#oil prepress

[meigemeige]

S.TAZJ603500 (GIL-450) textile transfer paper (film) gravure printing machine

Multi unit high-speed transfer paper gravure printing.

High printing speed and large output, suitable for transfer printing production technology.

Suitable for oil-based and water-based ink printing.

Automatic retraction, cutting, and material replacement, continuous printing.

Computer overprinting, observing printing quality in still images.

Zhejiang Meige Machinery Co., Ltd., founded in 1999 and located in Lin'an District. Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, is a national high-tech enterprise specializing in the research and development of intelligent and automated series gravure printing machines and the production and sales of prepress and post-press supporting equipment. After more than 20 years of development and technology accumulation, a variety of series of products have been formed. S.TAZJ603500 (GIL-450) textile transfer paper (film) gravure printing machine Manufacturers and Company in China. 

International Business Manager Chen +86-13757197838 After-sale Service +86-13819125977 Marketing Department Service Desk +86-0571-61071715 Send Email sales@zjmeige.com Visit Now No.32 Wujiatou, Qingke Village, Jincheng Street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province

[artimpel]

Printing & Packaging Company in Bangladesh.

Artimpel is the leading Printing & Packagfing Company in Bangladesh. Hear you can get the professional Printing Service with affordable cost.

What in Offset Printing ?

This summer, we’re publishing a sequence of posts explaining special sorts of printing processes. In this post, we overview the fundamentals of offset printing (also recognized as offset lithography). Offset lithography is the fundamental approach used to print longer runs of magazines, books, manuals, brochures, direct-mail pieces, letterhead, posters, and paper-based labels and packaging. Because of the constant expenses worried with putting up every job for offset printing, the price of every replica in a 250-copy order will be greater than the fee of every piece in a 10,000-copy job. How It Works Offset lithography is a multi-step procedure that makes use of etched steel plates, water-repellent (e.g. oil-based) inks, water, blanket cylinders, and influence cylinders. The plates are created so that oily inks adhere solely to the parts of the plate that include the photos and text. A skinny movie of water over the clean areas of the plate repels the oil-based inks. The ink on the plates is first transferred to a rubber-wrapped “blanket” cylinder. The ink reaches the paper when the inked blanket cylinder rolls over the paper. Many presses used affect cylinders to follow strain to the paper as the ink is being utilized to the paper surface. Impression cylinders additionally assist cross the sheets thru the presses.

Prepress Before a print job can go to an offset press the web page designs created on a laptop need to be separated via the sorts of inks that will be used to make up every page. For years, a photo-engraving procedure uncovered color-separated motion pictures onto photosensitive plates. Today, computer-to-plate (CTP) structures use digitally managed laser engraving structures to etch the imaging facts from digital archives onto aluminum plates. CTP structures have decreased the time and fee worried in placing up offset-printing jobs and making last-minute revisions to the plates. The prepress manner for offset printing regularly consists of extra difficult proofing methods, such as imposition proofs that allow customers to take a look at that all of the pages of a posted journal will show up in the favored sequence. Offset Inks A massive range of inks are reachable solely for use with distinctive kinds of offset presses. Colors: In addition to the 4 technique colorations (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black), press operators can use inks that healthy a client’s exact Pantone manufacturer colors. Formulations: Some offset inks use plant-derived oils such as soya oil or linseed oil to raise the pigment. Other inks use water-repellant fluids made with artificial chemical mixtures. . Special Properties: Some offset inks are formulated to trade the overall performance of the ink on the paper. For instance, prints can be made with such as color-changing (thermochromatic) inks, steel inks, magnetic inks, or UV-curing inks. . Polymer-based inks that remedy when uncovered to UV-LED mild are famous due to the fact they allow proprietors of sheetfed presses to make immediately dry prints. They don’t want to use warmness or spray-on powders to speed up the on-press drying process. With efficaciously formulated UV-LED inks and the suitable UV-LED curing units, sheetfed offset presses can print on paperboards for packaging, non-porous artificial sheets, foil-laminated sheets, plastic sheets, and a higher vary of card and label stocks.

In Conclution I want to say, Offset printing is a biggest way to run your business without hesitation. Ari Impel ofers all finds of printing & packaging services in bangladesh.

if you nedd high quality printing services, please fel free to contuct with us..

[flyerkerlon]

Screen printing emulsion sheets

Screen printing emulsion sheets how to#

If time is short, a hair dryer is typically used to speed up the drying process. The trusty old fan has been used for years, and a thick layer of dust coats the blades. After coating, screens are leaned against the side of the tub with a fan blowing on them. The shower curtain has been replaced with a piece of black plastic to protect the screens from light exposure when they are in the tub.įor coating, a coating trough with a smooth, nick-free edge is used to apply freshly mixed dual-cure emulsion onto properly stretched screens. When the room is used for other purposes, coated screens are stored in the bathtub (which also serves as the developing and screen washout/reclaiming area). Still, the screenmaker needs to see what he's doing, so the bathroom door is left slightly ajar to allow a small amount of light into the room. Coating occurs with the bathroom's fluorescent lights turned off, because everyone knows that light will expose the emulsion. Screens are made in a bathroom converted for the purpose. Consider the following scenarios.Ī screen printing business operates in a small crowded shop. But because it appears so simple, many printers tend to gloss over the factors that lead to a correctly dried screen. Screen drying is a basic prepress step that seems like a no-brainer on the surface. In no time, you will have the fire department visiting you, and not for cake and coffee.ĭrying a screen is not unlike baking a cake. You don't have to be a pastry chef to know what will happen. Instead of following the directions, you decide to spread the batter out over a cookie sheet and bake it at 650☏ for only 20 min. Say you're in a hurry, though, so you try to speed up the process. A piece of cake, so to speak.Īs long as you follow directions, the cake is likely to turn out fine-not too dry and not too moist. Have you ever baked a cake? It's easy! Just rip open a box of cake mix, dump it into a bowl, add some water, an egg, and some oil, then stir it around a bit, pour it into a cake pan, and bake it for 40 min at 325☏.

Screen printing emulsion sheets how to#

In this comprehensive article, Mick covers these procedures and conditions and how to implement them correctly in your operation.ĭrying a Screen for Screen Printing is Like Baking a Cake It requires attention to the coating process, understanding of common drying procedures, and knowledge of the conditions that must be present in order to achieve reliable coated screens on a consistent basis. Screen drying involves more than just making sure emulsion is dry to the touch. Just like baking a cake, drying a screen requires that you follow a specific recipe. By Mick Orr, Applications Training Specialist for Chromaline

[zainabk-grad505]

Week 3: Printing & Making Processes Mood Board

FIVE PRINTING AND MAKING PROCESSES OF THE 20TH CENTURY

Sculpting - Sculpting is an art practice in which materials such as stone and clay were carved and modelled to create specific forms/figures. However, since the progression of modernism in the 20th century, this practice and its materials has since become more flexible. For example, notable artists such as Picasso revolutionised this practice by taking inspiration from Cubism, and combining existing objects and materials together - essentially a 3D collage. As a result of instances like this, sculpting has become a more diverse and liberated practice for modern artists to experiment with.

Weaving - Weaving is a process where different yarns or threads are interlaced to form a fabric, being one prominent method of textile production. In the 20th century, popular textile artists such as Anni Albers took inspiration from the Bauhaus movement. Rather than crafting ‘images’ through weaving, she explored different possibilities with the use of composition and vivid colours. Today, textiles are able to be produced with machinery, and the quality of materials has been improved over time for commercialisation. 

Screen Printing - Screen printing is a process where a layer of ink is placed over a screen to produce an image. This type of printing allows for the use of different printing surfaces and materials. For example, in 1907, using silk as a printing surface was successful in creating commericalised wallpaper. In recent years, screen printing is a popular and cost effective method that is utilised in many industries, as it is simple and uses a thicker layer of ink compared to traditional printing.

Xerography - Xerography is a type of printing that was invented in 1947 by the company Xerox, being the first commercialised dry photocopying technique. This process included transferring photographs onto plain, uncoated pieces of paper to make copies. This type of printing was revolutionary during its time, as one of its main benefits was the lack of liquid chemicals, meaning the copies were ready instantly. In recent times, printers have become more versatile and are able to print, scan, and photocopy simultaneously.

Offset Printing - Offset printing (1904) is a technique in which an inked image (’offset’) is transferred from a plate to a rubber blanket, then the printing surface. Combined with the lithographic process (oil and water combination), ink rollers applied ink to the ‘image’ areas, and water rollers applied water film to the ‘non-image’ areas. However in the 20th century as photography and related technology developed, lithography inevitably became obsolete. In modern offset printing, one of the main functions is prepress production, where files are converted to CMYK, and separate plates for each colour run on the press.

SOURCES ↓

Susan Delson. (2018, October 5). Weaving the Twentieth Century. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/weaving-the-twentieth-century-1538662628

Prepressure. (n.d.). The history of print from 1900 to 1949. https://www.prepressure.com/printing/history/1900-1949

Offset Printing. (2022, March 30). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offset_printing

Paul Salmon. (2016, September 19). Everything You Need To Know About Screen Printing. Technically Easy. https://technicallyeasy.net/everything-need-know-screen-printing/

Pamono. (n.d.). Godefroy Engelmann, View of Rome, Offset Print, Early 20th Century. https://www.pamono.eu/godefroy-engelmann-view-of-rome-offset-print-early-20th-century

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2018). Xerox. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Xerox-Corporation

Laurel Bouye. (2021, October 21). 10 Iconic 20th Century Sculptures. KazoArt. https://www.kazoart.com/blog/en/ten-iconic-20th-century-sculptures/

Chloe-Jane Good. (2019, January 18). In Focus: The mesmerising work of Anni Albers, the Bauhaus graduate who turned weaving into fine art. Country Life. https://www.countrylife.co.uk/luxury/art-and-antiques/focus-mesmerising-work-anni-albers-bauhaus-graduate-turned-weaving-fine-art-191299

Edward Noah Abrahart. (2021). Textile. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/textile/The-modern-textile-industry

Xerography. (2021, April 8). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerography

[edibleoilextractionplant]

Automatic sunflower oil processing machine for sale

utomatic sunflower oil processing machine  is used to process sunflower seeds to edible oil. We have two methods to process sunflower seeds to oil, one is mechanical press method , the other is solvent extraction method.

We have three kinds production line:

Automatic sunflower oil press line.

Automatic sunflower oil solvent extraction line.

Automatic sunflower oil refinery line.

About the details , welcome to contact us.

Basic information about sunflower seeds:

Sunlower is high oil-content crop, mainly has two types: oil-sunflower and edible sunflower. Shell content of oil-sunflower is 29%-30%. And the seeds contents 40%-50% oil. In order to improve oil yielding rate and obtain high quality sunflower seed oil, the raw material should be treated as following processes: pretreatment, prepressing, extracting and refining.

Basic information about automatic sunflower oil processing machine

1.Pretreatment and prepress.

Brief processes:

Raw material--Magnitic seperating--Metal impurities--Cleaning--Other impurities--Husking--Sunflower seed hull--Cooking--Prepressing--Crude oil--Sunflower seed cake--Extracting Workshop

Functions of main parts:

Magnitic seperating:In order to remove the metal impurities, so that can prevent damaging the equipment and occuring safety accidents.

Cleaning: To remove the imourities in the raw matrial such as soil, stem and leaf, hull and moldy seeds.

Husking: In order to improve the oil yielding rate and the quality of crude oil and meal, reduce the wear to the equipment, the hull must be removed.

Cooking: This processing can improve prepressing oil yielding rate and the quality of the cake, adjust the moisture, temperature and plasticity of the flake.

Prepressing:To squeeze out part of the oil in the raw material, and improve extracting effect.

[Related reading: sunflower oil pretreatmnet and pressing machine]

Pictures of prepress machines for sunflower oil press machine:

2.Solvent Extracting:

Brief processes:

Fresh Solvent--Cake--Extracting--Wet Meal--Desolventising--Meal--Miscella--Evaporating and stripping--Solvent mixture--Condensing and Recovering--Crude Oil--Solvent Recycling--Refining Workshop.

Functions of main parts:

Extracting:To extract the oil in the cake by solvent, the general solvent is 6# extraction solvent oil or commercial hexane.

Desolventising:To remove and recover the solvent in the meal; Dry and cool down the meal at the same time.

Evaporating and stripping:Heating the the miscella by indirect steam, so that can vaporize the solvent and concentrate the miscella.

Solvent recycling: This process is to recover the solvent, decrease solvent comsuption, keep safety prodution and improve product quality.

[Related reading: Sunflower oil solvent extraction plant]

Picture of solvent extraction machines:

3.Refining step of sunflower oil processing machine

Brief processes:

Crude Oil--Hot water--Degumming--Oil Foot--Alkali liquor--Deacidfying--Soap Stock--Activeted Clay--Decoloring --Waste Clay--Deodorizing--Dewaxing--Wax--Refined Oil

Functions of main parts:

Degumming:To remove the colloid soluble impurities, and prepare for the subsequent refining process.

Deacidfying:To remove the free fatty acid in the crude oil.

Decoloring: To remove the pigment in the crude oil by adding active clay, so that can improve the oil quality.

Deodorizing:To remove the odor in the oil, so that can improve the flavor, stability, color and quality of the oil.

Dewaxing: To renmove the wax in the oil and improve the quality of the oil.

[Related reading: Sunflower oil refinery plant]

Pictures of refinery line:

Contact information:

http://www.edibleoilextractionmachine.com

whatsapp/wechat/mobile: +86 13526627860

Email: oilmachine@doinggroup.com

[myoilpress-blog]

Rapeseed Oil Press Machine

Points for attention before pressing of rapeseed oil press machine:

1. Pretreatment of rapeseed

Pretreatment includes crushing, steaming and peeling. The purpose of rapeseed peeling is to remove the main fiber and pigment body, otherwise, it will reduce the feeding value of the seed cake. Leather, on the other hand, is good for solvent penetration. (the leaching can improve the porosity of the blank). In theory, peeling (that is, removing 15 percent of the material) will increase leaching equipment capacity by 15 percent. Remove these black skins before leaching and the oil is lighter. The dry peeling of rapeseed can adopt different technologies, such as pneumatic impact, cracking between rolls or deformation cracking. The deformation cracking effect is the best and oil loss rate is the lowest.

 2. Use rapeseed to make oil

Rapeseed is first rolled to destroy the seed layer and rupture the oil cells. The steam stir-fry can rupture the remaining intact cells, improve the oil bead aggregation, increase the fluidity and passivate the enzyme, especially the mustard enzyme. Put stock in steaming in the frying pan, steaming Fried within 77 ~ 100 ℃ 15 ~ 20 min (depending on the rapeseed varieties). In most cases, the oil content can be reduced from 42% to 16% ~ 20% by pre-pressing the rolled and steamed blanks. This prepress process compresses the fine seed cake into a large sheet. The seed cake was leached with hexane solvent to extract most of the remaining oil. Puts leaching pulp steamed off-line (DT) with steam spray treatment of 30 min (temperature is 100 ~ 130 ℃), thereby removing hexane, improve the quality of meal nutrition (by removing volatile mustard glucoside).

http://www.myoilpress.com/oil-press-machine-by-raw-materials/rapeseed-oil-press-machine.html

[ordant-blog]

What is offset printing?

This summer, we’re publishing a series of posts explaining different types of printing processes. In this post, we review the basics of offset printing (also known as offset lithography).

Offset lithography is the primary method used to print longer runs of magazines, books, manuals, brochures, direct-mail pieces, letterhead, posters, and paper-based labels and packaging.

Because of the fixed costs involved with setting up each job for offset printing, the cost of each copy in a 250-copy order will be higher than the cost of each piece in a 10,000-copy job.

How It Works

Offset lithography is a multi-step process that uses etched metal plates, water-repellent (e.g. oil-based) inks, water, blanket cylinders, and impression cylinders.

The plates are created so that oily inks adhere only to the portions of the plate that contain the images and text. A thin film of water over the blank areas of the plate repels the oil-based inks.

The ink on the plates is first transferred to a rubber-wrapped “blanket” cylinder. The ink reaches the paper when the inked blanket cylinder rolls over the paper.

Many presses used impression cylinders to apply pressure to the paper as the ink is being applied to the paper surface. Impression cylinders also help move the sheets through the presses.

The offset printing process requires making separate plates and blanket rollers for each color of ink that will be used.  

Different variations of presses, plates, and inks are used for different run lengths and substrate requirements. For example, some presses may print millions of copies of a magazine. Other presses may print 250 large sheets that will be folded to make multi-page brochures.

Web Press: These printers automatically feed wide rolls of paper from one ink station to another until the appropriate about of ink is applied to each page. Web presses are typically used to print 10,000 or more copies of multi-page documents such as magazines, books, and catalogs.  

In coldset web offset, the ink is fixed by absorption into the paper. In heatset web offset, ink is fixed by absorption into the paper plus evaporation at high temperatures. Heatset web offset presses are four to five times faster than sheetfed presses and typically include inline folding equipment.

Sheetfed Press: This type of offset printing equipment feeds flat pre-cut sheets through the press. Speeds range from 5,000 to 20,000 sheets per hour. Sheetfed presses can handle a wider range of substrate types and thicknesses than web presses. Smaller sheetfed presses can handle papers as small as 4 x 6 inches. Larger presses can handle sheets up to 40 in. x 26 in.  

Larger sheet sizes are typically referred to as “parents” because each sheet holds multiple pages of a book or manual. The page layouts on each parent sheet (“signatures”) may have 4, 8, or 12 book pages on each side. The pages must be laid out in a proper “imposition” so that the pages will appear in the proper sequence when the pages are trimmed, folded, and bound.

A Perfecting Press can print on both sides of the paper automatically. All web presses are perfecting presses. But not all sheetfed presses are built to print on both sides automatically.

Prepress

Before a print job can go to an offset press the page designs created on a computer must be separated by the types of inks that will be used to make up each page.

For years, a photo-engraving process exposed color-separated films onto photosensitive plates. Today, computer-to-plate (CTP) systems use digitally controlled laser engraving systems to etch the imaging data from digital files onto aluminum plates.

CTP systems have reduced the time and expense involved in setting up offset-printing jobs and making last-minute revisions to the plates.

The prepress process for offset printing often includes more elaborate proofing methods, such as imposition proofs that enable buyers to check that all of the pages of a published magazine will appear in the desired sequence.

Offset Inks

A large variety of inks are available exclusively for use with different types of offset presses.

Colors: In addition to the four process colors (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black), press operators can use inks that match a client’s specified Pantone brand colors.

Formulations: Some offset inks use plant-derived oils such as soy oil or linseed oil to carry the pigment. Other inks use water-repellant fluids made with synthetic chemical mixtures.

Special Properties: Some offset inks are formulated to change the performance of the ink on the paper. For instance, prints can be made with such as color-changing (thermochromatic) inks, metallic inks, magnetic inks, or UV-curing inks.

Polymer-based inks that cure when exposed to UV-LED light are popular because they enable owners of sheetfed presses to make instantly dry prints. They don’t need to use heat or spray-on powders to accelerate the on-press drying process.

With correctly formulated UV-LED inks and the proper UV-LED curing units, sheetfed offset presses can print on paperboards for packaging, non-porous synthetic sheets, foil-laminated sheets, plastic sheets, and a greater range of card and label stocks.

Substrates

Thanks to innovations in offset inks and substrates, offset printing can print on a wide range of smooth and textured papers, paperboards, tear-resistant synthetic papers, and various plastics used in gift cards, bags, packaging, and envelopes. Some of the specialty materials available for offset printing include security papers, carbonless papers for business forms, and metal-laminated papers with silver and gold foils.  

Web offset presses primarily print on the inexpensive coated and uncoated papers needed to control the costs of high volumes of books, manuals, magazines, and catalogs But these papers must be strong enough to withstand roll-to-roll high-speed printing. Most of the specialty materials are designed for use on sheetfed presses.  

Finishing Processes

The type of finishing equipment used depends on the type and volumes of publications, direct mail pieces, manuals, stationery, or packaging being produced.

Finishing equipment includes devices for trimming and cutting the paper, or folding, binding, hole-punching, varnishing, laminating, or die-cutting printed sheets. Some printed sheets may be foil stamped, perforated, embossed, glued, or inserted into envelopes for mailing. Some finishing equipment makes it possible to apply clear UV-curable inks for added durability or decorative effects.

Trends

As digital printing technologies have improved, so has the efficiency of offset printing. Manufacturers of offset printing equipment have developed prepress processes, software, and consumables that enable offset presses to produce more fast-turnaround, shorter-run print jobs. Press manufacturers such as Heidelberg are developing systems that allow more steps in the offset printing and finishing process to be handled without any intervention by a human press operator.

The next wave of major innovations for offset printing is likely to preview at the drupa global print show June 16-26, 2020 in Dusseldorf, Germany.

Follow Us on Social Media

In upcoming posts in this series, we’ll discuss the basics of screen printing, flexography, and other types of analog processes. Then, we’ll dive into the different methods of digital printing. To wrap up this series, we’ll review the strengths and limitations of these different types of printing, provide useful glossaries, and talk about pricing models. Follow Ordant on LinkedIn, Facebook, or Twitter to learn when the next post in this series is published.   Related Posts: What is Screen Printing? What is Flexographic Printing?

[sukoptfe-blog]

Molding method for PTFE by mould pressing

The crystallization melting point of PTFE is 327℃, but the resin cannot be in the melting state until it is above 380℃, and the melt viscosity is as high as 1 010 Pa*S. In addition, PTFE has strong solvent resistance. Therefore, it can neither melt processing method, can not be dissolved processing method, usually the production of its products can only be like metal and ceramic processing - sample, first powder compaction, then sintering and mechanical processing, or through extrusion molding, isotactic pressing molding, coating molding and calendering molding and other ways of processing.

1.  Molding

Molding is currently the most widely used molding method for PTFE. Molding technology is a certain molding materials (powder, granule, fibrous material, etc.) into the metal mold, in - - fixed temperature, pressure - - a method of forming. Molded polymers are not limited by their molecular weight, and almost all plastics can be molded. The main features of molding are; Low cost, simple equipment, low investment, not limited by the molecular weight of the processed plastics; The disadvantages are low production efficiency, high labor intensity and unstable product quality. PTFE is of high molecular weight and extremely poor fluidity. When other processing methods are not mature, PTFE products are mainly processed by molding all over the world.

In the molding can be subdivided into five methods according to the difference of specific process: (1) pressing - sintering a pressing method (also known as free sintering method);(2) sintering - pressing method;(3) rapid heating a pressing method;(5) simultaneous pressing and sintering method.

2.  Hydroform method

Hydraulic pressure method, also known as equalization method, isobaric pressure method or rubber molding method, is to add PTFE resin evenly between the bag and the mold wall, and then to the bag into the liquid (commonly used water), the pressure of the rubber bag to the mold wall expansion, compacting the resin and become a preformed product - a method. This method can be used to manufacture large-volume sleeve, bottom storage tank, hemispheric shell, tower column, large slab, etc., as well as complex products with PTFE composite structure, such as tee, elbow and profile. The main advantages of hydraulic molding are the simple structure of the equipment and mould - a common water pump replaces the high-tonnage press, and the products are compressed evenly and densely - resulting in the manufacture of large components, complex shapes and simple lining structure.

3.       Push molding

Push pressure is also known as paste extrusion molding, 20-30 mesh sieve of disperse resin and organic additives (toluene, petroleum ether, solvent oil, ratio of resin weight of 1/5) mixed into a paste, prepress into thick wall cylindrical blank, then put into the push press machine barrel, under heating with the plunker push molding. After drying and sintering at temperature of 360~380°C, strong and tough push and pressure tube and bar products are obtained after cooling. The pushing and pressing products are limited to the rod with diameter of 16mm or less and the pipe with wall thickness of 3mm or less.

4.       Spiral extrusion molding

The screw extruder of PTFE powder is different from the extruder used by other thermoplastic plastics. The extrusion molding of ordinary thermoplastic plastics is to push the material forward with the help of screw rotation, and meanwhile to compress, shear and mix the material. The material is also melted by the heat generated by shear force and the external heating of the material cylinder. However, the screw of PTFE extruder only plays the role of conveying and pushing, so that the material passes through the head of a single-screw extruder with double-head thread and the same pitch and depth, and then enters into the mouth mold for sintering and cooling, and forms with the pressure provided by the counter-pressure device to achieve the continuous purpose. It is often difficult to process PTFE by single screw extruder. The low friction coefficient of PTFE powder causes skidding during the feeding process, which greatly reduces the conveying capacity of the screw. And because of friction heat, may also make powder adhesion to the screw or barrel, making the feeding more difficult and unstable.

In recent years, twin-screw has also been applied in processing materials of this special nature. Its feeding principle is different from that of single-screw extruder, and it has a positive transport function, which can overcome the sliding problem of UHMWPE powder in the screw and greatly improve the feeding capacity of the screw. The counter-rotating twin-screw extruder has better mixing and homogenization effect than the same-direction twin-screw extruder, but due to its larger separation force, the shearing action at the gap of the screw is larger, which causes the material to overheat, and the molecular weight of the extruder can drop by about 40%.If the gap is large and the screw is not engaged, the material will stick to the hot metal. However, the use of the same rotation of the twin screw extruder, there is no such problem. Material in the extruder by the shearing action of smaller, plasticizing the required quantity of heat, all from plus heat source, and thus can be precise control, which can make the material in the extrusion process to minimize heat degradation, at the same time in order to maintain the material flow of normal and stable in the nose, the nose section size of design should be compatible with the volume of a screw conveying material. Screw speed is not fast, generally about 10 revolutions per minute. In order to avoid material suddenly sticking to the metal surface, the extrusion temperature must be strictly controlled.

5.        Plunger extrusion molding

Plunger extrusion processing plastic, plastic processing is a relatively ancient method, since the emergence of this material, people began to use this method to process plastic. PTFE is processed with a plunger extruder by pressing the quantitative resin into the inlet mold, making the plunger reciprocate and pressing it into a preformed product. So back and forth, in the mouth mold to form a multi - stage pre - molding products. Due to the friction between PTFE resin and the friction between PTFE resin and the mold wall, and the volume expansion of the preformed product during sintering in the mold, the preformed product is sintered and cooled into a continuous whole under pressure. The advantages of this method are as follows: no shearing occurs in the molding process, the relative molecular weight decreases less, the product quality is good, and is not limited by the relative molecular weight. However, due to the small contact area between raw materials and heating parts in the extrusion process, the heating efficiency is low, which limits the extrusion speed.

6.        Other processing methods;

PTFE can also be processed by injection molding, calendering molding, coating molding or secondary molding.

[htoilmachine]

Cottonseed Oil Extraction Plant

Introduction to Cottonseed Oil Extraction Plant

Cottonseed oil extraction plant adopts solvent extraction method to extract cottonseed oil. The cottonseed oil plant includes cottonseeds pretreatment and prepressing workshop, cottonseed cake solvent extraction workshop and crude cottonseed oil refinery plant. The residual oil rate in the cottonseed meal is lower than 1%. Cottonseeds contain a toxic pigment which called gossypol, of which the content is 0.15%-1.8%. Cottonseed kernels contain 0.5%-2.5% of gossypol. After processed by the cottonseed oil refinery plant, the gossypol content in the oil is less than 0.01%. The products of the cottonseed oil processing plant are cottonseed oil, cottonseed meal, cottonseed hull, and soapstock.

Features of Cottonseed Oil Processing Plant

1. Cottonseed oil mill plant has high automation degree, continuous operation, saving labor. 2. The pre-pressed cake has low residual oil rate and is easy for solvent penetration. 3. Cottonseed oil extraction plant has multiple oil extractors for selection and advanced mineral oil system. 4. Adopting negative pressure evaporation system, saving energy and reducing steam consumption. 5. Low residual oil rate in the meal, good oil, and meal quality.

The Process of Cottonseed Oil Plant

Section I:  Cottonseeds Pretreatment and Prepressing Workshop

1. Cottonseeds Delinting 2. Cottonseed Cleaning 3. Cottonseed Dehulling 4. Kernel and Hull Separation 5. Flaking 6. Cooking 7. Prepressing 8. Filtration If your cottonseeds are with lint, then you need to add cottonseed delinting machine in the cottonseed oil plant.

Section II: Cottonseed Cake Solvent Extraction Workshop

Oil Extraction Oil extraction is using the organic solvent to extract oil from the pre-pressed cake inside the oil extractor. Multiple oil extractors such as loop type extractor, rotocel extractor and towline extractor can be used for the cottonseed oil extraction plant. After oil extraction, miscella and the solvent containing wet meal are obtained. The miscella is pumped into the hydrocyclone to remove the fines and then the miscella enters the miscella tank in the cottonseed oil extraction plant.

Wet Meal Desolventizing The wet meal from the oil extractor enters the DTDC desolventizing the cottonseed oil extraction plant.After pre-desolventizing, desolventizing, drying, and cooling, the solvent is removed and the dry meal is obtained and sent to the meal storehouse for packaging. There is automatic feed valve on the desolventizing layer to keep constant material level. Evaporating and Stripping The miscella in the miscella tank enters the first long tube evaporator, the second long tube evaporator and the disk stripping column to remove the solvent. The whole system works under negative pressure. The crude oil obtained goes to the cottonseed oil refinery plant. d. Solvent recovery: The solvent vapor enters the condensing system. The solvent recycled enters the solvent holding tank for circulation. The wastewater is discharged into the water seal tank. The vent gas in the cottonseed oil extraction plant enters the mineral oil system for further recovery of solvent. Solvent recovery can reduce solvent consumption and ensure safe production.

Section III: Crude Cottonseed Oil Refinery Plant

1. Degumming Phospholipids are easy to adsorb bleaching clay and reduce bleaching effect. Meanwhile, the gossypol in the crude oil can react with phospholipids to form bound gossypol which can’t be removed. By degumming, the filtered cottonseed oil is preheated and phosphoric acid is added to change nonhydratable phospholipids into hydratable phospholipids. 2. De-acidification Cottonseed oil is mixed with alkali which reacts with free fatty acids to form soapstocks. The mixture is centrifuged to separate the soapstocks from oil. The soapstocks have strong adsorbability and can adsorb some pigment, protein, phospholipids, mucilage and other impurities. The free gossypol also reacts with alkali to form the salt, which is adsorbed on the soapstocks to be removed. The oil is washed with hot water to remove the residual soapstocks. The wastewater is separated from the oil in a second centrifuge. The oil is then dehydrated under vacuum. 3. Bleaching The degummed and neutralized oil is mixed with bleaching earth and then the mixture is sent into the bleaching tower in the cottonseed oil refinery plant. By heating under vacuum, the residual gossypol and other pigments in the oil are adsorbed on the clay. The mixture from the bleaching tower is pumped into the leaf filter to remove the waste clay. 4. Deodorization The bleached oil is pumped into the deodorization tower in the cottonseed oil refinery plant to remove the free fatty acids and odor substances so that to improve the flavor, stability, color, and quality of the oil. The deodorization process is performed under high temperature and high vacuum. 5. Cottonseed Oil Fractionation Plant

Cottonseed oil fractionation plant can obtain liquid oil and solid fat by cooling crystallization and solid-liquid separation. The plant has the features of advanced technology, fully automatic, high liquid oil yield and high solid fat purity. Cottonseed oil contains a fair amount of saturated fatty acid and thus has a high melting point. At low temperature, part of triacylglycerol crystallized and precipitated, which restricts the application, transportation and trade of cottonseed oil. By cottonseed oil fractionation, liquid oil and solid fat are obtained. The liquid oil can be used to make mayonnaise and salad dressing. The solid fat can be used for the manufacturing of frying oi, margarine, shortening, cocoa butter substitute, etc. Read the full article

[williamhomet-blog]

book printing

Before we go on to extol the virtues and to scrutinize the weakness of these two printing technologies, let us first take a look at their background and the process they undergo. Knowing just what offset printing and digital printing can offer can variably affect the results we want to see.

An Overview on Digital and Offset Printing

o The digital printing is a more recent technology and is said to be the successor of offset printing. It uses the computer technology that transforms data into electric signals the computers translate into understandable commands. The computer transfers these data electronically to the printer. The result is rich photographic quality prints without the use of plates.

o Offset, on the other hand, also involves digital technology but still involves a different process. It relies on the science that water and oil do not mix. This makes for accurate prints that are run through different rollers under different color towers.

o A number of plates are also used to produce the final colorful design on the flyers. All of these are not present in digital printing.

Speed

o Most of the things digital printing can do, an offset printing can likewise do. But one of the advantages of digital printing is speed. The ink is already dry as soon as the printer stops printing. book printing  This means, the print out can be cut and bound in a matter of a few minutes.

o Another important process is that it skips the process of plate-making, allowing a drastic reduction in printing time. This is important in urgent print jobs.

o In offset printing, the ink is given time to dry, or be coated before it proceeds to cutting, sorting, and binding. When printing large quantities however, the offset printing is faster than the digital print. Whereas digital printing prints per area at a time (per line) the offset just rolls the paper through very quickly.

Volume

o Offset printing usually requires large orders to be cost-effective. It has to recoup the cost of making the plates and the prepress process. When the cost is spread over thinly, the price per unit becomes too high. When the volume involves more than a few dozens, the cost of printing offset becomes more cost-effective than digital.

o The cost of individual prints in digital printing can be relatively expensive. Printing digital is most workable when printing short runs or small orders. It is also ideal for printing individual custom made pieces, such as installations, posters for trade shows, etc.

Quality

o It used to be consensus that offset printing has a far better quality than digital prints, but recently, digital printing is catching up. While it prints with the same vibrant colors and high contrast, it is now moving towards achieving an a more accurate color palette.

o However, review of the digital ink seems to show that the digital print cracks and flakes more easily when the paper is creased. Apart from that, the offset printer shows more consistent solid screen colors.

Digital and Offset printing have their own strengths and weakness that will help businesses and individuals on different occasions. They provide for different printing needs. Most printing companies now use both printing technologies. It is best to ask your printing company for quotes on both, and consult with them which is best for a particular print job.

[expomahal-blog]

OIL &GAS INDONESIA 2019 at Indonesia(Jakarta) 2019-September

packaging machines B2B ideas, labelling machines and labels B2C opportunities, packaging materials Exhibitors Directory, logistics equipment / prepress and premedia companies contacts, printing machinery contacts list, book binding Exhibitions, paper converting Fairs, printing services business opportunities, digital printing Trade Shows, transportation Exhibitions, logistics business opportunities, packaging ?packaging (materials Business events, machinery & equipment) Fairs, living?paper & paper products contact list, printing & publishing events, machinery network, industrial technology ?other industrial machinery & equipment Exhibitors, packaging ?logistics info, storage Trade Fairs, warehousing events, industrial technology ?electric & electronics (products business, machinery) Exhibitions 2019, September, Thailand, Bangkok

PACK PRINT INTERNATIONAL - 7th International Packaging and Printing Exhibition for Asia at Thailand(Bangkok) 2019-September

PACK PRINT INTERNATIONAL - 7th International Packaging and Printing Exhibition for Asia trade show event mainly focuses on:

packaging machines directory, labelling machines and labels Exhibitors, packaging materials business opportunities, logistics equipment / prepress and premedia events, printing machinery contact info, book binding business contacts, paper converting events, printing services companies contacts, digital printing Exhibitions, transportation contact list, logistics Expos, packaging ?packaging (materials contact links, machinery & equipment) companies, living?paper & paper products Events, printing & publishing Exhibitors Directory, machinery business opportunities, industrial technology ?other industrial machinery & equipment B2B Opportunities, packaging ?logistics Business events, storage B2B ideas, warehousing Exhibitors, industrial technology ?electric & electronics (products Shows, machinery) companies

related products/services/industry/business. This trade show opens top business opportunities to exhibit products and services from packaging machines info, labelling machines and labels contacts list, packaging materials Meetings, logistics equipment / prepress and premedia companies contacts, printing machinery Fairs, book binding Events, paper converting B2C ideas, printing services B2B Opportunities, digital printing companies list, transportation Meetings, logistics companies contacts, packaging ?packaging (materials info, machinery & equipment) Meetings, living?paper & paper products B2C opportunities, printing & publishing directory, machinery Trade Fairs, industrial technology ?other industrial machinery & equipment business, packaging ?logistics Shows, storage contact links, warehousing contacts list, industrial technology ?electric & electronics (products Expos, machinery) B2B Opportunities industry.

Find More Details about PACK PRINT INTERNATIONAL - 7th International Packaging and Printing Exhibition for Asia event...

We help you to grow your business by providing the required contact details of all companies participating in this event and you can download the same data in excel format using the above links. Location of the Event:Thailand(Bangkok) Year-Month:2019-September Official Website:Event Website source https://www.expomahal.com/2019/10/oil-indonesia-2019-at-indonesiajakarta.html

[microwavedryerindustrialmic-blog]

Processing and nutrition of cottonseed oil

China is the world's largest cotton producer and consumer country, cotton seed as a by-product of cotton, the annual output of tens of millions of tons.

Cottonseeds obtained from cotton processing are mostly used for oil production in addition to seed preservation. According to 16% oil production rate and 90% utilization rate, cottonseed oil can be produced in 2009 and 2010, respectively, 1.785 million tons and 1.548 million tons (the actual production of cottonseed oil in two years is only 831,000 tons and 768,000 tons).

Microwave drying machine

Preparation of 1 cottonseed oil

1.1 extrusion expansion leaching process

Microwave drying machine technology through kneading, extrusion (heating and pressing), gluing, decompression expansion and subsequent cooling and drying, so that it becomes a kind of structured material. For example, starch gelatinization and gelatinization in cottonseed green, protein structured into a porous and solid granular "cooked green" in the subsequent leaching, greatly improving the solvent permeability and leaching speed.

In addition, the density of extruded material is significantly higher than that of green body, thus improving the treatment capacity of leaching equipment. For example, the density of cotton seed is 410 kg / m3, and the density of extruded material is 600~700 kg / m3.

1.2 prepressing leaching process

Pre pressing leaching process is the most widely used technology to prepare cottonseed oil at present. Gossypol is a kind of toxic phenolic pigment peculiar to cottonseed. gossypol content in cottonseed is 0.15% ~ 1.8% according to different cottonseed varieties and planting areas. In order to reduce the toxicity of gossypol, in the current cottonseed pre-pressing-leaching process, the steamed cottonseed with high moisture content is often used in steaming and frying of cottonseed. In the first layer of auxiliary steaming and frying pot, the wetting moisture of raw cottonseed reaches 18%-22%.

Because of the large intake of water, the phospholipids first absorb water and condense in the cake, which reduces the chance of binding with free gossypol. At this time, free gossypol and protein-forming gossypol remain in the cake. Because of the low toxicity of binding gossypol, it will not affect the feeding value of cottonseed cake, but also reduce the deepening of oil color and the free in crude oil. The content of gossypol increased the quality of wool oil.

The limited amino acid of cottonseed protein is lysine. In the process of high moisture steaming, the protein binds to free gossypol, and the active aldehyde group of gossypol and the epsilon amino group of lysine binds to form Schiff base, which makes lysine ineffective. Therefore, from the nutritional point of view, this is unfavorable to the nutritional value of cottonseed protein.

Generally speaking, cottonseed oil is a kind of high quality edible vegetable oil, which has good cooking quality and good thermal stability. Food processed with cottonseed oil has a long storage and sales period. China's cottonseed oil should have its own brand and gradually establish its own brand name.

Processing and nutrition of cottonseed oil

[doxampage]

Custom Printing: A Trip to the Modern Printing Plant

I’ve been attending press inspections at commercial printing plants for almost thirty years. Each time, I learn something new, so even now I get excited when I get a chance to go on a plant tour.

I had lunch this week with a friend of mine who is the CEO of a large, local custom printing company with a number of offices in the local DC Metropolitan area. Before we ate, we went through the new plant he and his company had just acquired (he had bought another commercial printing supplier’s business). I found it to be a most intriguing and educational experience.

What I Saw: An All-Digital Workflow

First of all, I saw relatively few people and a lot of equipment. When I started in the commercial printing field as a graphic designer and photographer, there were many more people in prepress. In the late 1980s and early ‘90s, men and women at light tables manually stripped together large negatives shot from pasted up “mechanicals.” The mechanicals held the type and patches (called windows) for the photos, and negatives for these page elements were combined into the large flats (usually a press form of eight pages for printing one side of a press sheet). Passing bright light through these negatives “burned” printing plates that could then be hung on the cylinders of offset presses.

Today, in this particular printing plant (as well as others across the country), I saw almost no one in this department because all of the manual activities were now performed on computers, and the files were directly output to platesetters. Lasers burned the images of each eight-page side of a press form right onto the plate material with no intermediate film-based step. In fact, my friend’s platesetters didn’t require chemistry to develop the plates; the printing plates could just be washed with water on press, and they would be ready to print.

Where the Most Activity Was

I saw a lot of activity in large format inkjet printing and in laser-based digital printing. Again, relatively few people operated the handful of huge flatbed and roll-fed inkjet presses. One of these was a Mimaki. It printed the large vinyl banners, building wraps, car wraps, and magnets, while another flatbed router cut out the decals, window clings, and any other irregularly shaped, digitally printed jobs. (I knew from experience that other Mimaki equipment could actually inkjet print decals and then cut irregular outlines around the printed material using the same machine.)

The router I saw could also cut thick metal letters for signage with a different cutting tool (a plotting knife was all that was needed for the vinyl, paper, plastic, and other, less rigid substrates). I noted to my friend, the CEO, that I had seen videos of lasers cutting through large format print signage, and we agreed that this seemed to be the wave of the future.

What I took away from my visit to the grand-format inkjet press room was that marketing materials were a large market segment for commercial printing sales within this company. I also saw that items such as magnets could be inexpensively printed on huge sheets of magnetic substrate that could then be easily cut down as needed. These seemed to be very popular, as were the hemmed and grommeted banners made of scrim vinyl. Clearly they could be inexpensively produced by only a few inkjet printing press operators, and these simple products could pack an effective and memorable marketing message.

Digital Flat Sheet Presses

The CEO and I then walked through a room with both a Kodak NexPress and an HP Indigo. (I’ve often written in these PIE Blog articles that I consider the HP Indigo to be a superior digital press, and clearly my friend the CEO would not have otherwise purchased it.) But it was interesting to learn that he could laminate press sheets printed on the NexPress but not press sheets produced on the HP Indigo. It was my understanding that the fuser oil used in the HP Indigo did not readily accept film lamination. I thought this was particularly interesting since I knew of (and worked with) another printer who was in fact successfully laminating Indigo press sheets. Perhaps there are differences in the laminating film used by the two vendors, or maybe there are other factors of which I am unaware. Nevertheless, this piqued my interest.

Other digital presses in this commercial printing plant were more focused on black-only text. These were also laser-based. Interestingly enough, my friend the CEO spoke of the upcoming transition from digital laser printing (also known as xerography or electrophotography) to digital inkjet printing. He noted that both web-fed (roll-fed) presses and cut sheet presses might replace the Indigo and other laser-based custom printing equipment for printed book work as well as large format graphics.

My response was to ask if the quality was there yet, in his opinion. The CEO noted that no, it wasn’t. However, most people could not tell the difference. Others thought “good enough” was good enough, as long as the marketing message came through. For high-end work, such as fashion, food, and automotive advertising, the CEO did say that higher quality (better color fidelity and higher resolution) was needed and that certain digital equipment could provide this.

Marketing Work

At this point I also found it interesting that marketing work was in such high demand. Apparently people still responded to direct mail pieces discovered in their mailbox. With hundreds of emails showing up every day in computer in-boxes, it seems that the handful of paper direct mail pieces in the physical mailbox have a more immediate appeal. They are tactile; real, as opposed to virtual (existing only on the computer screen).

This particular printer also had hybrid presses. He had mounted inkjet heads on offset presses, so it was possible to print variable data (inline, right on the offset presses) directly onto offset printed marketing materials. He also had inline inserting equipment that could collect a number of personalized, digital or hybrid-printed pieces, and insert them into a mailing envelope.

And to speed up the mailing process, the CEO had on-site US Postal Service personnel doing all of the presorting and labeling, as well as bagging, tagging, and paperwork, so the direct mail pieces could ship right from his commercial printing plant.

What I found especially interesting, though, was a room with two roll-fed, laser-based presses. A roll of printing paper went through the first, which printed one side of the paper. Then this roll fed into a second press (the exact same model). The ribbon of custom printing paper turned this way and that (using turning bars, or rollers that could reposition the moving paper at right angles).

When the paper entered the second digital laser press, the opposite side of the roll could be printed. Then the paper was wound up into another roll, a receiving roll that could then be folded, trimmed, and inserted into envelopes. To me this was especially interesting, since I had been used to either cut sheets coming off a sheetfed press or completed and folded press signatures coming off a web press, but not a roll of commercial printing paper at the delivery end of the press.

But apparently this was an efficient way to process all of this direct mail: feeding it from a roll of paper, printing it, winding it into another roll, and then finishing it (all of the sheeting, folding, and trimming steps) from a roll instead of from press sheets.

And all of this was happening on a digital level, so the printed marketing materials I was seeing could be personalized as they traveled through the two presses as a single ribbon of paper.

What You Can Learn from My Experience

Here are some thoughts:

Everything is automated. Some of the equipment needs far fewer operators than before. Other equipment can be operated remotely (with no on-site operators), except for loading and unloading the machines.

Some of the digital presses are being built onto sturdy metal frames. That is, the build quality of offset presses is being introduced into the digital presses.

Marketing is the main focus, at least in this plant. Managing databases of customers and potential customers drives the process. With this in mind, the digital marketing data and the creative art files are fed into offset or digital presses and then sent directly into the USPS mail stream.

Large format printing is also hugely popular. Marketers want to grab your attention by wrapping buildings and vehicles with their imagery and tag lines. This way they get you to see their marketing message first.

Digital inkjet is the coming wave, and it may eclipse digital laser printing.

Acceptable quality for a particular job may not be the highest possible quality. “Good enough” may be good enough. That said, for certain markets (such as fashion, food, and automotive) only perfect color matches and the highest image resolution will do.

Everything is changing at a blinding pace. Printers need to buy the latest equipment to stay competitive, but this equipment often becomes obsolete quickly. What this means is that large printers will get larger, and many smaller printers that can’t keep up will disappear.

The post Custom Printing: A Trip to the Modern Printing Plant appeared first on Printing Industry Blog.

Custom Printing: A Trip to the Modern Printing Plant published first on https://getyourprintingcompanies.tumblr.com/

[oilmachine-blog]

50-300 TPD corn germ press oil machine

1. corn germ oil pre-press process：

A. Flow Chart:

Corn germ→Cleaning →magnetic separator →metering →conditioning→flaking→  pre-pressing→ cake for extraction and crude oil directly for refinery

B. Points for corn germ oil prepress plant :

♦ Magnetic separator, vibrating screen ,destoner are used to remove different impurities inside cottonseeds depending on different specific gravity.

♦ Cooking is preparing for pre-press, normally is about 30minutes, 105-110℃

♦ Pre-pressing only part of cottonseed peanut oil machine, which will save energy consumption.

2.corn germ oil extraction process:

A. Flow chart

Pre-pressed oil cake → Extraction →wet meal → desolventizer →Cooling → dry meal for animal feed      |       Mixed oil →filter → evaporation →Crude oil

B. Points for corn germ oil extraction plant

♦ Oil extraction is using solvent to extract oil from soybean oil machine price cake inside oil extractor, which has many different types: loop type oil extractor, rotocel oil extractor, towline oil    extractor etc.

♦ Oil extraction is no smoking area, all the machines especially motors are anti-explosion.

♦ Wet meal will be dried and separated with solvent inside desolventizer , the dried meal will be packaged for sale.

♦  Mixed oil is separated with solvent by multi-effective evaporation, which has normal evapoaration and negative pressure evaporation , negative pressure evaporation is saving more energy.

♦  We offer deep processing technology of degossypolized cottonseed protein, please contact us for more information.

3.corn germ oil Refinery line:

A.Flow chart:

Degumming →Deacidification →Decoloration → Deodorization →edible oil

B. Points for corn germ oil refining plant

♦ Corn germ oil refinery can be divided into batch refining (<20t/d), semi-continuous refining (20-50 t/d) and continuous refining (>50 t/d) depending on capacity. For 30-50 t/d , you also can choose continuous refining as your own requirement.

♦ For new harvest cottonseed , the acid value of crude oil is lower and the color is lighter , which is easier for oil refinery. If  raw cottonseed is not in good quality after long storage, the acid value will be much higher and color is deeper, then maybe need twice alkali refining .

♦ Winterisation is optional depending on your requirement.

[kojakgraphics-blog]

History of printing

Printing, or the process of reproducing text and images, has a long history behind it. This page describes the evolution of print. It acts as a summary of a more elaborate description which starts here. You can also click on the title of each century to get more in-depth information. There is a separate section on the history of prepress.

3000 BC and earlier

The Mesopotamians use round cylinder seals for rolling an impress of images onto clay tablets.  In other early societies in China and Egypt, small stamps are used to print on cloth.

Second century AD

A Chinese man named Ts’ai Lun is credited with inventing paper.

Seventh century

A small book containing the text of the Gospel of John in Latin is added to the grave of Saint Cuthbert. In 1104 it is recovered from his coffin in Durham Cathedral, Britain. The Cuthbert Gospel is currently the oldest European book still in existence.

Eleventh century

A Chinese man named Pi-Sheng develops type characters from hardened clay, creating the first movable type. The fairly soft material hampers the success of this technology.

Twelfth century

Papermaking reaches Europe.

Thirteenth century

Type characters cast from metal (bronze) are developed in China, Japan and Korea. The oldest known book printed using metal type dates back to the year 1377. It is a Korean Buddhist document, called Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters.

Fifteenth century

Even though woodcut had already been in use for centuries in China and Japan, the oldest known European specimen dates from the beginning of the 15th century. Woodcut is a relief printing technique in which text and images are carved into the surface of a block of wood. The printing parts remain level with the surface while the non-printing parts are removed, typically with a knife or chisel. The wood block is then inked and the substrate pressed against the wood block. The ink that is used is made of lampblack (soot from oil lamps) mixed with varnish or boiled linseed oil.

Books are still rare since they need to be laboriously handwritten by scribes. The University of Cambridge has one of the largest libraries in Europe – constituting of just 122 books.

In 1436 Gutenberg begins work on a printing press. It takes him 4 years to finish his wooden press which uses movable metal type. Among his first publications that get printed on the new device are bibles. The first edition has 40 lines per page. A later 42-line version comes in two volumes.

In 1465 the first drypoint engravings are created by the Housebook Master, a south German artist. Drypoint is a technique in which an image is incised into a (copper) plate with a hard-pointed ‘needle’ of sharp metal or a diamond point.

In their print shop in Venice John and Wendelin of Speier are probably the first printers to use pure roman type, which no longer looks like the handwritten characters that other printers have been trying to imitate until then.

In 1476 William Caxton buys equipment from the Netherlands and establishes the first printing press in England at Westminster. The painting below depicts Caxton showing his printing press to King Edward IV.

That same year copper engravings are for the first time used for illustrations. With engravings, a drawing is made on a copper plate by cutting grooves into it.

By the end of the century, printing has become established in more than 250 cities around Europe. One of the main challenges of the industry is distribution, which leads to the establishment of numerous book fairs. The most important one is the Frankfurt Book Fair.

Sixteenth century

Aldus Manutius is the first printer to come up with smaller, more portable books. He is also the first to use Italic type, designed by Venetian punchcutter Francesco Griffo.

In 1507 Lucas Cranach invents the chiaroscuro woodcut, a technique in which drawings are reproduced using two or more blocks printed in different colors. The Italian Ugo da Carpi is one of the printers to use such woodcuts, for example in Diogenes, the work shown below.

In 1525 the famous painter, wood carver and copper engraver Albrecht Dürerpublishes ‘Unterweysung der Messung’ (A Course on the Art of Measurement), a book on the geometry of letters.

The ‘Historia Veneta’ (1551) is one of the many books of Pietro Bembo, a Venetian scholar and cardinal who is most famous for his work on the Italian language and poetry. The Bembo typeface is named after him.

Christophe Plantin is one of the most famous printers of this century. In his print shop in Antwerp, he produces fine work ornamented with engravings after Rubens and other artists. Many of his works as well as some of the equipment from the shop can be admired in the Plantin-Moretus museum.

Seventeenth century

Plantin is also the first to print a facsimile. A facsimile is a reproduction of an old book, manuscript, map, art print or other item that is as true to the original source as possible.

The word ‘not’ is accidentally left out of Exodus 20:14 in a 1631 reprint of the King James Bible. The Archbishop of Canterbury and King Charles I are not amused when they learn that God commanded Moses “Thou shalt commit adultery”. The printers, Robert Barker and Martin Lucas, are fined and have their printing license revoked. This version of the Bible is referred to as The Wicked Bible and also called the Adulterous Bible or Sinner’s Bible.

In Paris, the Imprimerie Royale du Louvre is established in 1640 at the instigation of Richelieu. The first book that is published is ‘De Imitatione Christi’ (The Imitation of Christ), a widely read Catholic Christian spiritual book that was first published in Latin around 1418.

In 1642 Ludwig von Siegen invents mezzotint, a technique to reproduce halftones by roughening a copper plate with thousands of little dots made by a metal tool with small teeth, called a ‘rocker’. The tiny pits in the plate hold the ink when the face of the plate is wiped clean.

The first American paper mill is established in 1690.

Eighteenth century

In 1710 the German painter and engraver Jakob Christof Le Blon produces the first engraving in several colors. He uses the mezzotint method to engrave three metal plates. Each plate is inked with a different color, using red, yellow and blue. Later on, he adds a fourth plate, bearing black lines. This technique helped form the foundation for modern color printing. Le Bon’s work is based on Newton’s theory, published in 1702, which states that all colors in the spectrum are composed of the three primary colors blue, yellow and red.

William Caslon is an English typographer whose foundry operates in London for over 200 years. His Caslon Roman Old Face is cut between 1716 and 1728. The letters are modeled on Dutch types but they are more delicate and not as monotonous. Caslon’s typefaces remain popular, digital versions are still available today.

The Gentleman’s Magazine is published for the first time in 1731. It is generally considered to be the first general interest magazine. The publication runs uninterrupted until 1922.

In 1732 Benjamin Franklin establishes his own printing office and becomes the publisher of the Pennsylvania Gazette. Among his publications Poor Richard’s Almanac becomes the most famous.

Alois Senefelder invents lithography in 1796 and uses it as a low-cost method for printing theatrical works. In a more refined form lithography is still the dominant printing technique today.

Another famous person from this era is Giambattista Bodoni who creates a series of typefaces that carry his name and that are still frequently used today. They are characterized by the sharp contrast between the thick vertical stems and thin horizontal hairlines.

Nineteenth century

In 1800 Charles Stanhope, the third Earl Stanhope, builds the first press which has an iron frame instead of a wooden one. This Stanhope press is faster, more durable and it can print larger sheets. A few years later another performance improvement is achieved by Friedrich Gottlob Koenig and Andreas Friedrich Bauer who build their first cylinder press. Their company is still in existence today and is known as KBA.

In 1837 Godefroy Engelmann is awarded a patent on chromolithography, a method for printing in color using lithography. Chromolithographs or chromos are mainly used to reproduce paintings. The advertisement below is from the end of the century and shows what can be achieved using this color printing technique. Another popular technique is the photochrom process, which is mainly used to print postcards of landscapes.

The Illustrated London News is the world’s first illustrated weekly newspaper. It costs five pence in 1842. A year later Sir Henry Cole commissions the English painter John Callcott Horsley to do the artwork of (arguably) the first commercial Christmas card. Around 1000 cards are printed and hand-colored. Ten of these are still in existence today.

Around the same time the American inventor Richard March Hoe builds the first lithographic rotary printing press, a press in which the type is placed on a revolving cylinder instead of a flatbed. This speeds up the printing process considerably.

The Czech painter Karel Klíč invents photogravure in 1878. This process can be used to faithfully reproduce the detail and continuous tones of photographs.

In typesetting Ottmar Mergenthaler’s 1886 invention of the Linotype composing machine is a major step forward. With this typesetter, an operator can enter text using a 90-character keyboard. The machine outputs the text as slugs, which are lines of metal type.

Lothar Meggendorfer’s International Circus is a nice example of the quality that could be achieved in those days. This pop-up book contains six pop-up scenes of circus acts, including acrobats, clowns, and daredevil riders.

In 1890 Bibby, Baron and Sons build the first flexographic press. This type of press uses the relief on a rubber printing plate to hold the image that needs to be printed. Because the ink that is used in that first flexo press smears easily, the device becomes known as Bibby’s Folly.

Twentieth century

In 1903 American printer Ira Washington Rubel is instrumental in producing the first lithographic offset press for paper. In offset presses a rubber roller transfers the image from a printing plate or stone to the substrate. Such an offset cylinder was already in use for printing on metals, such as tin.

In 1907  the Englishman Samuel Simon is awarded a patent for the process of using silk fabric as a printing screen. Screen printing quickly becomes popular for producing expensive wallpaper and printing on fabrics such as linen and silk. Screen printing had first appeared in China during the Shang Dynasty (960–1279 AD).

A few of the new press manufacturers that appear on the market are Roland(nowadays known as Man Roland) in 1911 and Komori Machine Works in 1923.

In 1915 Hallmark, founded in 1910, creates its first Christmas card. It is during this same era that magazines such as the National Geographic Magazine (1888), Life (1883, but focussing on photojournalism from 1936), Time (1923), Vogue (1892) and The Reader’s Digest (1920) starting reaching millions of readers.

Press manufacturer Koenig & Bauer launch the four-color Iris printing press in 1923. It can be used for printing banknotes. Over time security printing becomes one of the main focus points of the company.

The first commercially successful series of paperback books is published by Penguin Books in the UK in 1935. Earlier in 1931 German publisher Albatross Books had already tried to market a series of lower-priced books with a paper cover and glue binding. Penguin copied many of the concepts of their failed attempt, such as the use of color-coded covers.

In 1938 Xerography, a dry photocopying technique is invented by Chester Carlson. The first commercial xerographic copier is introduced in 1949 but it is the 1959 Xerox 914 plain paper copier that is the breakthrough.

Japanese machine tool manufacturer Shinohara Machinery Company begins manufacturing flatbed letterpress machines in 1948. A popular press from that time is the Heidelberg Tiegel. The picture below shows it being demonstrated  to German finance minister Ludwig Erhard at the first drupa trade show in 1951.

In 1967 the ISBN or International Standard Book Number started. This is a unique numeric identifier for commercial books. That same year Océ enters the office printing market with an electro-photographic process for copying documents using a special chemically-treated type of paper.

New materials like silicone make it possible for manufacturers such as Tampoprint to build more efficient presses for printing on curved surfaces. Pad printing can now be done on an industrial scale.

In the USA newspaper circulation reaches its highest level ever in 1973. It will remain fairly steady until a gradual decline sets in during the mid-’80s.

The first laser printers, such as the IBM 3800 and Xerox 9700, hit the market in 1975. They are prohibitively expensive but useful for applications such as cheque printing.

Desktop publishing takes off in 1985. The combination of the Apple Macintosh computer, printers and imagesetters powered by Adobe PostScript and the layout application Aldus PageMaker makes publishing more affordable.

At drupa 1986 MAN Roland Druckmaschinen AG introduces its LITHOMANcommercial web offset printing press. Polar show off the POLAR Compucut, a system for computer-assisted, external generation of cutting programs with automatic transfer to the cutting machine.

The Xerox Docutech, launched in 1990, combines a 135 page-per-minute black & white xerographic print engine with a scanner and finisher modules. It is arguably the first affordable print-on-demand publishing system.

In 1992 Australia is the first country to use polymer banknotes for general circulation.

Digital printing takes off in 1993 with the introduction of the Indigo E-Print 100(shown below) and Xeikon DCP-1.

Twenty-first century

Offset presses still evolve incrementally. Two prime examples are the introduction of the KBA Cortina, a waterless web press for newspapers and semi-commercials, in 2000 and that of the giant Goss Sunday 5000, the world’s first 96-page web press, in 2009.

Bigger changes happen in digital printing with machines that evolve as fast as the companies that produce them. Take the NexPress for example. It is initially a joint development from Heidelberg and Kodak, later taken over completely by Kodak.

One of the bigger players in the market is HP, especially after its acquisition of Indigo in 2001. Other big players in the market are Konica Minolta with the Bizhub digital presses and Canon with its Imagepress range. Part of Canon’s growth is through its acquisition of Océ in 2009.

One area of the market that evolves quickly is that of large format inkjet presses for the sign & display market. Inkjet technology also starts making inroads in the packaging industry. At the 2016 edition of drupa the EFI Nozomi C18000, HP PageWide C500 and Durst Rho 130 SPC (shown below) are all presses optimized for printing on corrugated packaging board.