#Parlodel

[domestic-supply]

Experience the Potential of Parlodel 2.5 mg with Domestic Supply!

Find the versatility of Parlodel 2.5 mg, the game-changer brought to you by Domestic Supply! This potent medication is known for its multiple uses, from managing hyperprolactinemia and Parkinson's disease to supporting postpartum lactation. Trust Domestic Supply for authentic, high-quality Parlodel, confidently promoting your well-being!

[exxos-von-steamboldt]

When you consider shorthand and the likely drugs, it turns out to be easy to read.

There are three prescription drugs that start with "par" and end with "l:" paracetamol, paricalcitol, and parlodel.

Considering that the other two are rarely, if ever, prescribed as anything resembling "par_______l," paracetamol is the only viable interpretation if this was a prescription.

[adorshea11]

Navigating the Path to Parenthood: A Comprehensive Guide to Fertility Drugs

Introduction

Embarking on the profound journey of parenthood often brings both joy and challenges. For those facing fertility issues, the world of medical advancements opens doors to hope through fertility drugs. In this comprehensive exploration, we unravel the intricacies of fertility medications, shedding light on the myriad possibilities and creative approaches that pave the way to a fulfilling family life. 

The quest for parenthood is deeply personal, and for many, it involves overcoming obstacles that require both medical and emotional navigation. While the focus on fertility drugs often leans towards women, solutions are equally available for men. Together, these medications form a bridge between the dream of starting a family and the realities of reproductive health.

Fertility Drugs for Women: A Spectrum of Solutions

Women’s fertility medications encompass a diverse range of options designed to address specific challenges encountered on the path to conception. From promoting egg maturation to inducing ovulation, these drugs play a crucial role in optimizing reproductive health. Key medications include Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) drugs, Clomiphene, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (hMG), Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) antagonists, and Dopamine Agonists.

The nuanced effectiveness of each medication aligns with the unique needs of women, offering a tailored approach to fertility treatment. These drugs, often administered through subcutaneous injections or oral tablets, contribute to creating an environment conducive to successful conception.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Drugs

Urofollitropin Lyophilisate:

Derived from human FSH, Urofollitropin is administered through subcutaneous injection. Bravelle is the brand-name drug offering the benefits of this fertility medication.

Follitropin Alfa Lyophilisate:

As a recombinant version of FSH, Follitropin Alfa comes in the form of subcutaneous injections. Follistim AQ and Gonal-F are the brand-name drugs encapsulating the potential of this medication.

Clomiphene

A selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), Clomiphene stimulates the pituitary gland to produce more FSH. This tablet, taken orally, is particularly beneficial for women dealing with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) or ovulation-related challenges.

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Recombinant Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (r-hCG):

Administered through subcutaneous injection, r-hCG is preceded by pretreatment with human menopausal gonadotropin or FSH. Ovidrel stands as the brand-name medication embodying the efficacy of r-hCG.

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG):

Injected intramuscularly, hCG, in its generic form or as Novarel and Pregnyl, plays a crucial role in inducing the release of a mature egg from the ovary. 

Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (hMG)

A combination of FSH and LH, hMG is administered through subcutaneous injection. It aids women with healthy ovaries but challenges in egg development. Menopur is the brand-name drug representing this fertility solution.

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Antagonists 

Ganirelix Acetate:

Given via subcutaneous injection, Ganirelix acetate is available as a generic drug, contributing to controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) often used in in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Cetrotide Acetate:

Also administered subcutaneously, Cetrotide is a brand-name drug playing a pivotal role in preventing spontaneous ovulation during COS.

Dopamine Agonists

 Dopamine agonists come into play to address hyperprolactinemia, reducing the release of prolactin from the pituitary gland.

Bromocriptine:

Available in tablet form, Bromocriptine is a generic medication and also exists as the brand-name drug Parlodel. 

Cabergoline:

Presented in tablet form, Cabergoline is a generic drug offering relief in hyperprolactinemia cases.

Fertility Drugs for Men: Enhancing Reproductive Health

Men, too, have fertility medications that contribute to enhancing reproductive health.

Acknowledging the importance of male reproductive health, fertility medications for men aim to boost testosterone production and stimulate the production of sperm. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) are instrumental in addressing specific concerns related to male fertility. These medications, administered through injections, present viable solutions to enhance the overall reproductive capacity of men.

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) 

Administered through subcutaneous injection, hCG is employed in men to boost testosterone production, offering generic options as well as the brand-name drugs Novarel and Pregnyl.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Follitropin alfa lyophilisate, a recombinant version of FSH, is given through subcutaneous injection. Follistim AQ and Gonal-F are the brand-name drugs encapsulating its potential.

Creative Approaches to Parenthood: Beyond Medication

While fertility medications form a crucial part of the journey to parenthood, the experience is not solely defined by clinical interventions. Creative approaches to parenthood embrace a holistic perspective, recognizing that the path to conception is multifaceted and involves the interplay of emotional, mental, and physical well-being. Here, we delve into the creative dimensions that transcend traditional medical routes, offering a nuanced and comprehensive view of the fertility journey.

Mindfulness Practices: Cultivating Inner Balance 

Mindfulness, rooted in the practice of being present in the moment without judgment, has proven to be a valuable ally on the fertility journey. Stress and anxiety can significantly impact reproductive health, and mindfulness techniques, such as meditation and yoga, provide individuals and couples with tools to navigate these challenges. By fostering a sense of inner balance and resilience, mindfulness practices contribute to creating an environment conducive to fertility.

Supportive Therapies: Nurturing Emotional Well-being

The emotional aspect of the fertility journey is profound, often characterized by a rollercoaster of hope, disappointment, and resilience. Supportive therapies, such as counseling, support groups, and psychotherapy, offer a safe space to explore and navigate the complex emotions associated with fertility struggles. These therapies empower individuals and couples to cope with stress, process emotions, and foster a positive mindset, creating a solid foundation for the journey ahead.

Nutrition and Lifestyle Optimization: Fueling Fertility Naturally

Beyond medications, lifestyle factors play a pivotal role in fertility. Creative approaches to parenthood include optimizing nutrition and lifestyle choices to naturally support reproductive health. A well-balanced diet rich in fertility-boosting nutrients, regular exercise, and adequate sleep contribute to overall well-being. Holistic approaches recognize the interconnectedness of physical health and fertility, promoting habits that nurture the body for optimal reproductive function. 

Holistic Wellness Retreats: Integrating Body and Mind

Holistic wellness retreats designed for couples navigating fertility challenges offer a unique blend of therapeutic practices, educational workshops, and rejuvenating experiences. These retreats provide a supportive environment where couples can connect with each other, learn coping strategies, and gain insights into optimizing fertility. By integrating body and mind, these retreats foster a sense of community and empowerment on the fertility journey.

Open Communication and Connection: Strengthening Relationships

The fertility journey often places strain on relationships, making open communication and connection essential. Creative approaches involve fostering a strong emotional bond between partners, acknowledging the challenges, and celebrating small victories together. Relationship-building exercises, couples’ counseling, and shared rituals create a supportive foundation for the shared goal of parenthood.

Artistic Expression: Channeling Creativity

Artistic expression provides a unique outlet for individuals and couples navigating fertility challenges. Creative endeavors such as journaling, painting, or engaging in other artistic pursuits allow for the expression of complex emotions. Art becomes a medium through which individuals can externalize and make sense of their experiences, fostering a sense of empowerment and self-discovery.

In essence, creative approaches to parenthood recognize that the journey extends beyond clinical interventions. They encompass the intricate tapestry of the human experience, acknowledging the importance of emotional well-being, lifestyle choices, and the power of human connection. By embracing these creative dimensions, individuals and couples enrich their fertility journey, fostering resilience and hope as they navigate the path to parenthood.

Conclusion

In the intricate tapestry of fertility, medications play a pivotal role in addressing specific challenges that individuals or couples may face. Whether it’s empowering women’s ovulation or enhancing men’s reproductive health, these fertility drugs offer a spectrum of possibilities. As science and compassion converge, the path to building a family becomes a shared and transformative experience.

The journey to parenthood is a testament to resilience, hope, and the profound desire to create life. While fertility drugs open doors to new possibilities, the embrace of a positive mindset, emotional support, and holistic well-being are equally vital components of this journey. As couples navigate the path to parenthood, the fusion of medical advancements and a nurturing approach lays the foundation for a future filled with the joys of family.

Source: https://www.articlewood.com/navigating-the-path-to-parenthood-a-comprehensive-guide-to-fertility-drugs/

[evafertility]

Fertility Evolution: Best Fertility Practices Followed For Pregnancy

The natural capacity to conceive an offspring through reproduction after one's sexual maturity is known as fertility. However, in some cases, conceiving via natural course is extremely hard due to fertility problems, either in male or female partners. There are many fertility practices that you can follow to increase the likelihood of pregnancy. Let's look at a few of those practices/treatments.

Oral Medication

These medications are helpful in cases where your fallopian tubes are not blocked, and the male counterpart's sperm tests come back as standard. 

It generally requires you to take small & economic pills once a day for a few days during your menstrual cycle. The most commonly accepted medications are

Anastrozole (Arimidex)

Bromocriptine (Parlodel)

Letrozole (Femara)

Clomiphene Citrate (Clomid)

Metformin (Fortamet)

Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)

One of the most popular fertility practices followed is Intrauterine Insemination. In this treatment, the doctors place specially prepared sperm into the uterus with the help of a thin & flexible catheter. 

This procedure is recommended for couples dealing with low sperm counts, same-sex couples, or someone coping with unknown fertility issues. 

The success rate in IUI depends on maternal age and sperm quality. Generally, this treatment has a 5 to 20% chance of conceiving per try. 

Generally, there is minimal risk in Intrauterine Insemination, but sometimes women may develop some infection, and it may not work for every woman.

In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)

Couples usually move to IVF when all the other fertility treatments have failed.IVF treatment in Chandigarh can be emotionally and physically demanding. During IVF, doctors extract your eggs and fertilise them with sperm in a fertility clinic or lab. The fertilised embryos are then implanted in your uterus in the hopes that they'll result in pregnancy. 

This treatment is recommended for women with ovulation problems, blocked fallopian tubes, or poor egg quality.

Similar to the IUI treatment, the success rate in IVF is also dependent on the women's age. However, chances of conceiving are higher, with a success rate of up to 50% for women under 35. As the maternal age increases, the success rate drops significantly.

The side effects that may occur during In Vitro Fertilisation are

Multiple births may result in possible complications.

Fatigue, nausea, or infection.

Low risk of congenital disabilities.

Get your infertility treated with the best IVF centre in Chandigarh.

Surrogacy

In this fertility treatment, the parents undergo In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF), and the embryos are implanted in the surrogate's uterus. The woman who carries the child for parents but has no genetic ties to the baby is known as a Surrogate.

Surrogacy is a good fertility treatment option for couples who want a biological child but cannot carry out the pregnancy.

Surrogacy's success rate depends upon the quality of sperm and eggs used. 

In surrogacy, there is not much risk involving the health of the parent couple. However, they may have to deal with a wide range of state-related legal laws on surrogacy, as some states consider it illegal.

Apart from the treatments mentioned earlier, there are a few other fertility practices that couples can use to increase the chances of pregnancy. Those are

Reproductive Surgery

Donor Sperm

Egg Freezing

Donor Eggs

Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)

Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT)

These are almost all the fertility practices that are being used by couples facing fertility issues. Suppose you & your partner are also facing similar issues. In that case, it is essential to find out the problem and consider what kind of treatment may suit your condition by consulting with a doctor who can help you with everything. Consult with our professionals and we assure you the best infertility treatment in Chandigarh with EVA.

[drchitrasoni]

Infertility Treatments Can Help You Get Pregnant

While the world awaits its 7 billionth child to be born, scientists from all over the world express their growing concerns on the rapid global population growth and its devastating effects on our natural resources. Health-workers are worried that the new generation might not have enough to grow productively as new diseases are discovered and deadly viruses and bacteria make their mark on the human community.

Interestingly, several groups of scientists and researchers work on the treatment of infertility, a condition present in every seventh couple all over the world. Infertility means the inability of a couple to conceive a child. It is often associated with social dilemma in many parts of the world, especially the developing and under-developed countries. Infertility treatments involve first the recognition of the problem that might lie with either partner, and then the correction of these problems through various methods. Fertility tourism is a growing phenomenon whereby couples tour different countries to correct their infertility problems, either because these countries have the relevant technology or because they are cheaper. Fertility tourism is hence a form of medical tourism. Gynecologist in Jaipur

Treatment of infertility depends on the cause, duration of infertility, age of the partners and several personal preferences. Infertility treatments can be grouped as medical or alternate treatments. The At-home contraception kit is cervical cap that helps in cases of low-sperm count, low-sperm motility or a tilted cervix. Ovarian stimulating medication (eg. Clomid, Bravelle, Menopur, Pregnyl, Parlodel etc.) can be useful in cases where the sperm are in good quantity and quality and the woman's reproductive structures are normal.

In-vitro fertilization (IVF) is a commonly talked about infertility treatment where the sperm and egg are made to fertilize outside the body in a laboratory set-up with the intent of forming an embryo. The embryo (often multiple) is then transferred to the mother's uterus whereby is continues its development. IVF is one of several different forms of assisted reproductive technology techniques (ART) for infertility treatments. ICSI, ZIFT and GIFT are other forms of ART. Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) can be used in cases of abnormal sperm count of morphology. In this procedure, sperms are directly injected into an egg. Tuboplasty can also be performed to correct a fallopian obstruction or adhesion in a woman. Best Infertility Treatment in Jaipur

Alternative infertility treatments include group psychological intervention, acupuncture and manual physical therapy. The efficiency of these alternative infertility treatments is mostly varied and debatable.

[er-cryptid]

Bromocriptine

Names -- Parlodel -- Cycloset -- Apo-Bromocriptine

Class -- anti-Parkinson agent -- antidiabetic -- dopamine agonists

Use -- treatment of parkinsonism -- parlodel is used for the treatment of infertility in females, prolactin-secreting adenomas, and acromegaly -- cycloset is used in the treatment of type 2 DM

Action -- activates dopamine receptors -- decreases prolactin secretion -- decreases growth hormone secretion -- decreases blood glucose

Patreon | Ko-fi

[priceproblog-blog]

Thyroid Poisons - Are They Causing Your Fatigue?

Your thyroid working is central to your general health and wellness due to the fact that it regulates the capacity as well as speed you can shed power in each and every cell of your body (your metabolic process). It additionally regulates your growth and growth and also nerve system working. It even drives the speed of your heart defeat! It does this by making a hormonal agent called thyroxine. Consequently, thyroxine is made from iodine.

 No matter whether you wish to use your energy to complete a project or a conversation, and even simply to rise. If your thyroid's not functioning properly, you can forget goals altogether. You just won't have the power to also produce an objective - a lot less persevere to conclusion.

 Yet it's not just present-time objectives that are affected. Intend you were born female, to make use of one example, which for some reason nobody saw that your thyroid functioning was low since you drew your first breath. Just to concentrate on your operating as a female - you likely would start your periods late (called postponed beginning of menarche), then you 'd most likely have episodes of no periods after you finally started them (called post-pubertal amenorrhea). After that when you intended to have children, you 'd likely discover you were infertile. And you 'd encounter significant problems throughout peri-menopause and also menopause.Not to point out severe issues slimming down.

 This is simply one instance so you can see why it pays you majorly to discover if there's anything that's compromising your thyroid functioning - and afterwards take reliable steps to turn that around. To highlight the factor, your entire capacity to function in every aspect of your life - throughout every stage of your life -depends on it.

 Buy Neupro online from pricepropharmacy , a Canadian pharmacy that saves 30-80% on Neupro .

 Finding Out

 In short, any kind of compounds or situations that make it hard for your body to produce thyroxine will damage your thyroid and lower its performance. Each of these is possible to resolve effectively.

 Here are 14 of them that specifically affect individuals in the modern globe:

 1. Swelling of your thyroid (from food intolerances such as gluten, hefty metals, chemicals, among others);.

 2. Infections that land in your thyroid in addition to damages from the toxins they create (for example, endotoxins created by Yeast);.

 3. Antibodies your body creates to fight these infections;.

 4. Prescription drugs: Interferon, Interlukon, cholesterol-lowering drugs Lithium, synthetic thyroid drugs, Parlodel (bromocriptine) Doxtinex (cabergoline), Permax (pergolide), Mirapex and Sifrol (pramipexole), Requip (ropinirole), Apokyn (apomorphine), Neupro (rotigotine) and also Norprolac (Quinagolide);.

 5. A lot of soy isoflavones (see below on the soy debate);.

 6. Agricultural spray residues;.

 7. Chemical additives in food;.

 8. Chlorine/ fluorine - exposure originates from water, toothpaste as well as oral sealers (these knock iodine out of the thyroid, making it impossible to create thyroxine);.

 9. X- rays;.

 10. Smoking cigarettes;.

 11. Radiation: from clinical therapies, nuclear reactor, high power lines, microwaves, computer and also TELEVISION displays, water beds, electrical coverings and appliances. When the normal non-radioactive iodine your thyroid requires to operate is replaced by radioactive I-131, that can activate genetic damages that triggers cancer years after exposure, with the worst damages being in cells that reproduce most swiftly;.

 12. Hazardous bowel and/or leaky digestive tract;.

 13. Estrogen supremacy;.

 14. Heavy steels such as mercury (leaking oral amalgam tooth dental fillings and also vaccines including Thimerosol are main sources), also cadmium, way too much copper, artificial iron, lead etc

[cyberhideoutflower]

China Medical System Holdings Ltd: Overview

China Medical System Holdings Ltd (CMS), subsidiary of Treasure Sea Ltd, is a pharmaceutical service provider that markets, promotes, and sells prescription drugs to all therapeutic departments in hospitals. The company's product portfolio includes deanxit, ursofalk, augentropfen stulln mono eye-drops, parlodel, xinhuosu, imdur, salofalk, bioflor, ganfule, and amisil, Hirudoid, elcitonin, Combizym, Plendil, Imdur and yinlianqinggan granules.

[rahulg1122]

Parkinson's Disease Treatment Market Worth 5.69 Billion USD by 2022

According to a new market research report "Parkinson's Disease Treatment Market by Drug Class (Carbidopa/Levodopa, Dopamine Receptor Agonists, MAO-Inhibitors), Distribution Channel (Hospital, Online, Retail Pharmacies), Patient Care Setting (Hospitals, Clinics) - Global Forecast to 2022", published by MarketsandMarkets™, the market is expected to reach USD 5.69 Billion by 2022 from USD 4.24 Billion in 2017, at a CAGR of 6.1%. 

The market is being driven by the growth in aging population and the associated increase in the prevalence of Parkinson's disease and government funding for research. 

Download PDF Brochure: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/pdfdownloadNew.asp?id=47265247

Major Market Developments

In 2016, ACADIA Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (U.S.) received FDA approval for its NUPLAZID drug

In 2016, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. (India) entered distribution agreement with Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation (Japan) to distribute 14 prescription brands that include Parkinson’s disease drug Parlodel in Japan

By drug class, the carbidopa/levodopa segment is estimated to dominate the market in 2017 

On the basis of drug class, the Parkinson's disease therapeutic drugs market is segmented into carbidopa/levodopa, dopamine receptor agonists, MAO inhibitors, COMT inhibitors, anticholinergics, and other drugs. In 2017, the carbidopa/levodopa segment is expected to account for the largest share of the market. Carbidopa/levodopa drugs are more potent than most other drug classes are hence widely used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

By distribution channel, the hospital pharmacies segment is estimated to hold the largest share of the market in 2017 

By distribution channel, the Parkinson's disease therapeutic drugs market has been segmented into hospital pharmacies, retailer pharmacies, and online pharmacies. In 2017, the hospital pharmacies segment is expected to account for the largest share of the market. The large share of this segment can primarily be attributed to the availability of a wide range of drugs in these facilities and the increasing number of patient visits to hospitals.

Hospitals to dominate the Parkinson's Disease Treatment Market during the forecast period 

The Parkinson's Disease Treatment Market is classified by patient care settings into hospitals and clinics. In 2017, the hospital segment is expected to command the largest share and is estimated to grow at the fastest rate as compared to clinics segment. This market is mainly driven by robust healthcare services provided in hospitals and the presence of skilled neurologists in the hospitals.

Get a Sample Report: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/requestsampleNew.asp?id=47265247

Asia to offer lucrative growth opportunities 

By region, the global Parkinson's Disease Treatment Market is segmented into North America, Europe, Asia, and the Rest of the World (RoW). While Europe is expected to hold the largest share of the market in 2017, Asia is expected to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period. Increasing number of players in the region and the rising aging population are some major factors driving the high growth of this regional segment.

Some of the major players operating in the Parkinson's disease treatment market include Teva (Israel), Novartis AG (Switzerland), GSK (UK), AbbVie (US), Merck (US), Boehringer Ingelheim (Germany),  Impax Laboratories (US), Lundbeck (Denmark), Sun Pharma (India), Wockhardt (India), UCB (Belgium), Valeant Pharmaceuticals (Canada), and Acadia (US).

[campplay]

PARLODEL 2.5 mg Tablet, what it is, what it does, side effects, how to use

PARLODEL 2.5 mg Tablet, what it is, what it does, side effects, how to use

PARLODEL brief information and prospectus documents (Indications, PARLODEL what medicine is it? things to be observed before starting the drug, whether its use is suitable for those who are breastfeeding or pregnant; interaction, its drawbacks; benefits, storage conditions; usage; PARLODEL dosage; such as side effects, actions to be taken in case of unwanted effects and recommendations. PARLODEL…

[suckhoecongdongvn]

Thuốc kích trứng là gì? Có an toàn không? Giá bao nhiêu?

Thuốc kích trứng là một trong những phương pháp hỗ trợ sinh sản thúc đẩy khả năng thụ thai ở nữ giới. Phương pháp này được áp dụng cho cặp vợ chồng được chẩn đoán là vô sinh hiếm muộn. Tuy nhiên phương pháp này vẫn còn mới lạ, để hiểu rõ hơn về phương pháp này, bài viết sẽ chia sẻ đến bạn về những thông tin cần biết của thuốc kích trứng.

Xem thêm: Mẹo chữa ho bằng quả lê cực đơn giản nhưng hiệu quả

Thuốc kích trứng là gì? Thuốc kích trứng là một loại thuốc nội tiết tố được sử dụng để kích thích nang noãn phát triển, từ đó làm cho nang noãn chín, vỡ ra để trứng phóng ra ngoài và giúp làm tăng khả năng thụ thai. Ngoài ra, thuốc kích trứng cũng được các bác sĩ chuyên khoa sản áp dụng trong trường hợp thụ tinh nhân tạo bơm tinh trùng vào tử cung (IUI) hoặc thụ tinh trong ống nghiệm (IVF).

Thuốc kích trứng là gì? Có an toàn không? Thuốc kích trứng có tác dụng thúc đẩy khả năng thụ thai ở nữ giới

Thuốc kích trứng có hai dạng uống và tiêm. Thuốc thường được chỉ định sử dụng trong trường hợp phụ nữ bị hội chứng đa nang buồng trứng, những người có nang noãn không phát triển hoặc thường xuyên không rụng trứng. Đồng thời, việc tiêm thuốc kích trứng còn được chỉ định cho phụ nữ đáp ứng kém đối với uống thuốc kích trứng.

Thuốc kích trứng có tác dụng kích thích không chỉ 1 mà đến 2 hoặc nhiều hơn các nang noãn phát triển và khả năng có thai ở người phụ nữ sẽ cao hơn. Tỷ lệ phụ nữ có thai nhờ tiêm thuốc kích trứng được thống kê là cao hơn so với những người sử dụng thuốc uống kích trứng.

Khi nào nên sử dụng thuốc kích trứng? Thuốc kích trứng được sử dụng trong trường hợp người phụ nữ gặp khó khăn khi trứng không rụng. Đây được xem là một giải pháp tiện lợi và hiệu quả để có thể làm thay đổi nội tiết tố bên trong nhằm nâng cao khả năng phát triển và rụng trứng, từ đó giúp làm tăng khả năng thụ thai.

Thuốc kích trứng nên được sử dụng vào ngày thứ 2 đến khoảng ngày thứ 11 của chu kỳ kinh nguyệt với mục đích là làm tăng số lượng, kích thước nang noãn và làm dày niên mạc tử cung.

Trong suốt quá trình kích trứng, bệnh nhân sẽ nhận được lịch hẹn thăm khám vào các ngày thứ 6, thứ 8 và thứ 10 của chu kỳ kinh nhằm theo dõi sự phát triển của các nang trứng. Cho đến ngày thứ 13, là thời điểm nang trứng đã đạt tiêu chuẩn nhất định thì bệnh nhân sẽ được hẹ ngày để chọc trứng.

Tuy nhiên, các chị em cần lưu ý rằng không nên tự ý dùng thuốc kích trứng khi chưa có sự tham khảo từ ý kiến bác sĩ hoặc lạm dụng thuốc quá nhiều cũng gây ảnh hưởng tiêu cực đến sức khỏe. Do đó, bạn cần tham vấn ý kiến bác sĩ cũng như tiến hành sử dụng thuốc theo sự chỉ định nhằm đảm bảo sức khỏe và tránh được nguy cơ không đáng có.

Các loại thuốc kích trứng rụng sớm Thông thường, để cho trứng có thể rụng thì cần phải có 2 yếu tố đó là trứng phải lớn lên và phải chín. Hiện nay có 2 loại thuốc kích thích rụng trứng là Clomiphene và Gonadotrophin cùng với 2 loại thuốc kèm theo là Metformin, Bromocriptine. Mỗi loại thuốc sẽ được chỉ định sử dụng trong trường hợp cụ thể và có sự hướng dẫn của bác sĩ:

Clomiphene (Clomid): Đây là thuốc có tác dụng giúp cơ thể hiểu nhầm là lượng estrogen thấp để làm tăng FSH và LH khiến cho trứng chín và rụng. Tuy nhiên, thuốc này chỉ dùng cho phụ nữ có lượng estrogen thấp và có chức năng tuyến yên bình thường nhưng không rụng trứng hoặc trứng rụng không đều. Gonadotrophin (Merional, Menopur): Thuốc này giúp bổ sung trực tiếp FHS và LH. Thuốc được dùng trong trường hợp bị suy tuyến yên, kích thích trứng bình thường trở nên khỏe mạnh và giúp thụ thai dễ dàng hơn. Metformin (Glucophage): Có tác dụng là giảm kháng Insulin nhằm làm giảm Androgen và tăng khả năng rụng trứng. Metformin được dùng kết hợp với Clomiphene để điều trị cho bệnh nhân không rụng trứng do hội chứng đa nang buồng trứng. Bromocriptine (Parlodel): Có khả năng làm giảm Protaclin, gián tiếp làm tăng FHS vs LH. Thuốc được sử dụng trong trường hợp người bệnh không có trứng rụng do tăng protaclin máu. Quy trình thực hiện tiêm thuốc kích trứng Việc tiêm thuốc kích trứng sẽ được thực hiện như sau:

Bước 1: Trước khi sử dụng thuốc kích trứng, bạn sẽ cần phải đi khám tổng quát bao gồm các xét nghiệm cần thiết và siêu âm nang noãn nhằm xác định được nguyên nhân khiến cho bạn khó thụ thai. Thời điểm tốt nhất để tiến hành khám tổng quát là vào ngày thứ 2 của chu kỳ kinh nguyệt. Bước 2: Thông qua kết quả khám mà bác sĩ chuyên khoa sẽ chỉ định cho bạn sử dụng loại thuốc kích trứng phù hợp cũng như liều dùng và lịch tiêm thuốc. Do đó, bạn cũng có thể tiêm thuốc tại nhà và tái khám theo lịch hẹn của bác sĩ. Bước 3: Sau khi lựa chọn thuốc kích trứng phù hợp thì bạn sẽ được test trên da xem có bị dị ứng với thành phần nào của thuốc hay không. Đây là bước vô cùng quan trọng trong y tế để đề phòng nguy cơ sốc phản vệ nếu cơ thể bị dị ứng với thuốc. Vì vậy, mọi loại thuốc đều sẽ phải được test thử trước khi tiêm vào cơ thể. Bước 4: Theo dõi quá trình tiêm thuốc kích trứng bằng cách xét nghiệm máu và siêu âm nang noãn giúp biết được kết quả của quá trình tiêm thuốc. Từ đó, giúp bác sĩ điều chỉnh được liều lượng thuốc phù hợp với tình trạng của người bệnh. Bước 5: Khi kích thước trứng đạt được kích thước nhất định thì bác sĩ sẽ khuyên bạn có thể quan hệ vợ chồng hoặc tiêm thuốc rụng trứng và chọc hút trứng để tiến hành thực hiện các biện pháp như thụ tinh trong ống nghiệm (IVF)  hoặc bơm tinh trùng trực tiếp vào buồng tử cung (IUI). Thuốc kích trứng là gì? Có an toàn không? Không nên tự ý thực hiện kích trứng tại nhà mà không có sự chỉ định của bác sĩ Thuốc kích trứng có an toàn không? Thuốc kích trứng mang lại một số hiệu quả nhất định như: Giúp tăng khả năng thụ thai từ 20% lên đến 60%. Đồng thời, thuốc có tác dụng kích thích khá nhiều noãn phát triển chứ không chỉ một hoặc 2 noãn, nhờ đó mà khả năng thụ thai ở phụ nữ sẽ cao hơn.

Xem thêm: Xét nghiệm ADN huyết thống cần những gì? Giá bao nhiêu?

Mặc dù thuốc kích trứng có công dụng là làm tăng khả năng sinh sản cho các chị em, tuy nhiên trong một số trường hợp, người bệnh cũng có thể gặp một số biến chứng như:

1. Hội chứng quá kích buồng trứng Hội chứng này xảy ra khi buồng trứng phản ứng quá mức với việc dùng thuốc kích thích rụng trứng, nhất là khi sử dụng thuốc Gonadotrophin. Khi đó, người bệnh sẽ có biểu hiện như: Khó thở, chân tay phù nề, buồn nôn, trướng bụng, hình thành cục máu đông trong mạch máu (cục máu đông có thể gây tắc mạch dẫn đến tử vong).

Ngoài ra, quá kích buồng trứng còn có thể đe dọa trực tiếp đến sức khỏe của người bệnh và có khả năng gây ra các biến chứng không mong muốn như: Huyết khối tĩnh mạch hoặc động mạch, kể cả đột quỵ hoặc thiếu máu chi dưới.

2. Nguy cơ đa thai Nguy cơ đa thai là một trong những điều không mong muốn mà các chị em có thể gặp phải. Bởi vì, trong quá trình kích trứng sẽ khiến cho số lượng trứng rụng tăng lên và nhiều hơn một. Do đó, khi tiến hành thực hiện phương pháp bơm tinh trùng vào tử cung (IUI) thì nguy cơ mang đa thai như sinh đôi, sinh ba cũng sẽ cao hơn.

Ngoài ra, việc mang đa thai còn khiến cho mẹ bầu phải đối diện với nhiều nguy cơ cao như gặp nhiều biến chứng trong thai kỳ hoặc sinh non. Việc sinh non không chỉ gây ảnh hưởng trực tiếp đến mẹ mà còn khiến cho trẻ gặp nhiều vấn đề về sức khỏe như: Rối loạn hô hấp, tiêu hóa hay thân nhiệt bất ổn.

3. Trẻ có nguy cơ bị dị tật bẩm sinh Theo các nhà nghiên cứu, nguy cơ dị tật bẩm sinh thường tăng mạnh khi sử dụng thuốc kích thích rụng trứng Clomiphene. Vì vậy, việc sử dụng thuốc đúng theo sự chỉ định của bác sĩ thì bạn sẽ hạn chế được tối đa nguy cơ thai nhi không phải tiếp xúc với thuốc.

Đối với trường hợp tự ý dùng thuốc, nếu bạn lạm dụng hoặc dùng liên tục, không biết phải ngưng thuốc lúc nào thì sẽ khiến cho thai nhi hình thành trong điều kiện cơ thể bạn có Clomiphene. Do đó, trẻ sẽ có nguy cơ bị dị tật bẩm sinh cao.

4. Suy buồng trứng Việc lạm dùng quá nhiều thuốc kích trứng cũng khiến cho các chị em phụ nữ đối diện với nguy cơ suy buồng trứng. Nếu để tình trạng này xảy ra thì chức năng buồng trứng sẽ ngừng hoạt động và kèm theo đó là chức năng sinh sản cũng như nuôi dưỡng trứng sẽ không thể thực hiện được.

Thuốc kích trứng có giá bao nhiêu? Tùy theo từng trường hợp cụ thể mà người bệnh sẽ được bác sĩ chỉ định sử dụng loại thuốc phù hợp cũng như liều lượng dùng thuốc kích trứng. Vì vậy, chi phí để thực hiện còn phụ thuộc vào nhiều yếu tố và do đó mỗi bệnh nhân sẽ có mức giá thực hiện khác nhau.

Tuy nhiên, theo bảng giá chung của các trung tâm hỗ trợ sinh sản thì chi phí thuốc kích trứng được thực hiện trong một chu kỳ sẽ dao động từ 20 – 30 triệu.

Thuốc kích trứng là gì? Có an toàn không? Lựa chọn các cơ sở uy tín đảm bảo an toàn, chất lượng để thực hiện phương pháp kích trứng Trên đây là những thông tin chia sẻ về thuốc kích trứng. Bên cạnh áp dụng phương pháp này, các chị em cũng cần giữ cho mình một tinh thần thoải mái, lạc quan và kiên nhẫn. Đồng thời, thực hiện việc dùng thuốc theo đúng sự chỉ định của bác sĩ để quá trình thực hiện đạt tỷ lệ cao và đảm bảo an toàn khi áp dụng.

Xem thêm: Ăn giá đỗ có chữa được yếu sinh lý ở nam giới ?

[letrang39]

Thuốc Parlodel 2,5mg – Công dụng – Liều dùng – Giá bán

Liên hệ để biết giá !

Thuốc Parlodel 2,5mg là Thuốc ức chế sản xuất prolactin, có tác dụng điều hòa kinh nguyệt, giảm tiết sữa, cắt sữa, điều trị bệnh lý to đầu chi và bệnh rối loạn thần kinh vận động Parkinson. Thuốc Parlodel 2,5mg có chứa thành phần chính Bromocriptine 2,5mg là một chất chủ vận nhóm thụ thể D2 và D3 của dopamin. Hiện nay, trên thị trường có rất nhiều loại Thuốc hỗ trợ hormon trong cơ thể. Tuy nhiên, mỗi tình trạng của bệnh nhân sẽ phù hợp với những loại Thuốc điều trị khác nhau.

[thaodoantkdaz]

Thuốc Parlodel xách tay và thuốc Parlodel nhập khẩu có những điểm khác biệt mà không phải ai cũng biết.Thuốc Parlodel thuộc về một nhóm thuốc gọi là chất chủ vận dopamine và chất ức chế Prolactin. Để quý khách hàng hiểu rõ cách phân biệt và yên tâm dùng thuốc, bài viết dưới đây sẽ giới thiệu thêm thông tin về thuốc Parlodel chính hãng.

[biomedgrid]

Biomed Grid | Update on Parkinson’s Disease

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive nervous system disorder that affect movement and present other symptoms, that can be different for everyone and the exact cause of this damage is still unknown. Parkinson’s disease can’t be cured, medications and surgeries might significantly improve their symptoms, these must be prescribed by the neurologist, but it is important to understand how the medication works, what do we expect from them and what other options are available today. In this review the goal is introduce and explain to PD patients and their caregivers the PD: symptoms, stages, treatments, causes and types.

Keywords:  Parkinson’s disease; Tremors; Movement disorders; Postural instability; Levodopa; Parkinsonism; Idiopathic Parkinson’s; Atypical parkinsonism

Abbrevations:  PD: Parkinson’s Disease; CNS: Central Nervous System; MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; STN: Subthalamic Nucleus; GPI: Globus Pallidus Internal; DBS: Deep Brain Stimulation; IPG: Implanted Pulse Generator; UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; L-DOPA: Levodopa; LRRK2: Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2; PARK7: Parkinsonism Associated Deglycase; PRKN: Parkin Rbr E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase; TMS: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; THC: Tetrahydrocannabinol; CBD: Cannabidiol; TCE: Trichloroethylene; CSE: Chronic Solvent Encephalopathy; MSA: Multiple System Atrophy; PSP: Progressive Supranuclear Palsy; CBS: Corticobasal Syndrome; DLB: Dementia with Lewy Bodies; VP: Vascular Parkinsonism; PBA: Pseudobulbar Affect

Introduction

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease producing neuronal cell death, presenting loss of dopamineproduction in the brain area known as substancia nigra [1], altering the central nervous system CNS (brain and spinal cord), and affecting the regulation of the human movements and emotions. the exact cause of this damage is still unknown, and currently there is no cure for Parkinson’s disease. PD is a form of extrapyramidal disorder that affects movements disorder caused by damage to the extrapyramidal tract, a network of nerves that controls movements.

PD is a typical movement disorder [2] and the 2nd most common neurodegenerative condition after Alzheimer’s disease. PD is a continuous neurological disorder where the symptoms continue to worsen gradually [3]. PD is a highly variable disease, meaning that different patients have different combinations of symptoms, and those symptoms can be at varying severity levels.

Symptoms of PD

The main symptoms of PD are of three kinds: primary motors, secondary motors and non-motors [4]. Where

Motors (Directly Related to Movement)

a. Tremors (shaking) in the limbs,

b. Rigidity (muscle stiffness),

c. Bradykinesia (slowness of movements),

d. Postural instability (impaired balance or difficulty standing or walking,

Secondary Motor (Consequence of Movement Disorders)

a. Hypomimia - loss of facial expressions known also as Parkinson mask.

b. Freezing of gait or shuffling gait – the gait, or way of walking, may be affected by a temporary hesitation (freezing) or dragging of the feet (shuffling).

c. Unwanted accelerations – movements which are too quick, which may appear in movement or in speech.

d. Speech difficulty or changes in speech – including slurred speech or softness of voice e. Stooped posture – the body leans forward, and the head may be slightly turned down.

f. Dystonia – prolonged muscle contractions that can cause twisting of body parts or repetitive movements.

g. Impaired fine motor dexterity – difficulty with precise hand and finger movement, such as in writing, sewing, or fastening buttons.

h. Poverty of movement – lack of natural, subtle movements like the decreased arm swing during walking

i. Akathisia – restless movement, which may appear as being jumpy or fidgety.

j. Difficulty swallowing – challenges swallowing can also cause drooling or excess saliva.

k. Cramping – muscles may stay in a contracted position and cause pain

l. Sexual dysfunction – decreased sex drive, inability to orgasm, erectile dysfunction in men, decreased lubrication in women, or pain with intercourse in women.

Non-Motors (no Related to Movement Disorders)

a. Fatigue – excessive tiredness that isn’t relieved with sleep

b. Digestive issues – difficulty swallowing, nausea, bloating, and/or constipation

c. Sleep problems – including difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, vivid dreams, physically acting out dreams, sleep apnea and sleep attacks (patients may be suddenly overcome with drowsiness and fall asleep).

d. Orthostatic hypotension – low blood pressure that occurs when rising to a standing position.

e. Increased sweating.

f. Increased drooling.

g. Pain – which may accompany muscle rigidity.

h. Hyposmia – reduced sense of smell.

i. Mood changes – including apathy, depression, anxiety and Pseudobulbar Affect PBA (frequent, involuntary and uncontrollable outbursts of crying or laughing)

j. Cognitive changes – including memory difficulties, slowed thinking, confusion, impaired visual-spatial skills (such as getting lost in familiar locations), and dementia.

k. Psychotic symptoms – including hallucinations, paranoia, and agitation.

l. Incontinence _Urinary problems.

m. Orthostatic hypotension (OH) - change of arterial pressure with postural changes

n. Melanoma - an invasive form of skin cancer that has been found to develop more often in people with Parkinson’s.

PD stages

There are typical patterns of progression in Parkinson’s disease that are defined in five stages, Not everyone will experience all the symptoms of Parkinson’s, and if they do, they won’t necessarily experience them in quite the same order or at the same intensity. The typical five stages are summarized in (Table 1).

Table 1: The typical five stages of Parkinson’s.

PD Treatments

There are a variety of treatments that can help manage the motor symptoms and improve the quality of life, but there is no known treatment to stop or slow the disease progression that is different in each patient. The current treatments available must be prescribed by a neurologist, these are: medications, surgical treatments and complementary/alternative therapies.

Medications

Levodopa is the most efficacious medication for PD, it is converted to dopamine. When initiated the levodopa treatment improves symptoms through the day and night. Overtime patients develop OFF time. Off time is the time during the day when PD symptoms return or worsen, typically 40% in 5 years, 90% in 10 years [1]. Off time PD symptoms may include motor, secondary motors and non-motors. Off periods is the sum of four times that levodopa is not working:

a. Early morning Off -patients typically present with poor motor function in the morning when they wake up, before the first dose of levodopa [6],

b. Wearing Off - symptoms of Parkinson’s start to return or worsen before the next dose of levodopa is due [7],

c. Delayed On – delay in the onset of benefit of a levodopa dose [8],

d. Dose Failure - when there is no benefit from dose of levodopa [9].

Current medication for PD [

10

].

Levodopa - The most potent medication for Parkinson’s disease (PD) is levodopa. Its development in the late 1960s represents one of the most important breakthroughs in the history of medicine. Levodopa in pill form is absorbed in the blood from the small intestine and travels through the blood to the brain, where it is converted into dopamine, needed by the body for movement. Plain levodopa produces nausea and vomiting.

a. Carbidopa/levodopa remains the most effective drug to treat PD. The addition of carbidopa prevents levodopa from being converted into dopamine prematurely in the bloodstream, allowing more of it to get to the brain. Therefore, a smaller dose of levodopa is needed to treat symptoms [11].

b. Carbidopa/levodopa (Sinemet®)- Levodopa is combined with carbidopa to prevent nausea and vomiting as side effect.

c. Carbidopa/levodopa (Rytary®) is a combination of long and short-acting capsule.

d. Carbidopa/levodopa (Parcopa®) is formulation that dissolves in the mouth without water.

e. Carbidopa/levodopa (Stalevo®) is combined formulation that includes the COMT inhibitor entacapone.

f. Dopamine Agonists [12]. They stimulate the parts of the human brain influenced by dopamine. In effect, the brain is tricked into thinking it is receiving the dopamine it needs. Dopamine agonists can be taken alone or in combination with medications containing levodopa. The most commonly prescribe oral pill are: pramipexole (Mirapex), ropinirole (Requip), rotigotine transdermal system (Neupro®), Bromocriptine (Parlodel®) and one special apomorphine (Apokyn), is a powerful and fast-acting injectable medication that promptly relieves symptoms of PD within minutes, but only provides 30 to 60 minutes of benefit. Its main advantage is its rapid effect. It is used for people who experience sudden wearing-off spells when their PD medication abruptly stops working, leaving them unexpectedly immobile.

g. Amantadine. it is a mild agent that is used in early PD to help tremor. In recent years, amantadine has also been found useful in reducing dyskinesias that occur with dopamine medication. h. COMT Inhibitors are used to prolong the effect of levodopa by blocking its metabolism. COMT Inhibitors are used primarily to help with “wearing off,” in which the effect of levodopa becomes short-lived. The most common are: Carbidopa/ levodopa (Stalevo®), Entacapone (Comtan®) and Tolcapone (Tasmar®)

i. Anticholinergic Drugs. They decrease the activity of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that regulates movement. It can be helpful for tremor and may ease dystonia associated with wearing-off or peak-dose effect. The most common are: trihexyphenidyl (Artane®), benztropine mesylate (Cogentin®) and procyclidine (no longer available in the U.S.), among others.

j. MAO-B Inhibitors. They block an enzyme in the brain that breaks down levodopa, this makes more dopamine available and reduces some of the motor symptoms of PD. When used together with other medications, MAO-B inhibitors may reduce “off” time and extend “on” time. They have been shown to delay the need for Sinemet when prescribed in the earliest stage of PD and have been approved for use in later stages of PD to boost the effects of Sinemet. The most common used are: Selegiline also called Depreny (Eldepryl® and Zelapar®) and rasagiline (Azilect®).

Caution: PD medications may have interactions with certain foods, other medications, vitamins, herbal supplements, over the counter cold pills and other remedies. Anyone taking a PD medication should talk to their doctor and pharmacist about potential drug interactions.

A summary of new treatments and future treatments for Parkinson’s disease are shown in (

Table 2

) [5]  

Table 2:Summary of new treatments and future treatments for Parkinson’s disease

    Surgical Treatments

Surgical treatments can be an effective treatment option for different symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD), only the symptoms that previously improved on levodopa have the potential to improve after the surgery. Surgical treatment is reserved for PD patients who have exhausted medical treatment of PD tremor or who suffer profound motor fluctuations (wearing off and dyskinesias), surgical treatments doesn’t cure PD and it does not slow PD progression. These are:

a. Carbidopa/levodopa intestinal fusion pump (DUOPA™). This is a gel formulation of the drug that requires a surgicallyplaced tube. provides 16 continuous hours of carbidopa and levodopa for motor symptoms. The small, portable infusion pump delivers carbidopa and levodopa directly into the small intestine obtaining better ON time.

b. Deep brain stimulation DBS [13]. DBS is only recommended for people who have had PD for at least four years and have motor symptoms not adequately controlled with medication. In DBS surgery, electrodes are inserted into a targeted area of the brain, using MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and recordings of brain cell activity during the procedure. A second procedure is performed to implant an implanted pulse generator IPG, impulse generator battery (like a pacemaker). The IPG is placed under the collarbone or in the abdomen. The IPG provides an electrical impulse to a part of the brain involved in motor function. Those who undergo DBS surgery are given a controller to turn the device on or off. The most commonly utilized brain targets include the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the Globus pallidus internal (GPI). Target choice should be tailored to a patient’s individual needs. The STN does seem to provide more medication reduction, while GPi may be slightly safer for language and cognition. Although most people still need to take medication after undergoing DBS, many people experience considerable reduction of their PD symptoms and can greatly reduce their medications. The amount of reduction varies from person to person.

Future Surgical Treatments

PD Stem Cell Therapy. Cell transplantation in PD patients include [14-16]: adrenal medullary, retinal, carotid body, patient’s fat (adipose tissue) and human and porcine fetal cells. Cell transplantation using aborted 6 to 9 weeks-old human embryos evolved historically as the most promising approach. One of the major concerns in cell transplantation for PD is the host immune response to the grafted tissue. Cell therapy for PD have been associated with significant concerns and complications.

Although the brain is often considered “immune-privileged”, there is in fact evidence that intracerebral immunologicallymediated graft rejection can and does occur [17]. The open-label studies, and the functional engraftment of the transplanted tissue – are enough to provide hope that improvements in cell replacement strategies for PD could yield tremendous positive impact on patients’ lives. The Food and Drug Administration FDA has not yet approved stem cell therapy as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease, clinical studies have demonstrated safety and potential efficacy. The FDA, however, requires further investigation before these kinds of treatment can be approved.

Complementary/Alternative Therapies

There many common Parkinson’s alternative available therapies for PD it is recommended speak with your doctor before, embarking on an alternative therapy. The most common are [18]:

a. Acupuncture, Acupuncture is recognized as a viable treatment for various illnesses and conditions. Acupuncture may improve PD‐related fatigue, but real acupuncture offers no greater benefit than sham treatments. PD‐related fatigue should be added to the growing list of conditions that acupuncture helps primarily through nonspecific or placebo effects [19].

b. Guided imagery (guided meditation), a gentle but powerful technique that focuses the imagination in proactive, positive ways. Motor imagery is a mental process by which an individual rehearses or simulates a given action. It is widely used in sport training as mental practice of action, neurological rehabilitation, and has also been employed as a research paradigm in cognitive neuroscience and cognitive psychology to investigate the content and the structure of covert processes (i.e., unconscious) that precede the execution of action. Motor imagery is thought to be helpful in treatment of neurological motor disabilities caused by stroke, Parkinson’s disease and spinal cord injuries [20].

c. Chiropractic. The theory of chiropractic care is based on the idea that the properly adjusted body, particularly the spine, is essential for health, with influence on life force and good health attained using spinal manipulation therapy for the removal of subluxations. The dosage of chiropractic care depends on the practitioner [21]. Some reports shown that the use of alternative treatment as chiropractic procedures appeared to help in Parkinson disease signs and symptoms [22].

d. Yoga, though yoga is one of the widely used mind-body medicine for health promotion, disease prevention and as a possible treatment modality for neurological disorders. Among various types of mind-body exercises, yoga was reported to be the largest and to produce the most significant beneficial effect in reducing Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale UPDRS III scores for people with mild to moderate PD [23].

e. Hypnosis might represent an interesting complementary therapeutic approach to movement disorders, as it considers not only symptoms, but also well-being, and empowers patients to take a more active role in their treatment. Well-designed studies considering some specific methodological challenges are needed to determine the possible therapeutic utility of hypnosis in movement disorders. In addition to the potential benefits for such patients, hypnosis might also be useful for studying the neuroanatomical and functional underpinnings of normal and abnormal movements [24].

f. Biofeedback seems to be a promising tool to improve gait outcomes for both healthy individuals and patient groups. However, due to differences in study designs and outcome measurements, it remains uncertain how different forms of feedback affect gait outcomes [25].

g. Aromatherapy uses plant materials and aromatic plant oils, including essential oils, and other aroma compounds for the purpose of altering one’s mood, cognitive, psychological or physical well-being. Aromatherapy in PD improve restlessness; anxiety, mood, works great; calming; relaxation; nausea; alertness; helped sleep; calming effect [26].

h. Herbal remedies are medication prepared from plants, including most of the world’s traditional remedies for disease. There are many herbal remedies that can be useful for PD but there are missing systematic approaches to test each one in neurologic diseases like PD. For example, Resveratrol as a natural polyphenolic compound extracted from red grapes, exerts neuroprotective effects on oxidative damage and neuronal damage through its antioxidant as well as antiinflammatory properties. Resveratrol has the potential to treat PD by inhibiting neuro-inflammation, apoptosis and promoting neuronal survival and can serve as a complementary medicine drug to reduce the L-DOPA dose needed to ameliorate PD [27].

i. Magnetic therapy, many studies conclude that further studies are needed on PD magnetic therapy. Investigations using repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation TMS in assessing the motor system function are still in an early phase and need further evaluation. Altogether, the value of TMS for studies of the physiology and pathophysiology of the motor system is beyond any doubt and the limits of these techniques have not yet been reached [28].

j. Massage. Parkinson’s disease typically causes muscle stiffness and rigidity, individuals who utilize massage therapy find it helps to alleviate joint and muscle stiffness.

k. Marijuana also called cannabis, is made up of two major parts: Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). THC is the major part that causes one to feel “high.” THC can cause hallucinations and anxiety and is therefore to be used with caution, if at all, in Parkinson disease. CBD, by comparison, may help with sleep and anxiety. A few studies have suggested that marijuana helps with some aspects of Parkinson’s and may allow a person to reduce his or her use of prescription medications. But there is no definitive data on what dose of what parts of marijuana are helpful or harmful in Parkinson’s disease. The possible association of cannabinoid receptors with ubiquitin pathway needs to be studied further in order to understand its extensive role in PD. Furthermore, epigenetic modifications resulted by cannabinoid receptor activation needs to be elucidated which can be crucial to follow up the pathology of the disease [29].

PD causes

Around 80% populations with PD are considered as idiopathic because of their unknown source of etiology whereas the remaining 20% cases are presumed to be genetic. Variations in the genetic combination of certain genes elevate the risk of PD. Studies have reported that mutation in the LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2),PARK7 (Parkinsonism Associated Deglycase), PRKN (Parkin RBR E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase), PINK1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase 1) or SNCA (alpha-synuclein) contribute to the risk of PD[30].

Factor for Parkinson’s disease

Generally, scientists speculate that the interaction between gene mutations and environmental exposures can contribute to PD progression. Studies have listed few modifiable risk factors for PD, the following factors are considered as some of the causative factors of PD [31,32] are:

Exposure to pesticide: The evidence that pesticide and herbicide use is associated with an increased risk in PD, begs the question – are there specific pesticides that are most concerning? When data is collected on this topic in large populations, often the participants in the study are unaware of which specific pesticide or herbicide exposures they have had. This makes it difficult to determine which pesticides to avoid. From that data emerged paraquat and rotenone as the two most concerning pesticides [33] and Glyphosate as herbicide [34]. Where:

a. Paraquat’s mechanism of action is the production of reactive oxygen species, intracellular molecules that cause oxidative stress and damage cells.

b. Rotenone’s mechanism of action is disruption of the mitochondria, the component of the cell that creates energy for cell survival.

c. Glyphosate is the world’s most heavily applied herbicide, and an active ingredient in Roundup®

d. Well-water drinking. Rural residents who drink water from private wells are much more likely to have Parkinson’s disease, a finding that bolsters theories that farm pesticides may be partially to blame, according to a new California study [35].

e. Heavy metals, such as iron and manganese, are involved in neurologic disease. Most often these diseases are associated with abnormal environmental exposures or abnormal accumulations of heavy metals in the body. Many epidemiological studies have shown an association between PD and exposure to metals such as: mercury, lead, manganese, copper, iron, aluminium, bismuth, thallium, and zinc [38]. The combination of high concentration of iron and the neurotransmitter, dopamine, may contribute to the selective vulnerability of the brain in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the basal ganglia [36].

f. Solvents, case reports of parkinsonism, including PD, have been associated with exposures to various solvents, most notably trichloroethylene (TCE) [37]. The peripheral nervous system as well as the central nervous system can both be targeted. Prolonged workplace exposure to organic solvents can induce a chronic solvent encephalopathy (CSE) that persists even after the exposure is terminated [38].

g. Calcium, the international team, led by the University of Cambridge, found that calcium can mediate the interaction between small membranous structures inside nerve endings, which are important for neuronal signaling in the brain, and alpha-synuclein, the protein associated with Parkinson’s disease. Excess levels of either calcium or alpha-synuclein may be what starts the chain reaction that leads to the death of brain cells [39]. Ca2+ dysregulation and the direct consequences for mitochondrial health in PD [40].

h. Age, Parkinson’s disease can both be early- and late-onset. Many processes affected in Parkinson’s disease are linked to factors associated with age. The risk of Parkinson’s disease increases dramatically in individuals over the age of 60 and it is estimated that more than 1% of all seniors have some form of the condition [41].

i. Gender, more men than women are diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease (PD), and several gender differences have been documented in this disorder. One possible source of malefemale differences in the clinical and cognitive characteristics of PD is the effect of estrogen on dopaminergic neurons and pathways in the brain [42]

Parkinson ‘s diseases types

Parkinsonism is a constellation of signs and symptoms that are characteristically observed in Parkinson’s disease (PD), but that are not necessarily due to PD. Parkinsonism is the primary type of hypokinetic movement disorder. Parkinsonism describe the collection of signs and symptoms found in Parkinson’s disease (PD). These include slowness (bradykinesia), stiffness (rigidity), tremor and imbalance (postural instability). There are basically two general Parkinson’s types: Idiopathic Parkinson’s and atypical parkinsonism [43] (Table 3).

Table 3: The typical five stages of Parkinson’s.

    Idiopathic Parkinson’s

Idiopathic Parkinson’s is the most common form of Parkinsonism. It is a tremor predominant disorder that involves shaking and trembling. About 85% of people with parkinsonism have idiopathic Parkinson’s. This type of Parkinson’s disease can begin at an earlier age but progresses more slowly. It has a lower risk of cognitive (brain function) decline, but the tremors may be more difficult to treat than other symptoms [44].

Atypical parkinsonism

Atypical parkinsonism is less common, it is an instability and gait disorder that present more trouble with walking and balance. About 15% of people with parkinsonism have Atypical parkinsonism disorders, these are rarer conditions and more difficult to treat. This type of Parkinson’s disease happens at an older age but tends to progress quickly. Although people may experience fewer tremors or no tremors at all, they have a higher risk of cognitive decline. Atypical parkinsonism includes the following variations:

a. Multiple System Atrophy MSA includes several neurodegenerative disorders in which one or more systems in the body deteriorates as: incoordination (ataxia), dysfunction in the autonomic nervous system that automatically controls things such as blood pressure and bladder function. These are in addition to variable degrees of parkinsonism including symptoms such as slowness, stiffness and imbalance. Average age of onset is in the mid-50’s.

b. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy PSP is the most common degenerative type of atypical parkinsonism. Symptoms tend to progress more rapidly than PD. People with PSP may fall frequently early in the course of disease. Later symptoms include limitations in eye movements, particularly looking up and down, which also contributes to falls. Those with PSP also often have problems with swallowing (dysphagia), difficulty in producing speech (dysarthria), sleep problems, memory and thinking problems (dementia). Its average age of onset is in the mid-60’s.

c. Corticobasal Syndrome CBS is the least common of the atypical causes of Parkinsonism. Usually begins with symptoms affecting one limb. In addition to parkinsonism, other symptoms can include abnormal posturing of the affected limb (dystonia), fast, jerky movements (myoclonus), difficulty with some motor tasks despite normal muscle strength (apraxia), difficulty with language (aphasia) among others. Typically begins after age 60 [45].

d. Dementia with Lewy bodies DLB is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder in which abnormal deposits of a protein called alpha-synuclein build up in multiple areas of the brain. It is second to Alzheimer’s as the most common cause of degenerative dementedly first causes progressive problems with memory and fluctuations in thinking, as well as hallucinations. These symptoms are joined later in the course of the disease by parkinsonism with slowness, stiffness and other symptoms like PD.

e. Drug-induced Parkinsonism is the most common form of what is known as secondary parkinsonism. Side effects of some drugs, especially those affecting brain dopamine levels (anti-psychotic or anti-depressant medication), can cause parkinsonism. Although tremor and postural instability may be less severe, this condition may be difficult to distinguish from Parkinson’s. Some medications can cause the development of Parkinsonism as: Antipsychotics, some antidepressants, reserpine, some calcium channel blockers and others. Usually after stopping those medications parkinsonism gradually disappears over weeks to months, though symptoms may last for up to a year.

f. Vascular Parkinsonism VP is based in evidences that suggest that multiple small strokes in key areas of the brain may cause Parkinsonism. A severe onset of parkinsonism immediately following (or progressively occurring within a year of) a stroke may indicate VP.

Conclusions

Parkinson’ disease is a neurologic disease that affect the functionality if the brain modifying the neural connectivity due to cell death. All medication and procedures available today only help to improve the quality of life of the patients, there is a big necessity to focus in more ways to accelerate the research on PD, like creating a cloud database with information about the development, new medications available, new surgical procedures, new way to early detection, new criteria’s and many other factors.

Read More About this Article: https://biomedgrid.com/fulltext/volume2/update-on-parkinsons-disease.000614.php

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PARLODEL SRO 5 mg Slow Release Capsule, what is it, what is it, side effects, how to use

PARLODEL SRO 5 mg Slow Release Capsule, what is it, what is it, side effects, how to use

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