#and why is it still called margarine when it's a fundamentally different product from the original?
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So I was looking at a timeline of food history on Wikipedia and--
Like, 10 out of 10 excellent decision making on Canada's part, but why such a quick (and harsh) judgement? What happened in little baby margarine's 17 short years of life to incite Canada's wrath?
#and why is it still called margarine when it's a fundamentally different product from the original?#wikipedia#wikipedia rabbit hole#food history#funny history
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Increase Navbar Height Eye-Opening Diy Ideas
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Can I Increase My Height By Hanging
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In order to be more impactful in her role that helps feed the world, Marcia Berimbau returned to school to better understand people. This modern-day Renaissance woman shares her unqiue story in her own words. Read more here.
Marcia Berimbau started her career at DuPont in the traditional way: as a scientist, working in Brazil. A chemical engineer by training, Berimbau was a believer in the fundamentals of science, and in the importance of formal, precise processes and procedures. But several years into her career, she broadened her way of thinking. Although engineering was still vital to her job — and to her — she realized after moving into an “innovation manager” role at Danisco that she needed to know more about business. She promptly enrolled in an MBA program in São Paulo, Brazil.
Berimbau, now the Innovation Director for South America for DuPont Nutrition & Health, is a can-do sort of person. She believes in taking initiative. She also loves to learn. So, when promoted to Innovation Director at Danisco in 2001, she realized that she now needed more knowledge than either her technical or business degrees afforded her. In her new role managing teams of engineers and business workers, she needed to better understand people. That’s when she went back to university — in her spare time, after putting in long days at work — to study literature and language. “As I became more and more involved in leadership, I realized that understanding the human side of people, and how they think, was essential,” she says.
Literature in turn opened the door to philosophy — and to another humanities degree that Berimbau finished in 2011. “This was very important to opening my mind, and understanding some very fundamental things about people,” Berimbau says today. “Although I’m in a technical area, my work is mostly dealing with teams, project groups, and strategies, and that’s what I needed the most help with.”
Think globally, act locally
Berimbau runs DuPont Nutrition & Health “Innovation Lab” for South America. Her group exists because, as she says, “science is global, but food is local.” DuPont R&D groups might come up with the firm’s blockbuster new enzymes, but if they don’t complement diets around the world, then it’s for naught. That’s why DuPont has placed Innovation Labs around the world. “To put a final product in something like ice cream, or a piece of bread, we have to see what that ingredient is bringing to our market in particular,” Berimbau says.
She points to some of the recent food innovations her team has been involved in. Countries in South America — Chile is a prime example — have been worried about their citizens’ health, and have recently passed regulations about food ingredients such as trans fats. In response, Berimbau’s team launched a zero trans-fat, low-saturated-fat campaign. “We’ve presented prototypes of margarine and biscuits using DuPont products to our customers, and are now working on a healthy cake. These are meant to be an inspiration to our customers, for products they can offer to their customers.”
Collaborative leadership style that promotes innovation
Berimbau is known for her participatory leadership style that promotes innovation. “I enjoy being close to my teams, to encourage them to exchange ideas and collaborate,” she says. Although each different industry group works huddled together — Dairy, Ice Cream, Bakery, Beverages and Oils & Fats — Berimbau fosters openness and cross-industry collaboration between the groups. “The ‘zero trans & low sat’ concept was originally an Oils & Fats campaign that moved quickly into Bakery,” she says. “Another example is the cooperation between the Ice Cream and Beverages team in the creation of milk & soy ice cream concept.”
According to Berimbau, innovation is a combination of structured processes and the freedom to create. “We have structured processes that involve deep understanding of customer needs and our capabilities. But I believe innovation can happen anywhere. Some of our best ideas come from talking around the coffee machine.”
It is also important to share beyond the South America lab. Each industry has a global knowledge team, a centralized multi-functional and multi-regional group that regularly meets to solve particular challenges affecting the industry worldwide. “We have systems in place so that local innovation is never lost or buried deep in some regional facility,” she says.
For example, her bakery team recently found an innovative new application for some DuPont™ Danisco® enzymes applied in the milling industry. “We discovered that if you used the enzyme earlier in the process, while the grain is still wet and undergoing what we call ‘conditioning,’ that you end up with whiter flours, and better yield,” she says. “I’m very proud of my team’s innovations. Sharing these innovations globally is the way to understand and realize our full potential.”
Growth Opportunities at DuPont
Berimbau says that DuPont is a good place for women to advance to leadership positions.
“When I started my career 30 years ago, it was very different. I felt I needed to fight to prove my point, that I could do things as well as my male colleagues,” she says. “But as the years have gone by, we see much more women in management roles, both within DuPont, and at our customers.” There is still a gap in the number of women in senior positions, she says. “I enjoy spending time mentoring women and also men on how to grow and be successful. I believe we all have the potential and opportunities to grow at DuPont.”
Looking back, Berimbau says she feels “wonderful” about her career choice, because she knows she’s making a difference. “Feeding the world is a noble challenge,” she says. “It’s a good thing to know that what you are doing benefits the global population.”
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Does Coconut Oil Really Cause Heart Attacks?
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Spoiler alert: No.
Recently, the American Heart Association (AHA) opened an attack on coconut oil.
The basis of AHA’s criticism is the claim that “randomized controlled trials that lowered intake of dietary saturated fat and replaced it with polyunsaturated vegetable oil reduced cardiovascular disease by around 30 percent,” as stated in the advisory’s abstract.
But this message from the AHA is not only false, it is dangerous.
False Claims—None of Cited Studies Involved Coconut Oil
The advisory cites four key clinical trials in support of their position. However, these four clinical trials do not in fact compare the health effects of coconut oil to vegetable oil—instead, the trials analyze certain health effects of standard diets of the 1960s and ’70s, which included large amounts of vegetable oil and margarine, along with butter, eggs, and other foods containing natural fats. As such, few—if any—of the study participants were actually eating coconut oil.
Why then do most doctors—who certainly believe science is an evidence-based practice—accept this argument against coconut oil, despite the lack of evidence?
This is because the advisory (and other organizations like it) conceals truth by misleading the public about the source of the saturated fats used in the studies they cite.
Coconut Oil Is Not a Saturated Fat
Saturated fat is not a food, it’s a kind of fatty acid. Therefore, coconut oil cannot be labeled as such. Coconut oil is, however, high in saturated fatty acids. It also contains monounsaturated fatty acids and even some polyunsaturated fatty acids (or PUFAs). Vegetable oils also contain a blend of all three, but they contain far lower quantities of saturated fatty acids.
Why does this subtle distinction matter? Because when the AHA says that “participants cut their intake of saturated fat,” they’re making a true statement. But what they imply is that participants cut foods that naturally contain saturated fatty acids, like butter and eggs. However, what the AHA fails to disclose is that participants also removed from their diets products like margarine and shortening—foods high in saturated fatty acids indeed, but also high in toxic trans fat.
Though saturated-fat-intake data used in these trials are absent from most of the publications, historical data do show that the average person’s diet was higher in margarine and shortening than it was in butter, lard, and tallow. One must consider that most, or possibly all, of the 1970s-era studies showing a supposed benefit of adding PUFAs are actually evidencing the benefit of cutting out trans fat.
A Dangerous, Nationwide Experiment With Vegetable Oil
Anyone who seriously studies nutrition and its connection to disease comes to the same conclusion: The modern diet is making us sick. Diseases like obesity, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, and cancer were far less common in years past, not because we’re living longer now (just consider that what we thought were age-related diseases are now showing up in kids), but because we eat very different foods—that is, processed foods.
Few foods better fit the description of a processed food than does vegetable oil. It is a main ingredient in everything from Twinkies to “healthy” salad dressings. Since the 1950s, the AHA has steadily promoted vegetable oils over saturated fat. And in that time, according to the statistics on fat consumption, we have followed their orders. Soy-oil consumption—the most common vegetable oil—increased by roughly 600 percent. Canola did not exist in the 1950s, but is today the second-most commonly consumed vegetable oil after soy. Meanwhile lard, tallow, and butter consumption have all declined by half, or more.
At the subcellular level, the effects of vegetable oil are sobering. According to Dr. Sanjoy Ghosh at the University of British Columbia, Canada, our bodies cannot easily burn PUFAs. Meaning that when we eat as much vegetable oil as we now do, some of it gets deposited in our omental fat, some in our liver (where it eventually causes fatty liver), and some in our arteries (causing atherosclerosis). And this is just the tip of the iceberg.
This field of study is new, and it’s difficult for scientists to acquire funding to pursue it—still, we do have animal research clearly showing that eating these oils causes uncontrolled weight gains (exceeding the oils’ caloric content), promotes diabetes and fatty liver, and initiates a reluctance to exercise. Plus there is ample human research suggesting that getting off these oils reduces chronic pain, migraines, Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis.
Our Answer Is Biochemistry, Not Statistics
Biochemistry is at play from one end of the food chain to the other: In the processing plants where the oils are refined, in the frying pans of restaurant chains and Big Food manufacturers, and eventually in our bodies where they deregulate our natural homeostasis.
Consumption of processed PUFAs leads to uncontrolled reactions between those polyunsaturated fats and oxygen in your body. One consequence of this disruption is inflammation, a factor causing arterial plaque and heart attacks.
The AHA claims that it is the saturated fat that is pro-inflammatory and as such is the cause of heart attacks, but there is no biochemically plausible explanation for their argument. Saturated fat is very stable, and will not react with oxygen the way PUFAs do.
Unfortunately, most people—including doctors—are not familiar enough with the biochemical issues at hand to confidently dismiss the rhetoric we’ve all heard about saturated fat clogging our arteries. The biochemistry involved in imputing PUFAs as the true cause is beyond the scope of this article, but not beyond the scope of a proper medical education.
Vegetable Oils Cause Oxidative Stress
One of the breakdown products of PUFA oxidation is 4-hydroxynonanol. This toxic compound forms inside vegetable-oil bottles during the refining process,1 surfaces in the oils when we cook with them,2 and once the oils are consumed, saturates every tissue inside our bodies.3The more we eat, the more our tissues experience oxidative stress, and effectively the sicker we get.
You could rightly dub oxidative stress the “great disease maker” of our time. We now know that the underlying cause of cardiovascular disease—along with just about every other chronic and degenerative disease under the sun—involves some form of oxidative stress. And because vegetable oil increases oxidative stress the more we consume it, you could rightly call canola, corn, cottonseed, soy, sunflower, safflower (and a few other oils) “death in a bottle.”
The link between PUFA consumption and oxidative stress is not esoteric science. It is a result of basic reactions between molecules. These well-documented molecular processes are as irrefutable and immutable as algebraic equations—just ask the next organic chemist you meet on the street.
Unfortunately, organic chemists do not frequently go on to medical school, so during our education we don’t learn that understanding the oxidation of PUFAs is critical to the practice of preventative and curative medicine.
Without this insight, during our years at medical school most of us do our best to completely forget the organic chemistry reactions that we worked so hard to memorize back in college, in an effort of clearing space in our brain for more relevant knowledge. The nutrition science we do learn involves nonbiochemistry-based strategies—statistical correlations, clinical trials, and physiologic mechanisms. Since the bulk of these kinds of studies are flawed by some missing piece of biochemical knowledge, this leads to confounding by variables not controlled for, and the churning out of inconsistent and conflicting results.
That’s why one week you hear that eggs are part of a healthy breakfast, and the next week it’s back to the “eggs clog arteries” verdict. That is also why nutrition science has become a team sport, with one side flinging not-so-well-done studies at the other side. We can only settle the debate once and for all by bringing the discussion back to a place where there’s fundamental agreement—namely, basic science.
And when your head is spinning from all the conflicting headlines, news reports, and advisories, just remember: Nature doesn’t make bad fats—factories do.
References:
Hua, Hongying, et al. “Impact of refining on the levels of 4-hydroxy-trans-alkenals, parent and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soybean and rapeseed oils.” Food Control 67 (2016): 82-9. Web: researchgate.net/publication/313880604_Impact_of_refining_on_the_levels_of_4-hydroxy-trans-alkenals_parent_and_oxygenated_polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbons_in_soybean_and_rapeseed_oils
Wang, Lei, et al. “Kinetics of Forming Aldehydes in Frying Oils and Their Distribution in French Fries Revealed by LC–MS-Based Chemometrics.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 64.19 (2016): 3881-9. Web: pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01127?journalCode=jafcau
Web: science.gov/topicpages/p/peroxidation+product+4-hydroxynonenal.html.
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