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ellaofoakhill · 1 month ago

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Worldbuilding Post #3: The Next 200 Million Years

Before we go any further in this series, I feel I should address an important dimension to this world which I’ve only alluded to thus far: geologic time. In the vast majority of stories and their worlds, time on the scale of tens and hundreds of millions of years is irrelevant; even in the story of TLOM itself, the history of the fey goes back roughly one and a half million years, barely scratching the lowest end of this timescale.

But I’m a worldbuilder. I can do what I want >:}

And I want to flesh out the history of this alternate Earth between our Earth’s present and Fey’s over this >200 million year timespan, so it is vital for me to have a solid grasp of how the world changes over this time.

These posts, I should clarify, aren’t directly about the story of TLOM; they won’t spoil anything, nor will they inform anything but the broadest background to the stories of my fey characters and their adventures. But they enrich these stories and their world for me, and I hope they do the same for you.

Back to the topic at hand!

There are five geologic time periods lying between our present and Fey’s: the Quaternary, the Amendian, the Wattersonian, the Rhodian, and the Syverudian (Bonus points if you get what I’m referencing with the names).

THE QUATERNARY

First, we have the remainder of the Quaternary period, the geologic time period we find ourselves in, which began circa 2.58 million years ago with the onset of the Ice Ages. For a few reasons, I haven’t explored the remainder of this period in any depth, and I’ll likely leave most of it alone.

In broad strokes, Earth will continue cycling between cold and dry glacial advances, and warmer and wetter glacial retreats throughout this period, with the former becoming progressively longer-lasting and more extreme. The broad mix of animal life on Earth will remain mostly the same, with birds and especially mammals predominating in most terrestrial megafaunal niches, and angiosperms dominating the roles of terrestrial plants. I imagine grasses in particular are going to do well over the course of this period, and by extension the animals that feed on them.

One small change, however, is that the ancestors of the fey fauna, which will split into two major lineages in the next 10-12 million years or so, will begin moving onto land in this period. The clade to which fey creatures such as unicorns, phoenixes, and gryphons belong, which I shall use the placeholder name “Plesiofae” to refer to, will emerge from the water near the end of this period. Their sister lineage, the “Eufae”, which includes the fey themselves, will emerge about 20 million years earlier, in the late Middle Quaternary.

END-QUATERNARY MASS EXTINCTION

The end of the Quaternary, 66.55 million years from now (henceforth “myfn”) will see a brief reversal of Earth’s cooling trend, as a major LIP (Large Igneous Province) forms in Alaska, covering over 3 million km2 and spewing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. A rifting event producing comparable amounts of greenhouse gases will also start to break North America into three sections. These two events within a few million years of each other will cause many cold-adapted species to go extinct, and many creatures adapted to dry climates to similarly die out, as their preferred food sources go extinct, sea levels rise, and diseases which flourish under hot, wet conditions proliferate, further depleting the Earth’s diversity. The oceans will be even more dramatically affected, as they acidify in response to various chemical processes set off by the Earth’s rapid warming.

Following this extinction, only the following orders of mammals will have any taxa which survive and proliferate in the Amendian period: Rodentia (rodents), Chiroptera (bats), Eulipotyphla (shrews, moles, hedgehogs, and their relatives), Carnivora (foxes, civets, and raccoons), Didelphimorphia (the opossums), Afrosoricida (golden moles, otter shrews, and tenrecs), and Macroscelidea (the sengi, or elephant shrews). The birds will fare worse, with the only orders of theirs of any prominence following the end-Quaternary being the Galliformes and the Passeriformes, particularly the seed and insect-eaters of these groups.

THE AMENDIAN

The Amendian is a relatively short period, lasting only from 66.55 to 92.82 myfn, or about 26 million years. Though this period will see the Earth remain warm following the extinction, the climate will start cooling again by its end.

Flowering plants will persist throughout this period, though their previous diversity will have been greatly whittled down. Of the 64 orders and over 400 families of angiosperms, only grasses, legumes, and the daisies will survive the extinction well. Also of note among primary producers, in the earliest Amendian, golden algae will begin their colonization of dry land, initially competing with lichens, mosses, and the ground-hugging grasses of the far north.

Regarding fauna, the earliest recovering group of herbivores will be the rodents, which shall explode in diversity throughout the Amendian. Caviomorph rodents will dominate large herbivorous niches in the Americas and Antarctica, with members of the squirrel family diversifying into comparable niches across Eurasia, Australia, and Africa. Their predators will similarly diversify, from the descendants of foxes in Eurasia, Africa, and Australia, and the descendants of raccoons in the Americas, and Antarctica when it contacts them. Bats will dominate the night skies, moving into predatory niches vacated by owls and other nocturnal birds, and the remaining Passeriformes, as they radiate, will take on increasingly greater size and diversity of diet.

In the oceans, the descendants of otters will begin shedding their dependence on dry land, filling niches comparable to pinnipeds today. Filling the roles of pelagic macropredators will be the descendants of cod and their relatives, and the only remaining sharks will be planktonic filter-feeders.

THE WATTERSONIAN

As the Amendian period gives way to the Wattersonian, the world will continue to cool. The early Wattersonian will be relatively wet, with the South Atlantic being uninterrupted but for South America and Antarctica in the West, and the southernmost tip of Africa, the Somali plate, and the now-above-sea level Kerguelen plateau in the East. There will be lots of open water over which storms can build, and these storms will dump tremendous amounts of rain on the lands above, though central Eurasia, fenced in by various mountain ranges, will be the driest region on Earth at this time.

The animal groups of the Amendian will mostly persist into the Wattersonian, continuing to expand in size and diversity. Mammals will once again attain the sizes reached in previous periods, with the descendants of caviomorph rodents in particular attaining 20 tonnes in weight, and the descendants of otters reaching the size of sperm whales in the oceans as they break all connection with the land.

Beginning their rise in this period will be the ancestors of the fey fauna which will dominate the following era. By the end of the Wattersonian, these creatures will be small, commonly fossorial or arboreal, and feed mostly on insects and other invertebrates, seeds, and fruit. Many groups of microfauna will find themselves facing progressively stiffer competition, with most clades of small vertebrates undergoing significant decline over this period.

Meanwhile, the Orophyllae, or terrestrial golden algae, shall greatly expand and diversify over this period, outcompeting terrestrial plants over most of northern Eurasia, Africa, and West and Central North America. Several factors will be at play in their success: their capacity to survive cold dry conditions; the robustness of their cell walls—a mix of cellulose and several derivatives of the algin present in the cell walls of ancestral brown algae, which will enhance the rigidity of the orophylls’ overall structure with much the same effect as lignin has on plants; and the toxicity of the antifreezes they will produce to survive the cold, which will not only tend to sicken and even kill animals feeding on even minute quantities of their tissues, but the plants already established on land as well; the fact that these antifreezes will tend to break down slowly in the ground will only enhance their effectiveness in this regard.

This unbridled success will have far-reaching consequences, however. Like plants, orophylls photosynthesize, pulling carbon dioxide out of the air to produce sugars, and releasing oxygen as a result. But unlike modern plants, few species will be able to survive ingesting even small amounts of orophyll tissue, let alone be able to digest it. This will cause orophyll remains to accumulate over vast swathes of land area, locking carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere, and causing the world to cool as these organisms expand largely unchecked across the northern hemisphere. Their rise will have had an impact on the global climate, and in the Late Wattersonian the Earth, already colder than today, will grow colder still, with the polar ice sheets expanding past the Arctic and Antarctic circles for the first time since the Late Quaternary. Thusly shall the stage be set when the Second Great Dying comes to pass.

THE END OF THE CENOZOIC: THE END-WATTERSONIAN MASS EXTINCTION

The End-Wattersonian extinction, beginning 117.54 myfn and ending 119.46 myfn, will be one of the worst Earth has ever faced, approximately equal in severity to the Great Dying—the Permian-Triassic extinction—which ended the Paleozoic Era 252 million years ago. And like the Great Dying, it will take place over approximately 2 million years. It will start with two meteorite impacts, each comparable in magnitude to the one which ended the Mesozoic. One will strike in the South Atlantic, the other in Central Asia. Both will have dramatic effects on a global scale. The clouds of vapour and dust sent up by the impacts will cause the world to cool so intensely that the ice sheets, already advancing, will reach a tipping point, and expand at a rate not seen since the Proterozoic Eon, encasing all the Earth’s surface beyond the tropics in ice.

Earth’s salvation in the face of this runaway icehouse—ironically to us and our current climate woes—will be the greenhouse gases produced by the break-up of Eurasia. Shortly after the latter meteorite impact, the Eurasian plate will begin rifting into three sections. West Eurasia, along with Africa, will begin to move west, toward the Appalachian Plate, which will have moved east at a modest pace on even a geologic time scale over the 53ish million years since its split from the rest of North America. East Eurasia, now fused with Australia, will move East, pushing up high mountain ranges and creating volcanic faults as it compresses northern Cordillera and accelerates the subduction of the last vestiges of the Pacific plate. And South Eurasia will break off and start moving south at a pace approaching that of India prior to its collision with Eurasia some 50 million years ago.

Though this will end the New Slushball Earth, the Eurasian rifting event will spew millions of square kilometres of flood basalts across the remains of Central Asia, and tons upon tons of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The near-global ice sheets will rapidly retreat, raising sea levels, devastating ecosystems hundreds of kilometres from the coast, and dramatically altering ocean salinity, acidity, and heat balance. Thus, the ocean currents necessary for distributing heat, oxygen, and nutrients around the globe will break down, and take millions of years to recover.

This extinction will spell the absolute end for the marine relatives of the otter, and sharks, and numerous families and orders of invertebrates, including, ironically given the origins of the fey, the cuttlefish. The last crocodilians will have died out prior to this extinction, after expanding into marine niches and ekeing out a living in the last tropical reaches around southernmost Africa, Somali, and South America for millions of years after the End-Quaternary extinction.

On land, things will be little better. Angiosperm diversity will be greatly reduced a second time, though the grasses (Poaceae) will pull through, as will several disparate groups of dicots, and only three families of conifers (podocarps, cypresses, and yews) will bring the gymnosperm lineage into the new era. The most derived orophylls, the Carnospora, or “fleshy spores”, named for the fruit-like flesh in which many species will encase their spores to aid dispersal, will be the only group of complex organisms on Fey to come through this extinction almost completely unscathed.

Arthropods, particularly the insects, will fare more poorly in this extinction than ever before, as even the areas of ice-free land and water in the tropics will be too cold for all but the hardiest species to survive through most of the year. Among vertebrates, nothing will do well. Everything above about 10 kilograms will die out quite quickly, and as small mammals, birds, and lizards face stiff competition from the fey microfauna going into this extinction, the diversity which might have allowed some more generalist species to pull through, as it has in the past, simply won’t be there. Passerine birds and bats will persist for some time following the extinction, but both will struggle to survive in this new world.

THE DAWN OF THE METAZOIC ERA: THE ERYTHRIAN

The dawn of the Metazoic Era will not be cheerful. 83.10% of all genera, 69.94% of terrestrial species, and 84.94% of marine species will die out at the end of the Wattersonian. The majority of Fey’s land surface will be ice and bare rock, and the seas will be emptier than they were at the end of the Permian 370 million years before. The air will be much cooler than during that extinction, though, as significant ice sheets will remain at high latitudes.

And yet, somehow, life shall find a way.

Following the extinction, rain will begin to fall with a near-global distribution. Rainforests will emerge, filled in the south and at lower latitudes by new families of tree-like grasses, and in the north by new, towering carnospores, whose remains will form vast swamps and bogs in the humid climate, taking enormous amounts of newly-spewed carbon out of the atmosphere. These will later form expansive coal deposits across the northern hemisphere.

The decline of the vertebrates will have three exceptions. Among the passerine birds will evolve a small flightless burrower and seed-eater in southern North America, a distant descendant of none other than the bluejay, Omegacorvus ultimus. And across Eurasia—its fragments still tenuously connected by land bridges and island chains—and Africa, a small burrowing omnivore related to the African porcupine will spread, named Durognathus supervivus. These two species will do as Lystrosaurus did before them, and in the dawn of the new era they will explode in population and diversity, and though their descendants’ success will be short-lived, mammals and birds will dominate the Earth one last time. But on the island continent of Lumr, which split off from Africa before the fey fauna’s ancestors had even left the ocean, several lineages of mammals and birds shall persist into Fey’s present whose cousins elsewhere will die out before the end of the Erythrian.

Though Omegacorvus and Durognathus will be the major survivors of this extinction, they will not be the only ones. Among autotrophic terrestrial organisms, carnospores will do particularly well, exploding in diversity across the northern landmasses, while grasses will do the same on the southern landmasses. Arthropods will also generally recover, as will the creatures which eat them.

Thus do we come to the ascendant group of animals of the Metazoic, which will come to dominate the terrestrial sphere in this new era. The fey fauna will survive the End-Cenozoic by being small burrowing seed-eaters and omnivores, ranging from shrew-sized to about the size of a marmot. Once mammals and birds are removed from the world’s megafaunal niches, however, the fey fauna will begin diversifying, filling the places left vacant by vertebrates.

It will be as the carnospores expand their range that the descendants of Omegacorvus and Durognathus will begin to decline; though more nutritious than most of the plants they will replace, creatures better able to digest carnospore tissues and take advantage of that nutrition will have evolved among the fey fauna in the Late Wattersonian, and they will begin overtaking the above survivors.

THE END-ERYTHRIAN FOREST COLLAPSE

Though not severe enough to be classified as a mass extinction, the end of the Erythrian will see extensive changes across the world. Oxygen concentrations in the atmosphere will reach levels comparable to those at the height of the Carboniferous, and the concentrations of various greenhouse gases will decline. The high levels of rain at the start of the period will gradually decrease, before plummeting at the end of the Erythrian, as will the average global temperature. As a result, the continental ice sheets, in retreat at the start of the Metazoic, will return, and though the orophylls in general will do well in cooler, drier environments, it will be as the Erythrian comes to an end that their proverbial bubble bursts. Though the equatorial regions at the end of the Erythrian will be drier than today, they will still be relatively warm and humid, and in the heightened competition of the tropical seasonal forests and narrow bands of remaining rainforest, the capacity to digest carnospore tissues will become more widespread amongst the world’s fauna and fungi. This will not halt the spread of carnospores southwards—these developments shall only slow that march—but it will mean that, past this point, carnospore woody tissues can be broken down, albeit slowly, much like lignin in plants, and much of their competitive edge will be blunted.

THE SYVERUDIAN

The dawn of the Syverudian, Fey’s current period, will see the retreat of the carnospore forests. Though they still exist across all the world save for Lumr in Fey’s present, said forests will be broken up by steppes and prairies of mixed grasses and carnospore stalks and fronds.

Along with these developments, the fey fauna will finally and fully rise to prominence in this period. Though mammals and birds will still exist, as will many other amniote lineages, they will not dominate terrestrial faunas, save in Lumr; fishes, however, will still be doing well in the oceans, though there as well members of the fey fauna will expand into the deeps.

And so we come to modern Fey. Days are longer, at 24 hours and 58 minutes in length, and the year 350.13 days in length. The air has more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than on our modern Earth. It is colder and drier than our Earth, and ice sheets cover huge swathes of the continents. Though much of the landscape is green with plant life, as much or more of it is gold with “newly” terrestrial photosynthesizers, whose fruits we would find inedible, if not lethal to consume. And with these new “plants” are not merely new animals, but an entire class of creatures has moved from the seas to the land and sky, and even back to the sea, and grown into something entirely new, creatures whose ancestors had ten limbs instead of four, and have skeletons of chitin instead of bone.

There is so much here, for us to explore and for me to share with you, in this strange new world grown from the old.

But that’s another chapter in this ongoing story. Next time, we’ll cover fairy horses. Bye for now!

#my original work #my worldbuilding #three legacies of magic #tlom #worldbuilding post no.3: the next 200 million years #Fey

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444namesplus · 4 months ago

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