#expperimentation

[abigailbozarthart]

Once in a blue moon, I draw some gore- usually not as heavy as this stuff though. Proceed with caution- warning, raw torn out meat and chimeric unethical experiments!

Ascien belongs to artfight.net/~PyroInsomnia...

Nezumi belongs to artfight.net/~Chizusama

[gimmefire]

MICHEL MOGLIA

L’esprit du feu

Avec les sculptures sonores de Michel Moglia s’ouvre une histoire de souffle et de feu, de sirènes et de dragons, de lumières et de chants. Depuis plus de dix ans, ses Orgues de feu illuminent les nuits des villes de France et d’ailleurs, crachant au ciel leurs sonorités fantastiques. http://www.orgue-a-feu.com

[postpunkindustrial]

Dälek ‎– From Filthy Tongue Of Gods And Griots LP

[ijprspharmajobs-blog]

In-Vitro Anthelmintic Activity Of Ehretia laevis bark On Indian Adult Earthworm

INTRODUCTION Parasitic infection including Helminthiasis is a critical serious problem in the tropical regions including the Asian and African countries which affects more than 2.5 billions of people worldwide. Helminths produce serious problem in human beings and other animals around the world specifically to the third world countries1. Different type of helminths infects the human and animals out of which intestinal round worms Pheritima posthuma (Annelida)   are most common. Approximately 200 million people suffer severe morbidity associated with these parasites and half of which are school-going children affected by massive infections. Variety of several clinical symptoms arises due to this infection include dysentery, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, loss of weight, acidity and anaemia. Other sign and symptoms of helminthic infections include respiratory symptoms, dermatological consequences and epilepsy as a result of neurocysticercosis. Helminthic infections may also subvert immune responses to pathogens of other diseases such as tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria2. Although the majority of infections are due to the worms generally limited to tropical regions, they can also occur to travellers who have visited those areas and some of them can develop in temperate climates3. Helminthiasis is a disease in which a part of the body is infested with worms like as pinworm, roundworm or tapeworm. Typically, the worms present in the gastrointestinal tract but may also reside into the liver and other organs, infected peoples are excrete helminth eggs in their faeces, which then contaminate the soil in areas with inadequate sanitation4. Other peoples can be infected by ingesting eggs or larvae in contaminated food, or through penetration of the skin by infective larvae in the soil (hookworms). Parasitic diseases can cause severe morbidity, including filariasis (a cause of elephantiasis), onchocerciasis (river blindness), and schistosomiasis5. As per the WHO survey only synthetic drugs are sometimes used in the treatment of helminth infestations in human beings but these synthetic drugs are out of reach of millions of people and have a lot of side effect. In view of this, an attempt has been made to study the anthelmintic activity of herbal drug. Development of resistance to most of the commercially available anthelmintics drugs are became a severe problem worldwide. Sometimes, these drugs are unaffordable, inaccessible or inadequately available to the resource poor farmers of the developed and developing countries6. These factors paved the way for herbal remedies as alternative anthelmintics7. Therefore the evaluation of the activities of medicinal plants claimed for possessing the anthelmintic property is getting attention these days8. Screening and proper evaluation of the claimed medicinal plants as anthelmentics could offer possible alternatives that may be both sustainable and environmentally acceptable9.  Ehretia laevis is fast-growing small tree belonging to family Ehretiaceae. The plant is native to India, Pakistan, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, China, Bhutan. The plant Ehretia laevis is located at hilly forests, in ravine and on hill slopes. The plant is known as Dant-Rang, Vadhvarni, Chamror10.  The inner bark of E. laevis is used as food. Leaves are applied to ulcers, skin diseases and in headache. Fruit is used as urinary passage, lung and spleen diseases, astringent, anthelmintic, diuretic, demulcent, expectorant. Powdered kernel mixed with oil is a remedy in ringworm. Seeds are anthelmintic. Barks are used in throat infection. Root for veneral diseases. The plant contains chemical constituents likes fatty acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, cyanogenetic glycosides, and benzoquinones11,12. In the current study, we have attempted to investigate methanolic, hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of bark of medicinal plant Ehretia laevis for their claimed anthelmintic activity. MATERIALS AND METHOD Plant Collection The fresh barks of plant Ehretia laevis were collected from haripura and manudevi region of Taluka Yawal, District Jalgaon, India. The selected plants were authenticated by Dr. D. A. Dhale, Asst. Professor, PG & Research Dept. of Botany SSVPS���s, L.K.Dr.P.R.Ghogrey Science College, Dhule, Maharashtra. Barks were dried at room temperature to avoid loss of chemical constituents and milled with the aid of grinding machine. Selection of Experimental Worms Indian adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma) were used to carry out the experiment. Pheritima posthuma is commonly known as earthworm and were collected from water logged areas. Ascardia galli is nematode were obtained from freshly slaughtered area. Both worms were identified by PG Department of Zoology, SSVPS's Science College, Dhule. Worms were washed with normal saline to remove all faecal matter. The earthworms of 7-9 cm in length and 0.2-0.4 cm in width were used for all the experimental protocol. Ready availability, anatomical and physiological resemblance of Pheretima posthuma and Ascardia galli made it to be used initially for in-vitro evaluation of anthelmintic activity. Preparation of Plant extract The bark of plant were thoroughly washed with tap water, dried at room temperature and transformed to coarse powder. The bark powder were extracted with three solvents i.e methanol, water and water-ethanol separately by Soxhlet extraction method. Finally, the extract was evaporated and dried under vacuum to obtain thick sticky extract. Drugs and Chemicals Piperazine citrate , Methanol, Distilled water, Ethanol and were used during the expperimental protocol. All the chemicals used are laboratory and analytical grade. Experimental Work13,14,15,16 The anthelmintic activity was carried out as described by Ajaiyeoba EO. et. al, 2001, with minor modifications. The assay was performed on adult Indian earthworm Pheritima posthuma and Ascardia galli due to their anatomical and physiological resemblance with the intestinal round worm parasite of human being17,18. Because of easy availability, earth worms have been used widely for initial evaluation of anthelmentic compounds in vitro. The Indian earthworm Pheritima posthuma and Ascardia galli, of nearly equal size, six in each group was taken for the experiment. The methanolic, aqueous and hydroalcoholic dried extract were suspended in 1% w/v Carboxy Methyl Cellulose, prepared in normal saline water in three different conc. (10, 25 and 50 mg/ml). Piperazine citrate suspension of concentration 10mg/ml was taken as standard and normal saline water with 1% CMC was taken as a control. Worms were placed in petridish containing 25 ml of sample (drug) solution. Time for paralysis was noted either when any movement could not be observed except when the worms were shaken vigorously or when dipped in warm water (500C). Death was included when the worms lost their motility followed by white secretions and fading away of their body colour. Statistical Analysis19 The data presented as Mean ± SEM. The activities of both the leaves extracts were compared with the control. All the extracts showed significantly higher duration of paralysis and death. Values of P Read the full article

[journalsclub-blog]

In-Vitro Anthelmintic Activity Of Ehretia laevis bark On Indian Adult Earthworm

INTRODUCTION Parasitic infection including Helminthiasis is a critical serious problem in the tropical regions including the Asian and African countries which affects more than 2.5 billions of people worldwide. Helminths produce serious problem in human beings and other animals around the world specifically to the third world countries1. Different type of helminths infects the human and animals out of which intestinal round worms Pheritima posthuma (Annelida)   are most common. Approximately 200 million people suffer severe morbidity associated with these parasites and half of which are school-going children affected by massive infections. Variety of several clinical symptoms arises due to this infection include dysentery, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, loss of weight, acidity and anaemia. Other sign and symptoms of helminthic infections include respiratory symptoms, dermatological consequences and epilepsy as a result of neurocysticercosis. Helminthic infections may also subvert immune responses to pathogens of other diseases such as tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria2. Although the majority of infections are due to the worms generally limited to tropical regions, they can also occur to travellers who have visited those areas and some of them can develop in temperate climates3. Helminthiasis is a disease in which a part of the body is infested with worms like as pinworm, roundworm or tapeworm. Typically, the worms present in the gastrointestinal tract but may also reside into the liver and other organs, infected peoples are excrete helminth eggs in their faeces, which then contaminate the soil in areas with inadequate sanitation4. Other peoples can be infected by ingesting eggs or larvae in contaminated food, or through penetration of the skin by infective larvae in the soil (hookworms). Parasitic diseases can cause severe morbidity, including filariasis (a cause of elephantiasis), onchocerciasis (river blindness), and schistosomiasis5. As per the WHO survey only synthetic drugs are sometimes used in the treatment of helminth infestations in human beings but these synthetic drugs are out of reach of millions of people and have a lot of side effect. In view of this, an attempt has been made to study the anthelmintic activity of herbal drug. Development of resistance to most of the commercially available anthelmintics drugs are became a severe problem worldwide. Sometimes, these drugs are unaffordable, inaccessible or inadequately available to the resource poor farmers of the developed and developing countries6. These factors paved the way for herbal remedies as alternative anthelmintics7. Therefore the evaluation of the activities of medicinal plants claimed for possessing the anthelmintic property is getting attention these days8. Screening and proper evaluation of the claimed medicinal plants as anthelmentics could offer possible alternatives that may be both sustainable and environmentally acceptable9.  Ehretia laevis is fast-growing small tree belonging to family Ehretiaceae. The plant is native to India, Pakistan, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, China, Bhutan. The plant Ehretia laevis is located at hilly forests, in ravine and on hill slopes. The plant is known as Dant-Rang, Vadhvarni, Chamror10.  The inner bark of E. laevis is used as food. Leaves are applied to ulcers, skin diseases and in headache. Fruit is used as urinary passage, lung and spleen diseases, astringent, anthelmintic, diuretic, demulcent, expectorant. Powdered kernel mixed with oil is a remedy in ringworm. Seeds are anthelmintic. Barks are used in throat infection. Root for veneral diseases. The plant contains chemical constituents likes fatty acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, cyanogenetic glycosides, and benzoquinones11,12. In the current study, we have attempted to investigate methanolic, hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of bark of medicinal plant Ehretia laevis for their claimed anthelmintic activity. MATERIALS AND METHOD Plant Collection The fresh barks of plant Ehretia laevis were collected from haripura and manudevi region of Taluka Yawal, District Jalgaon, India. The selected plants were authenticated by Dr. D. A. Dhale, Asst. Professor, PG & Research Dept. of Botany SSVPS’s, L.K.Dr.P.R.Ghogrey Science College, Dhule, Maharashtra. Barks were dried at room temperature to avoid loss of chemical constituents and milled with the aid of grinding machine. Selection of Experimental Worms Indian adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma) were used to carry out the experiment. Pheritima posthuma is commonly known as earthworm and were collected from water logged areas. Ascardia galli is nematode were obtained from freshly slaughtered area. Both worms were identified by PG Department of Zoology, SSVPS's Science College, Dhule. Worms were washed with normal saline to remove all faecal matter. The earthworms of 7-9 cm in length and 0.2-0.4 cm in width were used for all the experimental protocol. Ready availability, anatomical and physiological resemblance of Pheretima posthuma and Ascardia galli made it to be used initially for in-vitro evaluation of anthelmintic activity. Preparation of Plant extract The bark of plant were thoroughly washed with tap water, dried at room temperature and transformed to coarse powder. The bark powder were extracted with three solvents i.e methanol, water and water-ethanol separately by Soxhlet extraction method. Finally, the extract was evaporated and dried under vacuum to obtain thick sticky extract. Drugs and Chemicals Piperazine citrate , Methanol, Distilled water, Ethanol and were used during the expperimental protocol. All the chemicals used are laboratory and analytical grade. Experimental Work13,14,15,16 The anthelmintic activity was carried out as described by Ajaiyeoba EO. et. al, 2001, with minor modifications. The assay was performed on adult Indian earthworm Pheritima posthuma and Ascardia galli due to their anatomical and physiological resemblance with the intestinal round worm parasite of human being17,18. Because of easy availability, earth worms have been used widely for initial evaluation of anthelmentic compounds in vitro. The Indian earthworm Pheritima posthuma and Ascardia galli, of nearly equal size, six in each group was taken for the experiment. The methanolic, aqueous and hydroalcoholic dried extract were suspended in 1% w/v Carboxy Methyl Cellulose, prepared in normal saline water in three different conc. (10, 25 and 50 mg/ml). Piperazine citrate suspension of concentration 10mg/ml was taken as standard and normal saline water with 1% CMC was taken as a control. Worms were placed in petridish containing 25 ml of sample (drug) solution. Time for paralysis was noted either when any movement could not be observed except when the worms were shaken vigorously or when dipped in warm water (500C). Death was included when the worms lost their motility followed by white secretions and fading away of their body colour. Statistical Analysis19 The data presented as Mean ± SEM. The activities of both the leaves extracts were compared with the control. All the extracts showed significantly higher duration of paralysis and death. Values of P Read the full article

[ijprspharmanews-blog]

In-Vitro Anthelmintic Activity Of Ehretia laevis bark On Indian Adult Earthworm

INTRODUCTION Parasitic infection including Helminthiasis is a critical serious problem in the tropical regions including the Asian and African countries which affects more than 2.5 billions of people worldwide. Helminths produce serious problem in human beings and other animals around the world specifically to the third world countries1. Different type of helminths infects the human and animals out of which intestinal round worms Pheritima posthuma (Annelida)   are most common. Approximately 200 million people suffer severe morbidity associated with these parasites and half of which are school-going children affected by massive infections. Variety of several clinical symptoms arises due to this infection include dysentery, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, loss of weight, acidity and anaemia. Other sign and symptoms of helminthic infections include respiratory symptoms, dermatological consequences and epilepsy as a result of neurocysticercosis. Helminthic infections may also subvert immune responses to pathogens of other diseases such as tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria2. Although the majority of infections are due to the worms generally limited to tropical regions, they can also occur to travellers who have visited those areas and some of them can develop in temperate climates3. Helminthiasis is a disease in which a part of the body is infested with worms like as pinworm, roundworm or tapeworm. Typically, the worms present in the gastrointestinal tract but may also reside into the liver and other organs, infected peoples are excrete helminth eggs in their faeces, which then contaminate the soil in areas with inadequate sanitation4. Other peoples can be infected by ingesting eggs or larvae in contaminated food, or through penetration of the skin by infective larvae in the soil (hookworms). Parasitic diseases can cause severe morbidity, including filariasis (a cause of elephantiasis), onchocerciasis (river blindness), and schistosomiasis5. As per the WHO survey only synthetic drugs are sometimes used in the treatment of helminth infestations in human beings but these synthetic drugs are out of reach of millions of people and have a lot of side effect. In view of this, an attempt has been made to study the anthelmintic activity of herbal drug. Development of resistance to most of the commercially available anthelmintics drugs are became a severe problem worldwide. Sometimes, these drugs are unaffordable, inaccessible or inadequately available to the resource poor farmers of the developed and developing countries6. These factors paved the way for herbal remedies as alternative anthelmintics7. Therefore the evaluation of the activities of medicinal plants claimed for possessing the anthelmintic property is getting attention these days8. Screening and proper evaluation of the claimed medicinal plants as anthelmentics could offer possible alternatives that may be both sustainable and environmentally acceptable9.  Ehretia laevis is fast-growing small tree belonging to family Ehretiaceae. The plant is native to India, Pakistan, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, China, Bhutan. The plant Ehretia laevis is located at hilly forests, in ravine and on hill slopes. The plant is known as Dant-Rang, Vadhvarni, Chamror10.  The inner bark of E. laevis is used as food. Leaves are applied to ulcers, skin diseases and in headache. Fruit is used as urinary passage, lung and spleen diseases, astringent, anthelmintic, diuretic, demulcent, expectorant. Powdered kernel mixed with oil is a remedy in ringworm. Seeds are anthelmintic. Barks are used in throat infection. Root for veneral diseases. The plant contains chemical constituents likes fatty acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, cyanogenetic glycosides, and benzoquinones11,12. In the current study, we have attempted to investigate methanolic, hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of bark of medicinal plant Ehretia laevis for their claimed anthelmintic activity. MATERIALS AND METHOD Plant Collection The fresh barks of plant Ehretia laevis were collected from haripura and manudevi region of Taluka Yawal, District Jalgaon, India. The selected plants were authenticated by Dr. D. A. Dhale, Asst. Professor, PG & Research Dept. of Botany SSVPS’s, L.K.Dr.P.R.Ghogrey Science College, Dhule, Maharashtra. Barks were dried at room temperature to avoid loss of chemical constituents and milled with the aid of grinding machine. Selection of Experimental Worms Indian adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma) were used to carry out the experiment. Pheritima posthuma is commonly known as earthworm and were collected from water logged areas. Ascardia galli is nematode were obtained from freshly slaughtered area. Both worms were identified by PG Department of Zoology, SSVPS's Science College, Dhule. Worms were washed with normal saline to remove all faecal matter. The earthworms of 7-9 cm in length and 0.2-0.4 cm in width were used for all the experimental protocol. Ready availability, anatomical and physiological resemblance of Pheretima posthuma and Ascardia galli made it to be used initially for in-vitro evaluation of anthelmintic activity. Preparation of Plant extract The bark of plant were thoroughly washed with tap water, dried at room temperature and transformed to coarse powder. The bark powder were extracted with three solvents i.e methanol, water and water-ethanol separately by Soxhlet extraction method. Finally, the extract was evaporated and dried under vacuum to obtain thick sticky extract. Drugs and Chemicals Piperazine citrate , Methanol, Distilled water, Ethanol and were used during the expperimental protocol. All the chemicals used are laboratory and analytical grade. Experimental Work13,14,15,16 The anthelmintic activity was carried out as described by Ajaiyeoba EO. et. al, 2001, with minor modifications. The assay was performed on adult Indian earthworm Pheritima posthuma and Ascardia galli due to their anatomical and physiological resemblance with the intestinal round worm parasite of human being17,18. Because of easy availability, earth worms have been used widely for initial evaluation of anthelmentic compounds in vitro. The Indian earthworm Pheritima posthuma and Ascardia galli, of nearly equal size, six in each group was taken for the experiment. The methanolic, aqueous and hydroalcoholic dried extract were suspended in 1% w/v Carboxy Methyl Cellulose, prepared in normal saline water in three different conc. (10, 25 and 50 mg/ml). Piperazine citrate suspension of concentration 10mg/ml was taken as standard and normal saline water with 1% CMC was taken as a control. Worms were placed in petridish containing 25 ml of sample (drug) solution. Time for paralysis was noted either when any movement could not be observed except when the worms were shaken vigorously or when dipped in warm water (500C). Death was included when the worms lost their motility followed by white secretions and fading away of their body colour. Statistical Analysis19 The data presented as Mean ± SEM. The activities of both the leaves extracts were compared with the control. All the extracts showed significantly higher duration of paralysis and death. Values of P Read the full article

[ijprsteam-blog]

In-Vitro Anthelmintic Activity Of Ehretia laevis bark On Indian Adult Earthworm

INTRODUCTION Parasitic infection including Helminthiasis is a critical serious problem in the tropical regions including the Asian and African countries which affects more than 2.5 billions of people worldwide. Helminths produce serious problem in human beings and other animals around the world specifically to the third world countries1. Different type of helminths infects the human and animals out of which intestinal round worms Pheritima posthuma (Annelida)   are most common. Approximately 200 million people suffer severe morbidity associated with these parasites and half of which are school-going children affected by massive infections. Variety of several clinical symptoms arises due to this infection include dysentery, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, loss of weight, acidity and anaemia. Other sign and symptoms of helminthic infections include respiratory symptoms, dermatological consequences and epilepsy as a result of neurocysticercosis. Helminthic infections may also subvert immune responses to pathogens of other diseases such as tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria2. Although the majority of infections are due to the worms generally limited to tropical regions, they can also occur to travellers who have visited those areas and some of them can develop in temperate climates3. Helminthiasis is a disease in which a part of the body is infested with worms like as pinworm, roundworm or tapeworm. Typically, the worms present in the gastrointestinal tract but may also reside into the liver and other organs, infected peoples are excrete helminth eggs in their faeces, which then contaminate the soil in areas with inadequate sanitation4. Other peoples can be infected by ingesting eggs or larvae in contaminated food, or through penetration of the skin by infective larvae in the soil (hookworms). Parasitic diseases can cause severe morbidity, including filariasis (a cause of elephantiasis), onchocerciasis (river blindness), and schistosomiasis5. As per the WHO survey only synthetic drugs are sometimes used in the treatment of helminth infestations in human beings but these synthetic drugs are out of reach of millions of people and have a lot of side effect. In view of this, an attempt has been made to study the anthelmintic activity of herbal drug. Development of resistance to most of the commercially available anthelmintics drugs are became a severe problem worldwide. Sometimes, these drugs are unaffordable, inaccessible or inadequately available to the resource poor farmers of the developed and developing countries6. These factors paved the way for herbal remedies as alternative anthelmintics7. Therefore the evaluation of the activities of medicinal plants claimed for possessing the anthelmintic property is getting attention these days8. Screening and proper evaluation of the claimed medicinal plants as anthelmentics could offer possible alternatives that may be both sustainable and environmentally acceptable9.  Ehretia laevis is fast-growing small tree belonging to family Ehretiaceae. The plant is native to India, Pakistan, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, China, Bhutan. The plant Ehretia laevis is located at hilly forests, in ravine and on hill slopes. The plant is known as Dant-Rang, Vadhvarni, Chamror10.  The inner bark of E. laevis is used as food. Leaves are applied to ulcers, skin diseases and in headache. Fruit is used as urinary passage, lung and spleen diseases, astringent, anthelmintic, diuretic, demulcent, expectorant. Powdered kernel mixed with oil is a remedy in ringworm. Seeds are anthelmintic. Barks are used in throat infection. Root for veneral diseases. The plant contains chemical constituents likes fatty acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, cyanogenetic glycosides, and benzoquinones11,12. In the current study, we have attempted to investigate methanolic, hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of bark of medicinal plant Ehretia laevis for their claimed anthelmintic activity. MATERIALS AND METHOD Plant Collection The fresh barks of plant Ehretia laevis were collected from haripura and manudevi region of Taluka Yawal, District Jalgaon, India. The selected plants were authenticated by Dr. D. A. Dhale, Asst. Professor, PG & Research Dept. of Botany SSVPS’s, L.K.Dr.P.R.Ghogrey Science College, Dhule, Maharashtra. Barks were dried at room temperature to avoid loss of chemical constituents and milled with the aid of grinding machine. Selection of Experimental Worms Indian adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma) were used to carry out the experiment. Pheritima posthuma is commonly known as earthworm and were collected from water logged areas. Ascardia galli is nematode were obtained from freshly slaughtered area. Both worms were identified by PG Department of Zoology, SSVPS's Science College, Dhule. Worms were washed with normal saline to remove all faecal matter. The earthworms of 7-9 cm in length and 0.2-0.4 cm in width were used for all the experimental protocol. Ready availability, anatomical and physiological resemblance of Pheretima posthuma and Ascardia galli made it to be used initially for in-vitro evaluation of anthelmintic activity. Preparation of Plant extract The bark of plant were thoroughly washed with tap water, dried at room temperature and transformed to coarse powder. The bark powder were extracted with three solvents i.e methanol, water and water-ethanol separately by Soxhlet extraction method. Finally, the extract was evaporated and dried under vacuum to obtain thick sticky extract. Drugs and Chemicals Piperazine citrate , Methanol, Distilled water, Ethanol and were used during the expperimental protocol. All the chemicals used are laboratory and analytical grade. Experimental Work13,14,15,16 The anthelmintic activity was carried out as described by Ajaiyeoba EO. et. al, 2001, with minor modifications. The assay was performed on adult Indian earthworm Pheritima posthuma and Ascardia galli due to their anatomical and physiological resemblance with the intestinal round worm parasite of human being17,18. Because of easy availability, earth worms have been used widely for initial evaluation of anthelmentic compounds in vitro. The Indian earthworm Pheritima posthuma and Ascardia galli, of nearly equal size, six in each group was taken for the experiment. The methanolic, aqueous and hydroalcoholic dried extract were suspended in 1% w/v Carboxy Methyl Cellulose, prepared in normal saline water in three different conc. (10, 25 and 50 mg/ml). Piperazine citrate suspension of concentration 10mg/ml was taken as standard and normal saline water with 1% CMC was taken as a control. Worms were placed in petridish containing 25 ml of sample (drug) solution. Time for paralysis was noted either when any movement could not be observed except when the worms were shaken vigorously or when dipped in warm water (500C). Death was included when the worms lost their motility followed by white secretions and fading away of their body colour. Statistical Analysis19 The data presented as Mean ± SEM. The activities of both the leaves extracts were compared with the control. All the extracts showed significantly higher duration of paralysis and death. Values of P Read the full article