#effector hack

[mesotokyo]

Nutubeを使った自作ブースター/オーバードライブペダルをBOSS DS-1と比べてみた動画・ベース編です。

[releaseteam]

via Twitter https://twitter.com/releaseteam

[digitalyogesh]

Guduchi himalaya

Data about Himalaya Wellness Pure Herbs Guduchi Immunity Wellness Tablet Guduchi himalaya

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Key fixings:

Giloy(Tinospora Cor Guduchi himalaya difolia): 250 mg

Key advantages/employments of Himalaya Wellness Pure Herbs Guduchi Immunity Wellness Tablet:

Utilized for the treatment o Guduchi himalaya f general shortcoming and normal virus

Known to bring down your danger of repetitive contaminations

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Can assist you with working o Guduchi himalaya n the indications during the recuperation time frame

Helps battle against respiratory issues

Builds the adequacy of different insusceptible effector c Guduchi himalaya ells that advance early recuperation

Upgrades the action of the white p Guduchi himalaya latelets (WBCs)

Assembles the body’s protection from contaminations

Helps in the treatment of Guduchi himalaya stomach issues like heartburn

Assists with mending tainted injuries, particularly in patients experiencing diabetic conditions

Bearings for use:

Accept this enhancement a Guduchi himalaya s exhorted by your PCP. Preferably, it is encouraged to take 1-2 tablets with water.

Fast tips for Himalaya Wellness Pure Herbs Guduchi Immunity Wellness Tablet:

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Take the medication simultaneously Guduchi himalaya consistently to assist you with recalling take it.

Adhere Guduchi himalaya to your PCP’s guidelines cautiously to benefit from this medicine.

Inform your primary care physician concerning all the medications you are taking as they might influence or be influenced by this medic Guduchi himalaya ation.

Peruse the name cautiously before use Guduchi himalaya , and don’t surpass the suggested measurement of the tablet.

Continuously utilize Guduchi himalaya this medication under clinical watch.

Try not to take these enhancements in case you are sensitive to giloy.

On the off chance that you miss a portion, accept it when you recall. Be that as it may, in case it’s nearly an ideal opportunity Guduchi himalaya for the following portion, skirt the portion you missed and take your next portion at the booked time.

Results of Himalaya Wellness Pure Herbs Guduchi Immunity Wellness Tablet:

These tablets are generally protected and don’t ca Guduchi himalaya use any incidental effects when taken according to the specialist’s suggestion. Be that as it may, if your side effects neglect to show any improvement or then Guduchi himalaya again in the event that you experience any indications post taking this enhancement, educate your PCP.

Capacity and se Guduchi himalaya curity data:

Peruse the mark cautiously before use.

Try not to surpass the suggested portion.

Keep out of the spa Guduchi himalaya n and sight of youngsters.

FAQs identified with Himalaya Wellness Pure Herbs Guduchi Immunity Wellness Tablet:

Q. What is Himalaya Wellness Pure Herbs Guduchi Immunity Wellness Tablet utilized for?

It is utilized to support resistance and shield you from different contaminations. It is an Ayurvedic supplement that contains giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) as a functioning fixing. It upgrades the movement of the white platelets (WBCs), works on invulnerable capacity, and constructs the body’s protection from contaminations. It is likewise known to support the speedy recuperation post a disease Guduchi himalaya by working on your manifestations. It can likewise be utilized to oversee fever and help in the treatment of hack and cold.

Q. Could Giloy be utilized to treat fever?

Giloy helps in diminishing fever because of its Javarghana (antipyretic) property. According to Ayurveda, two elements can cause high fev Guduchi himalaya er, the first is ama and the second is tainting because of any unfamiliar molecule or organic entity. Giloy decreases fever by further developing processing and retention because of its Deepan (canapé) and Pachan (stomach related) properties which thus forest Guduchi himalaya alls the arrangement of Ama. It likewise further develops resistance to battle unfamiliar particles or organic entities because of its Rasayana pr Guduchi himalaya operty.

Q. Would i be able to take Gilo Guduchi himalaya y on an unfilled stomach?

Indeed. This ayurvedic supplement can be taken on a vacant stomach in the first part of the day to treat liv Guduchi himalaya er issue, oversee fever and battle pressure. Be that as it may, converse with your PCP to know the ideal opportunity and right portion of this enhancement as it would change dependent o Guduchi himalaya n your medical issue.

Q. Does Giloy assist w Guduchi himalaya ith boosting resistance?

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Q. Does Giloy a Guduchi himalaya ssist with further developing your assimilation framework?

Giloy contains a stomach related chemical known as amylase. This chemical aides in the assimilation of starch which is the Guduchi himalaya primary wellspring of sugars in the human eating regimen. The change of dietary starch into glucose by amylase advances absorption. It additionally assists with working on your absorption because of its Ushna (hot), Deepana (starter) and Pachana (processing) properties. This assists with working on your Agni (stomach related fire) and advance absorption whil Guduchi himalaya e improving your hunger.

Q. Does Giloy help battle respiratory issues?

Indeed, Giloy may be gainful in battling respiratory illnesses because of the presence of specific constituents that have antimicrobial propertie Guduchi himalaya s. Giloy assists with battling respiratory issues because of its Ushna (hot) and Vata-Kapha adjusting properties. It keeps the respiratory framework solid by battling respirator illness causing organisms. It works by liquefyi Guduchi himalaya ng the bodily fluid and clearing every one of the deterrents, guaranteeing better breathing entry.

[reeiiedu]

The Reflexive Nervous System

When you contact a hot article or when a pin pricks your finger, what is your prompt reaction? Obviously, you expel your hand away from the wellspring of torment, either the hot item or the pin. In circumstances like these, your reactions are consistently quick, automatic and unexpected. They occur without a very remarkable reasoning cycle. In logical terms, this action is known as the reflex action. Here the spinal cord has a significant task to carry out. The reflex circular segment shows the pathway through which the reflex action happens.

A human body comprises of different cells, tissues and mainly human parts. To control these things Neural control and coordination is required.

Reflex Action

 The entire system of reflex action happens in such a design, that there is no cognizant control of the brain. Incitement happens through the fringe nervous system and the reaction to this fringe nerve incitement is automatic. In a reflex action, the spinal cord alongside the brain stem is answerable for the reflex developments.

 A couple of instances of reflex action are:

 At the point when light goes about as an improvement, the understudy of the eye changes in size.

 Unexpected jerky withdrawal of hand or leg when pricked by a pin.

 Hacking or sniffling, in light of aggravations in the nasal sections.

 Knees snap in light of a blow or somebody stepping the leg.

 The unexpected expulsion of the hand from a sharp item.

 Unexpected flickering when a creepy crawly comes close to the eyes.

 The entire cycle of reflex action includes some significant segments. They are receptor organs, tactile neurons, nerve focus, related neurons, engine neurons and effector neurons.

 The receptor organs see the improvements. They are arranged on the sense organs. The afferent neurons or the tactile neurons convey the upgrades from receptors to the spinal cord. The ganglion of the spinal cord has the tactile neurons.

 The spinal cord is the nerve place, where synaptic associations are framed. The related neurons are available in the spinal cord. The ventral horn of spinal cord has the engine neurons. Effector organs are the glands and muscles that act in light of the upgrades.

 Reflex Arc

 The neural pathway that controls the reflexes happens through the reflex bend. It follows up on an impulse even before it arrives at the brain. There are a few boosts that require a programmed, momentary reaction without the need of cognizant idea. The accompanying outline shows the reflex bend pathway.

 Reflex Action and Reflex Arc

 The receptor here is the sense organ that detects peril. The tangible neurons get signals from the tactile organ and send them through other neurons which are interconnected. It is then gotten by the transfer neuron which is available in the spinal cord. Quickly, the spinal cord imparts back signs to the muscle through the engine neuron. The muscles joined to the sense organ move the organ away from risk. In reflex actions, the signs don't venture out up to the brain.

[antoine-roquentin]

Until CRISPR, DIY scientists didn’t have an easy, cheap or reliable way to precisely edit DNA. Many of them couldn’t afford the pricey and imperfect tools that professional scientists used for gene editing at the time. “Before CRISPR, there was TALENS [transcription activator-like effector nucleases] and zinc finger nucleases—older technologies that were not as precise or reliable,” explains Sosa. “They were out of the budget and the time constraints of DIY scientists.” Sosa says that if a DIY-er used those other technologies, it might cost him or her thousands of dollars to do a genetic engineering experiment. But with CRISPR, it’s vastly more affordable, especially if you want to attempt an experiment more than once. “With TALENS, you try it once and fail,” says Sosa. “With CRISPR, you can try it multiple times. That alone is a big deal.”

This means that CRISPR gives DIY-ers a whole new way to do science. So far, Sosa and his lab mates have tried out CRISPR in a number of ways: cutting yeast genomes, slicing DNA inside E. coli cells, and attempting to modify the CRISPR system by shrinking it or attaching other molecules to it. Sosa has goals for his CRISPR research. “I want to understand how a cell really functions, and what are all the little things that happen in it,” he explains. “And when something goes wrong [such as in diseases], how to fix it or make it do what I want.”

After several hours, Sosa and I checked to see if CRISPR had cut our yeast DNA. We dyed our DNA-CRISPR mixture blue and ran it through an electrically charged gel, which separates bigger DNA pieces from smaller ones. Tiny channels in the gel run from one charged end to the other, and the sliced DNA strands are pulled through them towards the positively charged side. If our experiment succeeded, we should see two blue bands for the short CRISPR-cut DNA strands in one spot, and one blue band for a longer, uncut piece of DNA (our control) in another location.

Sosa carried the gel into the bathroom, where we turned off the lights and looked at it under blue light. I held my breath while I inspected the gel for markings. One light-blue band gleamed in the dark—the control—and another single band lit up the spot where we should have seen our CRISPR’d DNA. “I don’t know what happened, but it doesn’t look right,” Sosa said, “I don’t think it worked.”

I left the lab feeling defeated, and headed back to San Francisco. Sosa texted me a few minutes later.

Hey, I figured out what happened. There was no DNA to start with, he wrote.

What happened? I texted back.

I think the DNA had either degraded or gotten too diluted, he wrote.

Even if we had got all the other parts (RNA, proteins, etc.) working, it didn’t matter. We hadn’t given CRISPR any DNA to cut. My second attempt at CRISPR had utterly failed.

My own frustrating struggles with CRISPR aside, I wanted to see what professional biologists are doing with CRISPR, so I visited the lab of Nipam Patel at the University of California, Berkeley. After a quick tour of the lab, I sat down and stared into the microscope at a small, writhing marine creature: Parhyale hawaiensis, commonly called a beach hopper. At one centimeter long, Parhyale looks puny—you’d step on it at the beach without even noticing. But under the microscope, this female hopper resembled a giant translucent shrimp with many powerful, kicking legs. Parhyale is the star of this lab. “We’re looking at how you develop an individual body,” explains Erin Jarvis, a PhD student in Patel’s lab, “And also how you build a body form over evolutionary time.” And they’re using CRISPR to do it.

With CRISPR, these researchers knock out so-called Hox genes in Parhyale. Hox genes are found in all animals, including humans, and they control the development of their body plans. Among other things, they determine what appendages—such as swimming legs, claws and antennae—grown on which section of the body. Knock out a certain Hox gene with CRISPR and Parhyale will grow forward-walking legs where it should have jumping legs, for example.

Parhyale has nine Hox genes, and Patel’s team has knocked out seven of them. The researchers also have plans to add completely new genes to Parhyale using CRISPR—they’ve already done it once, by inserting a gene that codes for green fluorescent proteins, which allowed the researchers to visualize where a specific Hox gene is expressed in Parhyale. “From an evolutionary perspective, this [gives] us insight into how body plans evolve between species,” when comparing Parhyale to, for example, the well-studied fruit fly, Drosophila, explains Patel. “We believe that such evolutionary patterns help us understand the general mechanisms by which evolution creates animal diversity.… What we learn improves our knowledge about the function of these genes in other animals, including humans.”

CRISPR has transformed how Patel and his colleagues do their research. His lab has looked at Parhyale for about 20 years now. Before CRISPR they used another technique to knock out genes that required a lot more money, and even then, it wasn’t very efficient. It cost them about $900 to knock out a single gene in a group of Parhyale embryos with their other method. The technique, called “RNA interference,” silences expression of a gene—it doesn’t genetically knock it out as CRISPR does. The problem was, sometimes the method didn’t work at all.

Now it costs them less than $100 to knock out a gene. “Suddenly, with CRISPR, you don’t have to decide, ‘Which one gene do I want to put all my resources into?’” Jarvis says, “You can try a lot of different genes.” And with CRISPR, they’re able to break genes in up to 75 percent of Parhyaleembryos, versus a maximum 25 percent success rate with the old technique. Even better, they now have the ability to mutate several genes at once with CRISPR, which means they can now see how genes interact. When the researchers had tried to mutate multiple genes with their old technique, it rarely worked. (Though Patel notes that the older RNA technique is still very useful for certain applications).

Their research takes less time with CRISPR, too—in a study Patel’s lab published in Current Biology in 2015, they knocked out six Hox genes in about a year. Before that, they had already spent years trying to break a specific Hox gene with their old method, but were never able to do it. ��Everything just goes faster,” says Patel, a professor of genetics, genomics and development. “CRISPR-Cas9 is an incredibly elegant system, and it’s very easy to control.” It also makes it simpler to study more exotic creatures (beyond the standard flies and mice), such as animals like Parhyale or butterflies. “It’s always been hard to work with a new organism,” says Jarvis, “CRISPR is awesome because suddenly, you don’t have to spend decades developing a model.” As long as you have the sequence of the gene you want to target, you’re set.

Patel’s lab is hardly the only one capitalizing on CRISPR—scientists around the world are exploring all sorts of different uses for the gene editing tool, like wiping out malaria-spreading mosquitoes, finding new ways to treat cancer, or engineering disease-resistant crops. In July, researchers announced they had successfully edited the genome of viable human embryos with CRISPR; the technique allowed them to fix a disease-causing mutation in the embryos’ DNA (though some are now skeptical of the researchers’ results). Just a few weeks later, scientists in Massachusetts reported they had made a significant advance towards pig-to-human organ transplants. They used CRISPR to inactivate 25 viruses intrinsic to pigs’ genomes, overcoming a big obstacle in making porcine transplants safe for humans.

I had reached the end of my CRISPR experiment—so what had I learned? First, I found out it was not completely crazy for my roommate to wonder whether a DIY CRISPR kit in our fridge would make us sick. This year, German authorities restricted imports of the Odin DIY CRISPR bacteria kit after the Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority tested two kits and found them to contain potentially pathogenic bacteria. But even theEuropean Center for Disease Prevention and Control concluded that there was little to worry about—that “the risk of infection by the contaminating strains in the kit is low for the users … assuming that they are healthy people.” (Zayner declined to comment on the record about the incident, but he publicly posted a response on Twitter, where he criticized the methodology used by the agency and denied wrongdoing by his company. The kits are still available for purchase online through The Odin.)

As for my bigger question—could untrained DIY-ers actually achieve scientific breakthroughs?—I asked academic researchers what they thought. Dana Carroll, for his part, believes amateurs could make meaningful discoveries. “In the professional science community, people keep coming up with new ways to use this technology—people are really only limited by their imagination,” he explains. “It’s possible that people working in their garages or their kitchens will come up with a novel application or a solution to a problem that professionals just haven’t gotten around to.” And Carroll says it would be easy for a DIY-er to share any discoveries with researchers, by attending their talks or simply by contacting them through their Web sites. Yet he notes that the DIY community faces limitations, because amateur scientists likely would lack the necessary resources. “It’s unlikely they will bring a major application all the way to fruition,” he says, “But they could certainly get started on something.”

Finally, what about the nightmare scenario: Is CRISPR so easy to use that we need to worry about biohackers—either accidentally or intentionally—creating dangerous pathogens? Carroll and others think that the danger of putting CRISPR in the hands of the average person is relatively low. “People have imagined scenarios where scientists could use CRISPR to generate a virulent pathogen, ” he says. “How big is the risk? It’s not zero, but it’s fairly small.” Gersbach agrees. “Right now, it’s difficult to imagine how it’d be dangerous in a real way,” he explains, “If you want to do harm, there are much easier and simpler ways than using this highly sophisticated genetic editing technique.”

Back in Patel’s lab, Jarvis replaced the squirming female beach hopper under my microscope with a tiny Parhyale embryo. Jarvis told me she knocked out a Hox gene called Abd-B in this one—the embryo will grow jumping legs where it should have swimming legs, and forward walking legs instead of anchor legs. At this point, it just looked like an opaque ball of goo to me.

Next to me, another grad student examined a fragment of a brown and gold butterfly wing—Patel’s lab is also knocking out butterfly genes with CRISPR to see how they build wing color. “An old grad student used to joke that we were genetically modifying the wings to make the Mona Lisa,” Jarvis told me. I laughed and glanced back under the microscope. A puff of my breath suddenly struck the Parhyale embryo. It danced wildly around the petri dish, like a grain of sand caught in a windstorm.

[juniperpublishersjcmah]

Suboccipital Musculature - Morphology, Functions and Variants - An Update- Juniper Publishers

Introduction

The suboccipital muscle plays an important role in the clinical reasoning of osteopaths, but is also examined and treated by masseurs, chiropractors, manual therapists and in physiotherapy in the context of various complaints. It lies in the depth of the craniocervical junction and connects and moves the head joints. However, the SOM is involved in many other functions of the human body and is much more complex than the first glance in the anatomy book makes it appear. The craniocervical junction is the most mobile part of the spine and at the same time it hosts important vital structures such as the brainstem or the transversal artery. In addition to the numerous and tensile band structures that secure this region, the SOM play an important role in terms of several functional tasks. This makes them the target of numerous therapeutic considerations for various dysfunctions and clinical pictures. For example, in the treatment of tension-type headaches [1], after craniocerebral trauma - as the atrophy of the Rectus capitis posterior minor (RCPmi) significantly correlates with the post-traumatic complaints [2], or in the treatment of neurodynamic dysfunction of the Nevus medianus [3-4]. Since the first description of the mycural bridge of the RCPmi by Hack et al. [5], this connective tissue bridge between the SOM and the highly cervical dura mater is thought to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of headache, changes in sensomotor function and cerebrospinal fluid flow [5-8]. In order to effectively investigate and treat the complex anatomy and functioning of SOM and the structures involved, such as myo-dural bridges, cervical joints or neurological connectivity using non-invasive, functional methods, this mini-review provides some recent research on SOM and hopefully encourages to integrate this multi-functional tissue into clinical reasoning for various dysfunctions.

    Sensomotoric, Coordination and Perception in the Room

The SOM has a high density of muscle spindle per gram. Muscle spindles per gram are found here between 98 (Rectus capitis posterior major - RCPma) and 242 (M. obliquus inferior), which is immense compared to the already well-structured hand muscles (M. opponens pollicis - 17 spindles / gram) [9]. As in other parts of the body, the SOM also shows a higher density of rotational muscles, in this case the obliquus inferior (OCI) and the superior (OCS). The high number of muscle spindles of the SOM seems to be a prerequisite both for the function as a receptor, as well as an effector and for the interaction with various equilibrium and orientation systems. The extraorbital eye muscles appear to have very comparable densities of muscle spindles [10], which seems to be the basis for the oculo-cervical and optokinetic reflexes arising from both organs. In addition to the optokinetic and the oculocervical control circuits, the said density of muscle spindles continues to be the basis for the cervico-vestibular control circuits [11]. In addition to this knowledge and various empirical experiments, the long discussed controversial cervicogenic cervicogenic dizziness was recently accepted by the mass of evidence [12].

With regard to the above-described link between the vestibule and the SOM, a pain-free, sufficiently mobile and easily recruited suboccipital region seems to be the basis for these control circuits. Complementary and alternative medical therapies should define these as treatment goals in the treatment of cervicogenic dizziness and, if necessary, re-train them once these basics have been restored. In addition to balance exercises, numerous oculo-cervical exercises can be used [13]. Through this complex linkage of SOM to other sensory organs and the high number of muscle spindles, the SOM plays a significant role in orientation in space.

    Morphological and Anatomical Aspects

In addition to motor innervation of the SOM, the C1 spinal nerve also appears to deliver sensory fibers to the lateral atlantooccipital articular capsule, sharing the sensory innervation of this structure with the hypoglus nerve [14]. Irritations of the aforementioned capsule parts could, in addition to the sensory irritation of the tongue in neck-tongue syndrome, also lead to hypertension or altered sensorimotor function in the area of SOM due to nociceptive afferents. The fiber distribution of the SOM is very homogeneous, allowing both postural control and dynamic functions [15]. As with many other structures, the SOM facilities seem to vary quite a bit. Thus, Yamauchi et al. Show that 2.3-4.5% of a population can have, for example, the a bilateral aplastic RCPmi -replaced by adipose tissue: or the RCPma has two to three instead of a single muscle belly [16]. As described above, morphological RCPmi shows the clinically most significant changes in various pathomechanisms. Thus, it is atrophied in craniocerebral trauma [2] and hypertrophied in chronic headache [1]. Both of these changes seem to have a functionally negative influence on the respective symptoms, which has to be considered clinically. Thus, in addition to the reduction of nociceptive inputs and inhibition in headache patients, facilitation and advanced training in atrophy may be in the foreground. It should be noted that the SOM must be palpated very deeply for manual intervention, as the SOM is the third and most profound layer of the high-cervical musculature under the trapezius muscle and the mm. splenius capitis and semispinalis capites represents. Due to their complex, three-dimensional position, the motion functions of the SOM are not always to be classified at first glance. The RPCma and RCPmi lengthen each other by up to 30% in craniocervical flexion, whereas in a heterolateral rotation an extension of up to 40% in the area of the RCPma and the OCI occurs [17]. The SOM is actively involved in both protraction [18] and head retraction [19] after recent electromyographic measurements, helping to maintain joint conformation during sagittal movement. Due to the clearly different mechanics between the craniocervical transition and the lower cervical spine, as well as the complex neurological and vascular interconnections of the SOM, the knowledge of embryological development is very useful [20]. Thus, the three upper segments C0-C2 develop together from four occipital and three cervical somites, which explains the networking of diverse functional and anatomical structures, including possible developmental disorders [21].

    Myodural Bridges

Myodural bridges (MDB) denote fibrous connective tissue that pull from the SOM towards the spinal canal and insert at the dura mater. In the meantime, MDBs have been detected in the RCPmi, RCPma and the OCI [6,22-23]. These have a common approach with the so called “to be named” ligament fibers of the ligamentum nuchae [24] and extend through both the atlantoaxial and atlanto-occipital spaces [25]. The fibers of the MDB consist of collagen type-1 and are thus resistant to tensile stress and can directly transfer tension to the high-cervical dura [26]. On the one hand the function of the MDB seems to be on the one hand the posterior stabilization of the dura mater spinalis [6-8] and on the other hand the drive of the cerebrospinal fluid transport in the spinal canal [7,27-28]. Of further interest, the sites of MDB appear to be in the atlanto-axial and atlantooccipital spaces. Membrane-free zones enriched with fatty tissue exist here, which ensures the MDB frictionless [29]. This transition zone between the SOM and the spinal canal could be a potential location for dysfunction and lead to various symptoms due to friction, which could be treated by local manual techniques, for example [20]. In particular, the mobility of the head joints, but also symmetric stress patterns of the MDB-forming structures and intraspinal tension vectors could be the target of manual interventions. However, in addition to a potential source of headache and cervical symptoms, further limitations in movement and disbalances in whole-body biomechanics may arise. Thus, first empirical studies carried out multiple effects after manual treatment regarding the SOM, such as mobility improvements of the N. medianus [3,4], the mouth opening [30] and also far from the intervention area improvements of mobility of the lower extremities [31-32], questionable is whether the effects are due to the superfiscial myofascial chains discussed by the authors. The effects could also be due to an intraspinal mobility or tension regulation by influencing the SOM and MDB. The effects of manual techniques in the area of SOM on the biochemistry of the blood seemed to be little researched. Fernández-Pérez et al. show that, for example, there is a significant increase in CD-19-encoded B lymphocytes after application of manual techniques in the field of SOM [33]. However, the clinical relevance and breadth of treatment should be further underpinned by further investigation and other SOM techniques, such as muscle energy techniques, joint manipulation, or defined technique combinations.

    Conclusion

SOM plays a major role in many dysfunctional processes in the human body and need not only be studied and treated in the context of local nociception or movement deficits. Thus, this highly complex muscle group can further influence the balance and coordination mechanisms, the mobility of the temporomandibular joints and neurodynamic situations down to the lower extremity. This should be noted by all SOM treating and investigating disciplines to exploit the potential of this region therapeutically. The role of MDB in these effects needs to be further explored in order to be able to perform functional interventions as effectively as possible.

For more Open access journals please visit our site: Juniper Publishers  

For more articles please click on Journal of Complementary Medicine & Alternative Healthcare

[justsmilestuffhappens]

Is loving you so bad?

"So let me get this right? You hacked into Beta bank after a week's effort cracking their firewall. So that you could secretly have millionaire class and higher clients payments rounded to the nearest dollar and have the difference sent to various charities. Why?"

The cage that the Defender was currently trapped in was slowly melting thanks to his stashed equipment.

"They pissed me off. They didn't invite me to their gala so I could decline. Their commercial jingle is annoying addictive. Don't get me started on their embezzlement and fraud the damn hypocrites. Oh and they tore down that little coffee shop I liked so much." The Bane-Effector said while laughing maniacally before having a coughing fit. "Side note I didn't do the hacking my team did. D'Visor is better at that than me and I don't take credit for someone else's work that's tacky."

"You might want to get that cough looked at B." Defender said before busting out of the weakened bars.

"Stop calling me that El Defensor! At least call me Bane- No! He's getting out. I thought you said the scanners didn't pick up anything. Escape plan Delta." Bane-Effector shouted before talking into his communications mic in his shirt collar.

He watched as Defender destroyed the portable terminal he'd attached to their underground servers. That was gonna cost so much to remake a new one.

Hen sent down a hover board for him to speedily reach the surface and regroup back at their cloaked aircraft.

How did he bring anything to destroy the cage they'd caught him in? She'd swore anything metallic would get caught and pulled away.

Eddie looked up at the platform to see that Baney was gone. At least he could go home now before the cops showed up.

He'd have to thank Chimney. The acidic tape was perfect on this first field run. His other main gear had been taken but his main utility belt was intact to his suit thankfully.

As he grappled upwards to the entrance he'd used to get in.

"FireHouse come in."

"I thought we agreed on me changing my code name to Cinder Base Eddie."

"Right sorry. Cinder Base. CB. You're new invention worked like a charm."

"Thank Christopher. Your kid is a foundation of inspiration with that imagination of his. Speaking of Bobby should be bringing him back from the ice cream parlor soon so you might wanna hightail it back here."

Eddie deployed the attractor treads to speed up and take a few unconventional routes up building walls and beside the freeway before finding one of the secret entrances.

He was slipping his suit off when Chimney came over.

"About what he said, you got it recorded right?"

"Mostly. I'm already on it. Anyone who's in the available record's for that coffee shop and pings anything odd will be put on the list of possible suspects. Too bad we can't tell Athena."

"I don't want to be taken in as a vigilante Chimney neither do you."

"I know that. It'd be pretty bad if that cute guy you had a crush on was the Bane-Effector huh." Chimney joked as they rode the elevator up.

"Please don't jinx it." Eddie said before the doors opened.

"Daddy!"

"Christopher, mijo. We're you good for Bobby." He kissed his son as he pulled him into a hug.

"When am I bad?" Christopher asked giggling.

"Redundant question. You're right. So where were you while I was in the workshop with Chimney?"

"We got ice cream. The tv called el defensor the wrong name again." Bobby mouthed a sorry.

"Yeah. I feel sorry for him. But he does keep people safe"

"Who keeps him safe though?" Christopher said as he made his way over to draw about his favorite superhero and his recent activities.

"I don't know. But I'm sure he's got friends who look out for him that he appreciates a lot" Eddie sat besides Chris and drew his favorite hero his son.

"I just remembered. I got some stuff to research. Be seeing you all." Chimney left with a wave. "I left a new toy for you to test out in your room Christopher let me know how you like it." He said before going to meet Maddie.

Elsewhere Buck was licking his metaphorical wounds as Hen got ready to go home.

He didn't need the money which they weren't even getting it was about pointing out the assholish actions of Beta bank. So why did he feel so down about being bested by El Defensor.

"Wait a minute. Can you be in love with two entirely different people at the same time?"

"Buck what are you talking about?" Hen said coming back towards the table he was nursing a drink at.

"I think I have a thing for the Defender. And the guy who was coming to my old coffee shop job. But at least I know who one of them is."

"So revenge on Beta bank was really about your crush and we just happened to discover their dirty secrets." Hen started laughing.

"It's not funny."

"Sorry buck but it kind of is. Wait till I tell Karen."

"No you can't."

But hen was already in the deployment pod and he couldn't stop it.

Buck was screwed. Not even in a good way either.

“Villain!Buck just wants to be friends with Superhero!Eddie.”

—

[trce]

We’ve been hacking our sense of touch for centuries! Here's how... This episode was supported by Skillshare, the first 1000 people to join with this link will get two months free http://skl.sh/unodosoftrace10 👇👇👇 Sources & More down here 👇👇👇 ✨I’m on Patreon! ✨ https://ift.tt/2sT3Fay Every new patron causes a litany of excited squeals. Thank you for all your support 💕 Thanks to #coronavirus we’re all feeling #touchdeprivation these days while we stay at home. A friend of mine casually mentioned he'd not touched someone in two months, and that got me thinking about physical #touch! How does it work? What physically happens in our body when we touch another person, or a desk, or a blanket? Where did this sense come from, and does every organism have this ability? What cells make our skin so sensitive, and what happens in our brain when we come in contact with things? You'll get all these answers and so much more in this experimental series of #unodosoftrace! We're talking about neuroscience, psychology, biology, coronavirus, isolation, touch deprivation, you name it we got it. Each episode I release will dig a little deeper into the world of physical contact, touch and how it all works! I hope you love it. 👉👉👉THE TOUCH SERIES 👈👈👈 Part I: PHYSICAL TOUCH, HOW DOES IT WORK? 🔗 https://youtu.be/Py_2uom3MfY Part II: EMOTIONAL TOUCH, WHAT IS IT AND WHY DO WE NEED IT? 🔗https://youtu.be/_8s_Vi1CrLA Part III: TOUCH DEPRIVATION : WHAT HAPPENS IF WE STOP TOUCHING? 🔗https://youtu.be/1EndJywQj_U Part IV: TOUCH IN SPAAAACE 🔗https://youtu.be/f09-DLIe4W4 Part V: HACKING OUR SENSE OF TOUCH 🔗https://youtu.be/Qm_qcoI6yT8 Subscribe for all the episodes!! I am so excited to try this!! LET ME KNOW WHAT YOU THINK IN THE COMMENTS! If you want to help grow this channel, just share this video with a friend or three! Shares make a HUGE difference and don't cost you anything at all. If you have any ideas for future episodes/series you can submit them here: https://ift.tt/2zpBow2 OR if you want to drop me a line, you can do so on my website: https://ift.tt/3bmz1Yb Join my patreon community (☞ﾟヮﾟ)☞ https://ift.tt/2sT3Fay 👾👾👾 FIND ME ON SOCIAL 🐤:: http://twitter.com/tracedominguez 📷:: https://ift.tt/2F4gjZo 👴🏻:: https://ift.tt/2VwcvY8... 🎮:: https://ift.tt/2ke1E5a 📚📚📚 SOURCES Decreased motor cortex excitability mirrors own hand disembodiment during the rubber hand illusion https://ift.tt/306VYcs During the rubber hand illusion (RHI), subjects experience an artificial hand as part of their own body, while the real hand is subject to a sort of 'disembodiment'. Can this altered belief about the body also affect physiological mechanisms involved in body-ownership, such as motor control? Augmentation-related brain plasticity https://ift.tt/2zR5kBg Today, the anthropomorphism of the tools and the development of neural interfaces require reconsidering the concept of human-tools interaction in the framework of human augmentation. This review analyzes the plastic process that the brain undergoes when it comes into contact with augmenting artificial sensors and effectors and, on the other hand, the changes that the use of external augmenting devices produces in the brain. 'Rubber hand illusion' reveals how the brain understands the body https://ift.tt/2e3iTjd Experiments with a fake body part have revealed how the brain becomes confused during a party trick known as the rubber hand illusion. Researchers in Italy performed the trick on a group of volunteers to explore how the mind combines information from the senses to create a feeling of body ownership. The Brain Senses Touch beyond the Body https://ift.tt/2Moqk5Q Luke Miller, a cognitive neuroscientist, was toying with a curtain rod in his apartment when he was struck by a strange realization. When he hit an object with the rod, even without looking, he could tell where it was making contact like it was a sensory extension of his body. Body ownership and the four-hand illusion https://ift.tt/3dYPYcR Recent studies of the rubber hand illusion (RHI) have shown that the sense of body ownership is constrained by several factors and yet is still very flexible. However, exactly how flexible is our sense of body ownership? Music by Epidemic Sound: https://ift.tt/2p77xQr Hello Science opening sound by Twin Musicom Oh hey also, thanks for watching! 😊 Love you, #nerdfam! Stay #curious! this video is releated to: covid 19, corona virus, current events, news, and public health by Trace Dominguez

[neptunecreek]

EFF at Vegas Security Week

EFF is back this year at Vegas Security Week, sometimes affectionately known as Hacker Summer Camp. Stop by our booths at BSides, Black Hat, and DEF CON to find out about the latest developments in protecting digital freedom, sign up for our action alerts and mailing list, and donate to become an EFF member. We'll also have our limited-edition DEF CON 27 shirts available. These shirts have a puzzle incorporated into the design—try your hand at cracking it!

BSides Las Vegas 2019 August 6-7, 2019, Tuscany Suites and Casino Booth Location: Chillout Room

Black Hat Briefings USA 2019 August 7-8, 2019, Mandalay Bay Booth Location: Business Hall

DEF CON 27 August 8-11, 2019, Paris, Bally's, and Planet Hollywood Casinos Booth Location: Vendor Hall

As in past years, EFF staff attorneys will be present to help support the community. If you have legal concerns regarding an upcoming talk or sensitive InfoSec research that you are conducting at any time, please email info@eff.org and we will do our best to assist you.

In addition to visiting the booth, you can attend EFF staff talks at each of the conferences on a variety of topics related to digital security and online rights. Check out the schedule of events below.

BSides Schedule

BSidesLV 2019: Why Can't We Be Friends (Ask a Fed & the EFF.) August 7, 2019 - 5:00pm to 5:55pm Location: Ground 1234

Do you dance madly on the lip of the volcano regarding your own research, or would like to research a particular topic that you feel might have a non-desirable personal outcome? Do you know someone who does these things? If so, you should come to this session and learn about some new processes and relationships researchers can benefit from. Bring your questions to Kurt Opsahl from EFF and Russell Handorf of the FBI.

BSidesLV 2019: Ask the EFF August 6, 2019 - 6:00pm to 6:55pm Location: Underground Track

“Ask the EFF” will be a panel presentation and question-and-answer session, featuring Kurt Opsahl, Deputy Executive Director and General Counsel; Eva Galperin, Director of Cyber Security; Nathan ‘nash’ Sheard, Grassroots Advocacy Organizer and India McKinney, Legislative Analyst. It’s your chance to ask EFF questions about law and technology issues that are important to you.

Black Hat Schedule

Black Hat Briefings 2019: Hacking for the Greater Good - Empowering Technologists to Strengthen Digital Society August 7, 2019 - 11:15am to 12:05pm Location: South Seas CDF Track: Community We’re at a critical juncture right now where the benefits from technological advances are increasingly counterbalanced by harmful applications and perilous consequences. To address these issues we need the critical thinking, creativity, and passion that ethical hackers and technologists use to strengthen cybersecurity applied to social causes and protecting the public interest. In this panel, security technologist Bruce Schneier, Mozilla Fellow and Graphika Chief Innovation Officer Camille Francois and EFF Director of Cybersecurity Eva Galperin will discuss specific examples where public interest technologists are most needed to ensure an open, positive and safe digital society and provide suggestions for what hackers and security-forward companies can do to solve some of the biggest social problems we have and make a difference.

Black Hat Briefings 2019: Speak Tech to Power - Working with Congress on Tech Policy August 7, 2019 - 11:15am to 12:05pm Location: South Pacific HI, Lower Level, North Hall Track: Community Workshops

Election Security vulnerabilities, Data Breaches, Encryption Backdoors: Lawmakers have plenty of ideas about where the problems are in technology policy and even more ideas about how to fix them. How will these fixes impact the infosec community, and are they even the right solutions? Come hear Deputy Executive Director and General Counsel Kurt Opsahl, Legislative Analyst India McKinney, and Technologists Jeremy Gillula and Andrés Arrieta discuss the proposals we're tracking and how we can work together to inform the legislative process.

DEF CON 27 Schedule

DEF CON 27: EFF Tech Trivia August 9, 2019 - 5:00pm to 7:00pm Contest Location: Contest Stage, Planet Hollywood Mezzanine

EFF's team of technology experts have crafted challenging trivia about the fascinating, obscure, and trivial aspects of digital security, online rights, and Internet culture. Competing teams will plumb the unfathomable depths of their knowledge, but only the champion hive mind will claim the First Place Tech Trivia Cup and EFF swag pack. The second and third place teams will also win great EFF gear.

DEF CON 27: Meet the EFF - Meetup Panel August 10, 2019 - 8:00pm to 10:00pm Location: Fireside Lounge at Planet Hollywood

Join EFF staffers for a candid chat about how the law is racing to catch up with technological change. Then, meet representatives from Electronic Frontier Alliance allied community and campus organizations from across the country. These technologists and advocates are working within their communities to educate and empower their neighbors in the fight for data privacy and digital rights.This discussion will include updates on current EFF issues updates on cases and legislation affecting security research, and much more. Half the session will be given over to question-and-answer, so it's your chance to ask EFF questions about the law, surveillance and technology issues that are important to you.

Want to keep up with EFF’s efforts to secure a better digital future? Subscribe to Effector and check out our events calendar. If you’re unable to visit us while we’re in Vegas and would like to support our work, consider becoming a member.

from Deeplinks https://ift.tt/2Ov3qNP

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[mesotokyo]

EQP-1Aインスパイアドなイコライザペダルを作った

EQP-1Aのイコライザ回路を解析した結果にインスパイアされたエフェクトペダルを作った話です。

インスパイア元のEQP-1Aについては以前の記事で詳しく書いているのですが、低域および高域のカット（アッテネート、ATTEN）とブーストができるイコライザです。低域のカットおよびブーストと高域のカットはシェルピングタイプ、高域のブーストがピーキングタイプのEQになっており、カット、ブーストする周波数帯はそれぞれロータリースイッチで指定できる仕組みです。高域のカットとブーストはそれぞれ別の周波数帯を指定できるのに対し（カットは5/10/20kHz、ブーストは3/4/5/8/10/12/16kHz）、低域のカットとブーストについてはツマミは分かれているものの、周波数帯は連動して決まる（20/30/60/100Hz）、というのが特徴です。

今回作ったペダルも基本的にはそれを踏襲し、ツマミは低域のATTENとBOOST、高域のATTENとBOOST、高域BOOSTのカーブを決めるWIDTH、そして出力音量を決めるボリュームという6つのポットと、低域カット/ブーストおよび高域ブーストの周波数を決める2つのロータリースイッチ、そして高域カットの周波数を決めるトグルスイッチ、という構成になっています。オリジナルのEQP-1Aは高域カットの周波数もロータリースイッチで設定するのですが、こちらはペダルということでスペースに制限があるためトグルスイッチに変更しています。

低域の周波数はEQP-1Aと同じ20/30/60/100Hz、高域カットの周波数も同じく5k/10k/20kHzですが、高域ブーストに関しては3/4/5/8/10/12/16kHzに加えて1k/2kHzも選択できるようにしました。これは利用したロータリースイッチが9接点であるのと（＝9段階で設定できる）、個人的に1kHzあたりをブーストさせるのが好きだから、という理由です。

ケースのサイズはHAMMOND 1590N1サイズで、穴あけ加工の簡略化のためパネル部分に電源および入出力ジャックが組み込まれた形状です。とはいえ中身はかなりギリギリで、消費電力的には009P電池でも十分動くのですが、スペースの関係でACアダプタでのみの動作になります。

回路

メイン部分の回路はこんな形です。

以前紹介したEQP-1Aのイコライザ回路の前後にOPアンプを使ったバッファを入れた構成です。入力段のバッファはシンプルなボルテージフォロア回路で、このバッファ前にボリュームを入れています。イコライザ回路の後ろの出力段はゲイン21倍の非反転増幅回路です。イコライザ回路はパッシブ構成のためゲインが落ちますが、ここで落ちた分のレベルを増幅しているイメージですね。

電源はDC9Vの単電源なので、電源電圧を分圧してバイアス電圧を作り、イコライザ部分もそのバイアス電圧を仮想的なGNDとしています。電源部分にはトランジスタを使ったノイズ削減用ローパスフィルタを入れています。

カット・ブーストする周波数を決めるロータリースイッチは秋月電子で入手できる2回路4接点のものと1回路9接点のものを使っています。薄型かつコンパクトで、これがあったからこそこのペダルが作れたと言っても過言ではありません。

また、ロータリースイッチ��繋がっている部分の回路は次のようになっています。

ひたすらコンデンサとインダクタ（コイル）が並んでいます。コンデンサはフィルムタイプのもの、インダクタはこちらも秋月電子で購入できるマイクロインダクタをメインで使いました。このマイクロインダクターは最大で47mHと比較的大きめの容量なのに、サイズは一般的な抵抗器を一回り大きくしたサイズでとてもコンパクトです。インダクタは抵抗と同様に直列接続すると単純に容量が加算されていくので、これを並べることで必要な容量のインダクタを構成しています。なお、100mHのインダクタについてはマイクロインダクタが入手できなかったため、太陽誘電の電源用インダクタを使用しました。マイクロインダクタよりは大きいですが、およそ直径10mmで十分にコンパクトです。

ちなみに、インダクタは磁力を発生させるため、並べた場合の相互作用が気になるところですが、実験した結果では縦に並べても目に見える影響はなさそうでした。扱う電圧がせいぜい数100mV程度だからかもしれません。

基板実装

こちらの回路をペダルエフェクターサイズのプリント基板に起こしたものがこちらになります。

今回新たな試みとして、抵抗器とOPアンプ、コンデンサについてはスルーホール実装と表面実装の両方に対応できるようにしてみました。手作業の実装でも手間としては表面実装のほうが楽な一方、表面実装部品は秋葉原における入手性が悪いため、どちらでも対応できるようにしようという魂胆です。

あと、ロータリースイッチの各端子をショートさせるように入っている抵抗については、基板スペースの関係上泣く泣く小さい表面実装の集合抵抗を使いました。正直これは無くても動作はするはずなのですが、EQP-1Aには入っているようなのでそれに従って入れています。ピッチが小さいのではんだ付けはかなり大変です。

ちなみに高域のカットの部分のトグルスイッチのところではこの抵抗を入れ忘れていますが、特に問題ない感じで動作しています。

基板上に一通り部品を実装するとこんな感じになります。ひたすらコンデンサですね。全部直方体型タイプのコンデンサを使えれば良かったのですが、一部の容量のものが手に入らなかったため、複数のタイプのコンデンサが混在しています。

また、ボリュームポットはリード線ではんだ付けしているのですが、ロータリースイッチについてはピンソケットを噛ませて実装しています。これで見事にぴったりな高さになります。

最初は基板を2枚に分割して、ボリュームポットやロータリースイッチは別基板に実装しようと思っていたのですが、これがうまくいったおかげで1枚基板で済んでいます。

入出力のフォンジャックと電源ジャックはコネクタ経由で接続できるのですが、なんとなくフォンジャックは直接基板にはんだ付けしています。

パネルの作成

パネルは黒色アクリル板の表面をラッカースプレーで塗装し、それをレーザー加工して作りました。

裏側にはアルミ箔を貼ってシールド効果を持たせています。これらを組み立てて、ツマミを取り付けると最初の画像のようなものが完成します。

試奏インプレッション

相変わらず試奏動画や音源はないのですが、インスパイア元のEQP-1Aが完成度の高いイコライザということで、こちらもそれを踏襲した良い感じのものになっています。EQP-1AってEQのカーブが全体的に緩いので効きが悪い的な評価をされているのを見かけるのですが、実際はちゃんと体感できるレベルで効きます。もちろん低域の周波数を20Hzとか、高域の周波数を20kHzとかに設定すると効果は分かりにくいのですが、それぞれ100Hz/5kHzにすればすぐに違いが分かります。個人的にはやはり1kHzをブーストできるのが便利ですね。

ノイズに関しても、基本的に大きく全体をブーストするようなものではないため、まったく気になりません。後段にハイゲインのブースターやディストーションなどを繋ぐと差異��出る可能性はありますが、その場合は低ノイズのOPアンプへの交換で対応できる気がします。

ただ、出音が分かりやすく変わるエフェクターではなく、またどの周波数帯を変えるとどう出音が変わるか、というのを把握していないと使いにくいエフェクターだな、という感じではあります。なのでパラメトリックイコライザーってあまり流行らないんだなあ……と思いました。

[mesotokyo]

Taydaにアルミダイキャストケースの穴開けとUV印刷を発注してみる

海外のエフェクター制作情報掲示板でちょくちょく名前が挙げられている「Tayda Electronics」がアルミダイキャストケースの加工を請け負っていることを知ったので、発注してみた話です。

Tayda Electronics（以下、Tayda）はタイに拠点を持つネット通販サイトとのことで、特に音響機材関連に力を入れているようです。自分も何度かここで部品を購入していますが、（自分の発注ミス以外では）今まで特に問題があったことはなく、また物理的に日本から近いタイからの発送ということで送料も比較的お安め、発送されてから届くまでの期間も短いということで、海外通販サイトの中でもかなり使いやすいところかと思います（ただしサイトもやり取りも英語オンリーなので、それが大丈夫な人向けではあります）。

このTaydaなんですが、独自にアルミダイキャストケースを製造しているようで、比較的お安めに塗装済みケースを購入できます。サイズとしては「1590A」や「1590BB」、「1590N1（125B）」といったエフェクター��ダル界隈でよく使われているHAMMOND製相当のものが用意されており、たとえばMXRのエフェクターと同サイズの1590B相当のものは塗装無しで4.59ドル、塗装ありで5.49ドルから、一回り大きい125B相当のものは塗装無しで5.49ドル、塗装ありで5.99ドルからとなっています（なお、本記事内で掲出している料金についてはすべて2024年10月12日現在のものです）。

こちらの塗装済みケースはあらかじめ塗装済みのものをストックしているわけではなく、どうも注文を受けてからTaydaで塗装を行って発送しているようです。そして、塗装前に指定した位置に穴開けを行ったり、塗装後にUV印刷を行うサービスも提供しているとのこと。ということで、試しに発注してみました。

Taydaでの発注方法

発注方法について詳しくはTaydaのサイトを確認して頂きたいのですが、発注できるサービスがそれぞれ商品としてサイト上に並んでいるので、加工したいケースとともにそれらをカートに入れて購入し、その後穴開けや印刷の指示を専用の別サイトで行う（先に指示だけ登録しておいてもOK）、という流れになっています。

穴開け（Enclosure Custom Drill Service）は本体と蓋部分で料金（工賃）が分かれており、基本的にはケース本体の加工で4.5ドル、蓋の加工で3ドル（それぞれ40箇所まで）となっています（ただし1590DD相当のものはサイズが大きいからか蓋の加工のみ4ドル）。ちなみに、穴開け箇所が40を超える場合は1つ辺り0.1ドルの追加料金が必要だそうです。

また、UV印刷（Enclosure UV Printing Service）は基本的には表面が4ドル、それ以外の面が3ドルで、面ごとに料金が必要になるシステムです。印刷は白＋YMCKのフルカラーで、さらに追加オプションでその上に艶アリ/艶消しクリア層の印刷を行うことも可能なようです。

発注仕様

今回発注したのは、MST/mesotokyoとして先日のPedal Geeks Meeting 東京2024（PGM東京2024）で頒布した「P-EQ」用の筐体です。PGM東京2024頒布バージョンではTaydaで購入した（穴開けなしの）塗装済みケースに手作業で穴開けとレーザー刻印を行って筐体を作成していましたが（以下の写真がそちら）、それだと数をこなすのはなかなかしんどいのと（特に左下の長穴の加工が大変）、安定した印刷品質を求めて今回発注に至りました。

元々P-EQはアルミダイキャストケースの蓋部分（一般的なエフェクターでは底面となる部分）に各種ジャックやツマミ、スイッチを取り付ける構造にしており、今回もこれを踏襲して蓋（英語では「lid」）部分のみに加工と印刷を行います（これによって、多少工賃がお安くなる！）

穴開け指示��登録

穴開けやUV印刷の指示（テンプレートの作成）はTaydaの通販サイトとは別の「Tayda Box Tool」というサイトで行えます。Taydaでの購入前にテンプレートをあらかじめ作成して保存しておけるので、先にこちらのサイトで（Taydaに登録しているのと同じメールアドレスで）アカウントを作成し、テンプレート作成をしておくとスムーズに発注作業を進められそうです。

まずは穴開け用テンプレートですが、ケース（もしくは蓋）の中心からの位置で穴を開ける場所を入力していくことで作成します。自分の場合、あらかじめ穴開けを行う場所を図面で作成していたので、そのデータを元にスムーズに入力ができました。丸穴だけでなく直線状の穴（？）や四角い穴を開けることもできるため、一般的なエフェクターペダルで必要な穴開けはほぼこちらの加工でカバーできそうです。

UV印刷の原稿作成

サイト上だけで完結する穴あけ加工とは異なり、UV印刷のほうはAdobe Illustratorでデータを作成して入稿（ファイルをアップロード）する形になるため、多少ハードルが高い���す。一般家庭・オフィス用のカラープリンタは適当に作ったデータでもそれなりにちゃんと印刷してくれるのですが、業務用の印刷機ではそもそも色をCMYKで指定しないといけなかったり、文字もアウトライン化しておかないと対応するフォントがなくて正しく印刷できない、といったことが発生します。実際、Tayda側でも過去にそういったトラブルが多く発生し、その対応がとても大変だったそうで、そのため現在は入稿されたデータに明かな問題があってもTayda側での修正は行わない方針になっているそうです（つまり、トラブルが発生した状態で印刷されたものが納品されるということ）。

そのため、CMYKとかアウトライン化とかそういう話が分からない方は、そういうのに詳しい方にヘルプを求めるのが良いかと思います（お仕事で紙の印刷物のデザインをやっている人であれば問題なく対応できるでしょう）。

ちなみに、データの作成はAdobe Illustratorで行うことが推奨されていますが、入稿自体はPDFで行うため、ほかのソフトウェアで作ったものも受け付けてはくれるようです（ただし印刷結果については保証しないとのこと）。とはいえ、入稿データの要件を見る限り、PDFで出力できるだけでなく、最低条件としてベクター形式で出力でき、かつレイヤーと特色を扱えるソフトウェアである必要がありそうです。

ということで、今回はその辺の機能を一通り備えているAffinity Designerでデータ作成を行いました。こちらのページで実際にAffinity Designerで入稿したレポートがあり、適切にデータを作成さえすれば問題なく納品されたとのことで、物は試しとほぼ同様の設定で入稿データを作成してみました。

念のため、TaydaのUV印刷サービスページからダウンロードできる125Bサイズ用のサンプルファイルを元にデザインを置き換えてデータを作成しましたが、それ以外の出力設定等はこの記事のものをそのまま使っています。

デザインデータを作成したら、PDF形式で出力して、Tayda Box Toolにアップロードしてテンプレートとして登録しておきます。

発注

Tayda上で塗装済みケースと必要な穴開けサービス、UV印刷サービスをカートに入れて購入すると、Tayda Box Toolに購入したケース��情報が表示されるので、どのケースを何個、どのテンプレートで加工するかをTayda Box Tool上で指定し、加工内容を確定すれば発注は完了です。作業の進行状況はTayda Box Tool上に表示されるので、マメにチェックしておくとよさそうです。

納品

今回は9月30日に発注を行い、10月4日に作業が完了して発送が行われました。実際に手元に届いたのは10月7日です。こんな感じでシュリンク包装された状態で届きます。

穴開けに関しては特に問題なく、見た感じでは大きな誤差もなさそうです。印刷に関しては（物差しを当てて測ったので正確ではないですが）およそ0.5mm程度のずれが見られましたが、一応仕様上は許容誤差最大±1mmと記載されているため、これがAffiniy Designerで原稿を作成したことによるものなのか、それとも製造上発生する誤差なのかは不明です（ただ確認した限りでは個体ごとに微妙にズレに差異があるので、製造上の誤差のような気はします）。

印刷品質については特に目立つ問題もなく、市販エフェクターに劣らない見栄えかと思います。

内側には管理用と思しきマークが書かれていましたが、まあよくあるものなので気にせず。溶剤で拭けば簡単に落ちそうではあります。

ちなみに、穴開け後に塗装されるため、穴の断面部分にも完全に塗装が乗っています。そのため、シールド目的でケースと回路のGND部分を導通させたい場合は適宜一部塗装を削ったりする加工が必要になるかと思います（内側をマスキングして塗料が乗らないようにする有料オプションもあるようです）。

さて、今回は125Bサイズのケース＋塗装（青）でケース単体の価格が5.99ドル、蓋部分の穴開けとUV印刷がそれぞれ3ドルで、1個当たりの料金は合計11.99ドル。いくつか一緒に部品を購入したのですが、それも合わせて送料は10.73ドルでした。支払いはPayPalで、発注時点のPayPal換算レートが1ドル＝約151.52円だったので、1個当たり（送料込み）の日本円でのコストは約2,157円となりました。Taydaの塗装は最高級品質、という分けではないのですが（多少厚みのムラが見られることもある）、そのあたりを許容するのであれば十分に使えそうです（ただ時期によってはめちゃくちゃ納品が遅れる的な噂もあるので、そこらへんは要注意かもしれません）。

[mesotokyo]

EQP-1Aインスパイアドなイコライザペダルの特性測定

以前の記事で紹介したEQP-1Aインスパイアドなイコライザペダル（P-EQ）について、本当に表示通りの周波数でカット/ブーストできているのかを確認するために周波数特性を測った話です。

このペダルの詳細情報については以前の記事を見ていただきたいのですが、イコライザ部分の回路が抵抗、コンデンサ、コイル（インダクタ）という受動素子だけで構成されているのが特徴です。この回路はそれぞれの素子の特性だけで周波数特性が決まるわけですが、気になるのがそれぞれの素子の誤差が及ぼす影響です。一般的な抵抗やコンデンサは±5％の許容誤差がありますし、本機で使用しているマイクロインダクタの許容誤差は±10％もあります。さらにコンデンサやインダクタは小さいですが電気抵抗もあります。これらがどの程度影響を及ぼすのか、実際に周波数特性を測定してみました。

なお、本機で最も周波数に敏感なのはピーキング型のカーブになっている高域のブーストかと思います。本機で使用されている回路は、ピーキングの中心周波数がインダクタとコンデンサの値で決定される構成になっています。詳しくはCQ出版社の「BPFの周波数特性からRLCの値を導く」記事が詳しいのですが、インダクタの許容誤差が最大10％、コンデンサの許容誤差が最大5％の場合、中心周波数は＋8％～－7％の範囲でずれる可能性があります。ただ、本機は複数のインダクタおよびコンデンサを組み合わせて回路を構成しているため、そこで誤差がキャンセルされて影響が小さくなることを期待できる構成にはしています。

測定環境

今回測定に使用したのは以前紹介した自作ツールです。Max/MSPを使って実装しており、10～20kHzの範囲で周波数特性を測定できます。USBオーディオインターフェイスを経由して対象機器（今回はP-EQ）の周波数特性を測定するため、USBオーディオインターフェイス側の特性によっても計測結果が変わる可能性がありますが、今回の測定ではUSBオーディオインターフェイスの入力と出力を直結した場合。フラットな特性が得られることを事前に確認しています。

実測結果

まずはエフェクトOFF時（トゥルーバイパス状態）の周波数特性（bypass）と、VOLUME以外のすべてのツマミを反時計回りに回しきったうえで、ゲインが0になるようにVOLUMEを設定した状態の周波数特性（flat）を測定しました。結果としては期待通りどちらもフラットな特性となっていました。

続いて低域のカット（ATTEN）ですが、こちらについてもおおむね理論通りの、緩やかなカーブになっています。

また、低域のブーストも同じような傾向ですが、EQが効き始める周波数帯がカットの場合とは異なっていました。

低域のカットについては設定周波数の30～40倍あたりの周波数から効きはじめ、設定周波数前後で-15dBに達する、という感じです。一方、ブーストについては設定周波数の10倍あたりの周波数から効きはじめ、設定周波数の半分辺りの周波数で+15dBに達する、という感じです。

このように効き始める周波数が異なるため、カットとブーストを同時に最大にすると、次のグラフのように設定周波数の10倍前後の周波数が-5dbほどカットされ、設定周波数の3～4倍あたりはゲインが±0にあり、そこから設定周波数の半分くらいで-15dBに達する、という特性になります。

それぞれのツマミの量を微調整することで、このあたりのカーブは調整可能ですが、全体的にカットはかなり高めの周波数から効いてくることを認���しておくとよさそうです。

高域のカットについては、設定周波数の10分の1前後で-3dBになり、設定周波数前後で-17dB程度になる雰囲気です。

高域のブーストはピーキングの中心周波数が気になるところですが、ほぼ設定値どおりの周波数帯にピークが来ています。

最大ゲインは設定周波数が1kHzの場合で約15dB、16kHzの場合で約20dBになっています。設定周波数が低いと最大ゲインが下がっていますが、これは設定周波数が低いほど大きい容量のインダクタが必要になり、その結果インダクタ部分の内部抵抗値が大きくなるためと推測されます（インダクタの内部抵抗はWIDTHツマミに対応する可変抵抗と直列に入っているように扱われるため、WIDTHツマミを時計回りに回したのと同じ傾向になる）。

また、HIGH FREQの値を変えずにWIDTHツマミのみを操作した場合の特性変化も測定してみました。次のグラフはHIGH FREQを1kHzで固定し、WIDTHツマミを順に8時→10時→4時に変化させて測定した結果です。影響する周波数範囲は変わらず、山の高い部分が押しつぶされたようなカーブになることが分かります。

なお、オリジナルのEQP-1AはWIDTHツマミに対応する可変抵抗の抵抗値が2.5kΩなのですが、本機は10kΩになっています。そのため、EQP-1Aよりも過剰にピークを潰せてしまいます（Bカーブの抵抗なので、10時＝約2.5kΩがEQP-1AのWIDTHツマミを時計回りに回しきった状態）。2.5kΩの可変抵抗は入手が難しいため10kΩを選択したのですが、この部分は2kΩや5kΩにしたほうが良さそうです。

結論

本機の周波数特性はおおむね理論値に近いものとなっていることが分かりました。また、高域ブーストの設定値のうち1kと2kΩはEQP-1Aにはない値だったのですが、最大ゲインが低めになっている点以外はおおむね適正なものになっていました。もう少し容量の大きいマイクロインダクタがあればこのあたりも改善できた可能性があるので、そのあたりはちょっと惜しいところです。

なお、周波数特性については理論値通り＝インスパイア元のPultec EQP-1Aに近くなっていますが、EQP-1Aは入出力段にトランスが使われており、さらにイコライザの後段は真空管アンプでゲインを上げています。一方、本機はトランスは使用しておらず、またオペアンプでゲインを上げています。そのため、本機でEQP-1Aと同じ出音が得られるというわけではありません。ただ、オペアンプを使うことで余計な音質変化を抑えられるというメリットはありますので、必ずしも本機が劣っている、というわけではないと考えています。

[mesotokyo]

Pultec EQP-1A解析その2：HIGH BOOST/BANDWIDTH/ATTENUATE

Pultec EQP-1Aの回路を解析してみようという話の続きです。今回は残りの高域処理部分の解析です。

前回の記事でも紹介しましたが、EQP-1Aは低域と高域それぞれにブースト（BOOST）およびカット（ATTEN）のつまみが用意されており、低域のブーストおよびカット周波数はLOW FREQUENCYつまみで決定されます。つまり、ブーストとカットを別の周波数帯に適用することはできません。

いっぽう、高域のブーストとカットについては、ブースト周波数はHIGH FREQUENCYつまみ（3/4/5/8/10/12/16kHz）で、カット周波数はATTEN SELつまみ（5/10/20kHz）で設定するようになっています。カットはいわゆるシェルピングタイプのフィルターになっていますが、ブーストに関してはピーキングタイプになっており、その周波数幅（いわゆるQ）はBANDWIDTHつまみで変更できます。

今回はこちらのBOOST/ATTEN/BANDWIDTHつまみの動作を分析していきます。

EQP-1Aの高域ブースト

さて、こちらも前回記事で紹介していますが、EQP-1Aのイコライザ回路は次のようになっています。

まずは高域のブースト部分に注目しますので、低域のカット（アッテネート：ATTEN）およびブースト、高域のカットはすべて0に設定します。すると回路の一部はショートされ無視できるようになり、残りの回路は次のようになります。C1、L1はHIGH FREQUENCYを3kHzに設定した際の値にしています。

この状態だと若干見づらいので、分かりやすいように各構成要素の位置を少し変えると次のようになります。

この回路のC1・L1とR32はRLCバンドパスフィルタになっており、その後ろにC2・R2で構成されるCRハイパスフィルタが直列に接続されている、という構成になっていることが分かります。R10・R11（＝BOOSTつまみ）はバンドパスフィルタに送る信号の量を調整する役割を持っており、時計回りに回すとR10が小さく、R11が大きくなり、それによってバンドパスフィルタ部分を通る信号が増え、バンドパスフィルタのピーク周辺のゲインが上がる、と言う仕組みです。

バンドパスフィルタのピーク周波数とQはC1、L1、R32の値で決定されます。また、R20（＝WIDTHつまみ）を時計回りに回すとバンドパスフィルタ部分全体の抵抗値が上がるため、それによってフィルタの山がなだらかになり、結果としてQが小さくなります。

WIDTHを反時計周りに回しきった状態でのシミュレーションでは、次のような周波数特性が得られました。BOOSTつまみを反時計回りに回しきった状態の場合が緑、12時の状態が青、時計回りに回しきった状態が赤の線になっています。

また、BOOSTつまみを時計回りに回しきった状態でWIDTHつまみを反時計回りに回しきった状態（緑）、12時（青）、時計回りに回しきった状態（赤）にした場合の周波数特性が次のグラフになります。裾の部分はあまり変化せず、ピーク部分のみが抑えられている形になっていることが分かります。

昨今のイコライザではQを小さくすると影響する周波数帯も広くなるのが一般的ですが、EQP-1AのWIDTHつまみでは影響する周波数はあまり変化せず、ピークの強さのみが変化することになります。

EQP-1Aの高域カット

続いては高域のカットに注目するため、今度は低域のカット（アッテネート、ATTENUATE）・ブーストと高域のブーストをすべて0に設定します。この場合の回路は次のようになります。なお、C3の値はATTEN SELを20kHzに設定した場合の値としています。

やはりこの形だと分かりにくいので、同様に構成要素の位置を変えてみましょう。

この回路は、R11とC3でローパスフィルタが構成され、さらにその後ろに直列にC2とR2で構成されたハイパスフィルタが接続されている、と解釈できます。ただし、C3と並列にR31が接続されているため、その影響で単純なローパスフィルタとは異なるフィルタ形状になります。そのため、単純にR11とR3の値でカットオフ周波数を決定することができません。

たとえば、10kΩ・68nFで構成したローパスフィルタのカットオフ周波数は約234Hzですが、シミュレーションで得られた周波数特性は1kHz付近からゲインが下がっていく形になっています（ATTENつまみを反時計回りに回しきった状態の場合が青、12時の状態が赤、時計回りに回しきった状態が水色）。また、赤の線を見ると、ATTEN SELで選択した20kHz以上はゲインがほぼ一定（およそ-26dB）になっていることが分かります。

まとめ

ということで、EQP-1Aの各部分はそれぞれ基本的なフィルタでできており、それを組み合わせることで低域・高域それぞれのカット・ブーストを実現し��いるということが分かりました。

ただ、こうやって分解してみると分かりやすいものの、これらを組み合わせて、かつ破綻しないようにうまくそれぞれのR・L・Cの値を決定するのはそう簡単ではないように見えます。1950年代はまだコンピュータでのシミュレーションは一般的ではなかったでしょうから、ラプラス変換を使って手書きでボード線図を書いて設計したのではと思いますが、やはり最初にこれを考えて製品化した方々は偉大ですね。

なお、オリジナルのEQP-1Aはこのイコライザ回路の前段に入力トランスが、後段にはトランス＋真空管による増幅回路＋出力トランスが入っています。この部分での音色変化も発生するため、このイコライザ回路をそのままコピーしても残念ながらオリジナルのEQP-1Aの音は再現できないでしょう。ただ、イコライザ回路としてはとてもよく考えられた回路であるため、現代でもこの回路の利用価値は十分にあると思います。

[mesotokyo]

Pedal Geeks Meeting 2024 Tokyoに出展します（予定）

2024年9月16日、東京都墨田区・すみだ産業会館で開催されるPedal Geeks Meeting 2024 Tokyoに出展予定です。ということで、今回メインで展示する予定のものをご紹介します（あくまで現時点の予定で、内容は今後適宜更新予定です）。写真はいずれも試作機のもの。いずれも試奏可能な状態で展示する予定です。

なお、いずれもプリント基板単体を頒布予定です。キット/完成品についても数は少ないですが頒布用に持っていくかもしれません。もし興味のある方がいらっしゃったら事前にご連絡いただけると嬉しいです。

Nutube搭載多段増幅ハイゲインオーバードライブ

KORGの小型真空管「Nutube」を搭載するオーバードライブペダルです。オペアンプ入力バッファ→トランジスタによる差動増幅→真空管2回路を使った疑似差動増幅→オペアンプ出力バッファ、という4段増幅構成でディストーションに近い強力な歪みを生み出します。トーン回路はハイカット/ローカットを連続的に切り替えられる構成で、スイッチ切り替えでドライ音に歪み音をミックスして出力することも可能です。

詳しくはこちら。

オプティカル式コンプレッサー

1960年代に製作されたラック型コンプレッサー「LA-2A」にインスパイアされたオプティカルタイプのコンプレッサーペダルです。入力音の周波数特性をなるべく変化させずに、アタックと音量だけを変化させることを目指して設計しており、アタック部分を強調して音の輪郭をはっきりさせる効果があります。

詳しくはこちら。

パラメトリックイコライザ

1950年代に製作されたラック型パラメトリックイコライザ「EQP-1A」にインスパイアされたパラメトリックイコライザペダルです。現在基板設計中で、たぶん9月には間に合うはず……。

回路についての話はこちら。

そのほか雑多な制作物

エフェクターペダルではない制作物も一部展示予定です。

MIDI AUN（MIDI Switcher）

MIDI用のA/Bスイッチです。アクティブ設計でアクティブセンシング対応デバイスでも安心動作。万が一の時のためにボタン長押しでオールノートオフを送信する機能も搭載。

バーチャルエクスプレッションペダル

エクスプレッションペダルの代わりとして使えるペダルです。ボタンを押すとペダルを踏みこむ動作、離すと戻す動作のような挙動になります。

デモ動画はこちら。

アクティブサーキット（エレキギター/エレキベース内蔵用プリアンプ）

2バンド/3バンド両対応のアクティブサーキットです。

エフェクター試作用ユニバーサル基板

いわゆるAタイプのアルミダイキャストケースに合わせて作成したユニバーサル基板です。上半分は2.54mmピッチの片面ユニバーサル基板で、下半分にはバイパスコンデンサと保護ダイオード、3PDTスイッチ、入出力ジャック用のパターンが配置されています。試作用と銘打っては居ますが堅牢な基板なのでワンオフでペダルを作る際にも使えます。

ただ、納品後にシルクパターン（文字表記）にミスがあることが発覚したため、その部分をシールで修正しての提供になります。そのため処分価格で頒布予定です。

ギター/ベース用モジュラーシンセシステム

モジュラーシンセをギター/ベースと組み合わせて利用できるように組み合わせたシステムも展示予定です。一部自作モジュールについては基板もしくはキット/完成品も頒布するかもしれません。

以上、よろしくお願いいたします！

[mesotokyo]

Pultec EQP-1Aインスパイアドなイコライザ回路

ググるとPultec EQP-1Aの回路図は簡単に見つかりますが、なんでそれでイコライザになるのかが分かりにくいので整理して分かりやすい形で書き直してみました。

WAVEやIK Multimediaなどがこのイコライザをモデリングしたプラグインを出しているほか、その回路をベースとしたハードウェアも現役で販売されています（参考：サウンドハウスの記事）。オリジナルのEQP-1Aはロータリースイッチで周波数を切り替えられる仕組みでしたが、ひとまずそのあたりは割愛しています。

こうやって書くと、抵抗とコイルとコンデンサで分圧するシンプルな構造なのが分かりますね（後日もう少し詳しく説明予定）。