling Crater has a patch of ice on its northern wall. Using Dawn’s Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer, Raponi and her colleagues were able to watch the ice grow from 3.6 square km to 5.5 square km (9.3 square miles to 14.2 square miles) over six months.
There are two ways the visible ice chunk can grow, the researchers said. The first possibility is that the ice could already exist beneath the shallow exterior — previous studies have shown that water ice covers much of the dwarf planet’s subsurface — and then landslides along the side of the crater could slowly reveal the material, Raponi said. In that case, the itself ice wouldn’t be getting larger; rather, it would be uncovered slowly.
However, the team’s preferred solution involves water vapor. Geological formation similar to Earth’s rock glaciers cross the floor of the crater, with a large one at the base of the northern wall. The rock walls may be the source of the ice, as the crater wall traps water molecules coming from just beneath crater floor.
“We suggested liquid water percolating under the surface and then freezing to the surface of the cold wall when exposed,” Raponi said.
The process would require a source of heat that is currently unknown, but he said other indications of water-rich minerals, such as those characterized by Carrozzo and his colleagues, suggest similar processes are occurring across Ceres.
“The increasing solar input, because of the changing season and decreasing distance of Ceres from the sun, could be the driving force of the sublimation of water from the subsurface of the floor that then, in part, condenses on the surface of the shadowed wall,” Raponi said.
He pointed out that Carrozzo’s research suggested a source of water-rich material rising from beneath the surface as the source of hydrated carbonates. A similar process could replenish the rock glacier on the crater floor, providing a source of water that helps to grow the icy region.
The new research reveals that Ceres isn’t an inert ball of rock but rather a constantly evolving icy world.
“In general, the two works show that water is currently available on the surface of Ceres, and produces geological and mineralogical changes on its surface,” he said.
Both papers were published yesterday (March 14) in the journal Science Advances, and can be seen here and here.
Originally published on Space.com.
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What Is Endo Gas Generator
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