#pearlites

[simbasomba]

New oc alert

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Fe, C 0.8 (wt%), eutectoid transformation - pearlite (coarse)

Processing Slow cooled [...] Technique Reflected light microscopy Length bar 200 μm / 80 µm / 40 µm Further information This steel is of the eutectoid composition. Once the temperature is lowered below the eutectoid temperature the steel becomes simultaneously supersaturated with both ferrite and cementite. A eutectoid transformation results (g to a + Fe3C). The resultant microstructure, known as pearlite, comprises lamellae of cementite (dark) embedded in ferrite (white). The platelets are parallel to each other and do not follow a specific crystallographic direction. Each pearlite colony is made up of a number of subgrains. Thus each pearlite colony consists of two interpenetrating single crystals having an orientation relationship with respect to each other and with respect to the austenite grain they grow from, but not with respect to the austenite grain they have grown into. Changes in the apparent interlamellar spacing from colony to colony in the photograph are due to differences in the lamellae spacing with respect to the polished surface. The coarseness of the pearlite is determined by the interlamellar spacing. This spacing is inversely proportional to the undercooling. This is primarily because of the increased rate of carbide nucleation with increased undercooling. The pearlite in this sample is coarse due to it being slowly cooled. The undercooling is low so the lamellae spacing is relatively large resulting in a coarse microstructure. [...] Organisation Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge

Sources: ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 )

[lunastarseeker]

I just opened up my last survival world after three months of not playing minecraft. In that world I decided to focus on exploration and the joy of simply "finding things", so as soon as I got some leather, paper, and an inc sack, I kept an in-game & in-character diary.

It was nice to be able to read back on what I'd been doing (I was only 8 days in) and I decided to explore a bit and get my bearings again.

So I'm walking back to my temporary settlement from a nearby village, and wanna know what I found? Just chilling out in the open?

A pink sheep.

0.164% chance of spawning.

I've set her up in a little pen & cheated a name tag in so she doesn't despawn. I am beaming.

[thisboydreamsoflife]

Normalize this, normalize that. How about you normalize this iron, metallurgy time.

[albonium]

using routines and algorithms to analyse images means at some point you have to decide if that specific shade of grey is or isn't something you want to take into account and it will have a 1% influence on your result which is actually significant for the thing you're doing so yeah that's FUN

[imaginethisisagoodname]

This is my attempt at a brinkborg wedding cake that just tuned into a mini cake and some cupcakes with my ideas for the wedding under this

Bart would be the officiant/wedding planner/musician

Dr.Ahem/ maybe Bart or mudd would walk kyborg down the use

Gum Gum would be the flower person and gumbo would help out

Fred and Hannibal would be the ring bearers (

Mudd would be kyborgs best man

Pearlite would be Brinks best man

Sleique would have been really sad he wasn’t the best man and spectril would have to convince him he was still wanted. kyborg would have tried to give him a fake date but everyone else would have felt bad and he would have eventually came and helped Bart with the music and kyborg would have pretended it was bad music but he would actually love it.

(To be possibly continued)

[queersrus]

Hello! I adore your blog and have been following for a long while! I'm struggling with a name currently. Could I please get some names with a fem feel related to space or crystals? Thank you so much if you take this on.

hi love! welcome back! im so sorry it took us so long to open up again and i love the themes you picked.

i hope these help! if not im happy to make another list with more names!

space fem names:

astra, astrea, astre/astray, astral, astora, aurora, andromeda, astrid, astera bellatrix cassiopeia, celeste, celestia, cosmette, cosmica, cosmicia, comette

estel/estell/estelle, estella galactica, galaxia, galaxie lyra

nova planette stel/stell/stelle, stella, spacey/spacie, spacette

crystal fem names:

amber beryl crystal/crystalle, crystelle, crystella, crystaline/crystalline, coral/corral, coraline, coralie, citrine, citrina, carnelia, celestine

diamond, diamonda esmerelda/esmeralda, emeralda/emerelda gernet/garnett/garnette, gem/gemm, gemma, gemmalyn, giada

jade/jaide/jayde, jewel, jewela, jewelie(julie), jemsa meralda opal, opaline, opalite pearl, pearly, pearline, pearlite

rubetta, rubette, rubine, rubinia, ruby/rubi/rubie selen, selene, seleni, selenite, safira/sapphira, sapphire tiffany/tiffani/tiffanie yulla

[jeanjauthor]

Writers, readers, if you've ever wondered how medieval blacksmiths knew exactly when to quench a blade to make it a certain type of hardness...here you go, the secrets exposed & explained scientifically, replete with color chart, heat ranges, and an explanation of which tempering type is useful for which type of metal you want to create.

I can't remember if it was in the BBC series Secrets of the Castle or in the series Tudor Monastic Farm, but at one point the presenters (same clutch of people in both shows, lol) go to a blacksmithing forge to discuss getting a stonecutting chisel re-shaped and re-hardened. (I honestly think it's in Secrets, since they're constantly having to re-make the chisels as they wear down from the quarrying and masonry work, but can't find the exact moment, sorry. It's totally worth watching both series imho, though!)

Anyway, the blacksmith literally shows a golden sheen reaching the tip of the chisel...and quickly quenches it to freeze the molecules of the metal to the right ratio between toughness (versus being brittle, causing it to spall and break) and hardness (versus being too soft to hold the point for a reasonable length of operational time), in order to be a good stone chisel.

This, by the way, is why scrubbing the iron toward the end of it being forged is so important, because these color-changes are iron oxides. So you genuinely want to remove the traces of all previous oxidation before putting it through one more round of heating, cooling, and quenching it at just the right moment.

This is also why clay would be applied to the non-edge parts of a blade, such as a katana, to help thermally insulate it from the brief high heat needed for creating a tempered edge sharp enough to be a literal razor-edge. The main body of the blade needs to be tough to resent bending and cracking, but the edge needs to be hard to hold its edge and not crumple like tinfoil.

Here's a quote from Wikipedia on the process of creating the "hamon" or "wavy line" on a katana blade: " The hamon outlines the transition between the region of harder martensitic steel at the blade's edge and the softer pearlitic steel at the center and back of the sword. This difference in hardness is the objective of the process; the appearance is purely a side effect. "

The "softness" being referenced in the quote refers to the resistance against cracking and breaking, which is the same as the "toughness" I mentioned above. For a medieval blacksmith (of any ironworking region around the world in a technologically comparable era), being able to gauge just the right moment to quench the iron/steel was absolutely vital to the success of their product. This in turn affected their reputation as a smith.

If John the Smith makes metal sheets that are flexible but not brittle (great for armor), but isn't good at making knife blades that are sharp, you go to him for the flexible metal panels to make you plate armor. If Stephen the Smith makes really sharp knives but can't make big panels without it cracking under stress, you go to him for the knife blades and go find someone else for the other stuff.

And if Claudette the Smith (because there were women blacksmiths!!) can do both types, and do them consistently to order, you go to Claudette the Smith, and you send your children to apprentice with Claudette the Smith if she'll take them on, and you hope & pray she imparts the secrets of her skills to her apprentices if she does take them on.

Anyway...that's how a pre-modern blacksmith would know how to temper their iron & steel to achieve specific types of metal for specific types of uses. So writers, if you want to slip a little bit of information & education into your stories about how it all works, hopefully this gives you a good starting point for doing some fun research!

[penultimatestalematewithdeath]

Alright, Locklyle fic for the day written and posted. Now it's time to *check's to-do list* research pearlitic steel wire drawing methods and innovations in automotive plastics?

[kultofathena]

Hanwei Celestial Katana with Wootz Crucible Steel Blade

The celestial bodies pull at the water’s edge and create the tide, the ebb and flow of waves that bring time and balance to our world. As the samurai warrior must give and take with the ever-flowing tides of life, the Celestial Katana reflects all the harmonious aspects of the heavens and the sea.

The kashira and tsuba juxtaposes the hamon with a depiction of turbulent sea with waves crashing against the rocks. The tsuka features black cotton sageo over black same with multi-finish planetary menuki. The saya sparkles with a beautiful silver flake with a gloss polish with a buffalo horn kojiri, kurikata and koiguchi adorned with a navy and white sageo.

This special Celestial Katana is made in the crucible Wootz steel and has been differentially hardened. Swords made from genuine Wootz in the crucible steel process are comparatively rare and stand out from most new swords available. Wootz steel is widely regarded as being the “real” and more historical damascus steel and is different from most of the standard steels listed as damascus. What is called damascus is actually a form of pattern-welded steel and the general purpose of mixing and melding different steels together in modern damascus is to imitate the patterning of Wootz.

What makes Wootz steel different from the outset is that its patterning is not made by the smith while forging a blade billet, but is instead created when an ingot of Wootz is created in a crucible as the raw iron is heated with carbon and other ingredients to produce steel that is not only a high carbon steel, but a high carbon steel infused with crystalline bands of hard martensite and pearlite steel to create a composite steel that in effect functions as an early “alloy” steel with a distinctive appearance – an appearance that was later mimicked in later centuries by the modern damascus method, though this method does not create a blade with the famed properties of wootz. Wootz steel was highly prized for its resilience and ductibility and was a premier steel that was being made as early as the 5th century BC in India.  By the later Medieval period the city of Damascus was famed for its swords made from Wootz, with ingots of the precious and premium sword blade Wootz crucible steel being imported from India.

[softlypause]

I posted 3,547 times in 2022

36 posts created (1%)

3,511 posts reblogged (99%)

Blogs I reblogged the most:

@miriel-therindes

@quixoticanarchy

@arofili

@roadgoeson

@macsterism

I tagged 2,586 of my posts in 2022

Only 27% of my posts had no tags

#tolkien - 1,047 posts

#art - 864 posts

#nature - 297 posts

#cats - 247 posts

#the sea - 148 posts

#<3 - 145 posts

#the amazing devil - 89 posts

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#elrond - 84 posts

#hehehe - 82 posts

Longest Tag: 99 characters

#in high school i once brought mint oreos when it was my turn to bring snacks for advisory/home room

My Top Posts in 2022:

#5

this is a super random question and you're free to ignore it, but i was wondering where your blog url came from? It's so cool!

Ahhhh thank you so much! I'm so glad you like it!

I came up with it when I was creating my Tumblr account - I thought Tumblr would be a nice way to take a quick break during the day (not yet anticipating just how much time it would take up :P), hence the "pause".

Combined with "softly", it sort of evokes the quiet footfalls of a cat too (soft paws).

6 notes - Posted May 20, 2022

#4

The Pacific at Point Reyes - at times pearlescent under the sun, at times banded like pearlite under the microscope :P

10 notes - Posted November 15, 2022

#3

See the full post

13 notes - Posted October 30, 2022

#2

A small trickle of freshwater comes down to the beach. After the first rains of winter, this stream will carve a channel through the sand and flow into the Pacific. For now though, it seeps into the sand just short of the sea.

16 notes - Posted October 30, 2022

My #1 post of 2022

Start of my hike: high tide, clear skies.

End of my hike: low tide, and clouds promising rain.

20 notes - Posted November 6, 2022

Get your Tumblr 2022 Year in Review →

[materialsscienceandengineering]

As cast carbon steel

Sample preparation Nital Technique Reflected light microscopy Length bar 400 μm / 200 µm Further information Low carbon steel with a microstructure consisting mostly of ferrite with the darker pearlite regions around the ferrite grains. Upon cooling the steel the ferrite forms initially, either on austenite grain boundaries or inclusions. This causes carbon to be partitioned into the austenite. Eventually the remaining austenite will be at the eutectoid condition and the transformation to pearlite will then take place. Contributor Dr R F Cochrane Organisation Department of Materials, University of Leeds

Sources: ( 1 ) ( 2 )

[best-steel-bar-manufacture]

The Science Behind Strength: Understanding TMT Bars Manufacturing

TMT (Thermo-Mechanically Treated) bars are a vital component in modern construction, known for their superior strength, flexibility, and durability. The manufacturing process of TMT bars integrates advanced metallurgical science to ensure these bars meet the rigorous demands of structural applications. Here’s a look at the science behind their production:

1. Raw Material Selection: The process begins with high-quality billets made from iron ore, coal, or scrap metal. The purity and composition of the raw materials directly influence the final strength and flexibility of TMT bars.

2. Heating and Rolling: The billets are heated in a furnace to temperatures of around 1100°C. This makes the metal malleable and ready for shaping. The red-hot billets are then passed through a series of rolling stands to achieve the desired diameter.

3. Quenching: The hot-rolled bars are quickly cooled using a specialized water spray system. This rapid cooling, known as quenching, forms a hard martensitic layer on the surface while keeping the core hot and soft. This unique combination provides TMT bars with their characteristic strength and ductility.

4. Self-Tempering: After quenching, the residual heat from the core tempers the outer layer. This process, called self-tempering, transforms the martensitic surface into a tempered martensite, enhancing toughness without compromising flexibility.

5. Atmospheric Cooling: The bars are then laid on cooling beds to normalize at room temperature. This gradual cooling process ensures uniform strength throughout the bar, resulting in a fine-grained ferrite-pearlite structure in the core.

6. Testing and Quality Control: To ensure reliability, TMT bars undergo rigorous testing for tensile strength, elongation, and bendability. Advanced machines and techniques ensure every bar meets industry standards, such as IS 1786 in India.

Advantages of TMT Bars: High Strength: Ideal for high-rise buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure.

Ductility: Allows for better energy absorption, which is crucial during seismic events.

Corrosion Resistance: Enhanced longevity in humid or saline environments.

Weldability: Facilitates easy fabrication without compromising strength

The science behind TMT bar manufactures involves a delicate balance of metallurgical processes. The result is a product that combines strength, flexibility, and durability, making it indispensable in the construction industry.

[srjsteel]

Why TMT Bars Form an Integral Part of Contemporary Construction

Imagine the skeleton of a building—a complex network of steel and concrete working in perfect harmony to support tons of weight while resisting nature's most powerful forces. At the heart of this engineering marvel lie TMT bars, the unsung heroes of modern construction that quite literally form the backbone of every single significant structure standing today.

Understanding TMT Bars: The Foundation of Structural Integrity

Thermo-Mechanically Treated (TMT) bars represent a quantum leap in construction technology. Unlike their predecessors, these steel reinforcement bars undergo a sophisticated heating and cooling process that transforms their molecular structure, creating an optimal balance of strength and flexibility that defines modern construction.

The Science Behind the Strength

The magic happens in three distinct layers:

A martensitic outer layer providing exceptional strength

A tempered middle layer providing the perfect flexibility

A ferrite-pearlite core to ensure maximum ductility

The composition is unique in that it allows TMT bars to face incredibly high pressures but still provides enough flexibility to avoid catastrophic failures, such as earthquakes or heavy storms.

Why TMT Bars Rule Modern Construction

Better Strength-to-Weight Ratio

Modern construction will need materials that give maximum strength without adding more weight to the entire structure. TMT bars can provide that:

Higher yield strength than traditional steel bars

Better load-bearing capacity

Reduced overall steel requirement

Lower construction costs

Enhanced Durability

The thermal treatment process creates bars that resist:

Corrosion and rust

Fire damage

Seismic forces

Environmental degradation

Perfect Bendability

Construction often requires reinforcement bars to be bent into specific shapes without compromising strength. TMT bars offer:

Superior welding characteristics

Excellent bend-ability without cracking

Consistent performance across varying temperatures

Reduced wastage during construction

Real-World Applications and Benefits

High-Rise Buildings

Extraordinary material performance is in demand for skyscrapers to meet the challenge of the vertical. TMT bars provide:

Compression strength

Tensile strength

Stress distribution

Reduced structural weight

Infrastructure Projects

Challenges related to bridges, highways, and tunnels are:

Constant vibration and stress

Exposure to weather elements

Variable load conditions

Need for long-term durability

TMT bars can cope with these conditions and consistently deliver reliable performance year after year with reduced maintenance requirements.

Economic Benefits of TMT Bars

Cost-Effectiveness

Although the initial cost would appear comparable to traditional alternatives, TMT bars provide savings over the long term in terms of:

Minimum material requirement

Reduced transportation costs

Less time required to complete construction

Minimal maintenance requirement

Sustainability Advantage

Modern construction has been emphasizing reduced environmental footprint. TMT bars help achieve that by contributing in ways like:

Lower steel requirements overall

Lower carbon footprint

More durable structures

Less waste generation during construction

Selection Criteria and Quality Considerations

Selecting Appropriate TMT Bars

Quality checks include verifying:

Marks of ISI certification

Standards of manufacture

Physical properties

Chemical composition

Testing and Verification

Critical Testing include:

Tensile strength determination

Bend test indications

Elongation percentage

Unit weight uniformity

Installation Best Practices

Storage and Handling

Proper storage enables good performance:

Bars stored off ground

Moisture exclusion

Proper identification

Handling with suitable tools

Installation Procedure

Installation enables maximum benefits if:

Appropriate spacing is followed

Concrete cover is found to be sufficient

Axially aligned accurate

Binding techniques appropriate

Future Prospects and Developments

The construction industry develops and evolves as the TMT bars do through:

Improved coating technology

Manufacturing improves

Quality control techniques enhanced

Incorporated with smart construction methodologies

Right Choice

While selecting the materials for construction, take into account:

Project requirements and specification

Local building codes and regulations

Environmental factors

Economic constraints

Conclusion: Building for Tomorrow

TMT bars represent more than just another material used in construction. They symbolize a holistic balance of strength, longevity, and cost-effectiveness, considered the demanding standard for modern construction. Because of their contribution to the development of safer, stronger, and more sustainable structures, they remain unsurpassable in current building practices.

TMT bars are a proven advantage for construction professionals who seek reliable and high-performance reinforcement solutions. The fundamental importance of selecting quality TMT bars has never changed with the evolution of building techniques—after all, it's the cornerstone of modern construction excellence.

[shobhaalss]

The Process Involved in Making Quality TMT Bars :

The production of high-quality TMT (Thermo-Mechanically Treated) bars involves several key steps in a sophisticated manufacturing process. TMT bars are a type of reinforcement steel used in construction, known for their superior strength, durability, and corrosion resistance. The process of making TMT bars includes several stages, which ensure that the bars achieve the desired mechanical properties. 

Here's an overview of the process:

1. Raw Material Selection

The process begins with the selection of high-quality raw materials, primarily iron ore, coal, and other alloying elements. These materials are fed into the blast furnace or electric arc furnace (EAF) to produce steel. The quality of raw materials significantly impacts the final product.

2. Melting and Refining

The selected raw materials are melted in a furnace. In modern steelmaking, this typically involves:

Blast Furnace: Used to produce pig iron, which is then converted into steel.

Electric Arc Furnace (EAF): Scrap steel is used as the primary raw material, melted by electric arcs.

After melting, the steel is refined by removing impurities such as sulfur, phosphorus, and carbon to obtain a cleaner, purer steel composition.

3. Casting

Once the steel has been refined, it is cast into billets or blooms using a continuous casting process. This process involves pouring molten steel into molds, where it solidifies into rough shapes. The size of the billets is crucial because it influences the final diameter of the TMT bars.

4. Rolling (Deformation)

The solidified billets are then reheated and passed through a series of rollers in the rolling mill. This process is called rolling and it progressively reduces the size of the billets while shaping them into long, cylindrical bars.

The temperature during rolling is crucial, as it determines the steel's properties. The temperature needs to be maintained within specific limits to ensure that the bars have the right mechanical properties (strength, flexibility, etc.).

5. Thermo-Mechanical Treatment (TMT) Process

This is the core step that differentiates TMT bars from conventional steel bars. TMT bars undergo a specialized heat treatment process that involves:

Reheating: After the bars are rolled to the desired diameter, they are reheated to a high temperature (around 1000–1100°C) in a controlled environment.

Quenching: The hot bars are rapidly cooled using water in a process called quenching. This sudden cooling hardens the outer surface of the bars, creating a strong, wear-resistant outer layer. The inner core of the bars, however, remains comparatively softer and more ductile. This unique combination of a hard outer layer and a soft core gives TMT bars their high strength and ductility.

Tempering: After quenching, the bars are passed through a process known as tempering, where they are slowly cooled in the air or through other controlled cooling techniques. This helps to reduce internal stresses, refine the microstructure, and enhance the toughness and flexibility of the bars.

6. Cooling

Once the bars have been quenched and tempered, they are allowed to cool to room temperature. The cooling process ensures that the outer layer becomes very hard (martensite) while the core remains relatively softer (pearlite), providing the bar with the perfect balance of strength and flexibility.

7. Cutting and Final Inspection

After cooling, the TMT bars are cut into the required lengths. These bars are then subjected to rigorous quality checks to ensure they meet industry standards. Tests may include:

Tensile strength tests

Bend tests

Surface quality checks

Chemical composition analysis

Any defects such as cracks, rust, or surface irregularities are identified and discarded.

8. Packaging and Dispatch

The final product is then packed according to specifications, which may include bundling the bars in coils or straight lengths. Packaging protects the bars from damage during transport and makes them easier to handle and store.

Key Features of TMT Bars

High Strength: Due to the rapid cooling process (quenching), the outer surface of TMT bars becomes hard, providing strength and high tensile properties.

Ductility: The core remains relatively soft, allowing the bar to bend without breaking under stress, making it ideal for construction in earthquake-prone areas.

Corrosion Resistance: The TMT bars have a tough outer layer, which offers excellent resistance to corrosion, making them more durable than other types of reinforcement bars.

Weldability: TMT bars can be easily welded, which is important for construction applications.

Conclusion

The process of making quality TMT bars involves careful control at every stage, from raw material selection to the final inspection of the bars. The key to producing high-quality TMT bars lies in the thermo-mechanical treatment process, which ensures that the bars possess superior strength, flexibility, and resistance to wear and corrosion.

[freerangecatmilk-blog]

I take a materials course in mech engi and when we're were going over a phase diagram of steel amd the TA kept saying shit like "austenite" or "pearlite" like they're real and not straight from the newest minecraft update wiki

To note, I love the two TA's, they're really nice and patient with us and our awful questions