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weepinginternetinternet · 2 years ago

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Why We Love cbd distillate for sale (And You Should, Too!)

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Last improved on thirteen July 2021CBD distillate is a hemp essence with high CBD focus. In latest times, individuals seem to be to reveal rate of interest in trying singular particles of the vegetation in a concentrated type, targeting to derive certain advantages. whole spectrum hemp extract. A number of them also actively participate in (do it on your own) cooking area experiments to try and also obtain a remove in the form, they prefer.

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Permit our company determine responses to a few of the best often inquired questions regarding CBD distillate (cbd distillate manufacturers). An extract is a purified product originated from a mixture of various materials. Utilizing the method of distillation, molecules having differing boiling points get separated right into personal substances. If that appears as well specialized, permit us look at a simple example to aid our team easily understand.

It is actually devoid of terpenes, impurities, and also other cannabinoids for this reason have no aroma, taste, or even taste. Extracting CBD from the cannabis vegetation involves 6 measures: Extraction, winterization, solvent recuperation, decarboxylation, purification, and solitude (delta-9 distillate wholesale). As a result, distillation as well as isolation are the 2 post-extraction processes performed to clarify, cleanse and also derive desired substances (CBD) in their purest type.

However, brief course purification is the absolute most largely utilized modern technology in CBD distillation. Here the item receives heated under a vacuum. The superiority of the modern technology over the other approaches is actually that the vaporized cannabinoids travel simply a quick range between the evaporation vessel as well as the condenser. As CBD can obtain diminished when revealed to high temps, its journeying opportunity within the mechanism is actually reduced.

In this form, perhaps difficult to manage/ dosage by mouth. Nevertheless, they may be brought back to palatable type by positioning all of them in a warm water shower for a handful of mins. Additionally, some brand names incorporate chemical substance brokers to stop the product coming from taking shape. Normally, CBD distillates consumed in micro/standard does perform certainly not result in a higher. wholesale full spectrum distillate.

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As explained over, full-spectrum CBD implies that the end product represents all the natural materials, terpenes, and also flavonoids of the plant to get the entourage impacts. Therefore, the objective of reserving the entourage results in both completion products (CBD oil as well as CBD distillate) coincides. The differences happen in the effectiveness of cannabinoids and the final uniformity of the product.

9% purity. Segregating is the next stage of the extraction procedure after purification. After separating/ differentiating all various other cannabinoids coming from the distilled item, it goes through a taking shape process where CBD completely transforms in to clean isolate crystals looking like a white crystalline particle - hemp wax bulk. They possess no different colors, taste, or even aroma (where to buy full spectrum cbd oil). Alternatively, the distillation procedure offers the option to secure selected molecules along with around 80% purity.

It clarifies that focuses usually include greater cannabinoid degrees than the natural cannabis blossom or even bud. They are helped make through drawing out cannabinoids coming from the vegetation right into a type with a considerably greater concentration than the initial flower. For example, a THC concentrate may be at minimum 4 times a lot more potent than a bloom - bulk cbd hemp oil.

The best striking benefit of the process of distillation is that it delivers the comfort to isolate each and every single particle of option. Our experts may say that this is especially possible along with marijuana plants due to the fact that it is actually as manageable as gold. As a result it is actually possible to boil down any kind of cannabinoid current in the marijuana or hemp vegetation consisting of, CBD, THC, CBG, CBC, CBN, THCV, CBDA, and so forth, in to a concentrated or separated type.

(a) Outlet them at room temperature. thc cbd oil full spectrum. (b) Given that CBD extracts thicken at area temperature, it is actually effortless to warm liquor by positioning it in very hot water to thaw the materials prior to usage. (c) While heating the CBD distillate, create certain not to get too hot or even subject the item to guide fire.

For that reason some standard conveniences of CBD distillate are actually: Customers might take note of what and also the amount of they eat. Individuals involved about the varying levels of psychedelic cannabinoids in the total sphere product can opt for between broad-spectrum CBD distillate or isolates. CBD distillate is actually a functional item that makes it feasible to apply in a variety of requests - what is t free distillate.

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Nonetheless, seeing to it that the items are actually devoid of THC, unsafe tastes, or even additives is actually of utmost usefulness. Although there is actually a restricted lot of studies to show the efficacy of CBD in dogs for handling particular disorders, its security profile page is until now good - broad spectrum thc free hemp oil. However, THC could possess adverse effects on healthy pet dogs. bulk extracts wholesale.

It is actually best to consult your animal medical practitioner prior to conducting any sort of cannabis-based product to your pet dogs. The CBD market continues to be not regulated by the FDA. Regardless, it is currently working in the direction of addressing a few of the significant concerns. full-spectrum hemp oil. They are actually: sedative results of CBD, long-term make use of, transdermal seepage, the outcome of different paths of administration of CBD, how the body system takes in as well as metabolizes CBD, protection profilesafety on household pets, etc, Just how are full-spectrum and broad-spectrum derived as well as refined? What is the information of such removes reviewed to CBD isolate products? Therefore, it is actually difficult to aim out the risks or even perks of eating CBD distillate due to the fact that there are no typical suggestions for dose as well as regularity.

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Purification is actually a scientific research that has actually been actually utilized for lots of years, however it is actually now recognized as the final gateway to producing several of the purest types of hemp and also marijuana products - bulk organic cbd full spectrum gummies. Removing, isolating, differentiating, and distilling pure cannabinoids are actually one of the top trends on earth of cannabis manufacturing (cbd where to buy).

From effective THC extract vapor pens to CBD tinctures, the purification process is actually an essential measure in generating a few of the very most intended items in the field. Before we go through the purification method, our experts require to take a look at the measures that get our company to CBD oils that may be distilled (full spectrum cbd buy).

Winterization and also filtering of the extractions to clear away waxes and excess fats coming from the essence. Getting rid of any type of ethanol solvent from the winterized oil using a thin film purification mechanism - raw cbd oil wholesale. The moment these actions have actually been actually achieved, then the winterized CBD oil awaits purification. Really just, distillation is actually the splitting up of molecules through discerning boiling and condensation.

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In purchase to produce a higher alcoholic drinks information in feelings like vodka or even bourbon, a distillery requires to utilize purification to divide other materials coming from liquor (raw cbd oil). Yet how is it carried out? Alcohol has a reduced boiling factor than water and also is actually consequently a lot more unpredictable, creating it to evaporate at a reduced boiling aspect.

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foodandbeveragesupdates · 4 years ago

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Wax Market Developing by Forecast period by 2027, Fortune Business Insights

The global wax market is set to gain impetus from their increasing usage in a wide range of applications, such as plastic & rubber additives, candle manufacturing, cosmetics, adhesives, polishes, and coatings. Wax also provides protection to packaged goods from moisture. This information is given by Fortune Business Insights™ in a recent report, titled, “Wax Market Size, Share & Industry Analysis, By Product Type (Petroleum, Synthetic, Mineral and Animal & Plant), By Application (Candles, Packaging, Coating & Polishes, Hot-melt Adhesives, Cosmetic & Toiletries, Plastic & Rubber and Others) and Regional Forecast, 2019-2027.” The report further mentions that the wax market size was valued at USD 7,288.9 million in 2019 and is expected to reach USD 9,249.2 million by 2027, thereby exhibiting a CAGR of 3.1% during the forecast period.

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Drivers & Restraints-

Increasing Demand from Packaging Industry to Propel Growth

The emergence of end use industries, such as rubber, plastic, cosmetics, packaging, and candles is surging in the developing regions, namely, Latin America, Africa, and Asia Pacific. But the growth is low in the developed regions, such as Europe and North America. Hence, the ongoing industrialization is anticipated to create more opportunities for such end use industries in the countries situated in these regions. The demand for paraffin wax is high as it is used the most in corrugated packaging. This type of packaging is specially used to pack furniture, food, and similar other goods. The expansion of packaging sector in the developing regions worldwide would contribute to the wax market growth in the coming years. However, animal and plant-based wax involves high manufacturing cost. It may hamper growth.

Segment-

Petroleum Segment to Grow Considerably Backed by Rising Usage of Paraffin

In terms of product type, the market is segregated into animal & plant, mineral, synthetic, and petroleum. Out of these, the petroleum segment held 63.5% wax market share in 2019 and would grow considerably throughout the forecast period. Petroleum products mainly consist of micro-crystalline type, petrolatum, and paraffin. Paraffin is the most commonly used product worldwide. It is highly versatile and possesses a low reactive nature. Therefore, it is best suited for several industrial applications. In addition to this, it is cost-effective, unlike the other types. The animal & plant segment would grow at a fast pace owing to the rising demand for non-carcinogenic, as well as bio-based non-toxic products.

Regional Analysis-

Asia Pacific to Lead Stoked by Abundant Availability of Raw Materials

Based on geography, the market is divided into Europe, the Middle East and Africa, North America, Asia Pacific, and Latin America. Amongst these, North America generated USD 1,940.0 million revenue in 2019. This growth is attributable to the U.S. as the country is considered to be the largest global importer and consumer of wax. Also, the high demand for premium quality bio-based and petroleum candles would aid growth in this region.

Asia Pacific, on the other hand, is likely to lead the market during the forthcoming years. It is set to occur because of the increasing number of end use industries in various countries, as well as the availability of raw material in abundance. Japan, India, and China are the major markets in this region. India is one of the largest producers of beeswax in the world.

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Competitive Landscape-

Key Players Focus on Manufacturing New Products to Intensify Competition

The market consists of a large number of companies that are striving to keep up with the latest trends to cater to the needs of their growing consumer bases. They are doing so by either investing hefty amount of money on expansion projects, or are aiming to broaden portfolio by launching innovative products. Below are two of the key industry developments:

· February 2018: Sasol, an integrated energy and chemical company based in South Africa, inauguratedthe completion of its FT Wax Expansion Project (FTWEP).It would strengthen South Africa’s position in the wax industry. The company will now be able to produce high quality waxes equipped with unique characteristics.

· February 2017:Kerax Limited, a manufacturer & supplier of waxes headquartered in England, introduced its new soy candle wax. It is named KeraSoy. These pillar candle and container waxes are specially developed by the companyto manufacture candles with superb glass adhesion, excellent scent throw, and premium quality finish.

Fortune Business Insights™ presents a list of the organizations operating in the global market. They are as follows:

• Sasol Limited (South Africa)

• Sinopec (China)

• Royal Dutch Shell PLC (Netherlands)

• Exxon Mobil Corporation (USA)

• The International Group Inc. (Canada)

• Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. (Brazil)

• The PJSC Lukoil Oil Company (Russia)

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grbower · 5 years ago

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A cement, most often Portland cement, is easily the most prevalent form of concrete binder. For cementitious binders, drinking water is combined with the dry powder and combination, which provides a semi-liquid slurry which can be formed, normally by pouring it into a form. The concrete solidifies and hardens by way of a chemical process referred to as hydration.

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bentonpena · 6 years ago

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Worried by weed vape pens? Here's why, when, and how to vape concentrate instead.

Worried by weed vape pens? Here's why, when, and how to vape concentrate instead. http://bit.ly/2oHCrlO

Let's say a certain reader of this article, it doesn't have to be you, has enjoyed a marijuana vape pen once or twice or several hundred times in the past. This reader might justifiably be scared to death by the controversy around said pens. In the wake of a killer lung disease that can be largely traced back to black-market THC pens, authorities are officially recommending you stop using all cartridge-based vapes. Despite pens bought in their regulated dispensaries testing totally free of dangerous chemical cutting agents, California recommends not using any vape pens whatsoever; Massachusetts has outright banned them.

And let's say this certain reader, having agreed to do a wait-and-see on the whole pen thing, is still interested in consuming cannabis. Problem is, nothing other than pens seem to hit the spot. Edibles lead to darker effects: dazed, disassociated, too-long-lasting. As for burning it? What is this, the 20th century? Smoke is nasty, it's indiscreet and offensive to others, it clings to clothes, and worst of all it drastically cuts the number of all-important terpenes you inhale. (Certain reader is probably enough of a weed gourmet to know that.)

The Why

Well, good news, certain reader. There is another substance you can still vape that's a world away from those pens: concentrates. This solid stuff (in the forms of live resin, shatter, or wax) gives you the whole natural plant compressed, terpenes included. Meanwhile cutting agents (which are at the heart of the vape crisis) are never included. You're getting sweet vapor without burning. And if you do it right, you're getting the focused, uplifting, maximally creative version of cannabis without the dissociative side effects.

Concentrate is widely seen as the most gourmet level of cannabis consumption. It's one that will make vape pens, made from mere THC distillate, feel like a hollow, hazy experience by comparison. And yet it can be almost as portable as the pens. In the end, certain reader, the vape pen crisis could be the best thing that happened to your cannabis experience in years.

The When

The first problem is the nickname users have applied to the consumption of concentrates: dabbing. The word gets a bad rap, as I wrote about after my first dabbing experience last year. Newbies tend to focus on the fact that concentrate is stronger, which it is. But that just means you're supposed to use way less of it, while enjoying the nuance in the taste way more.

This is the only "when" factor in cannabis concentrate: You should only try it when you're mature and prepared to approach it with respect and a sense of proportion.

Just as you would never think of making so much espresso that you filled a coffee mug, even the most experienced concentrate user would tell you never to use more than one pea-sized dose at a time. You'd be surprised how long that dose lasts.

It's been called the champagne of cannabis; caviar might be more accurate. (Roger Voldarsky, a Los Angeles CEO who dubs himself the Johnny Appleseed of dabbing, prefers the espresso analogy, praising the uplifting and focusing effects of the cannabinoids and terpenes that remain when they're shorn of CBN, the sleepy cannabinoid, which the process of dabbing leaves until last. I tend to agree; your mileage may vary.)

How: The Stuff

After trying every style of concentrate California dispensaries offer — not every strain, but every style — live resin is by far my favorite. This is made from freshly-harvested or immediately-frozen cannabis; it hasn't been dried or cured, two processes that annihilate terpenes. With its tiny crystalline structures, live resin is the only concentrate that actually looks as beautiful as caviar.

The smell and taste is at once subtle and incredibly rich, increasing the sense that you hold the entirety of this particular strain of plant on your fingertip. (Not literally; your dispensary will likely sell it in an adorably teeny glass jar for about $20 to $30 per half-gram, and you're supposed to only handle it with a tiny metal pick, or tweezers.) One poetic expert wrote that live resin is "like going on a date with the ghost of a plant."

As for the strains, there are as many to list as there would be with flower. My advice to certain reader would be to go with the favorite strain of your dispensary's budtenders. They may have a dumb job title, but they know what they're talking about, and tend to be concentrate gourmets.

Wax is OK too, if they recommend that. I've found wax to have enjoyable effects, even if it is more physically and sensually muted, and more likely to send you to sleep. The only concentrate I can't get along with is shatter; it yields too little and turns too sticky and difficult to clean when vaporized.

How: The Devices

Many devices exist to help you consume concentrates. Unfortunately, in my experience, you get what you pay for. Tons of sub-$100 "concentrate pens" or "wax pens" fill the online marketplaces. In almost all of them, you put concentrate in a tiny chamber that's in roughly the same place as the THC oil in the vape pens. Online and in-real-life reviews for the pens are mixed, however, and critics don't seem to have come to any consensus on the best models. Too many seem to use cheap heating coils and battery attachments.

You may find a pen that works consistently; many users have. Others have had a similar experience to mine, which happened to be with the $90 Puffco Plus pen: it worked great, really great, until it didn't. The battery simply stopped recharging, or rather claimed it was fully charged when it wasn't. You're supposed to clean the battery contact point with rubbing alcohol. I did so repeatedly; no dice. I sent it back and got a new battery a month later, which also conked out. Whereupon I banished it to the exile of the Bad Review Units box.

I'll update this article if and when I find a great slim pen that works for more than a few months at a time. In the meantime, caveat emptor. The only devices I've tested that I unreservedly recommend, below, are somewhat larger and more expensive than the pens, most end up in the $250 range including all the parts you'll need. But they're also all worth that price tag, and will likely give you years of good service.

1. For all occasions: Pax 3 ($200 plus concentrate insert)

The Pax 3 and its unassuming concentrate cartridge.

The Pax 3 was the first device I ever put live resin in, and the one to which I find myself returning after going out on quests to try alternatives. The size and solidity of a chunky marker pen covered in metallic sheen, it feels great in your hand, and it plays well in pockets. It's often used to vaporize flower, so you have that option too. But the concentrate insert, which costs $50 from Pax (or as little as $13 for third-party versions on Amazon), is all I use it for these days.

That insert, the little gray metallic box on the left in the photo, is labelled HOT on one side for good reason; do not try to open it immediately after a session. But if it's just warm, you'll have no problem teasing off the tiny lid and inserting a pea-sized grain of concentrate. Cleaning (which you should do with all of these devices, when the concentrate has gone dark and sticky, when still warm, using Q-Tips) is a breeze, even with two little odd-shaped nubbins inside the box.

The Pax 3 takes a minute or so to heat up, but it's worth the wait once you're there. You set the precise temperature via the Pax app — I recommend the "flavor" setting — and inhale at leisure until you turn it off (or it will auto shut-off in 3 minutes, whichever comes first). Inhales from the Pax are consistently smooth, rich, subtle, effective, and, in my experience, less likely to make you cough than any other device.

The Pax 3 loses points for having a proprietary USB charger. Its cartridge-based cousin the Pax Era charges via any micro USB cable. At least the Pax 3 charger is as thin and light as a regular USB cable.

2. Most professional: G Pen Connect ($150 alone, more with 'rig')

The G Pen Connect is the newest kid on the high-end concentrate block; it was released this week by Grenco, the company that makes the G Pen THC oil cartridge vaporizers. It's at once smaller than the Pax 3, and also designed to be used with something much larger.

You'll probably hear experienced concentrate users talking about their "rig." That's a fancy word for a roughly $100 piece of glassware that looks a bit like a bong, if bongs had angled mouthpieces that were easier to reach. You put water in them, as with bongs and smoke, to make the vapor cooler and smoother. You're supposed to add something else called a "nail" to hold the concentrate, and a "torch" to vaporize it, but forget that noise. The G Pen Connect, with a glass attachment that fits most rigs, does both jobs in one, electronically.

Bonus points: The battery, a box that snaps on magnetically, is chargeable via micro-USB, and lasts for much longer than the Pax 3. Click one side of it twice, and you'll have all the energy you need to produce 10 seconds of delicious vapor at a time on three heat settings. One or two sessions on the lowest, blue, is all most new users will need.

In my testing, the Connect was also capable of being used as a pen without the rig, by inhaling through the small glass attachment. But Grenco was clear that it doesn't officially recommend that, as the glass attachment can get hot. (For me, using it 10 seconds at a time, that never happened.)

3. Most futuristic: Firefly 2+ ($250)

The latest iteration of the award-winning Firefly vaporizer, the harmonica-sized, brushed gold metallic 2+ looks like the kind of gadget that people will use to get high in the year 2420. The way its magnetic top layer snaps on, like the closing of a German car door, is a thing of beauty.

Another advantage over the Pax 3: The concentrate attachment is included. It's much more simple, too — just a wire mesh disk that can be easily pulled out and cleaned by soaking for a few minutes in a thimble's worth of rubbing alcohol. (As with the Pax 3, without the disk in, the Firefly can also vaporize flower.)

On the downside, the mesh disk is so small and light that it's easy to lose. (Replacements cost $9, but Firefly outrageously charges at least $10 for shipping.) With months of use, the disk will start to lose its shape and be harder to stuff into its receptacle.

Perhaps because of improper disk alignment, I and my testing associates had quite a few moments where we had to angle the Firefly up or down (there was no apparent rhyme or reason as to which worked) to get any vapor. The touch-sensitive heating switches on either side were too easy to touch without knowing it, wasting battery life.

Which meant extra time on the dumbest, clunkiest proprietary charger of the lot. Ironically, the charger itself is powered by micro USB. Come on, Firefly! It can't be that hard to cut out the charging middleman on a 25th century device, surely?

4. Honorable mention: Puffco Peak ($380)

Peak experience ... at a peak price.

At first, I loved the Puffco Peak — another highly futuristic device, an all-in-one palm-sized concentrate bong that politely brings its own quiver of cleaning Q-Tips to the party. It has micro-USB charging, and does the G Pen Connect one better with four temperature settings and produces consistently large vapor clouds. At Grasslands in August — America's first official marijuana festival within a major music festival, San Francisco's Outside Lands — the Peak was the device of choice for many vendors.

But after a few months using the Peak on and off, it was getting harder to notice that those prodigious vapor clouds were making me cough after sessions, even on the lowest heat setting. When I accidentally dropped and smashed the glass attachment, it was telling that I had no desire to replace it — even though there is a booming third-party market of beautiful Peak glass attachments, many of which would not disgrace an art museum.

Your experience with the Peak may vary, of course. Experts still seem to love it. But to my mind and lungs, especially at that price tag, it's hard to recommend for the concentrate beginner any more.

5. Total overkill: Volcano Hybrid ($699)

When money is no object ...

Speaking of price tags that might make even the most enthusiastic concentrate gourmet think "come on now, aren't we just getting high?", we should talk about the Volcano Hybrid. This is the just-released version of the Volcano, a plug-in vaporizer and feat of German engineering that has consistently won praise — and consistently hovered above the $500 mark — since it was first released in 2000.

Until now, Volcano users had to fill a large crinkly space-age balloon, where the vapor was cleverly held in place until you needed it. It could in theory be passed around the party at leisure, but something about that crinkly balloon seemed to demand guests finish it at a faster rate than they might otherwise choose. The Hybrid solves this problem by adding a hose for optional sipping.

Like the Firefly, the Volcano handles concentrates with a mesh disk. (Not the same size, because God forbid there be universal standards in this industry.) I haven't tried the Hybrid yet, but I suspect that the hose and disk combo will be the smoothest and richest way to consume concentrates yet.

Then again, dear certain reader, you could just buy a Pax 3 for a third of the price, and have enough money left over to sample every kind of live resin under the sun.

Tech via Mashable! http://bit.ly/2nGI2sr October 2, 2019 at 04:31PM

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mwbwoodturning · 6 years ago

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beautybyjulia · 6 years ago

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💜💎 my birthstone is an amethyst, what’s yours? ⁣ ~~~⁣ inspired by @ritaermin & #katytolj 💜⁣ ~~~⁣ ✨GEODES:⁣ @Michaelsstores Rhinestones, Recollections Mica and Glitter Mix Gold ⁣ @Spirithalloween spirit Gum, Special Effects Wax⁣ @Briteorganix Glitter Injection Glitter Purple, Silver ⁣ @AquaLagoonco Starfish Dust Glitter Purple⁣ @Dermaflage Liquify Mixing Medium, x @litcosmetics Dimension Glitter Silver @MACcosmetics Glitter Reflects Blue, Pigment White, 221 Brush @MilkMakeup Eye Pigment Rave⁣ @RoxanneRizzo Pigment Manhattan Ave⁣ @GlitterRealm Glitter Gothic Galaxies @Pop_Beauty Flashadow Comic Confetti @Sugarpill Pigment Goldielux⁣ ✨MAKEUP:⁣ @Stilazzi Stellar Palette⁣ @HudaBeauty Amethyst Obsessions Palette, Noelle Lashes, Lip Strobe Enchanting, Pound Cake Setting Powder⁣ @AnastasiaBeverlyHills Brow Pencil Medium Brown, x @NicoleGuerriero Highlighter Palette @Juviasplace Masquerade Palette⁣ @Tartecosmetics Park Ave Princess Palette, Clean Slate Timeless Smoothing Primer, Shape Tape Concealer Light Medium, Blush Dazzled, Mer Mist Shimmer Spray⁣ @NYXcosmetics Can’t Stop Won’t Stop Foundation Natural, Glitter 11, Suede Matte Lip Pencil Moonwalk⁣ @Stilacosmetics Magnificent Metals Ballet Baby⁣ @Covergirl Flourish Lash Blast Mascara⁣ @SUVABeauty Liquid Lipstick Awakening, Six Ten Brush⁣ @Beccacosmetics Lilac Geode Highlighter⁣ @Pixibeauty Liquid Fairy Lights Crystalline⁣ @UrbanDecaycosmetics 24/7 Lip Pencil Nighthawk⁣ @PURcosmetics On Point Liner Heartless⁣ @love_Amika Un.done Volume and Texture Spray⁣ @MODABrush Contour, 804, Complexion, Micro Glow Brush, Angle Eyeliner (use my code “JULIA” for $$$ off!)⁣ ~~~⁣ 💜💜💜 #amethyst #purplemakeup #birthstones #purpleaesthetic #purpleseries #purpletheme #modabrush #pixibeauty #suvabeauty #covergirl #stila #hudabeauty #juviasplace #stilazzi #sugarpill #100daysofmakeup (at Amethyst Beach Hotel) https://www.instagram.com/p/Bys1_Jel6KZ/?igshid=3b8mb7tlso5x

#katytolj #amethyst #purplemakeup #birthstones #purpleaesthetic #purpleseries #purpletheme #modabrush #pixibeauty #suvabeauty #covergirl #stila #hudabeauty #juviasplace #stilazzi #sugarpill #100daysofmakeup

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hiepmocuilga · 6 years ago

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via Renaissance Wax - Micro Crystalline Polish - 65ml with 14" x14" Microfiber Cloth

#IFTTT #Restoration - Care

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harryalexanderrichards · 6 years ago

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Conservation work carried out on a steel Siebe-Gorman divers knife (missing wooden handle and retaining bot). This knife was purchased from an antiques store in Lincoln UK in a very oxidised and pitted condition, the condition of the object was likely a result of a life of use in salt water without proper care (salt water can cause chloride and oxide corrosion in non-stainless steel). The work carried out to this piece was purely conservative as the intention was to stabilise the condition of the object to prevent further loss of material. • The object was mechanically cleaned, first wiped down with IDA (Industrial Denatured Alcohol) to remove any dirt and oil, and then wiped with IDA dampened cotton buds to remove loose oxidation from the surface until the cotton buds came away clean. • Micro-crystalline wax was applied to the surface of the object with a clean lint-free rag and gently worked across the surface until a thin and even uninterrupted coating was achieved. The purpose of the wax coating was to prevent further oxidation from occurring and to stablise the condition of the object. Future work may be carried out to create a replication of the style of handle that the blade would have been mounted in, this would aid in representation of what the original manufacturer would have intended.

#conservation #Siebe Gorman knife #metals

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marginsofmarga · 8 years ago

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#LoveLocal: Mischka Nature Essentials Review

Organic. Again. For real.

It's dominating the world like no other. It is an undeniable fact that we use cosmetics almost from the moment we wake up. Think of the number of cosmetics we use - we use them on a daily basis and often leave them on our skin for hours. A lot if people actually don't notice how some cosmetics they use contain harmful chemicals. Recent studies also show that carcinogens are present in the ingredients.

That is why, I'm going to share my happy experience with Mischka Nature Essentials which got me amazed.

Mischka Nature Essentials is a trusted shop since February 2012. To think of how long it stayed and still will, makes me trust the brand more. It promotes eco-friendly beauty products with varieties.

1. Whitening Body Butter

Aside from it's fast-absorbing, its ingredients are yogurt, milk, glycerine, soybean oil, coconut oil and bearberry extract. Okay, that sounds yummy and I can totally say that it's one heck of a soothingly fragrant lotion.

It is also suitable for all skin types and this can get you protected from the harmful rays of the sun. I love the sticky feeling it creates when I apply it on my skin because it really does absorb.

2, Lycopene Serum

Serums are very in demand today. And this lycopene serum is a different kind because it's pure organic. It has SPF10, CAN treat open or enlarged pores, prevent and heal acne, fight signs of aging, act as a natural sunscreen and promote glowing skin. It has tomato, aloe vera and cucumber extract.

I'm a fan of this one! Even my mom also is. When I tried this serum, it really gave what it said it can do. I felt like it gave me a different glow yet feeling natural. Not to mention how it smells, which can literally make you drool. Hands off to this product!

3. Creamy Matte Lipcolor

Lipstick junkies! This is a calling for you. The formula of the lipstick is smoothly creamy. When I did glide it on my lips, the pigment instantly shows. It also has a delicious smell mmmm.

It comes in three pretty shades:

Denise

Sofia

Mitzi

4. Matte Liquid Lipstick

A fan of Kylie lipkits? This one is totally a dupe for it but lesser the price. This is also my favorite because I admit that the lipstick stays longer that you could imagine. It's quick-drying, full opaque in one swipe, non sticky, complete matte finish, feels comfortable on the lips and is also made of natural ingredients like beeswax, sesame oil, vitamin a, c & e, ascorbic acid, iron oxides and hydrogenated micro-crystalline wax!

I got the shades:

Sangria

Deeprose

Ooh, right? It sounds something.

So that's it! Mischka Nature Essentials showcase a variety of quality products and it's wide really! Check them out on instagram: @mischkamain or visit their physical store located at Popculture, Trinoma Mall and District TwentyOne, LPI Residences Bagong Ilog Pasig City. You can also log on to www.mischkanatureessentials.com and go hoarding! Huge thanks to Ma'am Michelle for sending these products over.

Thanks for reading :)

Fierce and love,

Marga

#review #makeup #makeupjunkie #organic #skincare

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chemicalindustrynewsus · 5 years ago

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Wax Market Global Research Report, Size, Industry Share, Growth Opportunities to 2026

The global wax market is set to gain impetus from their increasing usage in a wide range of applications, such as plastic & rubber additives, candle manufacturing, cosmetics, adhesives, polishes, and coatings. Wax also provides protection to packaged goods from moisture. This information is given by Fortune Business Insights™ in a recent report, titled, “Wax Market Size, Share & Industry Analysis, By Product Type (Petroleum, Synthetic, Mineral and Animal & Plant), By Application (Candles, Packaging, Coating & Polishes, Hot-melt Adhesives, Cosmetic & Toiletries, Plastic & Rubber and Others) and Regional Forecast, 2019-2027.” The report further mentions that the wax market was valued at USD 7.28 billion in 2019 and is expected to reach USD 9.24 billion by 2027, thereby exhibiting a CAGR of 3.1% during the forecast period.

List of the Leading Companies Profiled in Wax Market Research Report are;

Sasol Limited (South Africa)

Sinopec (China)

Royal Dutch Shell PLC (Netherlands)

Exxon Mobil Corporation (USA)

The International Group Inc. (Canada)

Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. (Brazil)

The PJSC Lukoil Oil Company (Russia)

PDVSA (Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A.) (Venezuela)

Kerax Limited (UK)

Cargill, Inc. (USA)

Samin Chemical (Iran)

Drivers & Restraints:

Increasing Demand from Packaging Industry to Propel Growth

The demand for paraffin wax is high as it is used the most in corrugated packaging. This type of packaging is specially used to pack furniture, food, and similar other goods. The expansion of packaging sector in the developing regions worldwide would contribute to the wax market growth in the coming years. However, animal and plant-based wax involves high manufacturing cost. It may hamper growth.

Browse Summary of this Research Insights with Detailed TOC: https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/wax-market-102783

Segment:

Petroleum Segment to Grow Considerably Backed by Rising Usage of Paraffin

In terms of product type, the market is segregated into animal & plant, mineral, synthetic, and petroleum. Out of these, the petroleum segment held 63.5% wax market share in 2019 and would grow considerably throughout the forecast period. Petroleum products mainly consist of micro-crystalline type, petrolatum, and paraffin. Paraffin is the most commonly used product worldwide. It is highly versatile and possesses a low reactive nature. Therefore, it is best suited for several industrial applications. In addition to this, it is cost-effective, unlike the other types. The animal & plant segment would grow at a fast pace owing to the rising demand for non- carcinogenic, as well as bio-based non-toxic products.

Regional Analysis:

Asia Pacific to Lead Stoked by Abundant Availability of Raw Materials

#Wax Market

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databridgemarketresearchblog · 5 years ago

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Discover the Global Polyethylene Homopolymer Waxes Market gain impetus due to the growing demand over 2026

Market Analysis: Global Polyethylene Homopolymer Waxes Market

Global polyethylene homopolymer waxes market is expected to rise to an estimated value of USD 1.47 billion by 2026, registering a steady CAGR in the forecast period of 2019-2026. . The growth of this market can be attributed to the growing demand of polyethylene waxes in paper and textile industries in developed countries such as China and USA.

Key Market Competitors:

Few of the major competitors currently working in global polyethylene homopolymer waxes market are SCG Chemicals Co. Ltd, Mitsui Chemicals Inc, TRECORA RESOURCES, SQI Group, Synergy Additives, Kerax Limited, Micro Powders Inc, Westlake Chemical Corporation, Honeywell International Inc, Cosmic Petrochem Private Limited, DEUREX AG, The Lubrizol Corporation, BASF SE, DuPont de Nemours, Inc., WIWAX, Clariant, Innospec among others.

Market Definition: Global Polyethylene Homopolymer Waxes Market

Polyethylene wax is a low atomic weight polyethylene homopolymer wax, connected as a predictable element for end formulation to better appearance and high warm properties for a wide scope of businesses such as plastic, paints and others. The polyethylene wax has high level of crystallinity on account of the property of usage in hydrocarbon waxes for relaxing. The assessment of this wax finds its application in the preparation of crucial compound such as beautifiers, concretes, paper covering and others.

Get Sample Analysis of Global Market Information: https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/request-a-sample/?dbmr=global-polyethylene-homopolymer-waxes-market

Market Drivers:

Increasing demand of polyethylene waxes in textile industry, paper coating, packaging and adhesives will propel the market growth

Low molecular weight boosts up its demand in food packaging industries which is driving the growth of the market

Increase demand of polyethylene waxes in household sector such as cosmetics, home decors and others is fuelling the market growth

Low production cost will boost up the market for polyethylene waxes

Market Restraints:

Stringent environmental rules and regulations of using plastic items can hamper the market growth

Stickiness of the plastic can restrain the growth of the market

High contamination of PET will hinder the market growth in the forecast period

Segmentation: Global Polyethylene Homopolymer Waxes Market

By Type

High Density Polyethylene Wax

Low Density Polyethylene Wax

Oxidized Polyethylene Wax

Micronized Polyethylene Wax

Acid-Modified Polyethylene

Others

By End- Use Industry

Plastic Industries

Paint Industries

Textile Industries

Printing Inks

Pulp & Paper Industries

Others

By Applications

Plastic

Paints

Packaging

Others

By Geography

North America

South America

Europe

Asia-Pacific

Middle East and Africa

U.S.

Canada

Mexico

Brazil

Argentina

Rest of South America

Germany

France

United Kingdom

Italy

Spain

Russia

Turkey

Belgium

Netherlands

Switzerland

Rest of Europe

Japan

China

South Korea

India

Australia

Singapore

Malaysia

Indonesia

Thailand

Philippines

Rest of Asia-Pacific

South Africa

Egypt

Saudi Arabia

United Arab Emirates

Israel

Rest of Middle East and Africa

Get TOC of Full Report: https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/toc/?dbmr=global-polyethylene-homopolymer-waxes-market

Key Developments in the Market:

In July 2018, The Central Asian state of Azerbaijan announced the launch of their first polypropylene production with the inauguration of SOCAR Polymer’s 184,000tpa plant. The main aim for the launch is to give a powerful boost to the country’s export potential along with expanding the growth of non-oil market of Azrbaijan

In May 2017, Orpic’s Plant launched a new product in the market for thermoforming applications which is a transparent material used in various sectors such as in food packaging, automotive industries and others. The main aim for the launch is to expand their product portfolio along with providing low economical and versatile polyethylene to the consumers which will increase its market share in future

Competitive Analysis:

Global polyethylene homopolymer waxes market is highly fragmented and the major players have used various strategies such as new product launches, expansions, agreements, joint ventures, partnerships, acquisitions, and others to increase their footprints in this market. The report includes market shares of polyethylene homopolymer waxes market for Global, Europe, North America, Asia-Pacific, South America and Middle East & Africa.

#Global Polyethylene Homopolymer Waxes Market

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mwbwoodturning · 6 years ago

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#grain #KnottyBowl #handmade #wooden #ShallowPlate #wood #WoodenGift #light #glossy #lathe

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journalmaterialscience-blog · 6 years ago

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juniper publishers Preparation of Nc-Si/A-Sio2 Multi-Layer Thin Film Specimens for TEM Cross-Section Observation by Cryo Argon Ion Slicing Abstract The nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si) thin films have received a wide attention in the field of third generation solar cells. In this work, the amorphous hydrogenated a-Si: H/a-SiO2 multi-layered films were deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD). Then the as-deposited thin film was annealed at 1100 °C to obtain nc-Si/a-SiO2 multilayer The structure of the as-deposited and annealed thin films was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. This article mainly reports about the Cryo Ar+ ion slicing (milling) method for the preparation of ultrathin nanocrystalline silicon and silicon dioxide (nc-Si/a-SiO2) multilayer specimen for cross-section transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) analyses. The Ar+ ion slicing method includes several initial preparation steps such as cutting, gluing and mechanical thinning. This slicing procedure results a minimum trial, high yield, and sufficiently thin cross-section without any artifacts for the high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observation. The textured multi-layers and the thickness of nc-Si/a-SiO2 were analysed from TEM and HRTEM images. The nanocrystalline Si of dimension about 10nm was observed in the crystalline layer. Keywords: Ar+ ion slicing; Nc-Si/a-SiO2 multi-layers; XTEM; XRD; Microstructure Abbreviations: (nc-Si): Nanocrystalline Silicon; (PECVD): Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition; (XRD): X-ray Diffraction; (HRTEM): High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy Go to Introduction Silicon multi-layered thin films are subject of the recent research to play a key role in solar cell technology. The morphological analyses of the textured nc-Si/a-SiO2 multilayer semiconducting thin films are significant for the fabrication of solar cells. Besides the intrinsic properties, the structural properties have a great impact on the performance based on the quality of the interface between the layers. Also, the reproducibility is important for the commercial production and textured thin layer with high quality is needed for high efficiency. Hence, the analyses of size, structure and morphology of the thin layers are important to fulfil the above said requirements. Recently, large efforts have been put on the manufacturing of thin films to improve the efficiency of amorphous and microcrystalline silicon based solar cells [1-6]. The main intention on the development of such materials in solar industry (3rd generation of solar cells) is to reduce the usage of materials and deposition costs, and also to increase the efficiency of the photovoltaic devices. The major issue to be solved is to shift the absorption in Si nanostructures to higher energies compared to the bulk material utilizing the quantum confinement effect, while ensuring an efficient charge carrier transport. The quantum confinement can be well controlled by the size of nanostructures and by the properties of the barrier material (SiO2) [7-9]. Hence, the nc-Si/a-SiO2 multi-layers of thin film were preferred for the investigation. A crucial part of this research is the micro structural analysis of the multi-layer films, whereby the factors of interests are the grain distribution, texture, thickness of the layer and orientation of film structure [10,11]. For such characterization, crosssectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) is a very essential tool enabling to study the structure, phase, defects and interfaces. The most convenient geometry to study the thin layers and their interfaces is to direct the electron beam perpendicular to the cross section of the film (layer). For such an analysis, it is necessary to make the film electron transparent in a direction perpendicular to the interfaces (film). The preparation of cross-sectional specimens is usually done by fabricating a sandwich structure (Si substrate/Thin film/Glue/Cover glass) and subsequently thinning it in the direction perpendicular to its cross-section (perpendicular to film surface) to make transparent (thickness of the order of <50nm) for electrons. The preparation of cross-section specimens is time-consuming, specimen-dependent and consequently a trial-and-error method. However the features of XTEM observations are more informative compare with the observations of scratched samples of thin films. In this paper, a Cryo Ar+ ion slicing (milling) procedure was successfully used for the preparation of (nc-Si/a- SiO2) specimen for TEM analyses. Go to Experimental Details Thin film fabrication Initially, amorphous hydrogenated a-Si: H/a-SiO2 multi-layered films were deposited in a radio frequency (13.56MHz) plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) system (SAMCO 220N) using SiH4 and N2O as precursor gases. Samples with total thickness of600 nm were prepared on Si (100) substrate in the form of multi-layers composed of alternating uniformly thick sub-layers (15nm a-SiO2 and 10nm a-Si: H) followed by a final SiO2 capping layer of the same thickness (Figure 1). First, always a thin a-SiO2 sub-layer was obtained by decomposition of N2O (120sccm) +SiH4 (60sccm) gas mixture applying an RF power of about 50W. Then a sub-layer of a-Si: H was deposited by decomposition of SiH4 (10% SiH4+90% Ar; 250sccm) applying an RF power of about 40W. The substrate temperature of 250 °C and the total reaction pressure of 67 Pa were held constant during the depositions on the grounded substrates. The deposition rate was about 1nm/s. Subsequently, the as-deposited multi-layered films were heat-treated (annealed) in a high-temperature vacuum chamber HTK 1200N (Anton Paar) at a temperature of 1100 °C in vacuum (at ~10'3Pa). Due to the heat treatment, the hydrogen is eliminated and the amorphous phase of the silicon is converted into nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si). Click here to view Large figure 1 XTEM specimen preparation Preliminary steps/procedure The multi-layer thin film cross-section preparation depends on Ar+ ions milling machine, in our case the Cryo Ion Slicer from JEOL was used. Samples for milling have to be fit in dimension 3x0.5x0.1mm of rectangular block (Figure 2) with parallel and perfectly polished surfaces. Thinning area will be created parallel with large surface of the block, and the intended layer must be perpendicular to the thin film surface for TEM observation. To accomplish the required conditions, the sample is prepared by diamond cutting and polishing. Initially, thin film is protected by 80μm thick cover glass glued with the sample at ~130 °C for 15min (using the G2 Epoxy Glue with hardener at a ratio of 10:1). The sandwich of substrate/thin film/glue/ cover glass was mounted with wax (melted at ~130 °C) on a clean glass plate with the substrate surface facing the glass plate. Further, thin rectangular pieces with dimensions approximately 0.5mmx2.5mm were cut by diamond saw cutter (Buehler- IsoMet). The pieces were arranged on a thick glass plate (cover glass facing down) and glued by white-wax with a piece of reference sample (100μm black twin-blade razor) to the glass plate. Then the glued thick glass was fixed in a centre-axis holder of the JEOL Handy Lap polisher. The base of the Si-substrate (0.7mm) was thinned down to a thickness of 0.5mm using 30μm, 6μm and 1μm diamond sheets, subsequently. Then the sides of the samples were polished with similar procedure to get smooth surfaces. The samples were turned on one side, glued, polished and then turned on the other side, glued again and polished down to a thickness of 100μm which results the required sandwich structure with dimensions of 3mmx500μmx100μm as shown in Figure 2. Then a suitable piece for ion slicing was cleaned with acetone to remove the white wax and dirt. Click here to view Large figure 2 Preparation of TEM cross-section by two-step ion milling The ion slicing was carried out in a JEOL 1B-09060C1S cryo ion slicer with the ion accelerating voltage range of 1-8kV, milling speed of 5μm/min, incident angle of 4.5 °C and cooling temperature of the specimen stage -100 °C or less. The high vacuum conditions (pressure on the order of 10-4Pa) ensure an efficient evacuation of the particles sliced from the sample and thus a good efficiency and precision of the milling process. The ion source (gun on top) has the capacity to tilt ion beam from vertical to ±6 degrees. Before starting the use of the ion milling, it is necessary to complete the initial adjustment of the Ar gas (99.9999%) flow rate to optimized ion beam and position adjustment of the beam. Then, a cleaned specimen was mounted carefully on a specimen holder jig using an aligning standard kit. In the reported thin films, two types of slicing methods were used, namely the two-step method and the bulk sample method. In the two-step method, the sample is fixed in the ion slicer with the cover glass facing up, i.e., facing the ion gun. Then the shielding belt with a thickness of 10μm was introduced just above the specimen to prevent and make a thinner part of the sample. The acceleration voltage of 6.5kV and the tilt angle amplitude of 0 °C were set for the first step. The sample was milled by the ion source from above to create a thinning of the sandwich structure in the specimen (down to the bottom-substrate) with a thickness corresponding to the thickness of the cover belt (10μm). The width of the thinned area corresponds to the width of the ion beam. The sample was turned to the opposite side (with the substrate side facing the ion source) and the shielding belt was removed from the second step. The same acceleration voltage and pressure were maintained, but the beam tilt angle amplitude was set to 4.5° (for each 60s). The tilting of the ion source occurs in the plane perpendicular to the thinned surfaces. After a certain time, a “valley” forming in the cover glass reached the thin film layer. At this moment, a fine milling was introduced to remove the amorphous part and artifacts produced during milling to get a smooth surface of the cross-section. For the fine milling, an acceleration voltage of 2-2.5kV and beam tilt angle amplitude of 4.5 °C (30s) was applied for 10-15min. Finally, a thickness in the range from 10nm to 100nm was achieved in a small region in the area of the thin film (perpendicular to the cross-section of the thin film). A very thin cross-section of ~10nm could be used to obtain high resolution TEM images. The as-prepared specimen is shown in (Figure 3a). Click here to view Large figure 3 Preparation of TEM cross-section by the bulk sample ion milling (one step method) In the case of the bulk sample method, the initial procedures to fix the sample are the same as the two-step method. The beam tilt angle amplitude was set between 1.5-2° (60s) for the bulk method. The sample was milled to create a thin hole at the interface between the thin film and the cover glass as shown in Figure 3b. Tilting angle is connected to the position of the hole in the sample. The edges of the thin hole have a thickness of about 10-100nm. Once a region with brown colour developed, care had to be taken to prevent the formation of a large hole. At this moment, fine milling was introduced as in the case of the two- step method to get the XTEM specimen. Characterization by XRD, TEM and HR-TEM High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was carried out using the transmission electron microscope JEOL JEM 2200FS operated at 200kV (Schottky auto emission gun, point resolution 0.19nm) with an in-column energy fl-filter for EELS/EFTEM, a STEM unit and Oxford EDS X-Max detector. Images were recorded by the Gatan CCD camera with resolution of 2048x2048 pixels using the Digital Micrograph software package. The polished and sliced samples were manipulated using the NIKON optical microscope. The ion sliced samples were fixed on the copper O-ring using the G2 Epoxy Glue for the TEM observations. The X-ray diffraction experiments were carried out using an automatic powder X-ray diffracto meter X'Pert Pro (PANalytical) equipped with a point detector in asymmetric omega-2 theta geometry Copper Karadiation (λ=0.154nm) Was used as an X-ray source. The ceramic alumina from NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) was used as an instrumental standard. Go to Results And Discussion The crystalline phase analysis of the as-prepared a-Si: H/a- SiO2 and heat-treated (annealed) nc-Si/a-SiO2 thin film structures from X-ray diffraction is presented in Figure 4. The annealed thin film of nc-Si/a-SiO2 deposited on c-Si substrate shows the diffraction peaks at 28.5 °C, 47.5 °C and 56.3 °C corresponding to nc-Si orientations of (111), (220) and (311) planes, respectively, which are declined from the film surface about 13.75°, 23.25° and 27.65°. But, there was no significant diffraction observed for the as-deposited amorphous a-Si: H/a-SiO2 thin films. Hence, it confirms that the annealing makes the amorphous Si layer into nanocrystalline Si layer. No significant preferred orientation of crystallites against the film surface was observed. Figure 5 shows the TEM images of the nc-Si/a-SiO2 multi-layers. The stacked layers are clearly identified by TEM and the periodic structure was still maintained even after thermal annealing at high temperature (1100 °C). In (Figure 5 ), the 600nm thick nc-Si/a- SiO2 multi-layers are shown between the glue layer and the Si substrate. The layers were grown alternately in order to increase the light capturing property of the solar cell. The multi-layered, textured structure is responsible for the surface light scattering (bulk scattering) due to the heterogeneity of the deposited thin layers [12,13]. (Figure 5 ) shows the silicon L map of the nc-Si/a- SiO2 layers from EFTEM (Energy Filtered TEM), which clearly shows the contrast between crystalline and amorphous regions. The homogeneous amorphous and crystalline sequences of nc-Si and a-SiO2 layers are shown in (Figure 5 ). The shrinkage in the crystalline layers occurred due to the heat-treatment causing the formation of a denser polycrystalline layer. The a-SiO2 layers are still amorphous since their conversion to crystalline silica would require a very high temperature. Click here to view Large figure 4 Click here to view Large figure 5 Click here to view Large figure 6 The amorphous and crystalline phases of a-SiO2 and Si are observed clearly from the HRTEM micrographs shown in Figure 6. The thickness of the nc-Si and SiO2 is about 10nm and 15nm, respectively. The size of the nc-Si was found to be in the range from 8 to 10nm. The SAED spectra in Figure 6 confirmed the diffraction of electrons from the polycrystalline Si planes (111), (220) and (311). Go to Conclusion Multilayer nc-Si/a-SiO2 thin film structures were obtained by heat-treatment at 1100 °C from PECVD grown a-Si: H/a-SiO2 multi-layer thin films. Samples of the nc-Si/a-SiO2 film for crosssectional TEM (XTEM) were successfully prepared using the Cryo Ar ion slicing by two different procedures. Very thin (up to 10nm) XTEM specimens without any artefacts were successfully prepared by this method. The amorphous and crystalline phases of the Si structures in the as-prepared and annealed thin films were analysed by X-ray diffraction. The lattice planes of the nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si) structure were indexed for the prominent planes observed from X-ray diffraction. The TEM and HRTEM micrographs of the 600nm thick nc-Si/a-SiO2 multi-layers were observed clearly. The average thicknesses of the nc-Si and a-SiO2layers were 10nm and 15nm, respectively The nanocrystals in the Si layers extended up to the boundary of a-SiO2. The size of the nanocrystals was found to be in the range from 8 to 10nm. The XTEM observations of the specimens prepared by Cryo Ar ion slicing exhibit a good resolution of the individual layers in the multi-layer structures. For more Open Access Journals in Juniper Publishers please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/ for more details click on the juniper publishers material science

#Juniper Publishers #juniper publishers group #material science #composite materials #biological materials

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