#history of hockey in Pakistan

[ceevee5]

“The false claim that Ms Spofforth posted about the Southport attacker was quickly re-shared and picked up by a loose group of conspiracy theory influencers and profiles with a history of sharing anti-immigration and far-right ideas. Many of them have purchased blue ticks, which since Mr Musk took over Twitter has meant their posts have greater prominence. Another of Mr Musk’s changes to X has meant promoting these ideas can be profitable, both for conspiracy theory accounts and for accounts with a commercial focus such as Channel3Now. Some profiles like this have racked up millions of views over the past week posting about the Southport attacks and subsequent riots. X’s “ads revenue sharing” means that blue-tick users can earn a share of revenue from the ads in their replies. Estimates from users with fewer than half a million followers who have generated income in this way say that accounts can make $10-20 per million views or impressions on X. Some of these accounts sharing disinformation are racking up more than a million impressions almost every post, and sharing posts several times a day.”

[odnewsin]

India thrash Pakistan 5-3 to retain title in Men's Junior Asia Cup

Araijeet Singh Hundal was the star performer with four goals as the Indian junior men’s hockey team defeated archrivals Pakistan 5-3 in a high-scoring final of the Men’s Junior Asia Cup to successfully defend their title, bagging a record fifth crown in the history of the competition here on Wednesday.  Araijeet Singh Hundal was in top form and scored in the 4th, 18th, 47th and 54th minutes for…

[ubaidcheepa]

Hockeyteam

Introduction

A hockey team is much more than a group of players on the field or rink; it is a well-oiled machine where every player contributes to the collective success. Hockey, a fast-paced and dynamic sport, has captivated audiences worldwide, fostering a sense of unity, teamwork, and passion among players and fans alike.

The History of Hockey Teams

Early Beginnings of Hockey

The origins of hockeyteam trace back thousands of years, with rudimentary versions of the game played in various cultures. Modern hockey, however, began to take shape in the 19th century, particularly in Canada and Europe.

Evolution of Hockey Teams

Over time, hockey teams evolved from amateur gatherings to highly organized squads with professional structures. The formation of leagues and international tournaments has elevated the sport to global prominence.

Types of Hockey

Ice Hockey

Ice hockey is arguably the most popular form of the sport, played on a rink with skaters. It’s especially beloved in countries like Canada, the United States, and Russia.

Field Hockey

Field hockey is played on grass or turf, with a rich history in countries like India, Pakistan, and the Netherlands.

Other Variations

Other versions, such as roller hockey and street hockey, demonstrate the sport’s adaptability and universal appeal.

Team Composition

Players and Their Roles

A hockey team typically consists of forwards, defensemen, and a goalkeeper, each playing a critical role.

Substitutes and Bench Strength

Rotations and substitutions ensure players stay fresh and maintain the team's intensity.

Importance of a Coach and Support Staff

Behind every successful hockey team is a dedicated coaching staff, strategists, and medical personnel.

Rules of the Game

Basic Rules for Hockey Teams

From scoring goals to avoiding penalties, understanding the basic rules is essential for players and fans.

Differences in Rules Across Variations

Each type of hockey has its unique set of rules tailored to its playing surface and equipment.

Key Skills for Hockey Players

Mastery of skating, stick handling, and shooting is vital. Equally important are teamwork and the ability to communicate effectively under pressure.

Strategies and Tactics

Offensive Strategies

Teams often employ aggressive plays to overwhelm their opponents’ defenses.

Defensive Strategies

Strong defensive formations are the backbone of any successful hockey team.

Importance of Adapting During Games

In a game as dynamic as hockey, the ability to adapt tactics on the fly can be the difference between victory and defeat.

Famous Hockey Teams Around the World

National Teams

Teams like Canada’s ice hockey team and India’s field hockey team have achieved legendary status.

Popular Club Teams

Professional clubs like the Montreal Canadiens and HC Dynamo Moscow inspire millions of fans.

Legendary Hockey Players

From Wayne Gretzky to Dhyan Chand, hockey legends have left an indelible mark on the sport, setting records and inspiring future generations.

Hockey Team Culture

Team bonding and camaraderie are integral to a hockey team’s success. Off the field, players often form lifelong friendships.

Hockey Equipment and Gear

From sticks to helmets, high-quality equipment ensures player performance and safety.

Hockey Team Training and Fitness

Regular training and fitness routines help players build stamina, agility, and strength to perform at their peak.

Major Hockey Tournaments

Events like the Stanley Cup and the Hockey World Cup showcase the sport’s best talent on the biggest stages.

Challenges Faced by Hockey Teams

Financial struggles and the need to balance individual ambitions with team goals are common hurdles.

The Future of Hockey Teams

With advancements in technology and growing global interest, the future of hockey looks brighter than ever.

Conclusion

Hockey teams symbolize the power of unity and hard work. Whether on ice, grass, or asphalt, the game brings people together, creating unforgettable moments.

[douxlen]

Why Arshad Nadeem’s Olympic Gold Medal for Pakistan Is So Significant

New Post has been published on https://douxle.com/2024/08/10/why-arshad-nadeems-olympic-gold-medal-for-pakistan-is-so-significant/

Why Arshad Nadeem’s Olympic Gold Medal for Pakistan Is So Significant

Javelin thrower Arshad Nadeem of Pakistan made history at the Paris Summer Olympics on Thursday, bagging his home nation its first ever Olympic track and field win. Nadeem will bring home the first gold medal the South Asian country has seen in 40 years.  

The 27-year-old athlete, hailing from Mian Channu, in Pakistan’s Punjab province, shattered an Olympic record when he launched a throw of 92.97 m on his second attempt in the men’s javelin final. Nadeem bested the previous record of 90.57 m, registered by Andreas Thorkildsen of Norway at the Beijing Olympics in 2008. 

“Our brother has won the gold medal and I’ve lost my voice because I’ve been celebrating all night,” his brother Shahid Nadeem told CNN on Friday, as celebrations continued into the night across Pakistan. Nadeem is the third of eight siblings born to Muhammad Ashraf, a retired construction worker, and Raziah Parveen. 

“When he gets home we will celebrate him in such a way that the world will never forget! We are simple people and will celebrate with kheer (rice pudding) and whatever Allah gives us, we are happy!” Shahid said.

Nadeem arrived in Paris as a silver medalist, after he became the first ever Pakistani athlete to claim a medal at the World Athletics Champions in 2023. In Thursday’s final, he beat out defending champion Neeraj Chopra of India, 26, who secured a silver medal in the final. Chopra recorded a best of 89.45 m alongside five other fouled attempts. Grenada’s two-time world champion Anderson Peters, 26, won bronze with a 88.54 m throw. 

Despite fierce competition, Nadeem and Chopra’s friendship warmed hearts as the athletes—hailing from nations with a history of conflict since the Partition of India in 1947—defy lingering tensions. The pair were seen embracing each other after claiming their medals. According to local media, Nadeem and Chopra’s mothers have each said their son’s competitor is like their own child. 

Pakistan’s sporting excellence is often concentrated in cricket, but the nation now has 11 Olympic medals across men’s hockey, men’s wrestling, and men’s boxing. The nation sent a contingent of seven athletes to Paris this year. 

Nadeem’s win breaks Pakistan’s 32-year Olympics dry spell since the men’s hockey team claimed the nation’s last medal, winning bronze at the Barcelona games in 1992. But it has been four decades since Pakistan left the games with a gold medal. The men’s hockey team won first place in Los Angeles in 1984, and prior to that the team also won gold in 1960 and 1968.  

Pakistan’s Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif congratulated Nadeem on his historic win with a post on X (formerly Twitter). “You’ve made the whole nation proud young man,” he wrote.

[sa7abnews]

Why Arshad Nadeem’s Olympic Gold Medal for Pakistan Is So Significant

New Post has been published on https://sa7ab.info/2024/08/09/why-arshad-nadeems-olympic-gold-medal-for-pakistan-is-so-significant/

Why Arshad Nadeem’s Olympic Gold Medal for Pakistan Is So Significant

Javelin thrower Arshad Nadeem of Pakistan made history at the Paris Summer Olympics on Thursday, bagging his home nation its first ever Olympic track and field win. Nadeem will bring home the first gold medal the South Asian country has seen in 40 years.  

The 27-year-old athlete, hailing from Mian Channu, in Pakistan’s Punjab province, shattered an Olympic record when he launched a throw of 92.97 m on his second attempt in the men’s javelin final. Nadeem bested the previous record of 90.57 m, registered by Andreas Thorkildsen of Norway at the Beijing Olympics in 2008. 

“Our brother has won the gold medal and I’ve lost my voice because I’ve been celebrating all night,” his brother Shahid Nadeem told CNN on Friday, as celebrations continued into the night across Pakistan. Nadeem is the third of eight siblings born to Muhammad Ashraf, a retired construction worker, and Raziah Parveen. 

“When he gets home we will celebrate him in such a way that the world will never forget! We are simple people and will celebrate with kheer (rice pudding) and whatever Allah gives us, we are happy!” Shahid said.

Nadeem arrived in Paris as a silver medalist, after he became the first ever Pakistani athlete to claim a medal at the World Athletics Champions in 2023. In Thursday’s final, he beat out defending champion Neeraj Chopra of India, 26, who secured a silver medal in the final. Chopra recorded a best of 89.45 m alongside five other fouled attempts. Grenada’s two-time world champion Anderson Peters, 26, won bronze with a 88.54 m throw. 

Despite fierce competition, Nadeem and Chopra’s friendship warmed hearts as the athletes—hailing from nations with a history of conflict since the Partition of India in 1947—defy lingering tensions. The pair were seen embracing each other after claiming their medals. According to local media, Nadeem and Chopra’s mothers have each said their son’s competitor is like their own child. 

Pakistan’s sporting excellence is often concentrated in cricket, but the nation now has 11 Olympic medals across men’s hockey, men’s wrestling, and men’s boxing. The nation sent a contingent of seven athletes to Paris this year. 

Nadeem’s win breaks Pakistan’s 32-year Olympics dry spell since the men’s hockey team claimed the nation’s last medal, winning bronze at the Barcelona games in 1992. But it has been four decades since Pakistan left the games with a gold medal. The men’s hockey team won first place in Los Angeles in 1984, and prior to that the team also won gold in 1960 and 1968.  

Pakistan’s Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif congratulated Nadeem on his historic win with a post on X (formerly Twitter). “You’ve made the whole nation proud young man,” he wrote.

[lotuslogin]

Which is the Best Successful Chase by Dhoni?

When it comes to the art of chasing down targets in cricket, few can match the prowess of MS Dhoni. The legendary Indian cricketer, known for his cool demeanor and masterful finishing skills, has delivered several unforgettable performances. Among his many successful chases, there are a few standout moments that cricket fans and experts continue to debate.

One of the most celebrated chases led by Dhoni was during the 2007 T20 World Cup final against Pakistan. In a thrilling encounter, Dhoni’s calm and calculated approach ensured India’s victory in the inaugural T20 World Cup. This chase exemplified his ability to remain composed under pressure and led to one of the most iconic finishes in cricket history.

Another memorable chase was in the 2011 ODI World Cup final against Sri Lanka. Dhoni, with his trademark finish, guided India to a historic World Cup win. His unbeaten 91 not out under immense pressure is often cited as one of his best innings, showcasing his exceptional skill in chasing down targets.

For those keen on exploring more about Dhoni’s remarkable career and other cricketing insights, Lotus365login.info provides a treasure trove of information. Whether you are a fan of cricket or simply looking for details on notable performances, Lotus365login.info offers extensive coverage and analysis.

In the realm of successful chases, Dhoni’s performances are a testament to his legendary status. To delve deeper into his achievements and stay updated on cricket-related content, visit Lotus365login.info and explore the world of cricket with expert insights and comprehensive coverage.

Don’t share sensitive info. Chats may be reviewed and used to train our models. 

#Lotus365 #BestHockey #Olympicsnews2024

[xtruss]

Allée des Baobabs, Madagascar 🇲🇬! 1997. Photograph: Chris Simpson

Athens, Greece 🇬🇷. The Parthenon Temple is reflected in a puddle after heavy rain. Photograph: Petros Giannakouris/AP

Karachi, Pakistan 🇵🇰! Fishing boats stay on their moorings as Cyclone Biparjoy approaches. Photograph: Asif Hassan/AFP/Getty Images

Las Vegas, USA 🇺🇸! The Vegas Golden Knights celebrate after defeating the Florida Panthers to win the Stanley Cup at the NHL Stanley Cup hockey finals. Photograph: Abbie Parr/AP

Barcelona, Spain 🇪🇸! Taxi drivers protest after the EU court of justice rejected rules set by the city to restrict the number of cars working with ride-hailing apps. Photograph: Nacho Doce/Reuters

Ulivo (Olive Tree), 2020! Lucretia Moroni writes: ‘What I take pictures of is not necessarily what I see. The camera itself has its own way to frame what I’m interested in capturing, and often surprises me! I look back at my roots, the places where I lived as a child, my family history. I follow a fine thread from memories to images to flashbacks’. Photograph: Lucretia Moroni/Galleria l’Affiche, Milano

Human Nature X, From the Series Human Nature 2022! Idiosyncratic encounters with and in nature form a central theme in this series of photographs by Kostas Maros. With the perspective of a silent observer, the images document how humans relate to nature. At the same time, the depicted scenes have a curious theatricality. The people in them, preoccupied with themselves and their surroundings, turn towards and away from each other. Yet the landscape becomes the primary spectacle for the viewer. Photograph: Kostas Maros/Galerie 94, Baden

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 3.3

473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. 1575 – Mughal Emperor Akbar defeats Sultan of Bengal Daud Khan Karrani's army at the Battle of Tukaroi. 1585 – The Olympic Theatre, designed by Andrea Palladio, is inaugurated in Vicenza. 1776 – American Revolutionary War: The first amphibious landing of the United States Marine Corps begins the Battle of Nassau. 1779 – American Revolutionary War: The Continental Army is routed at the Battle of Brier Creek near Savannah, Georgia. 1799 – The Russo-Ottoman siege of Corfu ends with the surrender of the French garrison. 1820 – The U.S. Congress passes the Missouri Compromise. 1845 – Florida is admitted as the 27th U.S. state. 1849 – The Territory of Minnesota is created. 1857 – Second Opium War: France and the United Kingdom declare war on China. 1859 – The two-day Great Slave Auction, the largest such auction in United States history, concludes. 1861 – Alexander II of Russia signs the Emancipation Manifesto, freeing serfs. 1873 – Censorship in the United States: The U.S. Congress enacts the Comstock Law, making it illegal to send any "obscene literature and articles of immoral use" through the mail. 1875 – The first ever organized indoor game of ice hockey is played in Montreal, Quebec, Canada as recorded in the Montreal Gazette. 1878 – The Russo-Turkish War ends with Bulgaria regaining its independence from the Ottoman Empire according to the Treaty of San Stefano. 1891 – Shoshone National Forest is established as the first national forest in the US and world. 1910 – Rockefeller Foundation: John D. Rockefeller Jr. announces his retirement from managing his businesses so that he can devote all his time to philanthropy. 1913 – Thousands of women march in the Woman Suffrage Procession in Washington, D.C. 1918 – Russia signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, agreeing to withdraw from World War I, and conceding German control of the Baltic States, Belarus and Ukraine. It also conceded Turkish control of Ardahan, Kars and Batumi. 1924 – The 407-year-old Islamic caliphate is abolished, when Caliph Abdülmecid II of the Ottoman Caliphate is deposed. The last remnant of the old regime gives way to the reformed Turkey of Kemal Atatürk. 1924 – The Free State of Fiume is annexed by the Kingdom of Italy. 1931 – The United States adopts The Star-Spangled Banner as its national anthem. 1938 – Oil is discovered in Saudi Arabia. 1939 – In Bombay, Mohandas Gandhi begins a hunger strike in protest at the autocratic rule in British India. 1940 – Five people are killed in an arson attack on the offices of the communist newspaper Flamman in Luleå, Sweden. 1942 – World War II: Ten Japanese warplanes raid Broome, Western Australia, killing more than 100 people. 1943 – World War II: In London, 173 people are killed in a crush while trying to enter an air-raid shelter at Bethnal Green tube station. 1944 – The Order of Nakhimov and Order of Ushakov are instituted in USSR as the highest naval awards. 1944 – A freight train carrying stowaway passengers stalls in a tunnel shortly after departing from Balvano, Basilicata, Italy just after midnight, with 517 dying from carbon monoxide poisoning. 1945 – World War II: In poor visibility, the RAF mistakenly bombs the Bezuidenhout area of The Hague, Netherlands, killing 511 people. 1953 – A De Havilland Comet (Canadian Pacific Air Lines) crashes in Karachi, Pakistan, killing 11. 1958 – Nuri al-Said becomes Prime Minister of Iraq for the eighth time. 1969 – Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 9 to test the lunar module. 1972 – Mohawk Airlines Flight 405 crashes as a result of a control malfunction and insufficient training in emergency procedures. 1974 – Turkish Airlines Flight 981 crashes at Ermenonville near Paris, France killing all 346 aboard. 1980 – The USS Nautilus is decommissioned and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register. 1985 – Arthur Scargill declares that the National Union of Mineworkers' national executive voted to end the longest-running industrial dispute in Great Britain without any peace deal over pit closures. 1985 – A magnitude 8.3 earthquake strikes the Valparaíso Region of Chile, killing 177 and leaving nearly a million people homeless. 1986 – The Australia Act 1986 commences, causing Australia to become fully independent from the United Kingdom. 1991 – An amateur video captures the beating of Rodney King by Los Angeles police officers. 1991 – United Airlines Flight 585 crashes on its final approach to Colorado Springs killing everyone on board. 2005 – James Roszko murders four Royal Canadian Mounted Police constables during a drug bust at his property in Rochfort Bridge, Alberta, then commits suicide. This is the deadliest peace-time incident for the RCMP since 1885 and the North-West Rebellion. 2005 – Steve Fossett becomes the first person to fly an airplane non-stop around the world solo without refueling. 2005 – Margaret Wilson is elected as Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives, beginning a period lasting until August 23, 2006, where all the highest political offices (including Elizabeth II as Head of State), were occupied by women, making New Zealand the first country for this to occur. 2013 – A bomb blast in Karachi, Pakistan, kills at least 45 people and injured 180 others in a predominantly Shia Muslim area. 2017 – The Nintendo Switch releases worldwide.

[aahana-writes]

HOCKEY

Hockey

Hockey is a phrase that refers to a variety of summer and winter team games that developed on an outdoor field, sheet of ice, or dry floor, such as in a gymnasium.

There are many different types of hockey. Some games require skates, either wheeled or bladed, while others do not. To better distinguish between these numerous games, the word "hockey" is sometimes preceded by another word, such as "field hockey," or "ice hockey,"

In each of these sports, two teams compete by attempting to manoeuvre the object of play, which is either a type of ball or a disc into the opposing goal with a hockey stick.

In most of the world, the term "hockey" refers to field hockey, however in Canada, the United States, Russia, and the majority of Eastern and Northern Europe, it usually refers to ice hockey.

In recent times, the term "hockey" refers to both the summer stick-and-ball sport of field hockey and the winter ice team skating sports of bandy and ice hockey.

This is because field hockey and other stick and ball sports and their forms came before games played on ice with ice skates, such as bandy and ice hockey, as well as sports requiring dry floors such as roller hockey and floor hockey. The term "hockey" in common language is frequently determined by the location, geography, and the size and popularity of the sport in question.

History

 from around 600 BC in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens Games has been found that using bent sticks and a ball can be found in many cultures' histories.

for example :

Hurling dates back to before 1272 BC in Ireland

around 600 BC in Ancient Greece, where the game may have been called kerētízein or (κερητίζειν) since it was played with a horn or horn-like stick (kéras, κέρας).

For approximately 1,000 years, the Daur people of Inner Mongolia have played bikes, a game comparable to modern field hockey.

By the nineteenth century, the numerous forms and divisions of historical games had begun to separate and merge into the particular sports that we know today. Organizations devoted to the codification of rules and regulations arose, as did national and international bodies to manage the domestic and international competition.

Different types and variations of hockey

Bandy

Bandy is a sport that is played with a ball on a football pitch-sized ice arena (bandy rink), usually outside, and has several regulations that are similar to association football. It is a professional sport in Russia and Sweden. 

The IOC recognises the sport, and the Federation of Worldwide Bandy is its international regulating organisation.

Bandy originated in England in the nineteenth century, was originally known as "hockey on the ice," and expanded from England to other European nations around 1900; a comparable Russian sport can also be considered as a precursor,

Women's Bandy World Championships have been held since 2004, and Bandy World Championships have been held since 1957. Many countries have national club championships, and the top clubs in the world compete in the Bandy World Cup every year.

Field Hockey

Field hockey is played with a small, hard ball of 73 mm (2.9 in) in diameter on gravel, natural grass, or sand-based or water-based artificial turf.

In many parts of the world, including Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Argentina, the game is popular among both males and females. In most nations, the game is played between single-sex teams, while mixed-sex teams can also compete. The International Hockey Federation, which has 126 members, is the governing organisation (FIH).

Except for 1912 and 1924, men's field hockey has been played at every Summer Olympic Games since 1908, while women's field hockey has been played since 1980.

Modern field hockey sticks are J-shaped, with a curved hook at the playing end, a flat surface on the playing side, and a curved surface on the backside, and are made of a composite of wood, glass fibre, or carbon fibre (sometimes both). Right-handed sticks are required; left-handed sticks are not authorised.

While field hockey as we know it now first originated in mid-eighteenth-century England, primarily in schools, it was not widely adopted until the first half of the nineteenth century. The first club was founded in Blackheath, south-east London, in 1849.

Pakistan's national sport is field hockey. It was India's national sport until August 2012, when the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports decided that India no longer has a national sport.

Ice hockey

Ice hockey is a sport in which two teams of skaters compete on a wide flat expanse of ice with a three-inch (76.2 mm) diameter vulcanised rubber disc known as a puck. Before high-level games, this puck is frequently frozen to reduce the amount of bouncing and friction on the ice. Ice hockey sticks are long L-shaped sticks made of wood, graphite, or composites with a bottom blade that may lay flat on the playing field when held upright and can legally curve in either direction for left- or right-handed players. 

The game is popular in North America, Europe, and many other nations throughout the world to varying degrees. In Canada, Finland, Latvia, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, it is the most popular sport. Ice hockey is Latvia's national sport and Canada's official winter sport.  

Ice hockey is played by people of all ages at various levels.

The International Ice Hockey Federation, which has 77 members, is the governing body of international play (IIHF).

Men's ice hockey has been a part of the Winter Olympics since 1924 and the Summer Olympics since 1920. In 1998, women's ice hockey was introduced to the Winter Olympics.

The National Hockey League (NHL) in North America is the most powerful professional ice hockey league in the world, attracting top ice hockey players from all over the world.

In many areas, the NHL rules differ slightly from those used in Olympic ice hockey. In the early 1900s, international ice hockey regulations were adapted from Canadian standards.

The modern sport arose in Canada as a result of European and indigenous influences. These included field hockey-style stick and ball sports, bandy, and other stick and ball games in which two teams push a ball or item back and forth using sticks.

Throughout the 19th century in England, they were playing outside on ice under the name "hockey," and much earlier under different titles. There are 24 reports of hockey-like games in the nineteenth century in Canada before 1875. (five of them using the name "hockey"). On March 3, 1875, six McGill University students participated in the first planned and recorded game of ice hockey, which was played in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Para ice hockey 

Ice sledge hockey, sometimes known as "para ice hockey," is a type of ice hockey created for players with lower-body limitations. Players sit on double-bladed sledges and use two sticks, one with a blade and the other with little picks. The sticks are used to pass, stickhandle, and shoot the puck, as well as push the sledges. The regulations are quite similar to those used in IIHF ice hockey. 

Canada is a renowned international pioneer in the creation of sledge hockey, and most of the sport's equipment, such as fibreglass-laminated sledge hockey sticks, aluminium shafts with hand-carved insert blades, and unique aluminium sledges with regulation skate blades, was created there initially.

Sledge hockey on inline skates

Inline sledge hockey is similar to inline puck hockey in that it is based on ice sledge hockey (essentially ice hockey is played off-ice using inline skates).

Unlike other team sports like wheelchair basketball and wheelchair rugby, there is no classification point system regulating who may play inline sledge hockey. Inline sledge hockey is being created so that anybody, with or without a disability, may compete at a world championship level based simply on aptitude and ability. [requires citation]

The Hull Stingrays and the Grimsby Redwings played the inaugural game of organised inline sledge hockey on December 19, 2009, in Bisley, England. Matt Lloyd is credited with developing inline sledge hockey, and the United Kingdom is often regarded as the game's development leader.

In Europe, inline hockey using a ball is more popular.

Inline hockey is a variation of roller hockey, often known as "rink hockey," however it evolved from ice hockey and uses a hockey puck or a ball. Both roller skating games use a wheeled skate, while inline hockey uses inline skates instead of roller skates or "quads."

In North America, the puck-based inline form is more popular than the ball-based variant, but in Europe, the ball-based variant is more popular.

Roller hockey (quad)

Roller hockey is an umbrella term for a roller sport that uses quad skates. It is also known as "quad hockey," "international-style ball hockey," "rink hockey," and "Hoquei em Patins." It existed before inline skates were invented. The sport is played in more than sixty nations and has a global fan base. At the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, roller hockey was a demonstration sport.

Street hockey

This is a dry-land form of ice and roller hockey that is played year-round on a hard surface and is also known as road hockey (usually asphalt). A ball is frequently used instead of a puck, and no safety equipment is used.

Hockey is an amazing sport. And more people should be aware of it's existence and appreciate it .

-Aahana

<3

[koikishu]

Parade of Nations - Pakistan

French: Pakistan // English: Pakistan // Japanese: パキスタン (Pakisutan)

    Pakistan formed its National Olympic Committee in 1948 and participated in its first Olympics as a country at the 1948 London Summer Olympics. They haven’t hosted any Olympic Games, but they’ve participated in 17 Summer Games and 3 Winter Games. The Olympic sports in which Pakistan has medaled are Boxing, Field Hockey, and Wrestling.

Kimono Maker: Shin Sugiura/ 杉浦 伸

    “Pakistan's rich nature such as K2, which is considered to be the most difficult to climb in the world, blackbuck with unique horns, alpine plants and wild birds, and Pakistan's long history such as the Tower of Independence and Lahore Castle, a World Heritage Site It is produced by fusing activities and drawing folk costumes and traditional patterns in the background. The work, which was painted with a brush so that the ground color was indistinguishable, made the veteran author say that it caused a change in color.”[1]

Obi Maker: Ryoko-Orimono, Supervised by Hakusen/ りょうこう織物 監修 帛撰

    “A work that combines traditional Pakistani patterns and is woven by the complex weft of Nishijin-ori using traditional reddish-brown colors. You can feel the geographical features of the various cultures of the Silk Road and the weight of history accumulated since the time of the Indus Valley Civilization.” [1]

Bibliography

Source 1 – Kimono Project for Pakistan

(https://kimono.piow.jp/nation/028.html)

Index Page – IOWKP x Tokyo 2020 Parade of Nations

[bluebsposts]

Hetalia fan made character wiki ( i posted the information on Tumblr and I don't steal is sooo don't blame me ok.you have me clear.also the art is not mine)

________________________________________

Pakistan is a fan-made character for the series Hetalia Axis Powers. He is officially known as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. His personification name is said to be Umar Qazi.

Pakistan's Appearance

_____________________

Representation: Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاكستان‎ : Islāmī Jumhūriyah-yi Pākistān)

_____________________

Height: 5 ft 7 inches tall

_____________________

Weight: 55.5 kg

_____________________

Real Age: Over 9000 years

_____________________

Apparent Age: 18 years

_____________________

Hair Colour: Black / Brown

_____________________

Eye Colour:Dark Brown

_____________________

Skin Colour: Lightly tanned / Slight Olive

_____________________

Favorite Sport / National Sport :Cricket is more of a favorite, but Field Hockey is the national sport.

_____________________

Goal: Education

_____________________

has black/brown hair which loosely falls under his cap, he owns a modest and simple nature and tries not to spark any fight but seeing the opponents heated nature, it is often tough for him. He doesn't speak much unless needed and makes his words very clear. At times he is prone to outbursts of anger because of his situation which seems to be terrifying. His face always shows calmness to a situation whether how bad it is as he believes all problems could be solved when thought through.

His normal attire consists of a long white frock like a shirt with a green overcoat along with fitted trousers, giving him a cultural 'Sufi' look, his clothes express his simplicity and culture. In the modern day, his look is turning more westernized. He carries around China's shinnaty-chan most of the time as a sign of his friendship towards him. He is also often seen reading a small book which is supposed to be the Holy Quran.

His military uniform is very different, and he rarely wears it, though he's very proud of it. It is, unfortunately, falling into disrepair, as he is fighting a lot these days, with not much time to fix it up.

_______________________________________

Personality and Interests

Pakistan looks really young and is keen to follow the rules of Unity, Faith, and Discipline. His main stress is on education and his religion. His good looks often lead to girls swooning over him but he tends to be oblivious towards them due to his religion, 'Islam' and also because he is aroace.

He doesn't have any known fears, not even death, figuring he's "had a good run". In the winter, he drinks a lot of tea, and in the summer he'll drink different South Asian or light drinks to keep him cool. He likes peaceful and calm environments so he'll often go out for walks to enjoy every part of these peaceful moments that he gets.

He loves learning new languages, and if he knows a word in another language, he will use it in front of a native speaker at any given opportunity. He's also very passionate about his religion but hates the bad image extremists give him. He very trustworthy towards his allies and friends and would try his best to not let them down, he'll preserve this bond of trust more than himself.

There's not a lot he hates more than being told what to do. Lately, he is trying to replace the image that the extremists have given him.

Relationship

CHINA:

Pakistan and China have been friends for a long period in history and their friendship is considered 'sweeter than honey', this is partially due to the fact that both countries did not want to risk any hostility from each other since they are neighbors and this friendship developed over time as they supported and helped each other whenever needed. Their friendship is so high that at most places Pakistan is seen holding China's shinaty-chan while China is seen consent over it.alos there relationship is also considered as higher than the mountains ,deeper than the ocean ,stronger than steel ,dearest then eyesight,sweeter than honey. the boot nations of support each others by being each other strength. In the future made their friendship grow more stronger and more powerful.

Iran

Iran & Pakistan are friends plus they are both Muslim country Pakistan feels a lot more attachment Iran more then Saudi Arab. The both Nations support each other in the military organisation .

India

Well...........they hate each other

#hetalia #ahpPakistan #fandom

[farooqposts]

Culture of Punjab Pakistan

Punjabi Culture is one of the most established in world history, dating from old artifact to the cutting edge time. The degree, history, intricacy and thickness of the way of life are huge. A portion of the principle regions of the Punjabi culture include: Punjabi cooking, theory, verse, imaginativeness, music, design, customs and qualities and history. A few urban areas of Punjab have more significance for Sikh people group from India. The author of Sikh religion was brought into the world in Nankana Sahib, an area of Punjab so Sikh from various pieces of world come and visits Punjab. Jahngir burial chamber and Badshahi Masjid in Lahore are the significant spots of Pakistan. Information Sahib is extremely frightened spot in Punjab and the greater part of individuals come and visit Data sahib consistently.

Individuals

Punjabi individuals are kind and carefree. Punjabis are heterogeneous gathering involving various clans, factions, networks and are known to commend every single convention of their way of life. Individuals of Punjab have solid convictions on pir-faqeers, jogi, taweez, manat-ka-dhaga, holy person of notoriety, dark wizardry, and different notions, anyway as of late because of increment of proficiency, individuals have gotten to some degree judicious . Punjabis likewise trust in cast framework yet as now individuals are getting instructed, the distinctions are getting obscured. Some well known projects of Punjabi's are; Jats, Maliks, Mughals, Arains, Gujjars, Awans, Rajputs, Gakhars, Khokhars, Sheikhs, Aheers, Kambohs, Niazis, Legharis, Khosas, Dogars, Thaheem, Mirani, Qureshis, and Syeds.

In towns' kin generally live in little networks (biradaris), anyway they live in harmony and congruity with one another. They take dynamic part in the bliss/lament of one another and give a lot of regard to their way of life, standards and run their lives as per their set customs. Punjabi individuals are acclaimed for their cordial and cherishing nature.

Dialects

Punjabi is the common language of Punjab. It is communicated in as the principal language by larger part individuals in Punjab, even spoken and comprehended in regions past the limits of Punjab. Statistical data points show that Punjabi language is communicated in as first language by 44% of Pakistanis. Urdu language is likewise regularly spoken in this district. Key Punjabi dialects/tongues are:

Pothowari

Hindko

Jhangvi

Shahpuri

Pahari

Majhi

Saraiki

Dresses

Outfits of Punjab are a sign of the brilliant and dynamic culture and way of life of individuals.

The ensembles are a blend of tones, solace and excellence and Punjab is notable for the utilization of phulkari(embroidery) in its outfits. In the greater part of the towns of Punjab men wear Pagri(turban), dhoti/lacha, kurta, khusa. Ladies wear gharara, or choridar pajama or beautiful shalwar kameez, paranda, choli/duppata, khusa, kola puri chappal or tillay wali jutti. While in metropolitan zones of Punjab people follow most recent patterns and design, by and large they wear various styles of shalwar kameez.

Food

The broad food of Punjab can be vegan and non-veggie lover. One shared characteristic between all Punjabi dishes is the liberal use of ghee or explained margarine flavors and Punjabis are enamored with sweet-meats too. Most Punjabi food is eaten with one or the other rice or roti. There are a few dishes that are select to Punjab, for example, Mah Di Dal, Paratha, Makai ki rotti, Saron Da Saag, and in urban areas Choley, Haleem, Baryani and other fiery dishes are mainstream. In refreshments, tea is burned-through altogether seasons and as a custom the greater part of Punjabis serve tea to their visitors. Punjabis are additionally partial to Zarda, Gulab-Jamuns, Kheer, Jalaibi,Samosy, Pakorey and so forth During summers individuals drink lassi, doodh-pop, aloo bokharey ka sharbat, lemonade and so forth These cooking styles have become overall luxuries with enormous scope portrayal.

Sports

Punjabi individuals have over the top interest in games. Punjabi's are attached to kabaddi, and wrestling, which is likewise well known in different pieces of Pakistan and it's additionally played on public level. Different games being played in Punjab area incorporate Gilli-Danda, Khoo-Khoo, Yassu-Panju, Pitho-Garam, Ludo, Chuppan-Chupai, Baraf-Panni, Kanchy and some significant games incorporate cricket, boxing, horse-dashing, hockey and football. Public Horse and Cattle Show at Lahore is the greatest celebration where sports, presentations, and domesticated animals rivalries are held.

Social Festivals

There are various celebrations which are praised by Punjabi individuals including some strict celebrations, for example, Eid-Milad-Un-Nabi, Jumu'ah, Laylat-ul-Qadr and so on Urcs (reverential fairs),which are held at the shirnes of sufi holy people, Melas and Nomaish (exhibitions).The Provincial capital Lahore is broadly well known for its engaging occasions and exercises. Lahori's are popular everywhere on the country for their festivals especially for Basant celebration (kite flying) in the spring season. Different celebrations celebrated in Punjab district incorporate Baisakhi, Teej, Kanak Katai and so on

Dance and Music

Bhangra is most regularly known Punjabi music kind and dance style. Punjabis enthusiastically love society melodies/music, Qawali and Punjabi music is perceived all through the world. The Tabla, Dhol, Dholki, Chimta, Flute and Sitar are on the whole basic instruments of this great culture. Punjabi dance is based around joy, energy and enthusiasm.Different types of dance in Punjab are: Loddi, Dhamal, Sammi, Kikli, Gatka, Bhangra, Giddha and Dandiya. Punjabi moves have been embraced by the American culture and others the same and now they are perhaps the most appreciated artistic expressions.

Custums and Rituals

A portion of the traditions continued in Punjab have no establishment in Islam. Nonetheless, the Punjabi culture has embraced those functions and conventions from Hindu culture.

Birth Rituals

Punjabis praise birth of their kid with extraordinary eagerness. Granddad or grandma or some regarded senior part from the family puts nectar with their pointer in youngster's mouth called Ghutii. Desserts are conveyed among companions and family members and individuals bring presents for the kid and mother. For the most part on 7thday youngster's head is shaven and Aqiqa service is held, additionally sheep/goat is butchered.

Punjabi Weddings

Punjabi weddings depend on conventions and are directed with solid impression of the Punjabi culture followed by a few pre-wedding customs and ceremonies (dholki,mayun,ubtan etc.)Punjabi weddings are exceptionally boisterous, vigorous, brimming with music,colors, extravagant dresses, food and moving. Punjabi weddings have numerous traditions and functions that have advanced since conventional occasions. In urban communities the wedding are praised following a mix of current and customary traditions and the function for the most part goes on for 3days, Mehndi, Barat (Nikkah+Ruksati) and Walima, trailed by Chauti (taking the lady of the hour back to her folks' home the following day).

Burial service Rituals

At burial services after namaz-e-janaza it is standard to offer lunch to individuals who came for sympathy. On 3rdday of the memorial service, Qul is held and each after thursday the Quran is discussed (jumah-e-raat) trailed by petitions for perished and after 40days the chaliswaan is held. After which the memorial service is finished. A few families notice commemorations yearly (barsi).There is no proper clothing regulation for Punjabi memorial services anyway individuals generally wear shalwar kameez and easygoing attire is noticed. Memorial services of Shia families are more exceptional. The two people wear dark shalwar-kameez and thorough crying and shouting is a typical event at such memorial services.

Writing

Punjab is exceptionally rich with writing and Sufis adds more in its writing. Punjabi verse is famous for its amazingly profound importance, excellent and cheerful utilization of words. The enormous number of Punjabi verse is being made an interpretation of all through the world into numerous dialects. Some acclaimed writers of Punjabi are Sultan Bahu, Mia Mohammad Baksh, Baba Farid, Shah Hussain, Anwar Masood and so forth Waris Shah, whose commitment to Punjabi writing is most popular for his fundamental work in Heer Ranjha, known as Shakespeare of Punjabi language. Bulleh Shah was a Punjabi Sufi artist, a humanist and a logician. The stanza from Bulleh Shah basically utilized is known as the Kafi, a style of Punjabi. Some other well known classic stories of Punjab incorporate Sassi-Punnu, Sohni Mahiwal and so forth that are going through ages.

Expressions and Crafts

Punjab is the significant assembling industry in Pakistan's economy and here every workmanship appreciates a position. The fundamental specialties made in the high countries and other rustic territories of Punjab are basketry, earthenware, which are well known for their cutting edge and customary plans everywhere on the world and are remembered for the best developments of Punjabis. bone work, material, fabric woven on handlooms with staggering prints is weaved in the provincial territories and the weavers produce beautiful fabrics like cotton,silk and so forth weaving, weaving, rugs, stone art, adornments, metal work alongside truck workmanship and other wood works. The specialty of Punjab is its basic soul and its art make its substance.

[ubaidcheepa]

Hockeyteam

Introduction

A hockey team is much more than a group of players on the field or rink; it is a well-oiled machine where every player contributes to the collective success. Hockey, a fast-paced and dynamic sport, has captivated audiences worldwide, fostering a sense of unity, teamwork, and passion among players and fans alike.

The History of Hockey Teams

Early Beginnings of Hockey

The origins of hockeyteam trace back thousands of years, with rudimentary versions of the game played in various cultures. Modern hockey, however, began to take shape in the 19th century, particularly in Canada and Europe.

Evolution of Hockey Teams

Over time, hockey teams evolved from amateur gatherings to highly organized squads with professional structures. The formation of leagues and international tournaments has elevated the sport to global prominence.

Types of Hockey

Ice Hockey

Ice hockey is arguably the most popular form of the sport, played on a rink with skaters. It’s especially beloved in countries like Canada, the United States, and Russia.

Field Hockey

Field hockey is played on grass or turf, with a rich history in countries like India, Pakistan, and the Netherlands.

Other Variations

Other versions, such as roller hockey and street hockey, demonstrate the sport’s adaptability and universal appeal.

Team Composition

Players and Their Roles

A hockey team typically consists of forwards, defensemen, and a goalkeeper, each playing a critical role.

Substitutes and Bench Strength

Rotations and substitutions ensure players stay fresh and maintain the team's intensity.

Importance of a Coach and Support Staff

Behind every successful hockey team is a dedicated coaching staff, strategists, and medical personnel.

Rules of the Game

Basic Rules for Hockey Teams

From scoring goals to avoiding penalties, understanding the basic rules is essential for players and fans.

Differences in Rules Across Variations

Each type of hockey has its unique set of rules tailored to its playing surface and equipment.

Key Skills for Hockey Players

Mastery of skating, stick handling, and shooting is vital. Equally important are teamwork and the ability to communicate effectively under pressure.

Strategies and Tactics

Offensive Strategies

Teams often employ aggressive plays to overwhelm their opponents’ defenses.

Defensive Strategies

Strong defensive formations are the backbone of any successful hockey team.

Importance of Adapting During Games

In a game as dynamic as hockey, the ability to adapt tactics on the fly can be the difference between victory and defeat.

Famous Hockey Teams Around the World

National Teams

Teams like Canada’s ice hockey team and India’s field hockey team have achieved legendary status.

Popular Club Teams

Professional clubs like the Montreal Canadiens and HC Dynamo Moscow inspire millions of fans.

Legendary Hockey Players

From Wayne Gretzky to Dhyan Chand, hockey legends have left an indelible mark on the sport, setting records and inspiring future generations.

Hockey Team Culture

Team bonding and camaraderie are integral to a hockey team’s success. Off the field, players often form lifelong friendships.

Hockey Equipment and Gear

From sticks to helmets, high-quality equipment ensures player performance and safety.

Hockey Team Training and Fitness

Regular training and fitness routines help players build stamina, agility, and strength to perform at their peak.

Major Hockey Tournaments

Events like the Stanley Cup and the Hockey World Cup showcase the sport’s best talent on the biggest stages.

Challenges Faced by Hockey Teams

Financial struggles and the need to balance individual ambitions with team goals are common hurdles.

The Future of Hockey Teams

With advancements in technology and growing global interest, the future of hockey looks brighter than ever.

Conclusion

Hockey teams symbolize the power of unity and hard work. Whether on ice, grass, or asphalt, the game brings people together, creating unforgettable moments.

[douxlen]

Why Arshad Nadeem’s Olympic Gold Medal for Pakistan Is So Significant

New Post has been published on https://douxle.com/2024/08/10/why-arshad-nadeems-olympic-gold-medal-for-pakistan-is-so-significant/

Why Arshad Nadeem’s Olympic Gold Medal for Pakistan Is So Significant

Javelin thrower Arshad Nadeem of Pakistan made history at the Paris Summer Olympics on Thursday, bagging his home nation its first ever Olympic track and field win. Nadeem will bring home the first gold medal the South Asian country has seen in 40 years.  

The 27-year-old athlete, hailing from Mian Channu, in Pakistan’s Punjab province, shattered an Olympic record when he launched a throw of 92.97 m on his second attempt in the men’s javelin final. Nadeem bested the previous record of 90.57 m, registered by Andreas Thorkildsen of Norway at the Beijing Olympics in 2008. 

“Our brother has won the gold medal and I’ve lost my voice because I’ve been celebrating all night,” his brother Shahid Nadeem told CNN on Friday, as celebrations continued into the night across Pakistan. Nadeem is the third of eight siblings born to Muhammad Ashraf, a retired construction worker, and Raziah Parveen. 

“When he gets home we will celebrate him in such a way that the world will never forget! We are simple people and will celebrate with kheer (rice pudding) and whatever Allah gives us, we are happy!” Shahid said.

Nadeem arrived in Paris as a silver medalist, after he became the first ever Pakistani athlete to claim a medal at the World Athletics Champions in 2023. In Thursday’s final, he beat out defending champion Neeraj Chopra of India, 26, who secured a silver medal in the final. Chopra recorded a best of 89.45 m alongside five other fouled attempts. Grenada’s two-time world champion Anderson Peters, 26, won bronze with a 88.54 m throw. 

Despite fierce competition, Nadeem and Chopra’s friendship warmed hearts as the athletes—hailing from nations with a history of conflict since the Partition of India in 1947—defy lingering tensions. The pair were seen embracing each other after claiming their medals. According to local media, Nadeem and Chopra’s mothers have each said their son’s competitor is like their own child. 

Pakistan’s sporting excellence is often concentrated in cricket, but the nation now has 11 Olympic medals across men’s hockey, men’s wrestling, and men’s boxing. The nation sent a contingent of seven athletes to Paris this year. 

Nadeem’s win breaks Pakistan’s 32-year Olympics dry spell since the men’s hockey team claimed the nation’s last medal, winning bronze at the Barcelona games in 1992. But it has been four decades since Pakistan left the games with a gold medal. The men’s hockey team won first place in Los Angeles in 1984, and prior to that the team also won gold in 1960 and 1968.  

Pakistan’s Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif congratulated Nadeem on his historic win with a post on X (formerly Twitter). “You’ve made the whole nation proud young man,” he wrote.

[pakihead]

Transforming dreams into reality, Story of Afshan Noreen

A young girl coming from the city of Gojra not only had big dreams but wanted to materialize those dreams into reality and yes she did it. Afshan Noreen coming from a small city known for hockey has not only managed to wear national color but has brought many laurels for Pakistan. She is one of the main players in Pakistan’s Women Hockey Team. Let us drive through her journey full of challenges and achievements.

Despite being the national game of our country, hockey has been unable to attain the status even close to most popular game in country, cricket. Generally, the sports culture in our country is not very prevalent with cricket as only exception. Yet, Afshan had decided to progress her career as a hockey player and is currently highest goal scorer from Pakistan. Most of the people don’t know that Afshan’s elder brother has already represented Pakistan’s U-19 and National Cricket Team in Tests and ODIs. While growing up, she saw her brother playing cricket but still she opted for hockey and said that she has preference for hockey rather than cricket.

Ignoring the challenging environment commonly faced by females, Afshan started playing hockey in her school life and for the first time was selected for junior hockey team in 2012. Due to her extra ordinary performances, she was able to represent the National Hockey Team in 2014. Her winning performance in the quarter final of Asia Cup Qualifiers 2016 against Singapore is memorable for Pakistan’s sporting history. For the first time, women’s hockey team was able to reach semi-final of Asia Cup Qualifiers due to his 1 match winning goal. Moreover, her performance against India in India was also marvelous. Pakistan for the first time was able to not lose match against Indian team because of her 2 goals.

Afshan has been the only women hockey player of Pakistan to secure international contracts in Australia and United Kingdom. Furthermore, she aspires to play in the world’s best women hockey league in Netherlands. After having so many honors to her name, she still hasn’t been cherished by the sports authorities. Players like Afshan are the ones who constantly promote the better image of Pakistan but are unable to get the needed recognition. Sports board and Pakistan Hockey Federation (PHF) doesn’t provide central contracts to its players and they rely on departmental jobs for meeting their expenses.

Hockey was once, the most cherished game across the country as Pakistan won world cups in 1971, 1978, 1982 and 1994. The men hockey started deteriorating in the last decade and the situation can be determined from the fact that Pakistan was unable to participate in the world cup of 2014. Women hockey is even in a more rescue needed position. Let us hope that the current administration pf PHF with the push of sports turned politician, our PM, will make serious efforts for the development of sporting culture in our country. In the meanwhile, we should wish best of luck to sportswomen like Afshan Noreen.

Pakistan Zindabad !

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 3.3

473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. 1575 – Mughal Emperor Akbar defeats Sultan of Bengal Daud Khan Karrani's army at the Battle of Tukaroi. 1585 – The Olympic Theatre, designed by Andrea Palladio, is inaugurated in Vicenza. 1776 – American Revolutionary War: The first amphibious landing of the United States Marine Corps begins the Battle of Nassau. 1779 – American Revolutionary War: The Continental Army is routed at the Battle of Brier Creek near Savannah, Georgia. 1799 – The Russo-Ottoman siege of Corfu ends with the surrender of the French garrison. 1820 – The U.S. Congress passes the Missouri Compromise. 1845 – Florida is admitted as the 27th U.S. state. 1849 – The Territory of Minnesota is created. 1857 – Second Opium War: France and the United Kingdom declare war on China. 1859 – The two-day Great Slave Auction, the largest such auction in United States history, concludes. 1861 – Alexander II of Russia signs the Emancipation Manifesto, freeing serfs. 1865 – Opening of The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, the founding member of the HSBC Group. 1873 – Censorship in the United States: The U.S. Congress enacts the Comstock Law, making it illegal to send any "obscene literature and articles of immoral use" through the mail. 1875 – Georges Bizet's opera Carmen receives its première at the Opéra-Comique in Paris. 1875 – The first ever organized indoor game of ice hockey is played in Montreal, Quebec, Canada as recorded in the Montreal Gazette. 1878 – The Russo-Turkish War ends with Bulgaria regaining its independence from the Ottoman Empire according to the Treaty of San Stefano. 1885 – The American Telephone & Telegraph Company is incorporated in New York. 1891 – Shoshone National Forest is established as the first national forest in the US and world. 1910 – Rockefeller Foundation: John D. Rockefeller Jr. announces his retirement from managing his businesses so that he can devote all his time to philanthropy. 1913 – Thousands of women march in a suffrage parade in Washington, D.C. 1918 – Russia signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, agreeing to withdraw from World War I, and conceding German control of the Baltic States, Belarus and Ukraine. It also conceded Turkish control of Ardahan, Kars and Batumi. 1923 – TIME magazine is published for the first time. 1924 – The 407-year-old Islamic caliphate is abolished, when Caliph Abdülmecid II of the Ottoman Caliphate is deposed. The last remnant of the old regime gives way to the reformed Turkey of Kemal Atatürk. 1924 – The Free State of Fiume is annexed by the Kingdom of Italy. 1931 – The United States adopts The Star-Spangled Banner as its national anthem. 1938 – Oil is discovered in Saudi Arabia. 1939 – In Bombay, Mohandas Gandhi begins a hunger strike in protest at the autocratic rule in British India. 1940 – Five people are killed in an arson attack on the offices of the communist newspaper Flamman in Luleå, Sweden. 1942 – World War II: Ten Japanese warplanes raid Broome, Western Australia, killing more than 100 people. 1943 – World War II: In London, 173 people are killed in a crush while trying to enter an air-raid shelter at Bethnal Green tube station. 1944 – The Order of Nakhimov and Order of Ushakov are instituted in USSR as the highest naval awards. 1945 – World War II: American and Filipino troops recapture Manila. 1945 – World War II: The RAF accidentally bombs the Bezuidenhout area of The Hague, Netherlands, killing 511 people. 1951 – Jackie Brenston, with Ike Turner and his band, records "Rocket 88", often cited as "the first rock and roll record", at Sam Phillips's recording studios in Memphis, Tennessee. 1953 – A De Havilland Comet (Canadian Pacific Air Lines) crashes in Karachi, Pakistan, killing 11. 1958 – Nuri al-Said becomes Prime Minister of Iraq for the eighth time. 1969 – Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 9 to test the lunar module. 1972 – Mohawk Airlines Flight 405 crashes as a result of a control malfunction and insufficient training in emergency procedures. 1974 – Turkish Airlines Flight 981 crashes at Ermenonville near Paris, France killing all 346 aboard. 1980 – The USS Nautilus is decommissioned and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register. 1985 – Arthur Scargill declares that the National Union of Mineworkers' national executive voted to end the longest-running industrial dispute in Great Britain without any peace deal over pit closures. 1985 – A magnitude 8.3 earthquake strikes the Valparaíso Region of Chile, killing 177 and leaving nearly a million people homeless. 1986 – The Australia Act 1986 commences, causing Australia to become fully independent from the United Kingdom. 1991 – An amateur video captures the beating of Rodney King by Los Angeles police officers. 2005 – James Roszko murders four Royal Canadian Mounted Police constables during a drug bust at his property in Rochfort Bridge, Alberta, then commits suicide. This is the deadliest peace-time incident for the RCMP since 1885 and the North-West Rebellion. 2005 – Steve Fossett becomes the first person to fly an airplane non-stop around the world solo without refueling. 2005 – Margaret Wilson is elected as Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives, beginning a period lasting until August 23, 2006 where all the highest political offices (including Elizabeth II as Head of State), were occupied by women, making New Zealand the first country for this to occur. 2013 – A bomb blast in Karachi, Pakistan, kills at least 45 people and injured 180 others in a predominately Shia Muslim area.