#phosphorus copper anodes

[koprexmti]

What is Phosphorised Copper?

 Copper is an essential metal used in various industries, notably in electrical applications, plumbing, and electroplating. Among the different types of copper, phosphorised copper has gained attention for its unique properties and applications. This blog will explore what phosphorised copper is, its benefits, and its significance in the production of phosphorus copper anodes.

What is Phosphorised Copper?

Phosphorised copper is a type of copper alloy that contains a small percentage of phosphorus, typically ranging from 0.01% to 0.5%. The addition of phosphorus enhances the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of copper, making it suitable for specific applications in various industries. Phosphorised copper is often used in manufacturing electrical connectors, switchgear, and as an anode material in electroplating processes.

The Composition of Phosphorised Copper

The primary component of phosphorised copper is, of course, copper itself. However, the key differentiating factor is the addition of phosphorus. The phosphorus content plays a crucial role in altering the physical and chemical properties of copper. In particular, it helps improve the metal's strength, hardness, and resistance to oxidation.

When heated, phosphorus enhances the flow of copper during the casting process, allowing for better mold filling and improved surface finishes. Additionally, the presence of phosphorus can help to eliminate impurities during the manufacturing process, resulting in a purer final product.

The Benefits of Phosphorised Copper

1. Enhanced Electrical Conductivity

One of the main advantages of phosphorised copper is its excellent electrical conductivity. While pure copper has high conductivity, the addition of phosphorus does not significantly diminish this property. In fact, phosphorised copper often exhibits improved conductivity, making it ideal for electrical applications.

2. Improved Strength and Hardness

Phosphorised copper displays enhanced strength and hardness compared to standard copper. This makes it particularly suitable for applications where durability is essential. For instance, electrical connectors and components made from phosphorised copper can withstand mechanical stress without deformation, ensuring reliable performance over time.

3. Corrosion Resistance

The inclusion of phosphorus provides additional protection against corrosion, particularly in environments where exposure to moisture and other corrosive agents is a concern. Phosphorised copper is less prone to oxidation and can maintain its integrity in challenging conditions, making it a preferred choice for outdoor applications and in industries like construction and telecommunications.

4. Excellent Machinability

Phosphorised copper is easier to machine compared to other copper alloys. This property is especially beneficial in manufacturing processes, as it allows for efficient shaping and forming of components. The improved machinability reduces tool wear and increases production efficiency.

The Role of Phosphorus Copper Anodes in Electroplating

In the realm of electroplating, phosphorus copper anodes are widely used due to their unique properties. Anodes are crucial components in the electroplating process, where they serve as a source of metal ions in the electrolyte solution.

Advantages of Phosphorus Copper Anodes

Uniform Metal Deposition: Phosphorus copper anodes provide a stable source of copper ions during electroplating, resulting in a uniform and consistent metal deposition on the substrate. This is essential for achieving high-quality finishes in electroplated products.

Reduced Anode Slime Formation: Unlike traditional copper anodes, phosphorus copper anodes produce less anode slime, which can negatively impact the electroplating process. The reduced formation of slime leads to improved efficiency and reduced maintenance costs in electroplating operations.

Enhanced Bath Stability: The presence of phosphorus helps to stabilize the electroplating bath, minimizing fluctuations in metal ion concentration. This stability contributes to better control over the electroplating process and improved quality of the final product.

Cost-Effective Solution: While phosphorus copper anodes may have a slightly higher initial cost compared to traditional copper anodes, their benefits in terms of efficiency and quality can result in long-term cost savings for manufacturers.

Applications of Phosphorised Copper

Phosphorised copper is used across various industries due to its unique properties. Some common applications include:

Electrical Components: Phosphorised copper is frequently used in electrical connectors, switches, and other components that require high conductivity and durability.

Telecommunications: The corrosion resistance and mechanical strength of phosphorised copper make it ideal for outdoor telecommunications equipment, including antennas and cable connections.

Electroplating: As discussed earlier, phosphorus copper anodes play a crucial role in electroplating processes, ensuring high-quality finishes on metal parts.

Construction: Phosphorised copper is used in roofing materials and plumbing systems, where its durability and resistance to corrosion are essential.

Conclusion

Phosphorised copper is a versatile and valuable material that offers numerous benefits across various industries. Its unique properties, including enhanced electrical conductivity, improved strength, and corrosion resistance, make it an excellent choice for applications in electrical components, telecommunications, and electroplating processes.

When it comes to sourcing high-quality phosphorus copper anodes, look no further than Koprex. We specialize in providing top-notch copper products, including phosphorised copper and phosphorus copper anodes, tailored to meet the needs of various industries. With our commitment to quality and customer satisfaction, you can trust that our products will enhance your manufacturing processes and deliver exceptional results.Experience the difference with Koprex and elevate your projects with our premium copper solutions today!

This Blog Was Originally Published At: https://koprexmti.blogspot.com/2024/10/what-is-phosphorised-copper.html

[sassyharmonywombat]

Ánodo de cobre y fósforo de alta pureza, previsión del tamaño del mercado mundial, clasificación y cuota de mercado de las 4 principales empresas

Según el nuevo informe de investigación de mercado “Informe del Mercado Global del Ánodo de cobre y fósforo de alta pureza 2024-2030”, publicado por QYResearch, se prevé que el tamaño del mercado mundial del Ánodo de cobre y fósforo de alta pureza alcance 4.05 mil millones de USD en 2030, con una tasa de crecimiento anual constante del 5.8% durante el período de previsión.

Figure 1. Tamaño del mercado de Ánodo de cobre y fósforo de alta pureza global (US$ Millión), 2019-2030

Según QYResearch, los principales fabricantes mundiales de Ánodo de cobre y fósforo de alta pureza incluyen Mitsubishi, Jiangnan New Material, etc. En 2023, las tres principales entidades mundiales tenían una cuota de aproximadamente 90.0% en términos de ingresos.

Figure 2. Clasificación y cuota de mercado de las 4 principales entidades globales de Ánodo de cobre y fósforo de alta pureza (la clasificación se basa en los ingresos de 2023, actualizados continuamente)

Sobre QYResearch

QYResearch se fundó en California (EE.UU.) en 2007 y es una empresa líder mundial en consultoría e investigación de mercados. Con más de 17 años de experiencia y un equipo de investigación profesional en varias ciudades del mundo, QY Research se centra en la consultoría de gestión, los servicios de bases de datos y seminarios, la consultoría de OPI, la investigación de la cadena industrial y la investigación personalizada para ayudar a nuestros clientes a proporcionar un modelo de ingresos no lineal y hacer que tengan éxito. Gozamos de reconocimiento mundial por nuestra amplia cartera de servicios, nuestra buena ciudadanía corporativa y nuestro firme compromiso con la sostenibilidad. Hasta ahora, hemos colaborado con más de 60.000 clientes en los cinco continentes. Trabajemos estrechamente con usted y construyamos un futuro audaz y mejor.

QYResearch es una empresa de consultoría a gran escala de renombre mundial. La industria cubre varios segmentos de mercado de la cadena de la industria de alta tecnología, que abarca la cadena de la industria de semiconductores (equipos y piezas de semiconductores, materiales semiconductores, circuitos integrados, fundición, embalaje y pruebas, dispositivos discretos, sensores, dispositivos optoelectrónicos), cadena de la industria fotovoltaica (equipos, células, módulos, soportes de materiales auxiliares, inversores, terminales de centrales eléctricas), nueva cadena de la industria del automóvil de energía (baterías y materiales, piezas de automóviles, baterías, motores, control electrónico, semiconductores de automoción, etc.. ), cadena de la industria de la comunicación (equipos de sistemas de comunicación, equipos terminales, componentes electrónicos, front-end de RF, módulos ópticos, 4G/5G/6G, banda ancha, IoT, economía digital, IA), cadena de la industria de materiales avanzados (materiales metálicos, materiales poliméricos, materiales cerámicos, nanomateriales, etc.), cadena de la industria de fabricación de maquinaria (máquinas herramienta CNC, maquinaria de construcción, maquinaria eléctrica, automatización 3C, robots industriales, láser, control industrial, drones), alimentación, bebidas y productos farmacéuticos, equipos médicos, agricultura, etc.

[smmindustries]

EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT MONEL 400 ROUND BARS

Monel 400 is a nickel-copper alloy widely used in various industries due to its excellent resistance to corrosion in a wide range of environments. Monel 400 Round Bars are a popular product made from this alloy due to their durability and strength. This blog post reviews everything you need about Monel 400 Round Bars, including their composition, properties, applications, and more.

WHAT IS MONEL 400 ROUND BARS?

Monel 400 Round Bars are non-magnetic alloy bars made from nickel and copper. They can also contain other trace elements such as iron, manganese, silicon, carbon, sulfur and phosphorus. This makes them incredibly versatile for multiple industries, with temperatures ranging up to 1000°F (538°C). The maximum resistance to corrosion in reducing media like acids is due to the high content of nickel present in these bars. These round bars offer good ductility and cold formability, making them a favourite among manufacturers for their machinability and weldability properties.

COMPOSITION OF MONEL 400 ROUND BARS

Monel 400 comprises nickel and copper, with small amounts of iron, manganese, carbon, and silicon. This composition provides the alloy with excellent corrosion resistance, making it ideal for use in seawater and other chloride-containing environments. Monel 400 has a maximum operating temperature of around 800°F (427°C) and is non-magnetic.

PROPERTIES OF MONEL 400 ROUND BARS

Monel 400 Round Bars are known for their high strength and excellent resistance to corrosion. They are also resistant to various acids and alkalis, making them suitable for chemical processing plants. Monel 400 Round Bars have a high melting point of around 2370°F (1300°C) and are mainly used in applications requiring high strength and corrosion resistance.

APPLICATIONS OF MONEL 400 ROUND BARS

Monel 400 Round Bars are widely used in various industries due to their unique combination of properties. They are commonly used in marine and offshore applications, such as marine hardware and shipbuilding. In addition, Monel 400 Round Bars are used in chemical processing equipment, pumps, valves, and heat exchangers due to their resistance to corrosion in corrosive environments.

SURFACE TREATMENT OF MONEL 400 ROUND BARS

Monel 400 Round Bars can be treated with different surface coatings to improve their properties and extend their service life. Common surface treatments include chrome plating, nickel plating, and anodizing. These treatments can enhance the bars’ resistance to wear, corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking, making them more suitable for extreme environments.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, Monel 400 Round Bars are a versatile product made from a nickel-copper alloy that provides excellent resistance to corrosion and high strength. These bars are widely used in various industries, including marine, chemical processing, and offshore applications. Understanding the composition and properties of Monel 400 Round Bars can help you make informed decisions about their use. Furthermore, various surface treatments, such as chrome plating, can enhance the bars’ already impressive properties and improve their performance further. Whether in the market for industrial components or marine hardware, Monel 400 Round Bars are an excellent choice for a high-strength and corrosion-resistant material.

To Know More: https://www.smmindustriesllp.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-monel-400-round-bars/

[afiurr89]

PLATINUM

Platinum is a chemical element with the symbol Pt and atomic number 78. platinum is soft and ductile and has a high melting point and good resistance to corrosion and chemical attack. Platinum, one of the most abundant platinum metals, and its alloys are indispensable in the chemical laboratory for electrodes and for curcibles and dishes in which materials can be heated to high temperatures. The Italian-French physician Julius Caesar Scaliger alluded (1557) to a refractory metal, probably platinum, found between Darién and Mexico. The first certain discovery was in the alluvial deposits of the Río Pinto, Colombia. Platinum is rapidly attacked by fused alkali oxides and peroxides and also by fluorine and chlorine at about 500 °C. It is capable of absorbing large volumes of hydrogen, and, with palladium, it is one of the most reactive platinum metals.

Platinum forms an important series of compund with the oxidation states of +2 and +4. Many of these compounds contain coordination complexes in which chloride ion (Cl−), ammonia (NH3), or other groups are bonded to a central platinum atom. Among the transition metals, platinum has one of the greatest tendencies to form bonds directly with carbon. Platinum also combines with a number of nonmetallic elements on heating, such as phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, silicon, sulfur, and selenium.

Natural platinum is a mixture of six isotopes: platinum-190 (0.012 percent), platinum-192 (0.782 percent), platinum-194 (32.86 percent), platinum-195 (33.78 percent), platinum-196 (25.21 percent), and platinum-198 (7.36 percent). All are stable except platinum-190, which has been reported as a long-lived alpha emitter.

Production

Platinum, along with the rest of the platinum-group metals, is obtained commercially as a by-product from nickel and copper mining and processing. During electrorefining of copper, noble metals such as silver, gold and the platinum-group metals as well as selenium and tellurium settle to the bottom of the cell as "anode mud", which forms the starting point for the extraction of the platinum-group metals.

The most common use of platinum is as a catalyst in chemical reactions, often as platinum black

[shaftcopperzs-blog]

The industry mainly adopts purification methods such as clarification,

Aluminum ingot for remelting-5kg, 20kg (≤99. The task of aluminum ingot casting is to improve the utilization rate of low-grade aluminum liquid and remove impurities as much as possible. However, the actual aluminum produced has a higher grade of 99.85%A).7%. Possible compounds are Fe(CO)5, Ni(CO)4, TiF3, TiF4 and GaF3. If the collection efficiency of the trough cover is increased, it will affect the quality of aluminum to a certain extent. In addition, due to the erosion of the operating tool and the cathode steel rod, the iron is also in balance. The industry mainly adopts purification methods such as clarification, flux, and gas, and some also try directional solidification and filtration methods for purification.668×0-8Ω·m. After the flux is finished, take out the iron cage and rest for 5~0min. Those with less influence are indium, lead, zinc, cadmium, tin, beryllium and iron.996% Al pure aluminum (aluminum wire φ2mm, hard-drawn), the resistivity is 2.3% of total revenue.80%Al):

The impurity elements from the flux are mostly phosphorus, accounting for about 20% of the total phosphorus, and the remaining silicon, iron, titanium and vanadium are very few. Since the increased phosphorus content in the electrolyte will affect the current efficiency, and the increased amount of vanadium in aluminum will reduce the electrical conductivity of aluminum, it can be expected that improving the collection efficiency of the tank cover will bring about the quality of the original aluminum and better production effects damage. The solubility of the gas in the aluminum liquid increases with increasing temperature. In addition to alumina bringing impurities to the electrolytic cell, carbon anodes and flux cryolite also bring a lot of impurities. Aluminum ingot casting process

Aluminum-dross slag-inspection weight-ingredients-furnace-scouring-casting-alloy ingot-casting alloy ingot-finished product inspection-finished product inspection-storageThe aluminum liquid drawn from the electrolytic cell contains various impurities, so it needs to be purified before casting. The impurities brought by the carbon anode are mainly iron and silicon, as is cryolite. The aluminum liquid sucked from the electrolytic cell must be purified to remove some impurities, and then cast into a commercial aluminum ingot (99. . In this case, the collection efficiency of the trough cover does not matter. Flux purification.Fluent purification is to use the flux added to the aluminum liquid to form a large number of fine droplets, so that the oxides in the aluminum liquid are moistened, adsorbed and dissolved by these droplets, forming new droplets to the surface, and forming scum to be removed after cooling. If there is an impurity element in pure aluminum, the resistivity increases.6%, and zinc 9. Balance of impurity elements in aluminum

In the industrial alumina produced from bauxite by the Bayer method, the content of impurities is greatly reduced relative to reducer copper tube factory the raw material bauxite.999%Al);Round ingot--30~60kg (for drawing).. Impurities in primary aluminum can be divided into the following three categories: the former categories are metal elements such as iron, silicon, copper, calcium, magnesium, titanium, vanadium, boron, nickel, zinc, gallium, tin, lead, phosphorus, etc.

[fullwaytech-blog]

The application and cleaning precautions of the copper plate H62 the temperature field of the copper plate is very uneven in the width direction, and the temperature is wavy distribution. The temperature of the reinforcement between the adjacent two groups of water joints is higher than that in the water joint area.  As for the temperature field of copper plate in the mold, the temperature gradually increases from the top of the mold to the meniscus, and the temperature of the hot surface of about 60mm under the meniscus is high, up to 261 ℃, which is the part of the poor working conditions of the copper plate according to fullwaytech.com .

With the continuous increase of the distance in the direction of drawing billet, the temperature of copper plate generally shows a downward trend, and in the part outside the lower water tank of the mold, due to the weakening of cooling effect, the temperature of copper plate will rise. The application of H65 copper strip is much more extensive than that of pure iron. Every year, 50% of copper is purified into pure copper by electrolysis, which is used in electrical industry. The red copper mentioned here really needs to be very pure, containing more than 99.95% copper.

A very small amount of impurities, especially phosphorus, arsenic and aluminum, will greatly reduce the conductivity of copper. Oxygen in copper (a small amount of oxygen is easy to be mixed in copper smelting) has a great influence on the conductivity of copper. Copper used in the electrical industry is generally oxygen free copper. In addition, lead, antimony, bismuth and other impurities will make the crystal of copper unable to combine together, resulting in hot brittleness, and will also affect the processing of pure copper. This kind of pure copper with high purity is generally refined by electrolytic method: use Impure Copper (i.e. crude copper) as anode, pure copper as cathode and copper sulfate solution as electrolyte. When the current passes through, the Impure Copper on the anode melts gradually, and the pure copper precipitates on the cathode gradually.

The purity of copper thus refined can reach 99.99%. The copper plate is not limited by the processing temperature. It is not brittle at low temperature. The hot-melt welding method such as oxygen blowing can be used at high melting point. The copper plate has good corrosion resistance, which can ensure the waterproof effect of the tunnel in a long time. The temperature field of H62 brass plate is very uneven along the width direction, and the temperature distribution is wave like. The temperature of reinforcement between two adjacent water joints is higher than that in the water joint area. Under normal production conditions, that is, the pulling speed is below 6 m / min, the hot surface temperature of the mold is lower than the recrystallization temperature of copper, which proves that the design of the mold is reasonable. Chemical cleaning is to use acid or acid salt of different strength to dissolve the scale. No matter it is simple acid solution or complex solution, it is the abnormal state that the acid liquid directly contacts with the equipment, and it is the situation that does not want to cause equipment corrosion.

In addition to the direct erosion of cleaning solution, for the need of descaling, increasing the temperature and speed of cleaning solution will aggravate the corrosion. The corrosion damage of the equipment in the cleaning process is shown as uniform corrosion in the cleaning process; local corrosion in the corrosion; block area corrosion caused by the cleaning solution entering into the deep hole or gap; alloy decamponent corrosion caused by the cleaning solution; intergranular corrosion caused by the cleaning solution; corrosion caused by hydrogen absorption of metal in the cleaning process. The brass plate has processing adaptability and strength, and is suitable for various processes and systems such as flat lock system, vertical edge occlusion system, BEM system, unit wall plate, rain drainage system, etc. It is suitable for all kinds of machining requirements of these systems, such as arc bending, trapezoid, corner, etc. The stable protective layer makes the service life of copper plate exceed 100 years.

The economic performance price ratio of copper bar is one of the best metal roofing materials. There are a variety of surface treatments to meet different architectural needs. H62 Brass Belt has processing adaptability and strength, and is suitable for various processes and systems such as flat lock system, vertical edge occlusion system, BEM system, unit wall plate, rain drainage system, etc. It is suitable for all kinds of machining requirements of these systems, such as arc bending, trapezoid, corner, etc. There are a variety of surface treatments to meet different architectural needs. Copper oxide plate, can form a uniform appearance of brown. It is used for renovation of old buildings or new buildings with special requirements. The original copper plate has the characteristics of gradual change of metallic luster, making the building as if it had life. Tin copper plate can reach the effect of titanium zinc plate. The stable protective layer makes the service life of copper plate exceed 100 years.

[your-dietician]

The Role Of Battery Recycling In The Circular Economy: Part 1

New Post has been published on https://tattlepress.com/economy/the-role-of-battery-recycling-in-the-circular-economy-part-1/

The Role Of Battery Recycling In The Circular Economy: Part 1

Editor’s Note: The Role Of Battery Recycling In The Circular Economy is a three-part series. Part 1 focuses on Key Technologies. Part 2 focuses on the Battery Supply Chain, Logistics and Profitability. Part 3 focuses on Challenges and the Role of Policy.

Only a few major battery innovations (Lead Acid by Plante, Nickel Cadmium by Jungner, Lithium-ion by Goodenough/Sony) have reached significant market penetration since the 1800s. As of 2018, over 90% of large‐scale battery storage power capacity in the US was provided by batteries based on Lithium‐ion (Li-ion) chemistries [1]. The demand for Li-ion batteries for consumer electronics and electric vehicles (EVs) is projected to grow about tenfold until the next decade. By 2025, the global revenue from Li-ion batteries is expected to reach $71 billion USD [2]. The volume of retired batteries follows an S-like curve, with less end-of-life Li-ion batteries today, but an estimated 315 GWh (1,619,000 tons) available for recycling by 2030 (assuming a lifetime of 10 years) [3], a volume roughly equivalent to current annual battery production [4]. 

Recycling Li-ion batteries is critical to address safety, environmental, and supply considerations. Retired batteries pose a fire hazard due to volatile components such as the electrolyte, particularly dangerous given the possibility of HF formation [5]. Additionally, an EV battery can be responsible for up to a third of the vehicle’s life-cycle emissions from cradle to grave [6]. Mining of raw materials for Li-ion batteries can be environmentally costly, as the process consumes excessive amounts of water, uses strong acids, and can contaminate underground stores of fresh water. Finally, there are varying predictions of critical supply shortages such as lithium, nickel, cobalt, and copper to meet EV demand.  Recovering and recycling allows for more independence from geological mining and potentially a reduced cost of raw materials.

Many companies see the opportunity to turn the Li-ion battery waste problem into profit given to the increasing prices for Li-ion battery raw materials such as lithium, nickel, and cobalt. Currently, the Chinese market is well advanced in recycling (for example, Ganfeng has a capacity of 100,000 tons/year), followed by the European market (30,000-40,000 tons/year which includes Umicore and Glencore). The US needs to catch up in battery supply, refining, and recycling in order to be competitive. This article focuses on companies and organizations and how they fit into the Li-ion battery recycling ecosystem.

Key Technologies in Recycling

Li-ion batteries consist of a cathode, anode, electrolyte, separator, current collector foils, and packaging. Today’s Li-ion battery recycling companies primarily rely on some combination of two well-established processes, pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy. Direct recycling is a research-stage approach promising a shorter recycling loop at lower cost (see Figure 1). Electro-extraction (not shown) is in the early stages of deployment, focused on modularity and reduced costs and emissions by providing upgraded feedstock for the final stages of hydrometallurgy.

Pyrometallurgy, or smelting, is the process of melting battery packs or the shredded and separated cathode materials and reacting the molten metal oxides with carbon, which acts as a reducing agent to decompose the ore into metal, slag and carbon dioxide. Smelting has been used for centuries to refine ores into metals. In the context of Li-ion battery recycling, it is used today to recover elements such as copper, nickel, and cobalt. The benefits of smelting are that it is well-tested and simple, eliminating the need to shred or separate the Li-ion battery components. However, the process is very energy-intensive and materials recovery rates are significantly lower than competing processes. In particular, smelting is not suitable for the recovery of elements such as aluminum and lithium or the plastic packaging.

Further, the treatment of toxic air emissions (such as fluorine, phosphorus, sulfur, and particulates containing heavy metals) during smelting is costly. Pyrometallurgy is the predominant recycling technology used in China and Europe. In the US, Redwood Materials first collects batteries from a variety of partners. Rather than relying on fossil fuels for smelting, Redwood uses residual energy in the batteries to produce an alloy [8]. Afterwards, Redwood employs hydrometallurgical methods to reach recovery rates of 95-98% for nickel and cobalt (80% for lithium) [9]. This allows them to reach the quality necessary to sell their output raw materials to battery manufacturers.

“Today the EU [using pyrometallurgy] can achieve a Recycling Efficiency Rate (RER) of 50% (targeting 65-75%)…compare this to the Functional Material Recovery Rate (FMRR), which can be optimized economically but if you volatilize other components, like graphite and plastics, the RER will go down,” says Ajay Kochhar, CEO, Li-Cycle.

Figure 1. ReCell Center is focused on closed-loop recycling by directly recovering materials from spent batteries for manufacturing in a process that minimizes energy use and waste. ReCell Center’s main goal is to improve the economics via direct recycling [7].

Hydrometallurgical methods, also known as chemical leaching and extraction, are less capital- and energy-intensive and can recover lithium, but rely on large volumes of potentially environmentally harmful chemicals. Various companies, such as Accurec and Toxco Inc. (now Retriev Technologies Inc.), have developed leaching and extraction processes using these technologies. Spent Li-ion batteries are recycled through the following steps: pretreatment, leaching (typically using sulfuric acid), solvent extraction (typically using large amounts of sodium hydroxide for neutralization and additional acid for stripping), and precipitation. Multiple solvent extraction steps are necessary to separate all raw materials, and the process flow must be optimized to obtain high recovery rates (>90%) for each material. For example, Neometals first shreds batteries to obtain plastic, steel casings, and metal foil.

Next, they implement hydrometallurgy to leach and extract in the following order: copper sulfate, aluminum and iron oxide, manganese sulfate, nickel sulfate, and finally cobalt sulfate. It is possible to collect byproducts for additional sources of revenue. For instance, Neometals collects their ammonium sulfate ‘tailing,’ concentrates the material, and sells it as a liquid fertilizer. After each of the desired products and byproducts are recovered, there is generally a large amount of wastewater remaining (>10 times the amount of feedstock initially fed into the process on a mass basis). Costly processes are then needed to treat and dispose of this water and the constituent contaminants. As a result, reuse and recovery of solvents can dramatically impact the economics of the process (Neometals has an 85% solvent recovery rate). Nevertheless, these processes still require large economies of scale to have compelling unit economics (on the order of 20,000-60,000 tons).

Direct recycling is still under development, but typically relies on physical separation of battery components (such as crushing the cell) and then recovering materials based on density. Automation of sorting, disassembly, and recovery would increase efficiency. The value from directly recycled Li-ion batteries could be significantly higher by relithiating cathodes rather than fully dissolving or smelting cathodes and recovering the individual elements to then remanufacture the cathode structures. ReCell Center is pioneering the technology. Direct recycling has high potential as a cost-effective route to recover lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, which offer almost no economic value because they are composed of relatively low-cost base materials. These batteries are widespread today in hand-held tools and EVs in China. LFP batteries are expected to increase in EVs in North America and Europe in the coming years for lower-cost models. The challenge of direct recycling is the fast turnover cycles of next-generation material and the high rate of change predicted for cathode technologies. It will be difficult to forecast changes in chemistry over the next 8-10 years, and consumers are likely not willing to buy EVs with dated battery chemistries and performance. Additionally, while re-lithiation of cathodes has been shown to be successful with defective or lightly-aged cathode materials, it is unclear if these regeneration processes will be able to sufficiently repair cathode structures that have undergone severe degradation over a full vehicle lifetime. Nth Cycle employs a unique electro-extraction flow-through process that uses carbon filters and electricity to recover the metals of interest. This process is inherently more energy-efficient than pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy and requires less volume of material to achieve profitability.

This translates to higher margins and lower price sensitivity in the short term given their lower upfront CAPEX requirements and operating costs. In particular, Nth Cycle’s modular approach can be placed onsite at existing recycling locations (separating copper, cobalt, nickel, manganese, and graphite from black mass) to improve economics and lower emissions for the final hydrometallurgy stages, or at mines to upgrade ore before transportation. Their output material (high grade hydroxides) are sold to late stage refineries to be converted into sulfates for cathode manufacturing.

References

[1] Sylvia, T. (2020, July 15). Battery adoption skyrocketed in the 2010s and lithium-ion reigns supreme. pv magazine USA. https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2020/07/15/battery-adoption-skyrocketed-in-the-2010s-and-lithium-ionreigns- supreme/.  

[2] Statista. (2021, February 5). Global lithium-ion battery market 2020–2025. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1011187/projected-global-lithium-ion-battery-market-size/  

[3] Circular Energy Storage Research & Consulting. (2020, December). The lithium-ion battery life cycle report 2021. https://circularenergystorage.com/reports  

[4] Statista. (2020, July 3). Lithium-ion batteries – statistics & facts. https://www.statista.com/topics/2049/lithium-ion-battery-industry/  

[5] Anderson, M. (2013b, March 1). Potential Hazards at Both Ends of the Lithium-Ion Life Cycle. IEEE Spectrum. https://spectrum.ieee.org/green-tech/fuel-cells/potential-hazards-at-both-ends-of-the-lithiumion-life-c ycle  

[6] Union of Concerned Scientists, & Nealer, R. (2015, November). Cleaner Cars from Cradle to Grave: How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline Cars on Lifetime Global Warming Emissions. https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/attach/2015/11/Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-rep ort.pdf  

[7] Kuntz, T. (2019, February 15). DOE launches its first lithium-ion battery recycling R&D center: ReCell | Argonne National Laboratory. Argonne National Laboratory. https://www.anl.gov/article/doe-launches-its-first-lithiumion-battery-recycling-rd-center-recell  

[8] Oberhaus, D. (2020, December 3). The Race To Crack Battery Recycling—Before It’s Too Late. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/the-race-to-crack-battery-recycling-before-its-too-late/  

[9] Former Tesla CTO JB Straubel tackles battery recycling with Redwood Materials. (2021, April 10). CNBC.

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[chromeplatingprocess]

How Electroless Nickel Plating Came About?

The narrative of electroless plating starts in 1946 at the 34th Annual AES Meeting, when Abner Brenner and excellence Riddell of the National Bureau of Standards uncover consequences of their investigations on trial electroless nickel plating baths.1 that they had endeavored to stop bothersome oxidation of shower constituents at the dormant anode by making increases of decreasing operators to the bath . It just so happens, one among the lessening specialists investigated was sodium hypophosphite. Shockingly, the amount of nickel stored surpassed the amount hypothetically constrained by Faraday's law. the rest of history!

They before long found out that nickel statement happened in any event, when no outside current was applied. it had been obvious that metal statement was accomplished by concoction decrease be that as it may, interestingly, the decrease procedure was needy upon a synergist surface. Once started, the nickel store was itself synergist for proceeded with decrease. the technique was in this manner depicted as autocatalytic compound decrease of metal particles to make a metal store. at first Brenner called the strategy "Electrodeless."

AES Meeting

After a year at the 1947 Annual AES Meeting, the pioneers revealed noteworthy advancement inside the improvement of the new process.2 Bath pieces for autocatalytic statement of nickel and cobalt were portrayed, similar to the outcomes of constituent focuses, working parameters and assortment of other persuasive components. This work prompted 2 patents3 during the introduction, it had been proposed that the technique be assigned "Electroless," which is that the term that has endure. In 1954, Brenner4summarized the cutting edge in his paper "Electroless Plating Comes matured."

This sensational disclosure started the thought for a substitution industry - electroless nickel plating - which today has gotten industrially significant for completing steel, aluminum, copper, plastics and loads of different materials. the usage of electroless plating is steady to develop, particularly for electronic applications. Electroless plating supplements electrolytic plating - here and there utilized with it, now and then rivaling it.

Significant explanations behind using electroless in inclination to electrolytic plating include:

Uniform stores over sporadic surfaces.

Direct plating on nonconductors.

Deposition on disconnected metal regions.

Less permeable, more consumption safe stores.

Unique store properties.

Bulk plating (barrels/containers) and "semi-mass" racking.

Electroless Nickel-Phosphorus

Electroless nickel plating has risen up out of little a significant research center interest inside the mid 1950s to a procedure used today in around 1000 establishments inside the U.S. alone. the most significant electroless plating office is maybe in France, where a 100,000-lady tank is utilized to cover 20-ft-long cylinder packs. Plating is performed for a few enterprises. it's assessed that more than 70 percent of all electroless Ni-P plating is applied on low-carbon steel , composite steels and cast iron; 20 percent on aluminum and other non-ferrous metals; 6 percent on combination steel and chrome steel.

[zetiangroup]

Water Quality Analyzers

Hangzhou Zetian Technology Co., Ltd. is the only domestic company with five analysis technical platforms which are LED colorimetric platform, full spectrum colorimetric platform, cold atomic absorption colorimetric platform, anodic dissolution platform and electrode method platform. These five kinds of analysis platform can measure the common pollution factors in water, including COD, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, total nitrogen and heavy metals such as copper, chromium, lead, zinc, mercury, arsenic, etc. At the same time, using the full spectrum colorimetric platform or anodic dissolution platform also can realize COD/ ammonia nitrogen integrated system, total phosphorus/ total nitrogen integrated system, and all kinds of heavy metal integrated system, etc.

 The water analyzer equipment of Hangzhou Zetian Technology Co., Ltd. have been experienced years of on-site validation, stable and reliable, low failure rate. Product details are listed below.

 Peristaltic Pump Tube:

The United States imported special rubber hose, long service life, a tube can use more than one year.

 Sample Module:

Homemade sampling module uses the high pure PTFE material, disassembly easy to clean or replace, reliable operation, every channel is completely isolated.

 Control System:

(1)Control solenoid valve uses non-contact electronic switch, no mechanical life.

(2) Homemade control unit, after years of verification, low fault rate, high reliability, modular design, low maintenance cost.

 Instrument Protection-Grounding Design:

Instruments have high-level intelligence, such as reagents fault adding warning (especially H2SO4 used in COD, if it is not H2SO4, it is likely to lead digestion tube burst), leakage protection (if there is leakage, the instrument will report errors), pressure relief valve (making pressure in digestion tube within a certain range).

 All the external interface and main circuit of equipment is in isolation, which makes the normal sample without the outside interference. Especially for unequal potential connection, its effect is particularly evident.

 In analog circuits (measurement module) also made electrical isolation, which makes the minimum possible interference on measurement.

 Measuring Parts:

Modulating optical measurement makes no influence of external light on measurement, it is more stable.

 External Interface:

Largest configuration has 2×4-20 mA output, 4×4-20 mA input, 2 switch input, 2 switch output, can access the PH meter, flow meter, ss and other equipment, and can display on the main interface.

 Technology Platform:

It has five measuring platforms, suitable for the needs of different applications.

http://www.zetian-group.com/products/water-quality-analyzers/

[aluminumhm-blog]

Aluminum round disc used for teapots

　The aluminum round disc refers to round aluminium sheets made from rolls or sheets of aluminum sheets. Covering a wide range of application, it serves in various industries. One of its usages is as a raw material for teapots.

　　People have chosen aluminum circle discs as a material for teapots after second consideration. They are light, lasting, quick heat conducting and rust resistant. In last decades aluminum discs suppliers have been faced with severe challenges in the cookware industry because it was reported that aluminum products contain aluminum, zinc, copper and other metal elements, these impurities have carcinogenic effects, especially for the elderly, if excessive intake of aluminum, most susceptible to Alzheimer's disease and fractures. Excessive intake of aluminum in the human body may also affect the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, thereby affecting the normal physiological functions of the bone, such as bone softening, bone decalcification, and bone atrophy. In addition, aluminum can also reduce the body's immune function, and it will bring different degrees of harm to tissues and organs such as brain, liver, kidney, heart and nervous system. However, this worry does not exist with aluminium teapots, for modern aluminum circle discs are usually anodized before being made into teapot sets, which endows them with a protective layer preventing aluminium from going out.

　　As a matter of fact, it has been found that cooking in an aluminum pan is good for protecting vitamin C in vegetables. Nutritionists suggest that the amount of vitamin C per person per day can only reach 100 to 200 mg to meet the needs of human health. Experiments have shown that using 100 grams of cucumber in an aluminum pan, the vitamin C content is about 10 mg higher than the non-stick pan, which is equivalent to eating two large apples, while the fried vegetables and cabbage are 15 mg higher than the stainless steel pan and 13 respectively. MG is equivalent to eating one more peach. In addition, the aluminum pan is also lighter and more convenient when used. Thus don’t worry about using teapots or cookware made of aluminum round disc anymore.

Reprinted from http://haomei-aluminium.com/en/News/Knowledge/aluminum-round-disc-for-teapots.html

[koprexmti]

Key Advantages of Using Phosphorus Copper Anodes

In the electroplating and metal finishing industries, the choice of anode material plays a critical role in the quality, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of the plating process. Among the various options available, the phosphorus copper anode stands out for its superior performance and numerous benefits. As a leading manufacturer, Koprex is dedicated to providing high-quality phosphorus copper anodes that deliver consistent results across various applications. Here are the key advantages of using phosphorus copper anodes.

1. Improved Plating Efficiency

One of the primary advantages of phosphorus copper anodes is their ability to enhance the plating efficiency. The presence of phosphorus in the anode composition improves the dissolution rate of copper in the electrolyte, leading to a more uniform and consistent deposition on the substrate. This results in higher quality plating with fewer defects, reducing the need for rework and improving overall productivity.

2. Superior Corrosion Resistance

Phosphorus copper anodes are known for their excellent corrosion resistance, which is crucial in maintaining the integrity of the anode during the electroplating process. The addition of phosphorus reduces the formation of copper oxide on the anode surface, preventing passivation and ensuring a stable and continuous flow of copper ions into the electrolyte. This not only extends the lifespan of the anode but also ensures a consistent plating process.

3. Enhanced Cathode Efficiency

The use of phosphorus copper anodes contributes to improved cathode efficiency, which is essential for achieving high-quality coatings. The controlled release of copper ions from the anode leads to a more even distribution of the metal on the cathode, resulting in smoother and more uniform coatings. This is particularly important in applications where surface finish and thickness uniformity are critical.

4. Reduced Sludge Formation

One of the common challenges in electroplating is the formation of sludge, which can contaminate the electrolyte and reduce the quality of the plated product. Phosphorus copper anodes significantly reduce sludge formation by minimizing the amount of insoluble particles released during the anode dissolution process. This not only improves the quality of the plating but also reduces the frequency of electrolyte maintenance, leading to lower operational costs.

5. Consistent Anode Performance

Koprex’s phosphorus copper anodes are manufactured to the highest standards, ensuring consistent performance across different batches and applications. The uniform distribution of phosphorus in the anode material results in a steady and reliable dissolution rate, providing consistent plating quality throughout the anode’s life. This reliability is crucial for industries that demand precision and repeatability in their plating processes.

6. Cost-Effectiveness

While the initial cost of phosphorus copper anodes may be higher compared to other anode materials, their long-term cost-effectiveness cannot be overlooked. The extended lifespan, reduced maintenance requirements, and improved plating efficiency translate into significant savings over time. Additionally, the reduced risk of defects and rework further enhances the cost benefits of using phosphorus copper anodes.

7. Versatility Across Applications

Phosphorus copper anodes are versatile and can be used in a wide range of electroplating applications, including PCB manufacturing, decorative plating, and industrial coatings. Their ability to deliver high-quality results across different substrates and plating environments makes them a preferred choice for manufacturers seeking versatility and reliability in their processes.

Conclusion

The use of phosphorus copper anodes offers numerous advantages that make them an ideal choice for electroplating and metal finishing applications. From improved plating efficiency and corrosion resistance to reduced sludge formation and consistent performance, phosphorus copper anodes provide a superior solution that meets the demands of modern manufacturing processes. As a trusted manufacturer, Koprex is committed to delivering high-quality phosphorus copper anodes that help businesses achieve excellence in their plating operations.

This Blog Was Originally Published At: https://koprexmti.blogspot.com/2024/08/key-advantages-of-using-phosphorus.html

[hudsonespie]

What Materials Are Used For Building Ships?

The economic aspect of running a merchant vessel is of prime importance as a shipowner requires a build which maximises the returns for his initial investment and covers his running costs.

This implies that the final design takes into account the economic conditions at the time of building, and also those that are likely to develop within the life of the ship.

Apart from this, the safety of seafarers on board, the type of vessel, the operational logistics of the voyages is taken into serious consideration while planning and executing the shipbuilding operations.

Various classification societies which are based out of different maritime nations have come into existence for initial and continual inspection of ships. These are well reputed and reliable organizations which assess and maintain a ship’s seaworthiness and award them a classification.

The Classification Societies Include the following;

Great Britain—Lloyd’s Register of Shipping France—Bureau Veritas Germany—Germanischer Lloyd Norway—Det Norske Veritas Italy—Registro Italiano Navale United States of America—American Bureau of Shipping Russia—Russian Register of Shipping Japan—Nippon Kaiji Kyokai.

Classification societies publish rules and regulations concerned with the provision of adequate equipment, the reliability of the machinery used on board, the strength of the ship, etc. The vessel may be built in any country and are not restricted to classification only by the relevant society of that country; they can follow regulations in accordance with the rules of any particular classification society.

Related Read: What is the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS)?

Most of the world’s merchant ships are currently being built by Japan and Korea, which together made about 77 percent of the gross tonnage delivered in the year 2000.

While classification is not compulsory for all ships, it is a common industry practice as it is a good endorsement for the company and vessel.

Shipowners with an unclassed ship must satisfy governmental regulating bodies to ensure that the vessel has necessary structural strength for assigning a load line, and the issuing of a safety construction certificate.

Related Read: What ISM Certificates You Require to Start a Shipping Company?

Most commonly used materials for shipbuilding :

Steel:

This is a highly versatile ship construction material and is used extensively on ships for the making of its integral structure and parts.

Steel has been in use for over 150 years in the shipbuilding industry, thanks to its excellent mechanical properties and low cost.

One major drawback of employing steel in ship constructions is the weight of steel.

For the construction of the hull of a ship, mild steel containing 0.15% to 0.23 % carbon, and reasonably high manganese content is used.

Sulphur and phosphorus contents in the mild steel are kept to a minimum (less than 0.05%) as higher contents of each hamper the welding properties of the steel.

Related Read: Common Welding Methods And Weld Defects In Shipbuilding Industry

Furthermore, cracks and such can develop easily during the rolling process if the sulphur content is high.

High Tensile Steels Steels which have higher strength than that of mild steel are employed in the more stressed regions of large tankers, container ships and bulk carriers. They are often used for the deck and bottom regions of larger tankers as well. As this leads to a reduction in the scantlings of these structural items, it proves advantageous both for the shipbuilder and owner.

Some integral parts of the ship that are made of steel include; the thickness stringer plate, rounded gunwales, sheerstrake, Bilge strake, deck strake in the way of the longitudinal bulkheads, main deck plating, bottom plating, keel, and the upper strake of longitudinal bulkheads. Mast tables, crosstrees, etc., may be fabricated from welded steel plates and sections. Derrick booms, as a rule, are welded lengths of seamless tubular steel.

Related Read: Shipbuilding Process – Plate Stocking, Surface Treatment and Cutting

Aluminium Alloys:

There are three main advantages which Aluminium alloys have over mild steel in the construction of ships.

1. Aluminium is lighter than mild steel and studies suggest that up to 60 percent of the weight of a steel structure can be saved by using Al alloys. For merchant vessels, this is a key advantage for increasing the cargo carrying capacity of ships.

2. Aluminium is highly resistant to corrosion

3. Its non-magnetic properties and low-cost maintenance

The most often used Al-alloys used in shipbuilding are the 5083 type for plates and 6082 for extrusions. These alloys are reliable in marine service as well as during manufacture. It has estimated that the selection of Al-Mg (Aluminium-Magnesium) type alloys brings a potential for at least 10% lower costs in respect of the heat-treatable, and appears favourable after a total estimation for applicability in shipbuilding

Excellent corrosion properties of aluminium can be used easily, but correct maintenance procedures and careful insulation from the adjoining steel structures are necessary when using this material.

A major disadvantage of the use of aluminium alloys is their high initial cost (They are estimated to cost 8 to 10 times the price of steel per tonnage). This high initial cost must be absorbed by an increase in the earning capacity of the vessel or a major increase in passenger accommodation on the same draft.

Superstructure – Credits: Hervé Cozanet/wikipedia.org

Aluminium alloys can replace carbon steels of normal strength. The weight saved by using Al alloys improves the ship stability – and allows the design of narrower ships, which in turn enhances fuel efficiency.

Related Read: Ship Stability: Intact Stability Criteria and Inclining Experiment

Materials Used on Different Parts of a Ship

The Shell Plating:

This forms the watertight skin of the ship contributes to the longitudinal strength of the structure and resists vertical shear forces. The bottom and side shell plating consist of several flat and curved steel plates are butt welded together. They are of greater length than breadth.

Insulation:

A steel hull structure is an excellent conductor of heat. Some form of insulation must be provided at the boundaries where there is a requirement to maintain desired temperatures, such as the refrigeration compartments.

Cork, glass fibre, and different kinds of foam plastics in sheet or granulated form may be used for insulating purposes. Air spaces, which are less efficient, may be provided. Glass fibre is widely used in modern ships as it has several advantages over the other materials. It is light in weight, tends to be vermin-proof, does not absorb moisture and is fire-resistant.

Related Read: Properties Of Membrane Tanks For Transportation Of LNG Cargo On Ships

Superstructures:

The introduction of aluminium alloy superstructures has provided increased passenger accommodation on the same draft, and/or a lowering of the lightweight centre of gravity with improved stability. These are hence used on passenger ships and cruise ships. It is possible to accept more significant deformation in these superstructures than would be possible with steel. This is brought about by the lighter weight of the aluminium structure.

Watertight Doors:

In some instances, it is necessary to provide access between compartments on either side of a watertight bulkhead. Hence watertight doors are fitted for this purpose. For example, in a cargo ship, direct means of access is required between the engine room and the shaft tunnel. In passenger ships, watertight doors are found where passengers are allowed to pass between one point of the accommodation and another. Mild steel or cast steel watertight doors are fitted below the water line, which prevents flooding of the compartments when shut while providing adequate strength in the case of emergencies.

Weathertight Doors

The Stern Frame:

This structure supports the rudder and the propeller. The stern itself may be cast, forged, or fabricated from steel plate and sections. Modern rudders are also fabricated from steel plates, with plate sides that are stiffened by internal webs. To prevent corrosion, the internal surfaces are suitably coated, and the rudder may be filled with inert plastic foam.

Related Read: What Is Advanced Outfitting in Shipbuilding?

Rudder Pintles:

The rudder pintle is a bolt or pin which is inserted into a gudgeon to attach the rudder to the ship. Older ships may have a brass liner or bronze liner shrunk on the pintles which turn in hardwood (Lignum Vitae) bearings, fitted in the gudgeons. In these days, the industry practice is to use synthetic materials like Tufnol for the bearings, and in some cases stainless steels for the liners. In either, the water which immerses the bearing is used to lubricate it.

Rudder Stock:

The stock may be of cast or forged steel, with its diameter as determined by the torque and any bending moment it is to withstand.

Related Read: How Does A Rudder Help In Turning A Ship?

Propellers:

As they have to withstand the corrosive effects of saltwater, ship propellers are constructed from copper alloys such as brass. These are designed to minimize cavitation, which happens when a propeller working under heavy load creates a region of low pressure. Bubbles of water vapour form suddenly and then burst next to the propeller blades, blasting little pits into the surface and wearing it away.

The fitting of zinc plates in the way of bronze propellers and other immersed fittings being used as sacrificial anodes is common practice in shipbuilding. These anodes are metals or alloys attached to the hull, which have more anodic potential than steel when immersed in sea water.

Hence these anodes supply cathodic protection current and get consumed in doing so. Regular maintenance and replacement are hence required in such systems for protection.

Modern anodes are based on alloys of zinc, aluminium, or magnesium which have undergone many tests to examine their suitability; high purity zinc anodes are also used. Sacrificial anodes are fitted with the hull and also often in ballast tanks as well.

Should any part of the anode fall and strike the tank structure where gaseous conditions exist, an explosion could result and hence magnesium anodes are not used in the cargo-ballast tanks of oil carriers owing to spark hazards. Aluminium anode system is employed in tankers, and they are only fitted in locations where the potential energy is less than 28 kg.m.

Related Read: Understanding Design Of Ship Propeller

Paints:

Maintenance of a ship requires that its hull and parts be painted regularly to avoid corrosion and provide resistance to other natural elements. Paints consist of a pigment dispersed in a liquid which is referred to as the ‘vehicle’. It is spread out thinly and overtime the vehicle changes to form an adherent dry film.

Paints which inhibit corrosion of steel have the following vehicle types:

(1) Bitumen or pitch solutions available in naphtha or white spirit solvent.

(2) Oil-based: These consist mainly of vegetable drying oils, such as linseed oil and tung oil. To accelerate the drying by the natural reaction with oxygen, driers are added.

(3) Oleo-resin: In this case, the vehicle consists of natural or artificial resins incorporated into drying oils. Some of these resins may react with the oil to give a faster drying vehicle. Other resins do not react with the oil but heat is applied to dissolve the resin and cause the oil to stick to the body

(4) Alkyd resin: These vehicles provide a shorter drying time and improved film forming properties of drying oils. The name alkyd arises from alcohols and acids, which are the chemical ingredients. These may not be made from oil, as an oil fatty acid or an oil-free acid may be used. Vehicle types (2) and (4) are not suitable for underwater service, and only certain kinds of (c) are ideal for such service.

(5) Chemical-resistant: Vehicles of this type show high resistance to severe conditions of exposure. A number of important vehicle types come under this category which includes: Epoxy resins Chemicals, coal tar/epoxy resin, Chlorinated rubber and isomerized rubber, polyurethane resins, Vinyl resins, and Zinc-rich paints.

(6) Anti-fouling paints: These are a category of underwater hull paints (known as bottom paints) which are specialized coatings applied to slow the growth and/or facilitate detachment of subaquatic organisms that attach to the hull of the ship and affect a vessel’s performance and durability. Copper oxides and biocides are commonly used in anti-fouling paints. Another type of hard bottom paint includes Teflon and silicone coatings, which are too slippery for growth to stick.

Related Read: Understanding Function of Anti-fouling Paint and Factors to Apply it

Floating of Metal Structures

To construct a ship that floats when immersed water, marine engineers and naval architects rely on the Archimedes principle. This principle describes an upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body that is fully or partially immersed in a fluid, which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. This buoyant force acts at the centre of mass of the displaced fluid and in the upward direction. For an object to float in water, the amount of water it displaces should be equal to the weight of the object.

This volume of water which is displaced by a ship depends not only on the weight of the object but also on its shape and size. It can be observed that an iron nail sinks in water, while the same material (iron) arranged in different size and form, i.e. a boat or ship, floats in water.

Related Read: Intact Statical Transverse Stability Of Displacement Vessels

We can see that if the construction of the structure is such that the density of the vessel is less than that of water, the ship will float in water. Hence a seaworthy steel vessel will have a lower average density than water, which enables it to float. The shipbuilders also have to consider the intact stability and damage stability while designing the ship.

Disclaimer: The authors’ views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views of Marine Insight. Data and charts, if used, in the article have been sourced from available information and have not been authenticated by any statutory authority. The author and Marine Insight do not claim it to be accurate nor accept any responsibility for the same. The views constitute only the opinions and do not constitute any guidelines or recommendation on any course of action to be followed by the reader.

The article or images cannot be reproduced, copied, shared or used in any form without the permission of the author and Marine Insight. 

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[heydenblog]

VACUUM SKULL FURNACE WORKING PRINCIPLEVACUUM SKULL

FURNACE WORKING PRINCIPLE INTRODUCTION

When the vacuum skull Furnace is smelted, the arc melting consumable electrode forms liquid metal and accumulates in the water-cooled copper crucible. In order to obtain a large number of molten metals as soon as possible, higher melting power should be used, but the input current size and the degree of overheating caused by the molten pool should not cause the melting of the solidified shell on the crucible wall as the principle. When the required amount of liquid metal is smelted with consumable electrode, the power supply is cut off and the liquid metal is injected into the mold by rapidly tilting crucible. In order to adjust the temperature of liquid metal, the required amount of metal is made into consumable electrode. A tungsten rod is welded at the back end as a non-consumable electrode.

In the process of vacuum arc remelting, the melting and solidification of metal are carried out simultaneously. As there is a large temperature gradient in the water-cooled copper crystallizer, the solidification under this condition will form well-developed columnar crystals. In vacuum furnace melting solidification shell, completely separated from the metal melting and casting, because the metal level without electrode anode bright spot, relatively uniform temperature field, combined with the molten pool agitation, make a crystal growing up front formation during solidification supercooling liquid metal, there appear complement of crystal nucleus, which can get fine grain, it is vacuum arc remelting furnace solidification shell is another advantage.

The vacuum skull Furnace can cast liquid metal into the rotary mold to obtain finer and denser casting, including pipe, ring and other rotary castings.

The vacuum shell furnace is used for casting heat-resistant alloy and corrosion-resistant alloy castings, which can improve yield, reduce cost and improve performance significantly.

SAFETY FEATURES OF VACUUM SKULL FURNACE

The heat treatment of vacuum skull Furnace is a comprehensive technology combining vacuum technology and heat treatment, which means that all and part of heat treatment process are carried out under vacuum state. China divides vacuum into low, medium, high and ultra-high vacuum. At present, the operating vacuum of most vacuum heat treatment furnaces ranges from 1.33~1.33 x 10 times cubed Pa.

Vacuum heat treatment can realize almost all heat treatment processes, such as quenching, annealing, tempering, carburizing, nitrification, etc., as well as vacuum brazing, sintering and surface treatment, etc. The vacuum heat treatment furnace has high thermal efficiency, can achieve rapid temperature rise and temperature drop, can achieve no oxidation, no decarburization, no carburization, can remove phosphorus dust on the surface of workpiece, and has functions of degreasing and degassing, so as to achieve the effect of surface brightness and purification. Generally speaking, the workpiece processed is heated slowly in the furnace, the internal thermal temperature difference is small, and the thermal stress is small, so the deformation is small. High qualified rate of products. Can reduce the cost, has the degassing effect, thus enhances the working mechanical performance and the service life. Good working environment, safe operation, no pollution and pollution. The treated workpiece has no risk of hydrogen embrittlement. It can prevent the surface of titanium and refractory metal shell from hydrogen embrittlement. The vacuum heat treatment process has good stability and repeatability. This series of advantages, the development of vacuum heat treatment equipment and process is more and more attention and application.

[bigfooodies]

Matar Kulcha (No Chutney) | Matar for Matar Kulcha (Delhi food) |  दिल्ली के मशहूर छोले/मटर कुलचे

To get this recipe and many more visit our Youtube channel, The link is given here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu72ljuuwJVGytVqGS3nPBg/?sub_confirmation=1

Matar kulcha is one of the most popular street foods of north india especially Delhi , and amritsar, Not only this food tastes super delicious, it is very easy to cook too. Learn how to make delhi style matar for matar kulcha in this video ,you can see that how delicious and tempting it is looking. In this video we have followed a very simple recipe to make Matar kulcha, and it will turn out really flavorful and yummy.

The beans are also a good source of protein, at 16 g per cup. The white pea also provides at least a quarter of the daily recommended amounts of thiamin, folic acid, iron, copper, potassium, phosphorus, manganese and magnesium. A 1-cup serving of beans contains 255 calories and 1.1 g fat. you can add this to your list of healthy diet.

#matar #chole #matarkulcha #kulcha #delhi #streetfood #indianfood #northindian #bigfooodies #foodies #kulche #cholekulche #kulchechole #delhistreetfood #delhistyle #marketstyle #spicy #delicious #breakfast #snack #lunch #dinner #yummy #protein #calorie #lowcalorie #lowcarb #weightloss #bigfoodies

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If you like our recipes please don't forget to subscribe, like and share them.

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[zoomgenetics]

Question-1. During forward bias: (A) Anode connects to p-side (B) Anode connects to n-side (C) Anode is grounded (D) Cathode connects to p-side

Question-2. Who was nicknamed “The Mayor of Silicon Valley” and credited with the realization of the first integrated circuit or microchip. (A) Robert Norton Noyce (B) William Shockley (C) H. Earle Vaughan (D) Nicolaas Bloembergen

Question-3. Electron pair bonding occurs when atoms: (A) share electrons (B) share holes (C) share protons (D) share neutrons

Question-4. Semiconductor devices can have: (A) directional resistance (B) variable resistance (C) sensitivity to heat and light (D) all of the above

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Question-5. When a doped semiconductor has less free holes it is called: (A) p-type (B) n-type (C) pn-junction (D) pnp-transistor

Question-6. Elements near which region of periodic table are usually used as semiconductors: (A) Alkali metals (B) Alkali earth metals (C) Metalloid Staircase (D) Lanthanides

Question-7. A P-N junction diode offers least resistance when: (A) is reversed biased (B) is doped (C) is forward biased (D) has high barrier potential.

Question-8. When the reverse bias of P-N junction diode becomes large, breakdown occurs. This condition is called: (A) Leakage (B) Rupture (C) Avalanche (D) Percolation

Question-9. Normal diodes are not designed to operate in the breakdown region, but ____ diodes can reliably operate in this region. (A) BJT – Bipolar Junction diode. (B) LED – Light emitting diode (C) Zener Diode (D) Schottky diode

Question-10. MOSFET stands for (A) Metal-Oxide Semiconductor – Free Electron Transistor (B) Metal-Oxide Silicon – Free Effect Transformer (C) Metal On Silicon – Field Effect Transistor (D) Metal On Silicon – Free Electron Transistor

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Question-11. Typical metals used in Schottsky Diodes, which has metal-semiconductor junctions are: (A) Iron, Aluminium, Copper (B) Copper, Sodium, Potassium (C) Gold, Silver, Mercury (D) Molybdenum, Platinum, Chromium

Question-12. LED emits light (electroluminescence) and the color of light is determined by: (A) Forward Bias (B) Reverse Bias (C) Current flowing through it (D) Energy band gap

Question-13. LEDs used in electronic devices for numeric readouts are in the form of: (A) light-arrays (B) matrix (C) seven-segment displays (D) pixels

Question-14. LED with infrared or red light are made with: (A) zinc selenide (ZnSe) (B) gallium (III) phosphide (GaP) (C) indium gallium nitride (InGaN) (D) gallium arsenide (GaAs)

Question-15. Pure Green LED is made with: (A) zinc selenide (ZnSe) (B) aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) (C) indium gallium nitride (InGaN) (D) gallium arsenide (GaAs)

Question-16. In p-type semiconductor the majority carriers are: (A) electrons (B) holes (C) protons (D) neutrons

Question-17. Electric conduction in intrinsic semiconductor is mainly due to: (A) migration of holes (B) migration of electrons (C) both (D) none

Question-18. The acceptor atom for Silicon semiconductor is: (A) selenium (B) tellurium (C) phosphorus (D) zinc

Question-19. The donor atom for Silicon semiconductor is: (A) beryllium (B) boron (C) phosphorus (D) zinc

Question-20. Depletion Region in a P-N junction is also called (A) insulated region (B) charge-less region (C) neutral region (D) space charge layer

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Question-21. Due to Forward Bias, the depletion region is: (A) narrowed (B) broadened (C) eliminated (D) unchanged

Question-22. Low current conducted under reverse bias and the large current under forward bias is an example of: (A) amplification (B) rectification (C) oscillation (D) dampening

Question-23. Diffusion of electrons and holes at P-N junction is opposed by (A) Forward Bias potential (B) Reverse bias potential (C) contact potential (D) breakdown voltage

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Question-24. A bipolar transistor has terminals labelled as: (A) gate, collector and emitter (B) base, source and drain (C) gate, source and drain (D) base, collector and emitter

Question-25. The band gap for diamond is: (A) 0.67 eV (B) 3.4 eV (C) 7.26 eV (D) 5.5 eV

Question-26. The band gap for germanium (Ge) is: (A) 0.67 eV (B) 3.4 eV (C) 7.26 eV (D) 5.5 eV

Question-27. The energy required to promote a valence electron to become a conduction electron is called (A) valence band (B) conduction band (C) bandgap (D) Fermi level

Question-28. In n-type semiconductor, the Fermi-level lies: (A) close to conduction band (B) close to valence band (C) equidistant from conduction and valence band (D) does not exists

Question-29. Semiconductor materials are small band-gap ____________ (A) conductors (B) metals (C) gases (D) insulators

Question-30. Which one of the following is not a charge carrier: (A) electrons (B) ions (C) holes (D) gamma rays

  Question-31. The process of adding controlled impurities to a semiconductor is known as: (A) contamination (B) alloying (C) compounding (D) doping

Question-32. A silicon crystal doped with ______ creates a p-type semiconductor whereas one doped with ______ results in an n-type semiconductor. (A) boron, phosphorus (B) indium, gallium (C) phosphorus, arsenic (D) antimony, bismuth

Question-33. In a p-type semiconductor, the dopant is: (A) bivalent (B) trivalent (C) tetravalent (D) pentavalent

Question-34. In an intrinsic semiconductor, the Fermi-level lies: (A) close to conduction band (B) close to valence band (C) equidistant from conduction and valence band (D) does not exists

Question-35. The dopant in an n-type semiconductor is called (A) Acceptor (B) Rejector (C) Donor (D) Receiver

Question-36. The V-I characteristics of a diode is (A) straight line with low positive slope (B) straight line with high positive slope (C) straight line with high negative slope (D) not a straight line

Question-37. Silicon atoms combine in an orderly fashion called: (A) Crystal (B) Covalent Bond (C) Semiconductor (D) Polymer

Question-38. Reverse biased P-N junction diode may break down due to Avalanche or due to: (A) shorting (B) grounding (C) quantum tunneling (D) rupturing

Question-39. In a full-wave rectifier, the ripple frequency is (x) times the frequency of applied voltage. The value of (x) is: (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

Question-40. Zener diode in a regulated power supply behaves like a _______ in a hydraulic circuit. (A) venturi (B) non-return value (C) check-valve (D) nozzle

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Question-41. Photo diode always operate in _____ mode (A) unbiased (B) forward biased (C) reverse biased (D) none of the above

Question-42. The photo current in a photo-diode depends on ______ of the incident light (A) frequency (B) wavelength (C) intensity (D) duration

Question-43. The intensity of light emitted by an LED depends on __________ (A) forward bias (B) reverse bias (C) band gap (D) forward current

Question-44. The ratio of collector current to base current is called ____ ratio (A) alpha (B) beta (C) gamma (D) delta

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Question-45. The _____ group impurity elements which donate free electrons to the pure semiconductor crystal are called as donor impurities (A) second (B) third (C) fourth (D) fifth

Question-46. _______ is defined as the ratio of change in base-emitter voltage to change in base current at constant collector-emitter voltage. (A) alpha ratio (B) beta ratio (C) AC input resistance (D) Dynamic output resistance

Question-47. ______ is an electronic device which converts DC voltage to AC voltage of desired frequency without any external input voltage. (A) transformer (B) half-wave rectifier (C) full-wave rectifier (D) oscillator

Question-48. The relation between current ratios: α and β is: (A) α = β / (1 + β) (B) β = α / (1 + α) (C) α = β / (1 – β) (D) β = α / (1 – β)

Question-49. Number of free electrons in conduction band is equal to number of holes in valence band in _______ semiconductor (A) n-type (B) extrinsic (C) intrinsic (D) p-type

Question-50. Pure semiconductors which conduct electricity on heating are called ________ semiconductors (A) n-type (B) extrinsic (C) intrinsic (D) p-type

User: Wdwd

  Answers: 1. (A) Anode connects to p-side 2. (A) Robert Norton Noyce 3. (A) share electrons 4. (D) all of the above 5. (B) n-type 6. (C) Metalloid Staircase 7. (C) is forward biased 8. (C) Avalanche 9. (C) Zener Diode 10. (C) Metal On Silicon – Field Effect Transistor 11. (D) Molybdenum, Platinum, Chromium 12. (D) Energy band gap 13. (C) seven-segment displays 14. (D) gallium arsenide (GaAs) 15. (C) indium gallium nitride (InGaN) 16. (B) holes 17. (C) both 18. (D) zinc 19. (C) phosphorus 20. (D) space charge layer 21. (A) narrowed 22. (B) rectification 23. (C) contact potential 24. (D) base, collector and emitter 25. (D) 5.5 eV 26. (A) 0.67 eV 27. (C) bandgap 28. (A) close to conduction band 29. (D) insulators 30. (D) gamma rays 31. (D) doping 32. (A) boron, phosphorus 33. (B) trivalent 34. (C) equidistant from conduction and valence band 35. (C) Donor 36. (D) not a straight line 37. (A) Crystal 38. (C) quantum tunneling 39. (B) 2 40. (C) check-valve 41. (C) reverse biased 42. (C) intensity 43. (D) forward current 44. (B) beta 45. (D) fifth 46. (C) AC input resistance 47. (D) oscillator 48. (A) α = β / (1 + β) 49. (C) intrinsic 50. (C) intrinsic

[koprexmti]

The Different Types of Copper and Their Applications

Copper is a versatile metal with a wide range of applications, thanks to its excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, and malleability. Among the various types of copper, oxygen-free copper anodes and phosphorus copper anodes stand out for their specific properties and uses. In this article, we'll explore these types of copper and their applications in different industries.

Oxygen-Free Copper Anodes

Oxygen-free copper (OFC) is a high-purity form of copper that contains minimal oxygen. The absence of oxygen in Koprex’s copper significantly improves its electrical and thermal conductivity, making it ideal for applications that require the highest levels of performance. Here's a closer look at oxygen-free copper anodes and their applications:

1. Electrical Applications:  

Oxygen-free copper anodes are widely used in electrical and electronic industries. Their high conductivity makes them perfect for manufacturing wires, cables, and connectors, where efficient transmission of electrical signals is crucial. They are also used in high-frequency and ultra-high-frequency applications due to their superior performance in minimizing signal loss.

2. Electroplating:  

In electroplating, oxygen-free copper anodes are used because they produce high-quality, uniform coatings. These anodes are essential in plating applications where a smooth and even copper layer is needed, such as in printed circuit boards (PCBs) and semiconductor manufacturing.

3. Audio and Video Equipment:  

High-end audio and video equipment often use oxygen-free copper anodes to ensure the best sound and image quality. The enhanced conductivity and reduced signal degradation offered by OFC make it the material of choice for audiophiles and professionals in the audio-visual industry.

4. Industrial Manufacturing:  

Oxygen-free copper anodes are used in various industrial manufacturing processes, including the production of superconductors and specialized electrical components. Their reliability and efficiency are critical in these high-precision applications.

 Phosphorus Copper Anode

Phosphorus copper anode is another specialized form of copper that contains a small amount of phosphorus. This combination enhances certain properties, making it suitable for specific industrial applications. Let’s delve into the characteristics and uses of phosphorus copper anodes:

1. Copper Electrorefining:  

Phosphorus copper anodes play a vital role in the copper electrorefining process. The addition of phosphorus helps to refine copper to a high degree of purity, which is necessary for various high-performance electrical applications. The phosphorus content improves the anode's efficiency and longevity during the refining process.

2. Copper Alloy Production:  

Phosphorus copper anodes are used in the production of copper alloys. Phosphorus acts as a deoxidizing agent, reducing the oxygen content in the alloy and improving its mechanical properties. These alloys are used in the manufacture of bearings, bushings, and other components that require good wear resistance and strength.

3. Brazing and Soldering:  

In brazing and soldering applications, phosphorus copper anodes are preferred because they provide a strong bond and excellent flow characteristics. The presence of phosphorus reduces the melting point of the alloy, making it easier to work with and ensuring a durable and reliable joint.

4. Corrosion Resistance:  

The addition of phosphorus in copper anodes enhances their corrosion resistance. This makes phosphorus copper anodes suitable for use in harsh environments where corrosion could be a significant issue. They are often used in marine applications and chemical processing industries where durability and resistance to corrosive elements are crucial.

 Conclusion

Both oxygen-free copper anodes and phosphorus copper anodes by Koprex offer unique advantages that make them suitable for specific applications. Oxygen-free copper anodes are prized for their exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity, making them ideal for high-performance electrical, electroplating, and audio-visual applications. On the other hand, phosphorus copper anodes are valued for their enhanced corrosion resistance, efficiency in copper electrorefining, and suitability in producing high-quality copper alloys and reliable brazing and soldering joints.

Understanding the distinct properties and applications of these types of copper helps industries choose the right material for their specific needs, ensuring optimal performance and longevity in their products and processes.

This Blog Is Originally Published At: https://medium.com/@koprexmti/the-different-types-of-copper-and-their-applications-876210b04f6b