#Pharaoh Menes

[harrelltut]

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[historyofancientegypt1]

The name of King "Mina" has become one of the most famous names in the collective memory of the Egyptian people. It is always associated with another phrase: "The Unification of the Two Lands," referring to the unification of the kingdoms of the North and the South, and thus the emergence of Egypt as a unified state and kingdom governed by a single ruler under a system that remained stable for nearly three thousand years, marking the beginning of the Dynastic Period. But how did we come to know about King "Mina"? How was the unification of the Two Lands achieved? And what are the Two Lands?

[africadefined-blog]

Ancient African Timeline: 3150 BCE The Egyptian States are Unified

Narmer, an ancient Egyptian pharaoh who reigned between 3273 and 2980 BCE during the Early Dynastic Period, is widely regarded as the unifier of Egypt and the founder of the First Dynasty. His reign marked a turning point in Egyptian history, as he is often credited with the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, which laid the foundation for the powerful civilization that would endure for…

[rayspookyhistory]

๋࣭ ⭑⚝ The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egyptian Civilization๋࣭ ⭑⚝

hey guys im back AND late but here was a very long and slightly complicated one enjoy :D

Ancient Egypt, one of the most iconic civilizations in history, thrived for over three millennia, leaving an indelible mark on human culture, art, and governance. Its history is a tapestry of great achievements and inevitable decline, shaped by its geographic advantages, complex social structure, and interactions with neighboring powers.

The Geographic Foundation of Egyptian Civilization

The Nile River was the foundation of Ancient Egypt's prosperity. Flowing northward through an arid desert, the Nile created a fertile strip of land that was ideal for agriculture. The river's annual inundation deposited nutrient-rich silt onto the land, enabling the Egyptians to grow abundant crops, which in turn supported a growing population and the development of a complex society.

Geography played a crucial role in the development of a unified Egyptian state. The Nile served as a natural highway, facilitating communication and trade between Upper and Lower Egypt. This unity was essential for the centralized control that characterized Ancient Egyptian governance. Moreover, the deserts to the east and west, and the cataracts of the Nile to the south, provided natural barriers that protected Egypt from invasions, allowing the civilization to flourish relatively undisturbed by external threats.

The Unification of Egypt and the Early Dynastic Period

Around 3100 BCE, King Narmer (often identified as Menes) achieved the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, marking the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3100–2686 BCE). This unification was a critical moment in Egyptian history, laying the groundwork for the centralized state that would dominate the region for centuries.

During this period, the pharaoh emerged as both a political and religious leader, considered a divine ruler responsible for maintaining Ma'at, the cosmic order. The early pharaohs established a bureaucratic system that allowed them to administer the state efficiently, collect taxes, and organize large-scale construction projects. The development of hieroglyphic writing during this time enabled the recording of official decrees, religious texts, and monumental inscriptions, further solidifying the authority of the pharaohs.

The Old Kingdom: The Age of the Pyramids

The Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BCE), often referred to as the "Age of the Pyramids," saw the construction of some of the most enduring symbols of Ancient Egypt. The most famous of these is the Great Pyramid of Giza, built during the reign of Pharaoh Khufu (c. 2589–2566 BCE). This period was characterized by the centralization of power in the hands of the pharaoh, who was regarded as a living god responsible for the well-being of the state.

The economy of the Old Kingdom was based on a redistributive system, where the surplus from agriculture was collected by the state and used to fund massive construction projects, support the bureaucracy, and maintain the military. This system allowed the pharaohs to command vast resources, which were used to build monumental structures that symbolized their divine authority and ensured their legacy.

However, the immense resources required for these projects eventually strained the economy. By the end of the Sixth Dynasty, around 2181 BCE, the centralized power of the pharaohs began to decline. Low Nile floods, combined with the growing power of regional governors (nomarchs), led to a weakening of central authority and the collapse of the Old Kingdom, ushering in the First Intermediate Period.

The First Intermediate Period: A Time of Fragmentation

The First Intermediate Period (c. 2181–2055 BCE) was marked by political fragmentation and social instability. With the collapse of the Old Kingdom, Egypt split into several smaller, competing regions, each ruled by local leaders. This period is often described as a "dark age" in Egyptian history, characterized by a decline in monumental building, cultural achievements, and central authority.

Despite the challenges of this period, the resilience of Egyptian society eventually led to the reunification of the country. The rulers of Thebes, in Upper Egypt, gradually gained power and, by the end of the Eleventh Dynasty, succeeded in reuniting Egypt under the leadership of Pharaoh Mentuhotep II. This marked the beginning of the Middle Kingdom, a period of renewed stability and prosperity.

The Middle Kingdom: A Period of Renewal

The Middle Kingdom (c. 2055–1650 BCE) is often regarded as a renaissance period in Egyptian history. The pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom focused on consolidating their power, reforming the administration, and expanding Egypt's influence beyond its traditional borders.

One of the most significant achievements of the Middle Kingdom was the expansion of Egypt's borders into Nubia, a region rich in gold and other valuable resources. The Egyptians established a series of fortresses along the Nile in Nubia, securing control over the region and ensuring a steady supply of resources for the state. The Middle Kingdom also saw increased trade with the Levant and other regions, bringing in goods such as cedarwood, lapis lazuli, and silver.

The literature of the Middle Kingdom reflects a more introspective and realistic view of life compared to the Old Kingdom. Works such as the "Tale of Sinuhe" and the "Instructions of Amenemhat" emphasize themes of loyalty, morality, and the responsibilities of the pharaoh to his people. The concept of Ma'at continued to be central to Egyptian thought, but there was also a growing recognition of the complexities and challenges of maintaining order in the world.

The Middle Kingdom pharaohs undertook large-scale irrigation projects to improve agricultural productivity and prevent the famine that had plagued the late Old Kingdom. These projects included the construction of canals and reservoirs to control the Nile's flooding and to ensure a stable water supply for agriculture. The increased agricultural productivity contributed to the prosperity of the Middle Kingdom and supported the growth of a more complex and stratified society.

The Second Intermediate Period and the Rise of the New Kingdom

The decline of the Middle Kingdom led to the Second Intermediate Period (c. 1650–1550 BCE), a time of political instability and foreign invasions. The Hyksos, a group of Asiatic people, established themselves as rulers in Lower Egypt, introducing new technologies such as the horse-drawn chariot and composite bow. Meanwhile, native Egyptian rulers maintained power in Thebes, leading to a divided Egypt.

Eventually, the Theban rulers mounted a successful campaign to expel the Hyksos, leading to the reunification of Egypt under Ahmose I and the beginning of the New Kingdom (c. 1550–1070 BCE). This period is often referred to as the "Empire Period" due to Egypt's expansion and dominance over neighboring regions, including Nubia, the Levant, and parts of the Near East.

The New Kingdom pharaohs, such as Thutmose III, Hatshepsut, and Ramses II, expanded Egypt's borders through military campaigns and diplomatic alliances. The empire's wealth was further bolstered by tribute from conquered territories and extensive trade networks. The period also saw a resurgence in monumental building projects, with the construction of massive temples, such as those at Karnak and Luxor, and the rock-cut temples at Abu Simbel.

Religion played a central role in the New Kingdom, with the pharaohs increasingly emphasizing their divine status and their connection to the gods. The worship of the sun god Amun-Ra became particularly prominent, and the pharaohs were often depicted as the "son of Ra," chosen to rule by divine mandate. The New Kingdom also saw the rise of the powerful priesthood of Amun, which would later become a significant political force in its own right.

However, the immense costs of maintaining an empire, both in terms of resources and military commitments, gradually weakened the state. The death of Ramses II in 1213 BCE marked the beginning of a slow decline, as his successors struggled to maintain the empire's vast territories. Internal strife, including power struggles among the nobility and challenges to the authority of the pharaoh, further destabilized the kingdom.

The Decline and Fall of Ancient Egypt

The decline of Egypt accelerated during the Third Intermediate Period (c. 1070–664 BCE), a time characterized by political fragmentation and foreign invasions. The once-unified kingdom split into multiple smaller states, with the Libyans and Nubians establishing their own dynasties in different regions of Egypt. The arrival of the Sea Peoples, a confederation of naval raiders who caused widespread destruction throughout the Eastern Mediterranean, further strained Egypt's resources and military capabilities.

Despite these challenges, Egypt experienced a brief resurgence during the Late Period (c. 664–332 BCE) under the Saite dynasty, particularly under Pharaoh Psamtik I, who reasserted control over the country and repelled foreign invaders. The Saites focused on reviving the cultural and religious traditions of the past, as well as rebuilding the country's economy. However, this revival was short-lived, as Egypt was increasingly drawn into the conflicts of the larger Mediterranean world.

In 525 BCE, Egypt was conquered by the Persian Empire under Cambyses II, becoming a satrapy within the larger Achaemenid Empire. Although Egypt regained its independence briefly during the 28th to 30th Dynasties, it was finally and irrevocably absorbed into the Macedonian Empire following the conquest by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE. The subsequent Ptolemaic Period (305–30 BCE) represented a fusion of Greek and Egyptian cultures, but it was clear that the era of native Egyptian rule had come to an end.

The death of Cleopatra VII in 30 BCE and the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Empire marked the final chapter in the long and storied history of ancient Egyptian civilization. The fall of Egypt was not simply the result of external conquest, but also the culmination of centuries of internal decay, economic decline, and the gradual loss of autonomy in the face of rising foreign powers.

The rise and fall of ancient Egypt is a testament to the complex interplay of geography, governance, culture, and external forces in shaping the destiny of a civilization. From its origins along the life-giving Nile to its zenith as a powerful empire and its eventual decline, Egypt's history offers valuable insights into the factors that sustain and undermine civilizations. The legacy of ancient Egypt, preserved in its monuments, art, and written records, continues to influence and inspire the modern world. The civilization's story serves as both a cautionary tale and a reminder of the enduring achievements of human ingenuity and resilience.

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[echoes-of-kemet]

Crowns of Ancient Egypt

A brief overview of the different kinds of crowns seen in Ancient Egyptian iconography. Note that I say crown, note headdress; the well-known nemes headdress and similar things not worn by the king and gods will not be covered.

Hedjet: translates as “White One,” the crown of Upper Egypt. Most famously worn by Nekhbet, Horus, and Satet. Nekhbet, the Patroness of Upper Egypt, was occasionally placed on the brow of this crown as an ornamental vulture.

Deshret: translates as “Red One,” the crown of Lower Egypt. Most famously worn by Wadjet, Horus, and Neith. Like her sister, Wadjet- the Patroness of Lower Egypt- would commonly adorn the crown as a uraeus. However, this symbol was featured on a majority of the other crowns as well.

Atef: a hedjet crown with two ostrich feathers on opposite sides. Most commonly associated with Osiris and his followers, but was also worn by Underworld related deities like Sokar.

Hemhem: translates as “to shout,” “cry out.” This translation has led to speculation that it was associated with battle or military power. It’s three atef crowns placed side by side atop curled ram horns; sometimes there is a solar disc above each atef, sometimes just the middle one, sometimes not present. Not specifically associated with any one deity, but Khnum and Sobek are often depicted wearing one.

Pschent: also called sekhemty- translating as “the Two Powerful Ones”- it combines the hedjet and deshret to become the crown of a unified Egypt. Though the Pharaoh Menes is said to have first united the crowns, surviving records show Djet was the first to wear it. Horus is the deity most commonly associated with it, but Atum-Ra was also shown wearing the double crown at times. The Two Ladies Nekhbet and Wadjet would both adorn this crown side by side, further symbolizing the union of Upper and Lower Egypt.

Khepresh: known to exist in the second intermediate period, but popularized in the New Kingdom; worn by pharaohs for militaristic and possibly religious purposes. It isn’t associated with any deities, but as with most royal headdresses it often featured a uraeus.

Cap Crown: one of the oldest crowns of Egypt recovered by Egyptologists, depictions of it stretch as far back as the Old Kingdom. Again, no particular deity is associated with it, seemingly exclusive to the human Pharaoh, but it did almost always feature a uraeus.

Solar Crown: also called a solar disc, this was used to not only signify a solar deity but royalty. It’s most commonly associated with Ra, but many other deities have worn one, even if only in rare depictions. Most commonly, the solar crown is also worn by deities like Horus-Ur (Horus the Elder), Isis, Hathor-Sekhmet, Amun, Tefnut, Bast.

Lunar Crown: like the solar crown, this can also be alternatively described as a lunar disc. Unlike its counterpart, however, it was rarely described with a single phrase despite being not uncommon in depictions. The closest it had to its own word was shared with the moon in general. The crown itself was depicted with the full moon resting in the curve of an upturned crescent moon. Deities like Khonsu and Thoth are most associated with this crown, but Tefnut and Mehit also wore it occasionally.

Two-Feathers Crown: also called the Amun crown as it was most commonly associated with him, but it is also worn by Montu and Min. Unlike the atef, these feathers are described as those of a falcon rather than an ostrich- but similar to the hemhem, they’re placed atop two ram horns and sometimes feature a solar disc.

[stevenneedham]

The reign of the Pharaohs was longer than between the end of the Pharaohs to now

Most of us know well the last pharaoh of Egypt the great Cleopatra who died in 30bce over 2000 years ago but did you know that she is closer to our time now than she is to when the first ruler of Egypt ,or the first pharaoh, united upper and lower regions of Egypt?

The first pharaoh is believed by many scholars to be Narmer otherwise known as Menes. the first to unite upper and lower Egypt giving him the prestigious title of "the lord of two lands". this unification of Egypt and the birth of the first pharaoh occurred around 3100 bce over 3000 years before the end of Cleopatra.

Whats more, Narmer's wife Neithhotep appears to be the earliest recorded woman who name is known to us today. She also may have been a pharaoh herself making her the first known female ruler in history 5000 years ago. this could of happened after the death of her husband also making her the second pharaoh in history.

so there you have it, for 3000 years the pharaohs ruled Egypt 1000 years longer than when the last pharaoh died to now.

[fzzr]

I was going to write a post about the "longest-lasting imperial title"

But I didn't, in the end. The way it was supposed to go is I would define an imperial title as one that asserts claim to a core territory and one or more periphery territories. To constrain things I was going to limit it to those who held at least some amount of temporal power over at least some of that area. I would specifically *not* have required an imperial title to be a monarchical one as well, asserting that a Roman Republican consul was just as much an emperor as any Czar or President of the United States. Titles could be in abeyance (say due to a revolution) but could maintain continuity after, just with the downtime not counted. After that I would introduce the commutative property of imperial titles, where the legacy of one imperial title is considered to continue if someone holds two simultaneously and one subsequently expires.

I had started out assuming the longest-lasting such title through the commutative property would start with "King of Sumer and Akkad", as that continued in use for over 1000 years and had continuity into Shah, but it turned out that the most compelling route was to start with Pharaoh of Egypt and conclude that that title still exists by the commutative property in the form of the Pope. In order to distinguish Pharaoh and King of Sumer and Akkad I had to figure out when Egypt became an empire, but that's when things started to fall apart.

The unification of the crowns of upper and lower Egypt by Narmer/Menes(?) could very much be defined as the founding of an empire, but today we consider Egypt to be one entity, meaning Pharaoh would only become an imperial title once it made a claim to land outside those of the ethnic Egyptians. But... were there ethnic Egyptians when the crowns were unified? Does an empire temporarily stop being an empire if ethnogenesis occurs within its area, then start again if it picks up new land again? If empire is defined by ethnicity, does a polity become an empire if it's temporarily conquered by outside ethnic group, and cease when it's ruled again by the native one?

This pushed me to step back another layer and assess my criteria from the top. Why had I started by defining an empire in terms of land and not people? Well, when you're studying history, there are inevitably going to be both words and maps. I'll leave aside the amount of bias that can hide in words for a moment and focus on maps. Maps are lines, colors, and words on a representation of some projection of the earth. So, let's say you're writing a history of the expansion of Rome's empire, and you want to show the changes in modern day Western Europe. Do you choose to show the Roman political subdivisions applied there after the conquest? The names given to that region by the people living there at the time? The names of the peoples? Do you use the names the Romans used, or make an attempt to use the names they used for themselves? Well, virtually none of the pre-Roman inhabitants of those lands had written languages that we know of, and certainly not ones that survived in a comprehensible form to today.

Having lost access to the native demonym, you face the final choice. You either label the land "Gaul" for the land or "Gauls" for the people. I live and was entirely educated in the USA, and most of the maps I learned from (across all of history) made the choice like this: Before conquest, put the current vernacular name for the indigenous people on the vague area where they lived, usually not attempting to include drawn borders. Use the names of the political subdivision once the region is colonized.

That's where I stopped. It was no longer interesting to try to trace imperial titles from the beginning of history until today because it would be too fuzzy to give the punchline I wanted or even an interesting set of possible solutions. I did learn something from the project though, and that's a new definition of "empire" for myself. Empire is what happens when you replace people with land.

Empires draw lines on maps.

[moneeb0930]

The indigenous peoples of the Hapi Valley were not Egytians or Nubians but rather Kemetyu and Nehesu, written in the Medu Neter as, 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 and 𓅘𓎛𓋴 𓅫𓀎. They were sister civilizations with common culture and lineage in north east Africa. These ancient neolithic populations first migrated from the source of the Hapi which is in what European scholars love to call “Sub Sahran” Africa. It should be noted that this is a modern concept which these ancient populations did not adhere to.

The Source of the Blue Hapi being Lake Tana in Ethiopia and the White Hapi being Lake Victoria in Tanzania. Ta-Seti, Ta-Netjer and Ta-Meri evolved side by side, intermarried, traded, had alliances and conflicts. The Nation is Kemet, not Egypt and the region is Ta-Meri. In Medu Neter "Ta" means Land and Meri means Beloved (Beloved Land), and it was located in modern day Egypt and North Sudan. Ta-Netjer which is modern day Somalia and Northern Kenya translates to "Land of the Gods", Know as Punt of Puntland, indigenous known as Pwenet. Ta-Seti which is modern day Sudan translates to Land of the Bow, due to their world renowned Archers. They were masters of a style of archery known as "the double shot", which allowed them to fire two arrows almost simultaneously.

Narmer the first Pharaoh of Kemet was from Nehken which is modern day Aswan. He defeated the people of the Delta and Unified Upper and Lower Kemet. The people of Aswan today maintain their African identity as well as their dark Melanin.

Ta-Seti predates the unification of Ta-Meri known as Sema Tawy. Proof of this is the Qustul Burner which depicts Pharaonic iconography, a clear and concise artifact that proves Nwsts ruled in Ta-Seti in the Qustual and Naqada Regions around the same time if not before Menes came from the South and conquered the peoples who dwelled in the wet marshlands of the Delta. Menes came from the Nekhen, modern day Aswan, but his ancestors came from further south, down the Hapi river. He wore the white crown of Upper Kemet before the nation of Kemet was established, the same white crown depicted on the Qustul Incense Burner. These 3 civilizations, Ta-Meri, Ta-Seti, and Ta-Netjer comprised the Hapi Valley civilization.

The most clear-cut evidence of the origins of predynastic Kemetic culture is the 5,600 year old Black Mummy of the Green Sahara and the 9,000 year old Nabta Playa Stone Circle. This Black mummies remains was identified to belong to the A-Group, same as the cemeteries found in Qustual and Naqada. Also found was the earliest signs of cattle iconography and the worship or Het-Heru known later as Hathor, the Lady of Punt, or Pwenet. The Nabta Playa Stone Circle is one of the oldest astrological sites in the world. Adams Calendar which is located in South Africa being the oldest. At these sites they studied the procession of the equinox for thousands of years which allowed them to predict the monsoon seasons to grow their crops. Nabta Playa is also the site where humans first developed geometry and the concept of Pi. Around 3,400 BC drastic weather changes turned these luch tropical regions to desert and this is when these ancient Africans packed up and migrated northward following the flow of the Hapi river all the way to the Delta. These are the origins of Kemetic culture and science and the rest is history.

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[goalhofer]

In 3,200 BC, Egyptian pharaoh King Menes was carried away and killed by a hippo.

Emperor Valentinian I of Rome died of a stroke in 375 caused by yelling at foreign ambassadors.

in 668 Byzantine Emperor Constans II was beaten to death with a bucket while bathing.

King Louis III of France died of a fractured skull in 882 caused by falling off his horse after hitting his head of the top of a door frame while chasing a girl.

In 882 Byzantine Emperor Basil I died of a fever contracted while being dragged by the belt by a deer for 16 miles while hunting.

In 1016 King Edmund Ironside was assassinated while on the toilet.

In 1135 King Henry I of England died from eating too many lampreys.

In 1410 King Martin of Aragon died of indigestion caused by laughing too hard at a joke told by his jester after eating a whole goose.

In 1642 Shah Safi of Persia died of alcohol poisoning after a drinking contest.

In 1867 Archduchess Mathilda of Austria died after accidentally setting her dress on fire while hiding a cigarette from her father.

In 1920 King Alexander of Greece died of sepsis contracted from a monkey bite.

[harrelltut]

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[janatours]

  Egypt Spiritual Tours

  Egypt Spiritual Tours  offer a unique opportunity to explore ancient sacred sites while deepening one's spiritual practice. These journeys often include visits to iconic landmarks such as the pyramids and temples, where participants can connect with the rich history and energy of these places. Additionally, spiritual travel can provide personal growth and transformation by encouraging mindfulness and reflection in a setting that inspires awe and wonder.

 Meditation Tour to Cairo, Nile Cruise, and Dahab   Cairo, the capital of Egypt, is a city steeped in history and culture, serving as a gateway to the ancient world with its proximity to the Great Pyramids and the Sphinx. The Nile River, often referred to as the lifeblood of Egypt, has supported civilizations for thousands of years and remains central to the country's cultural and economic life. A cruise along the Nile offers a unique opportunity to experience the timeless landscapes and rich heritage of this iconic river.

5 Days Mystical Tour to Cairo and El Bahariya Oasis   offers a deep dive into Egypt's rich history and cultural heritage. In Cairo, visitors can explore ancient wonders like the Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx, which are symbols of Egypt's ancient civilization. The journey to El Bahariya Oasis provides insight into the traditional lifestyles and customs of the Bedouin people, offering a unique cultural experience in the heart of the desert.

11 Days Meditation Egypt Tour package  offers a unique opportunity to explore Egypt's rich cultural heritage while engaging in meditative practices. Participants will visit historic sites such as the pyramids and temples, where they will learn about ancient Egyptian spirituality. The tour also includes interactions with local communities, providing insights into contemporary Egyptian culture and traditions.

14 Days Spiritual and Meditation Tour to Egypt Package This package includes flights from your nearest international airport, hotel accommodation and sightseeing tours. It also includes yoga and meditation classes, as well as spiritual guidance from an experienced guide.

Cairo Spiritual Tours providing guided tours of Cairo and its surrounding areas. offers a wide variety of tours, from day tours to multi-day excursions. All tours are conducted by experienced local guides who are experts in Egyptian history and culture.

One of our   Egypt Spiritual Tours 

14Days Spiritual and Meditation Tour to Egypt Package

Uncover Egypt’s Ancient Spirituality on this 14-day Spiritual Egypt Trip to Its Most Holy Sites and Tombs. Each Tour Explores Sacred Sites, Beautiful Landscapes, and Incorporates Heart-Opening Opportunities for Personal Growth. This Spiritual Journey Allows Travelers To Connect With Their Inner Selves and Discover the Power of Ancient Wisdom. Through A Mix of Guided Meditations, Interactive activities, and Engaging conversations, They will Explore the Spiritual Connection Between The ancient Egyptian Gods and Goddesses and Their Own Lives. Explorer Spiritual Egypt Packages with Jana Tours, you have a 14-day tour package taking you through Cairo / Alexandria, Minya, Abydos, Dendera, Luxor, Aswan, Cairo, and more.

Day 1: Arrival 

Upon arrival at Cairo airport, you will find our representative waiting for you with a sign with your name then you will be transferred to the hotel for check-in and overnight.

Day 2: Giza Pyramids&Sakkara   

Pick up from the hotel by our guide and start a full-day tour to visit the most famous Giza Pyramids which contain three pyramids known as Cheops, Chephren, and Mykerinus. Then visit the Panoramic view, the great Sphinx, and the Valley temple then transfer to Sakkara to visit the first Pyramid built-in History the step Pyramid of king Zoser then visit the tombs of the high officials to see the daily life scenes after That Amuse your eyes while visiting Memphis city which was the kings’ primary residence, constructed by the Pharaoh Menes approximately in 3200 B.C. Enjoy your Lunch at Local Restaurant then back to the hotel and overnight.

Day 3: New Civilization Museum & Cairo Citadel 

Pick up from the hotel by our guide and start a full-day tour to

visit the New Civilization Museum in Cairo where you can see the Mummies “the real bodies” of the most famous 20 Kings and Queens in Ancient Egypt, then transfer to visit Cairo Citadel of Saladin and Mohamed Ali Alabaster Mosque then transfer to visit the famous Khal El Khalili Bazaar. Spend free time thereafter, transfer back to the hotel and overnight.

Day 4: Alexandria sightseeing 

Pick up from the hotel and transfer to Alexandria the second

capital of Egypt by A/C van about 2.5 hours driving to visit the Greco-Roman

monuments, the Catacombs of Kom El Shokafa, the Pompey’s pillar then transfer

to the famous Library of Alexandria which contains 8 million books then visit

the largest mosque in Alexandria the mosque of Abu El Abbas then visit the

citadel of Qaitbay after that drive back to Cairo, arrive Cairo and transfer to

the hotel Free day at Cairo OR visit what you missed in Cairo.

Day 5 Cairo, Minyia , Bani Hassan , Amarna

Following breakfast, we drive to El Minya to visit the Bani Hassan tombs from the Middle Kingdom (2,000 BC). Our next stop will be Amarna, the ancient capital of Akhenaten.

Day 6Minyia /Abydos Hermopolis, Tuna El Gebel

The next morning, after breakfast, we will visit the ancient city of Hermopolis, which is located near the small town of Alashmunien and is one of the most important sites of ancient wisdom. This is the city where Neter Thoth/Thoth was worshipped as a baboon and an ibis. We will then proceed towards Tuna El Gebel, the necropolis of Hermopolis. It is mostly known for the vast catacombs at the foot of the western cliffs, where thousands of ibis (dedicated to Thoth). Then we are going to drive to Abydos and check into our rooms at the Hotel House of Life and Spa.

Day 7 Abydos /Luxor 

After breakfast, wander to the glamorous temples which are

dedicated to the fascinating ancient Scout Seti I Temple, Egyptian the only temple which has 9 holy of holies, and has carvings in some of the best conditions found throughout Egypt. The ancient pilgrimage site of Abydos houses the Temple of Osiris and the very ancient Osirion Temple, rumored by some of the local people to be 35,000-50,000 years old. This is visible in some of the  temple’s reliefs depicting Ramesses slaying Asiatics and worshipping Osiris. Seti’s temple was dedicated to Osiris. After lunch, we will be driven to Luxor

and check into our hotel.

Day 8: Dandra Temple of Hathor 

Relish Your Breakfast in Hotel then drive to Dandra Temple

discover Dendera Temple which was the main cult center of Hathor who was a major goddess in the ancient Egyptian pantheon, Enjoy The amazing ceiling, with its astronomical representations, and watch a replica of the famous “Dendera Zodiac” where one of the first depictions of the zodiac is found After we will

drive back to Luxor and our hotel.

Day 9: Nile Cruise to East Bank Luxor 

Pick up from the cruise ship to visit the most famous Karnak

temples the largest in the world, watch the glory of the huge Pillars Hallthen scout Luxor Temple, which is a large Ancient Egyptian temple complex and was built by Amenhotep III completed by Tutankhamun and Horemheb and then added to by Rameses II. then drive back to the cruise ship, Lunch the cruise ship will start sail toward Esna, cross Esna Lock then sail toward Edfu, reach Edfu, and

overnight in Edfu

Day 10 Edfu and Komombo Temple 

Pick up from the cruise ship and visit the Edfu temple of God

Horus after that back to the cruise ship, sail toward Kom Ombo reach Kom Ombo and visit the temple shared between 2 Gods Sobek and Haroris, then back to the cruise ship and sail toward, reach Aswan and overnight in the boat.

Day 11 Aswan Sightseeing 

Pick up from the cruise ship and start the full-day tour to visit the famous Aswan Highdam, Philae temple of Goddess Isis Temple of Auset (Isis). Auset is associated with the ancients’ most highly revered star, Sirius. The annual rising of Sirius was synonymous with the flooding of the Nile River, then the drive to visit the unfinished obelisk and after that drive

back to the cruise ship and overnight.

Day 12 Abusimbel (Optional)

Pick up from the hotel early morning and transfer to Abu Simbel

to visit the great temple of King Ramses II and the small temple of his beloved queen Nefertari. After that drive back to Aswan, arrive at Aswan then transfer to Aswan airport to take the domestic flight to Cairo, arrive Cairo then transfer to the hotel and overnight.

Day 13: Egyptian Museum & Old Cairo 

Pick up from the hotel by our guide and start a full-day tour to visit the Egyptian Museum to see the famous collection of King Tutankhamen and the other collections then drive to Old Cairo “Islamic and Coptic Cairo” the Hanging church, Amr Ibn El Aas mosque, and Ben Ezra Synagogue then Move To Hotel and Over Night.

Day 14:  End Of 14-day Spiritual Egypt Trip To Egypt 

Pick up from the hotel by our representative and transfer to the

airport to catch your flight Back Home.

The mentioned tour itinerary includes the following:

 5 Nights accommodation in Cairo Hotel

1 Night accommodation in Minya Hotel

1 night accommodation in Abydos Hotel

2 nights accommodation in a Luxor Hotel

 4 Nights accommodation on Nile Cruise

 Private English-speaking Egyptologist tour guide.

 Entrance fees for all the mentioned sites.

Transport with private A/C vans to all the mentioned sites.

The service of meeting and assisting at airports

The tour itinerary not include the following

§  Visa Entry to Egypt.

§  Optional tours

§  Any other items not mentioned.

§    Tipping Kitty.

·         For More Info

·         ·        Egypt Spiritual Tours: https://bit.ly/41no6rq

·         ·         Website: https://jana.tours/

·         ·         Whatsapp+201143320224

·         ·        Email:info@janatoursegypt.com

[mythologyandancienthistory]

List of Turin Kings: The Gods Who Ruled Egypt for 36,000 Years

The Turin King List, also known as the Turin Royal Canon

is an ancient hieratic papyrus believed to have been created during the rule of Ramesses II, the third monarch of ancient Egypt's 19th Dynasty.

The list, which resides in the Museo Egizio in Turin, is believed to be the most comprehensive catalogue of Egyptian rulers and is the foundation of most chronologies predating Ramesses II.

The Importance of the Turin King List in Egyptology

Despite enduring substantial damage, the Turin King List remains of critical importance among Egyptologists, as it closely aligns with Manetho’s historical assembly of ancient Egypt.

The list, however, offers more than just a dry chronicle of rulers.

According to the document, before the era of mortal Pharaohs, deities from the heavens ruled ancient Egypt for thousands of years.

The Turin King List differs from other king lists, which were traditionally inscribed on temple walls and served more of a religious function than a historical one. The Turin Canon, on the other hand, was written on papyrus using the hieratic script, and is much more complete and historically accurate. It includes transient monarchs and their reign durations, which were typically omitted from other lists.

Challenges in Discovering and Reassembling the Turin Papyrus

The process of discovering and assembling the Turin King List was complex and painstaking. Originally procured by Italian diplomat and explorer Bernardino Drovetti in 1822, the papyrus was substantially intact upon acquisition, only to subsequently crumble into fragments during transport to Italy. It was then reconstructed with great difficulty. French Egyptologist Jean-Francois Champollion played a key role in piecing together about 48 fragments. Later, more fragments were joined by German and American archaeologist Gustavus Seyffarth. The task of unearthing and fitting together the fragments remains ongoing.

Divine Rule and Celestial Entities in Ancient Egypt: Pre-Menes Eras

Among the more controversial claims within the Turin King List is the rule of Gods, Demigods, and Spirits of the Dead for thousands of years. As per Manetho, the first human king of Egypt, Mena or Menes, assumed power around 4,400 BC. Prior to that, Egypt was ruled by divine entities. Despite skepticism within the scientific community, this record of extensive divine rule is echoed in other credible historical sources, including various Egyptian King Lists.

The Influence of Manetho’s Writings and the Armenian Texts

When considering the words of Manetho, the chief priest of the Egyptian temples, we must examine the texts where his work's fragments are preserved. A crucial text is the Armenian version of the Chronica of Eusebius, which states that it is derived from Manetho's Egyptian History, written in three books. These texts cover the Gods, Demigods, Spirits of the Dead, and mortal kings who ruled Egypt.

The Eras of Gods and Kings According to Manetho’s Timeline

Eusebius quotes Manetho, listing the gods of the Ennead of Heliopolis, such as Ra, Osiris, Isis, Horus, Set, and others. They were the first to govern Egypt, followed by an unbroken succession of rulers spanning 13,900 years. After the Gods, Demigods reigned for 1,255 years, followed by another line of kings for 1,817 years, then 30 more kings for 1,790 years, and ten more kings for 350 years. Lastly, the Spirits of the Dead ruled for 5,813 years, totaling 24,925 years. Manetho is often credited with the enormous figure of 36,525 years for the entire period of Egyptian civilization, from the times of the Gods to the end of the 30th dynasty of mortal kings.

Many classical writers support Manetho's description, including Greek historian Diodorus Siculus, who visited Egypt in the first century BC. Diodorus relied on Egyptian priests as his sources and was informed that gods and heroes ruled Egypt for just under 18,000 years, with mortal kings ruling for nearly 5,000 years.

Classical Writers’ Support for Manetho’s Accounts of Egyptian Civilization

Herodotus, another famous Greek historian, also visited Egypt and spoke with priests. He references these traditions of a vast prehistoric period of Egyptian civilization in Book II of his History, noting that during this time, there were four instances of the sun rising and setting in different locations.

Intermediate Entities Between Gods and Humans: The Neteru and Urshu in Egyptian Belief

The priests mentioned the Urshu, intermediate beings between gods and men known as Watchers, and the Neteru, powerful divine beings who lived on earth with humans and ruled from Heliopolis and sanctuaries along the Nile. Some Neteru were male, others female, and they all had various supernatural powers. They could appear as men, women, or even animals, birds, reptiles, trees, or plants. Despite their extraordinary abilities, the Neteru were portrayed with human emotions and concerns, as well as being susceptible to sickness, death, or murder. Under certain circumstances.

In summary, the writings of Manetho and the interpretations by classical historians reveal a complex timeline that blends divine and mortal rulers over thousands of years in Egyptian history. These texts not only outline a vast succession of gods, demigods, and kings but also illustrate the unique Egyptian worldview, where divine entities like the Neteru coexisted with humans. Together, these accounts provide a fascinating glimpse into Egypt’s conception of time, power, and the enduring influence of its rulers across both mythological and historical ages.

Read the full article here: [The Gods Who Ruled Egypt for 36,000 Years]

[egyptonlinetours]

When Did Ancient Egypt Start and End? Tracing the Rise and Fall of an Iconic Civilization

Ancient Egypt is synonymous with grandeur, innovation, and timeless influence. From its towering pyramids to its captivating cultural legacy, Egypt continues to inspire fascination across the globe. But one enduring question remains: When did Ancient Egypt start and end?

To uncover the full timeline of this extraordinary civilization, explore the complete guide here: When Did Ancient Egypt Start and End?.

The Beginning: The Birth of a Unified Egypt

Egypt’s history began around 3100 BC when King Narmer (Menes) unified Upper and Lower Egypt, marking the start of the Early Dynastic Period. This era laid the groundwork for the centralized rule, architectural advancements, and cultural developments that defined Ancient Egypt.

The fertile banks of the Nile River provided the resources needed for a thriving civilization. From the cultivation of crops to trade and transportation, the Nile shaped Egypt’s economy and daily life.

The Pinnacle: Egypt’s Golden Eras

The Old Kingdom: Pyramids and Power (2686–2181 BC)

Known as the “Age of the Pyramids,” this period witnessed the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza and the Sphinx. These architectural marvels symbolized the pharaohs’ divine authority and eternal legacy.

The Middle Kingdom: A Cultural Renaissance (2055–1650 BC)

During this era, Egypt experienced political stability and artistic innovation. Literature flourished, and the expansion of trade networks solidified Egypt’s position as a regional power.

The New Kingdom: Egypt’s Empire (1550–1070 BC)

Egypt’s New Kingdom marked its zenith as a global empire. Legendary pharaohs like Ramses II and Hatshepsut oversaw grand temple constructions such as Karnak and Luxor, and Egypt’s influence extended across the ancient world.

The Decline: The End of Ancient Egypt

After centuries of prosperity, Egypt entered a period of decline during the Late Period (664–332 BC). Invasions by foreign powers, including the Assyrians and Persians, weakened Egypt’s sovereignty. The conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great in 332 BC ushered in the Ptolemaic Dynasty, which ruled until the Roman annexation in 30 BC following the death of Cleopatra VII.

This marked the end of Ancient Egypt as an independent entity, though its legacy lived on through its cultural and architectural contributions.

Experience the Legacy of Ancient Egypt

Embark on a journey through Egypt’s incredible history with these carefully crafted travel packages:

Discover the Highlights of Egypt: From the pyramids to the Red Sea, the 7-Day Explore Classical Egypt, Cairo & Sharm El Sheikh Tour offers the perfect blend of history and relaxation.

Immerse in Cairo and Alexandria: Dive deep into the historical wonders of two iconic cities with the 5 Days, 4 Nights Cairo and Alexandria Adventure.

A Comprehensive Egyptian Experience: The 11 Days of Classic Egypt, Cairo, Nile Cruise & Red Sea takes you on a journey through Egypt’s most significant sites.

Egypt Tour Packages: Explore the heart of Egypt with comprehensive packages that showcase the country’s iconic landmarks and hidden gems.

Egypt Classic Tours: Dive deep into Egypt’s rich history, visiting timeless sites like the Great Pyramids, Karnak Temple, and the Valley of the Kings.

Egypt Luxury Tours: Experience Egypt in style with premium accommodations, exclusive experiences, and unparalleled comfort.

Grand Egyptian Museum Trial Phase Tour: Be among the first to visit this state-of-the-art museum, showcasing treasures from Ancient Egypt, including artifacts from King Tutankhamun’s tomb.

Explore Egypt at Leisure: For a thorough exploration, the 15-Day Classic Tours of the Wonders of Ancient Egypt is an unparalleled experience.

Conclusion

Ancient Egypt’s timeline spans over three millennia, encompassing periods of immense growth, cultural brilliance, and eventual decline. Its story is a testament to human innovation and resilience.

Dive into the details and discover the full history of this fascinating civilization with the complete guide: When Did Ancient Egypt Start and End?.

📞 Contact us at +201274503634 for personalized tour planning and step into the world of Ancient Egypt today.

[egyptatours]

The Best 21 Ancient Egyptian Leaders

The Best 21 Ancient Egyptian Leaders

Ancient Egypt was home to many influential leaders who shaped its history, culture, and society. Here is a list of 21 prominent ancient Egyptian leaders, including pharaohs, queens, and notable figures:

Narmer (Menes) - Often considered the first pharaoh of unified Egypt, he is credited with uniting Upper and Lower Egypt around 3100 BCE.

Djoser - The pharaoh of the Third Dynasty, he is best known for commissioning the Step Pyramid at Saqqara, which is one of the earliest monumental stone buildings.

Sneferu - Founder of the Fourth Dynasty, he is recognized for his contributions to pyramid construction, including the Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid.

Khufu (Cheops) - The Egyptian pharaoh responsible for the Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Hatshepsut - One of the few female pharaohs, she ruled in the 15th century BCE and is known for her prosperous reign and impressive architectural projects, including her mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahari.

Thutmose III - Often called the "Napoleon of Egypt," he was a military genius who expanded Egypt's empire to its greatest territorial extent in the 15th century BCE.

Amenhotep III - A pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty known for his diplomatic relations, monumental building projects, and for being a patron of the arts.

Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) - A revolutionary pharaoh known for introducing monotheism with the worship of Aten, the sun disk, and for moving the capital to Akhetaten (modern Amarna).

Nefertiti - The Great Royal Wife of Akhenaten, she is renowned for her beauty, and her bust, found at Amarna, has become an iconic symbol of ancient Egypt.

Tutankhamun - The young pharaoh who is famous for his nearly intact tomb discovered in the Valley of the Kings, which provided extensive treasures and insights into ancient Egyptian culture.

Ramses II (Ramses the Great) - One of Egypt's most powerful and celebrated pharaohs, he is known for numerous military victories, monumental constructions, and an exceptionally long reign.

Cleopatra VII - The last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, she is famous for her intelligence, political acumen, and relationships with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.

Seti I - A pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty known for his military campaigns and the construction of many impressive temples, including the Seti I Temple at Abydos.

Ramses III - The last great pharaoh of the New Kingdom, he is noted for defending Egypt against invaders like the Sea Peoples and for his extensive building projects.

Merneptah - The son of Ramses II, he is known for his military campaigns against the Libyans and for the Merneptah Stele, which contains the earliest known reference to Israel.

Siptah - A lesser-known pharaoh of the late 19th Dynasty, he faced significant challenges during his reign but is notable for his unique tomb.

Psusennes I - A pharaoh of the 21st Dynasty whose well-preserved tomb was discovered, showcasing wealth and art of the period.

Sheshonq I (Shishak) - Founder of the 22nd Dynasty, he is known for his military campaigns in the Levant and the biblical account of his attack on Jerusalem.

Taharqa - A ruler of the 25th Dynasty (Nubian dynasty), he is known for his significant building projects and for successfully defending Egypt against Assyrian invasions.

Horemheb - An important pharaoh of the late 18th Dynasty, he is recognized for his military prowess and efforts to restore order after the tumultuous Amarna period.

Ptolemy I Soter - The founder of the Ptolemaic Kingdom after the death of Alexander the Great, he established a dynasty that blended Greek and Egyptian culture.

[egyptonlinetours1]

Overnight Trip to Cairo from Alexandria Port

Overnight Trip to Cairo from Alexandria Port

An overnight trip to Cairo from Alexandria Port offers travelers a unique chance to immerse themselves in the rich history and vibrant culture of Egypt’s capital. The journey begins with a comfortable drive to Cairo, where the excitement builds as you approach the iconic Pyramids of Giza. Upon arrival, guests often visit the Great Pyramid and the Sphinx, marveling at these ancient wonders that have stood the test of time. Knowledgeable guides provide engaging narratives about the significance of these structures, enhancing the experience with fascinating tales of the pharaohs and their monumental achievements.

After a day of exploration, guests typically check into a hotel in Cairo, allowing for a well-deserved rest. The evening can be spent enjoying a leisurely dinner at a local restaurant, where travelers can savor authentic Egyptian cuisine, such as koshari, grilled meats, and fresh bread. This culinary experience not only delights the palate but also offers a taste of the local culture and hospitality, setting the stage for the adventures ahead.

The following day often begins with a visit to the Egyptian Museum, home to a vast collection of artifacts that span millennia. Highlights include the treasures of Tutankhamun, intricate jewelry, and mummies that provide insight into ancient Egyptian life. Guided tours ensure that guests gain a deeper understanding of the historical context and significance of the exhibits, making the museum visit both educational and captivating.

After exploring the museum, the tour may include a trip to Islamic Cairo, where visitors can wander through bustling markets and admire stunning architecture, such as the Citadel of Saladin and the Mosque of Muhammad Ali. This part of the tour offers a contrasting perspective on Cairo, showcasing the city’s vibrant contemporary culture alongside its ancient roots.

As the trip concludes, guests return to Alexandria Port, filled with unforgettable memories of their overnight adventure in Cairo. This immersive experience not only highlights the iconic landmarks of Egypt but also provides a deeper appreciation for its rich history and cultural heritage. Whether it's your first visit or a return to this enchanting city, the overnight trip to Cairo promises to leave a lasting impression.

Overnight Trip to Cairo from Alexandria Port, to visit the Great Pyramids, Sphinx and Valley Temple the Step Pyramid at Sakkara, Memphis city and the Egyptian Museum of Antiquities, with two lunch meals and two breakfast meals included.

Itinerary

Day 1: Alexandria Port - Pyramids, Memphis & Sakkara: Our Cairo tour will start with pick up from your ship terminal in Alexandria port by air-conditioned vehicle. Then you will be taken into 3 hours drive to Cairo. In your arrival you will be accompanied by your private Egyptologist guide to start your Cairo tour by visiting the Great Pyramids of Giza one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient World. Giza Pyramids are constructed from 4500 years by millions of limestone. Continue your Cairo trip to mystical Sphinx, The 20-metre-high, 57-metre-long, head of a man, and body of a lion is the guardian of a sun temple to the east of the Great Pyramid of King Khufu of Giza. Lunch will be served during Cairo tour. Continue driving to visit the ruins of Memphis 20 km south of Cairo, on the west bank of the Nile, the city was founded by the pharaoh Menes around 3000 BC. Capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom. You will visit the monumental statue of Ramses II and a beautiful sphinx carved from a single, enormous piece of alabaster. Today, the remains of a great temple to Ptah as well as some royal palaces, and a large necropolis are also available for visitors to explore. Ramses II, He is often regarded as Egypt's greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh. Then proceed to Sakkara which is one section of the great necropolis of Memphis. Sakkara is best known for the Step Pyramid, the oldest known of Egypt's 97 pyramids. It was built for King Djoser of the 3rd Dynasty by the architect and genius Imhotep. Transfer to your hotel by the Pyramids for overnight stay Day 2: Egyptian Museum & Citadel – Back to Alexandria Port: Pick you up from your hotel in Giza after breakfast. Your Egyptologist tour guide will accompany you to the famous Tahrir Square (Libration Square) where the Egyptian Revolution indulged January 2011 against Mubarak and his government. Where you will visit the Egyptian Museum which renewed in 1900 to neo-classical style by the French architect Marcel Dourgnon it was exhibited 120000 objects till now from the pre historical era to Greco-Roman period, the most interesting in the Egyptian Museum is the golden treasure of the child king Tutankhamen. Then continue Cairo tour to Salah el din Citadel (Saladin) The Citadel was fortified by the Ayyubid ruler Salah al-Din (Saladin) between 1176 and 1183 CE, to protect it from the Crusaders. You will also visit The Albaster mosque of Mohamed Ali Pasha which was designed by the Turkish architect Yousif Boushnaq. You will be transferred to Khan El Khalil, the famous Bazaars for shopping and souvenirs. Drive back to Alexandria Port, drop off at your ship terminal. (end of Cairo trip ) 

Included

Overnight Trip to Cairo from Alexandria Port includes: - Meet & greet services at your cruise terminal at Alexandria Port - All transfers by deluxe air-conditioning vehicles in Alexandria Port and Cairo - Sightseeing tours as per Cairo Tour itinerary - Egyptology expert guide in Throughout Cairo Trip - Entrance fees to the sighs as per Cairo Trip itinerary - Five star hotel accommodation in Giza with breakfast - Lunch meal will be served during Cairo Tour at a local restaurant by the Pyramids

For more info

·         info@egyptonlinetours.com

·         https://www.egyptonlinetours.com/