#Lithium Derivatives Market

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Saw the tag so wanted to send an ask! Do you want to talk/infodump about the history of antipsychotics and how that relates to ASD because that sounds fascinating.

oh my god i got asked to infodump about my most special of interests. thank you so much, most-definitively-a-human, you have made my day.

Disclaimer: I am not a psychiatrist or mental health professional, and I have no experience of either psychosis or taking psychiatric medication, so I can't promise that the facts are 100% perfect, nor that I have an understanding of what these facts mean in day-to-day life. But the least I can do is try to understand, and hope that someone else finds this interesting, or, better yet, useful.

I cannot be bothered tracking down all my sources again, so if anything in this post is interesting to you, please fact-check it, because I can't promise it's going to be right. This is medical information, so, as this is a rambling tumblr post, please take it with a grain of salt.

Skip to the end for the discussion of how autism, schizophrenia, and the antipsychotics are linked. Most of this is just me infodumping about antipsychotics, since I find them so fascinating for some reason.

Trigger warning: This post discusses medical abuse of people with severe mental illness and neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as the side-effects of psychiatric medication. There is also some discussion of self-harm in autism. As such, tread carefully.

A short(-ish) history of antipsychotics

In 1953, a new medication hit the market. Its name was chlorpromazine, and it belonged to a family of chemicals called the phenothiazines. The phenothiazines contained a lot of very, very revolutionary/historically significant meds – some highlights include methylene blue, an antimalarial that happened to be the first ever fully synthetic medication (which, due to its original purpose being 'fabric dye', had the convenient side effect of making your urine go blue); and phenbenzamine, which was not the first antihistamine ever (that honour goes to piperoxan, which is too toxic to use in humans), but was the first that was safe for use in humans. Phenbenzamine was very, very sedating, and from it, we got another compound, fenethazine. From fenethazine, we then got two derivatives: promethazine, and chlorpromazine.

Promethazine is an antihistamine, and like most old antihistamines, it's very sedating. As such, scientists tested whether promethazine worked for sedating people—and, indeed, it worked as a pretty good sedative. Its younger cousin, chlorpromazine, synthesised in 1950, also was very, very sedating. So, someone gave it to a psychiatric patient who was having a manic episode, and then, something cool happened. That is, the manic patient wasn't manic anymore.

Okay—so, chlorpromazine was sedating in a way that meant it could have some potential for previously difficult-to-treat psychiatric syndromes. (From memory, I'm fairly sure that lithium was around at the time, but frustratingly, not all mania responds to lithium. I don't know whether this patient had been trialled on lithium—all I know is that chlorpromazine worked for him.) So, it was trialled on quite a few psychiatric patients with schizophrenia, and they, too, seemed better.

Now, chlorpromazine, being related to promethazine, had a similar side-effect profile to most old antihistamines. That is, it made you eepy beyond belieepy (i'm sorry). This sedation was also accompanied, rather horrifyingly, by apathy, psychomotor retardation (thinking and moving much slower—I once saw someone online liken it to moving 'through molasses'), and emotional quieting. This triad—not moving, not wanting, and not expressing—was known as neurolepsis, and was originally thought to indicate that the drugs were working well. However, this wasn't necessarily true—in part, that's because schizophrenia spectrum disorders have negative, as well as positive, symptoms, and neurolepsis is basically a combination of actively worsened negative symptoms and physical/mental slowing. So, chlorpromazine made the psychosis better, but also induced neurolepsis, as well as several other side-effects (including but not limited to: reversible Parkinson's-like motor symptoms; orthostatic hypotension, which is when your blood pressure plummets when you stand; and anticholinergic effects, which I'm going to get back to later). Chlorpromazine was wonderful because it meant that finally, patients could deal with psychosis in a way that meant they didn't have to be institutionalised, and because it meant that much, much worse treatments (looking at you, insulin shock therapy) could finally be discarded. Chlorpromazine was awful, because, in addition to its awful side-effects, it wasn't always given consensually, and could be used to abuse and harm patients. Such is still an ongoing problem with antipsychotics—while they have revolutionised psychiatry and allowed many people to live much, much better lives, they've also indubitably been used to harm so many people. This is why it's crucial to have informed consent in psychiatry—and while I don't know how to handle this when a person is going through florid psychosis and is probably very, very scared, we ought to do much better than we are at the moment.

Due to the neurolepsis-inducing side-effect profile, chlorpromazine was deemed a neuroleptic. Most people will use the terms 'neuroleptic' (neurolepsis-inducer) and 'antipsychotic' interchangeably—however, the categories are a venn diagram, not a circle. There are some antipsychotics with only very mild neuroleptic effects (we'll get back to this), and some neuroleptics that aren't antipsychotic—for example, if you've ever the taken over-the-counter antinauseal/migraine relief drug called metoclopramide (Anagraine, Paramax, MigraMax, Metozolv, Reglan, etc), you've taken a neuroleptic. Neuroleptics are dopamine antagonists—that is, they bind to the receptor for dopamine in the brain, which means dopamine can't bind to that receptor, so you can't get the effects of dopamine at that bit. This basically explains neurolepsis as a syndrome, since dopamine is associated with reward pathways and movement; less dopamine in the reward pathways -> emotion blunting, lost motivation; less dopamine in the movement pathway -> i can't fricken' move, can't fricken' move emotionally, Parkinson's-like symptoms (Parkinson's is in part due to a dopamine deficiency in certain movement-related bits of the brain).

The antipsychotics allowed for de-institutionalisation to occur, and also gave rise to the tricyclic antidepressants, as imipramine (the first tricyclic antidepressant) is a chlorpromazine derivative. Fun! Problem was, these older psychiatric drugs tended to have fairly intolerable side-effects. So, the first-generation antipsychotics were by and large very neuroleptic—as such, we needed less neuroleptic antipsychotics for them to be tolerable. This started to happen around the 1990s and onwards, when the second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs)—olanzapine, risperidone, amisulpride, aripiprazole, quetiapine, etc.—started coming out. These SGAs bound to serotonin as well as dopamine receptors, and tended to have fewer motor side-effects than their older counterparts. They came with their own set of extra side-effects, however—some that come to mind are prolactin elevation (sexual side-effects), and appetite increases or decreases (this is not necessarily a bad thing)—but they're generally considered more tolerable, and while they're sedating, they're considered not to induce neurolepsis to the same degree. As such, they're called atypical (where typical means 'cue the neurolepsis and motor symptoms).

The problem with the typical/atypical split, however, is that most atypicals aren't quite as atypical as they're said to be. Every single atypical antipsychotic except for quetiapine and clozapine can still be linked to motor symptoms, and all of 'em can be linked to sedation of some degree. Moreover, one nasty motor side-effect of neuroleptics AND antipsychotics is this thing called tardive dyskinesia—tardive meaning late-onset, dyskinesia meaning unwanted/uncontrolled movements. So, over time, we go from Parkinson's-like symptoms (less movement) to tardive dyskinesia (more, unwanted movements), which is irreversible and sometimes progressive—the only way to deal with it is to switch to another antipsychotic and hope that it doesn't have the same effect, which is great, except if you've otherwise got a nice balance of symptom management and side-effects, that's a horrible curveball. The atypicals are said to cause tardive dyskinesia at much lower rates... except people still get TD on the atypicals. Moreover, most folks who are still taking typical antipsychotics have probably been on them longer than those on the atypicals, since people don't tend to try chlorpromazine first when quetiapine or olanzapine is more likely to do a better job of attenuating psychosis while inducing fewer adverse effects. As such, part of the difference in TD rates may be due to time, since TD develops in the long term. So, most atypicals aren't as atypical as is said.

Moreover, to split more hairs, just as antipsychotics and neuroleptics are a Venn diagram, SGAs and atypicals are also a Venn diagram, rather than a perfect overlap, due to the existence of one pesky compound called clozapine. Clozapine is pesky on several levels. Clozapine is reserved for those who've tried at least two other antipsychotics and found that they didn't fit, and this is because of its side-effects. Clozapine has a small chance of a potentially life-threatening side-effect called agranulocytosis—technically, almost all antipsychotics can cause agranulocytosis, but clozapine is the most likely to do it. If you get regular blood testing, which you will, if you take clozapine, you'll probably be fine. Otherwise, clozapine is the most atypical antipsychotic we have side-effects wise (of course, YMMV for individuals, since the human body doesn't behave according to textbooks), though it still has MANY side-effects, and it's also more likely than the others to be very effective for attenuating psychosis. (I say 'likely' because everyone's brain chemistry is different, so saying 'this drug is better than this drug' just isn't true, because different compounds work differently for different people. Some people will benefit nicely from haloperidol or perphenazine, others from ariprazole, and others will benefit most from taking mood stabilisers, instead of antipsychotics.) Clozapine is also a somewhat old antipsychotic, having been first put onto the market in 1972. But it tends to get lumped in with the SGAs simply because it's so atypical, which leads me back to the point: most atypicals aren't 100% atypical, and drug categorisation in psychiatry is confusing.

One other side-effect that antipsychotics tend to have is that they're usually very anticholinergic. Anticholinergic drugs reduce levels of a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine, which is very important for memory, movement, and so, so much more. However, the reason I mention memory is that most antipsychotics are contraindicated (recommended against) in those with dementia-related psychosis, primarily since depleting memory chemicals is the last thing you wanna do in someone with a major neurocognitive disorder. This is also why we need to be careful prescribing anticholinergics in those over 65. For the record: most severe mental illnesses tend to have some degree of neurodegenerative effect, which is why medication is so, so important, as it prevents that illness-related neurodegeneration: as such, taking an antipsychotic will prevent schizophrenia/bipolar/major depression-related cognitive decline and worsened illness, but may also have some subtle cognitive effects that probably balance out with those of the illness. It's something to monitor over time, but not something to be scared of.

I've harped on a lot about SIDE EFFECTS SIDE EFFECTS SIDE EFFECTS, so this is a reminder—if the name of a certain medication has been brought up here as associated with a side-effect, that doesn't mean the medication is necessarily bad. Antipsychotics have done a lot of good for many people, and so long as they are prescribed consensually, they will continue to be invaluable.

Also: not everyone who takes an antipsychotic has psychosis, and not every with psychosis takes antipsychotics. Medications don't necessarily indicate what illness someone has—they just help with symptoms, and antipsychotics can help with a heckuva lotta symptoms when used well.

Okay, great. How does this relate to autism, aside from that being proof that you, the author, meet criterion B3 for ASD?

We're almost there.

Several early theories of autism conceptualised it as a pervasive, childhood-onset form of schizophrenia ('childhood schizophrenia' and 'autism' have historically been used synonymously at times). Notably, several of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders can be considered similar to the executive and social symptoms of autism—autism has its own positive set of symptoms, and schizophrenia its own positive symptoms, but there's an overlap between negative symptoms of the two. Autism was originally the name Eugene Bleuler gave to the way schizophrenic patients tended to withdraw into a fantasy world of their own—that is, withdrawing into an inaccessible inner world, rather than reality. While schizophrenic autism isn't nearly as relevant a clinical concept anymore, it's kinda funny how the two diagnoses diverged from that point.

It's also worth noting that schizophrenia spectrum disorders are probably neurodevelopmental, and both schizophrenia-spec disorders and autism feature enlarged ventricles in the brain. But correlation is not causation—this commonality may not mean anything. In schizospec disorders, ventricle enlargement tends to link to greater untreated duration of illness (as a visible sign of neurodegeneration), while in autism, I think it's just there. Not sure on that one, though. Not all people with ASD or schizospec disorders necessarily have enlarged ventricles, either—it's just a thing that seems worth noting.

Further, the predominant theory of how schizophrenia spectrum disorders work is that there is dopamine dysregulation—that is, some bits of the brain are getting too much, causing positive symptoms, and others are not getting enough, causing negative symptoms. Either that, or dopamine metabolism isn't working properly. We largely figured out that dopamine is probably involved in schizospec disorders by working backwards from the mechanism of action of the antipsychotics: that is, neuroleptics suppress dopamine, and dopamine suppression makes psychosis less bad—therefore, dopamine is involved in psychosis. But it's likely more complex than that, in part because not all people with schizospec disorders will respond to antidopaminergic drugs, and in part because SGAs are generally more likely to be effective than first-gen antipsychotics, and SGAs target more than just dopamine. One other theory posits that NMDA, which is a subtype of the neurotransmitter called glutamate, may also be involved. I'm not going to try to explain it here, since I don't know enough about the NMDA theory to be able to coherently string together a sentence about it. But, keep reading.

We don't entirely understand the mechanism behind autism. It probably involves synaptic pruning to some extent. It may also involve having an overactive brain, in part due to lack of pruning meaning that there is no brain highway so much as a network of ratruns that get clogged up very easily, and in part because GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter we have, isn't doing something right. I think it's interesting that NMDA, a form of glutamate, might have links to psychosis, and that autism also probably involves something weird with glutamate, but I also don't know enough to say whether this is just a weird coincidence or if it's actually relevant. Nevertheless, even if it is a coincidence, I do find it funny to note these commonalities considering the historical links between the diagnoses.

It's also notable that autistic people experience psychosis at higher rates than allistic folks—I'm pretty sure schizospec disorder rates are also elevated among autistic folks—and I'm semi-sure autism is also more common in those with schizospec disorders than in those without.

Okay, now to where the meds come in.

Autism can cause varying levels of disability, ranging from those who need relatively little support to those who need full-time care. Often, higher support needs (HSN) autistics tend to have more dramatic self-injurious behaviours, and may struggle more with controlling aggression, with eloping, and other behaviours that are harmful to both themselves and others.

And I'm less-than-comfortable with how modern psychiatry has chosen to deal with this.

The only drug that's approved for treating these behaviours in ASD is risperidone, a second-gen antipsychotic. Some people will find that risperidone works really well for their psychosis—it's an effective drug! —but when it's used in ASD, it's not there to treat psychosis, usually, but to treat aggression, self-injury, and such.

Thing is, the use of risperidone for this purpose is basically an attempt to sedate the autistic child into not doing these things. I'm a low support needs (LSN) autistic who's never taken psychiatric medication, so it's not really my place to judge this as a tactic. I understand that things that some of us initially flinch at, such as putting HSN autistic children on leashes, is the right thing to do if the child is likely to elope, and I understand that if a child is going to hurt themself badly, they need help. But on the other hand, I have reservations since antipsychotics have been used unethically through history, and continue to be used unethically in certain situations. In some cases, antipsychotics may be helpful for autistic children, and I don't know enough to comment, but it's also profoundly uncomfortable to contemplate the fact that certain medications that are infamous for having horrible side-effects are being used on people who may not be able to provide informed consent. It's an ethical conundrum, since if it is the best way to prevent harm, then it's important that we don't flinch on instinct, but I also really, really hope that the HSN autistic people's needs and comfort are being taken into consideration in these circumstances, since both historically and today, HSN autistic people have been treated as subhuman in so, so many circumstances.

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Kia EV3 Electric Car Lease

But how will the new EV3 perform - is it a good EV? The brand have confirmed two battery derivatives will be available for the UK market including:

EV3 Standard Range - the 55 kWh lithium-ion battery will offer 0 – 62 times of 7.5 seconds, 106 mph top speeds and 150 kW (or 201 hp). This model is a FWD option. Expect a combined winter range of 170 miles with warmer weather allowing for 230 miles - 200 miles combined. On charging, the 11 kW AC max will allow 6 hour 0 – 100% charging times with the 100 kW DC maximum allowing 32 minute 10 – 80% times. This has a cargo volume of 460L and vehicle fuel equivalent of 147 mpg. The EV3 will feature bidirectional charging - a 3.6kW AC Vehicle-to-Load (V2L). An indoor and outdoor port means you can power external devices too; and

EV3 Long Range - the 78 kWh lithium-ion battery will offer 0 – 62 times of 7.7 seconds, 106 mph top speeds and 150 kW (or 201 hp). This model is a FWD option. Expect a combined winter range of 235 miles with warmer weather allowing for 320 miles - 280 miles combined. On charging, the 11 kW AC max will allow 8 hour and 30 min 0 – 100% charging times with the 135kW DC maximum allowing 33 minute 10 – 80% times. This has a cargo volume of 460L and vehicle fuel equivalent of 145 mpg. The EV3 will feature bidirectional charging - a 3.6kW AC Vehicle-to-Load (V2L). An indoor and outdoor port means you can power external devices too.

[hvsolarnsw]

Solar Energy Trends: What to Expect in the Next Five Years

Solar energy has emerged as a game-changing force in the global energy market, enabling countries, businesses, and individuals to reduce their carbon footprints while embracing cleaner, more sustainable sources of power. With advances in technology and growing public awareness about the need to mitigate climate change, the next five years promise even more rapid developments. Newcastle solar energy is poised to lead the way toward a greener future, and understanding the key trends will allow consumers and industry leaders to make informed decisions. Here’s what to expect in the near future: 

1. Expansion of Solar Energy Storage Solutions

One of the most transformative areas in solar energy is the growing focus on storage. While solar panels efficiently capture sunlight, one of the key challenges has been the intermittent nature of solar energy—what happens when the sun isn’t shining? The answer lies in energy storage systems, specifically solar batteries.

In the next five years, we’ll see a dramatic rise in the adoption of advanced storage solutions. Lithium-ion batteries, which currently dominate the market, will continue to evolve, offering greater capacity, reduced charging times, and lower costs. However, other energy storage technologies, such as solid-state batteries and flow batteries, are emerging as potential game-changers. These newer technologies offer longer lifespans and higher efficiency, which could make solar storage even more affordable for homeowners and businesses.

In addition, governments and businesses will likely invest in large-scale battery farms to store excess solar energy for regional grids. Companies like Tesla and LG have already spearheaded the development of grid-scale battery solutions, with Tesla’s Megapack leading large solar projects. This will improve grid reliability and help balance supply and demand, making renewable energy more consistent and viable for widespread use.

2. Solar-Powered EV Infrastructure Expansion

Electric vehicles (EVs) are quickly becoming mainstream, thanks to falling prices, improved range, and growing public awareness of their environmental benefits. But powering EVs with electricity derived from fossil fuels defeats the purpose of reducing emissions. The solution? Solar-powered EV charging stations.

In the coming years, we’ll see a widespread rollout of solar-powered EV charging infrastructure, especially in urban areas, highways, and even in remote regions. These charging stations will utilise solar panels to generate clean energy, reducing the overall carbon footprint of electric vehicles. Countries like Norway, where EV adoption is high, and cities in the U.S. like Los Angeles and San Francisco, are already testing these systems, with plans to scale up over the next five years.

Moreover, home-based solar EV chargers will also become a common sight. Imagine pulling into your driveway after a long day at work and plugging your electric vehicle into a charging station powered by the solar panels on your roof. This will further integrate solar energy into everyday life, giving consumers greater control over their energy use and drastically reducing reliance on external power grids.

3. Breakthroughs in Solar Panel Efficiency and Materials

The efficiency of solar panels has always been a key metric in determining their viability for widespread use. Currently, most commercial solar panels operate at an efficiency rate of around 15-22%, meaning that a significant portion of sunlight is not converted into usable electricity. While this has been sufficient for many applications, the next five years are expected to see remarkable breakthroughs in efficiency.

Researchers are experimenting with materials like perovskites and multi-junction solar cells, which have the potential to drastically increase efficiency to 30% or higher. Perovskite, in particular, has garnered attention due to its relatively low cost and ability to absorb light across a broader spectrum than traditional silicon-based panels. Some experimental perovskite-silicon tandem cells have already reached efficiency levels close to 30%, and researchers predict commercial viability within the next few years.

Additionally, bifacial solar panels, which capture sunlight on both sides of the panel, are expected to gain popularity. These panels, when installed in areas with reflective surfaces, can generate up to 25% more electricity than traditional solar panels. Combined with advanced coatings and tracking systems, solar panel efficiency will improve, making it possible to generate more power with fewer panels.

4. Integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and IoT in Solar Systems

Artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) are no longer just buzzwords; they are becoming integral to solar energy systems. Over the next five years, the integration of AI and IoT in solar systems will optimise energy production and management in unprecedented ways.

AI can analyse weather patterns, historical data, and energy consumption trends to predict energy needs and adjust solar panel operations accordingly. This will improve the efficiency of solar systems by ensuring they produce energy when it’s most needed. IoT devices such as smart inverters, sensors, and metres will be able to communicate with one another, creating a network of devices that can manage power generation, consumption, and storage in real-time.

For example, in residential solar installations, smart inverters could automatically adjust panel orientations or send alerts if there’s a drop in performance. On a larger scale, AI-driven solar farms could manage energy distribution, directing stored power to areas of high demand and preventing energy waste. This smart approach will also help reduce downtime and maintenance costs as systems will be monitored 24/7, detecting potential issues before they escalate.

5. Community Solar Projects and Shared Energy Models

While residential solar systems are growing in popularity, not everyone has the resources or the right property conditions to install solar panels. Community solar projects, where multiple households or businesses share the benefits of a larger solar array, are expected to gain traction in the next five years. These projects allow participants to subscribe to a portion of the solar energy produced, receiving credits on their electricity bills for their share of the power.

The rise of community solar is particularly beneficial for renters, condo owners, and people living in shaded or densely populated urban areas. According to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), more than half of U.S. homes are unsuitable for rooftop solar installations. By participating in community solar programs, these individuals can still benefit from clean energy without the upfront costs or installation challenges.

Countries like the U.S. and Australia are leading the charge in promoting community solar projects, and with more local and national governments offering incentives, we can expect a surge in these collaborative energy models.

6. Solar Adoption in Developing Regions

While developed countries have led the solar revolution, many developing regions have only recently begun tapping into its potential. In areas like sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and parts of Latin America, solar energy represents an opportunity to leapfrog traditional energy infrastructure. Over the next five years, we can expect to see significant growth in solar installations in these regions.

Countries like India are already setting ambitious solar targets, aiming to reach 280 GW of installed solar capacity by 2030. Meanwhile, in Africa, decentralised solar energy systems are helping communities without access to electricity get off the ground. Solar-powered microgrids and solar home systems are becoming a lifeline for rural areas, providing power for essential services like healthcare, education, and small businesses.

International organisations and private companies are also stepping in to finance solar projects in these regions, recognizing the immense economic and environmental benefits. The increased affordability of solar panels, combined with global efforts to promote renewable energy, will enable more developing nations to transition away from fossil fuels and toward sustainable, decentralised energy systems.

7. Focus on Solar Panel Recycling and Circular Economy Solutions

As solar energy adoption continues to rise, one challenge looming on the horizon is the management of end-of-life solar panels. Solar panels typically have a lifespan of 25-30 years, and as the first generation of large-scale installations begins to age, recycling and disposal will become a critical issue.

In the next five years, the solar industry will need to address the recyclability of panels and ensure that old systems do not become a burden on landfills. There are already initiatives underway to create a circular economy within the solar industry. Companies like First Solar are developing solar panel recycling programs that recover up to 95% of the panel’s materials, including glass, metals, and semiconductors.

Governments are also likely to introduce stricter regulations and incentives for recycling solar equipment. As the industry scales, innovations in sustainable production, reusability, and recycling will ensure that solar energy remains as eco-friendly as its promise suggests.

8. Solar's Role in the Decentralised Energy Grid

The rise of solar energy is contributing to a fundamental shift in how we produce and distribute electricity. Traditionally, energy has been generated at large power plants and delivered through centralised grids. However, solar power enables a more decentralised approach, where energy is produced close to where it is consumed.

Over the next five years, we will see a growing number of “prosumers” — individuals who both produce and consume energy. Homeowners with solar panels can sell excess electricity back to the grid or store it in batteries for later use. This decentralisation of energy production will make the grid more resilient and adaptable, reducing the risk of widespread blackouts and increasing energy independence.

Microgrids, which can operate independently of the main grid, will also become more prevalent. These systems can be powered by solar energy and provide electricity during emergencies or in areas without reliable access to the grid. As extreme weather events become more frequent due to climate change, decentralised solar-powered microgrids will offer a valuable solution for maintaining energy security.

The next five years will undoubtedly be a pivotal time for the solar energy industry. From technological advancements in energy storage and panel efficiency to the expansion of solar infrastructure for electric vehicles and the rise of community solar projects, the trends shaping the future of solar energy will make it more efficient, accessible, and widespread. As solar continues to integrate with emerging technologies like AI and IoT, its role in decentralising energy systems and addressing climate change will only grow. With these innovations, the promise of a renewable energy future is closer than ever before.

[dh5ryxhgbctgr]

Australia Lithium Metal Battery Market Analysis and Future Growth Strategies 2024 - 2032

The lithium metal battery market in Australia is witnessing remarkable growth, driven by the increasing demand for energy storage solutions and the rise of electric vehicles (EVs). As one of the leading countries in mining lithium, Australia is poised to play a crucial role in the global transition to renewable energy and sustainable technologies. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the Australia lithium metal battery market, focusing on its current landscape, key players, market drivers, challenges, and future prospects.

Overview of Lithium Metal Batteries

What are Lithium Metal Batteries?

Lithium metal batteries are a type of rechargeable battery that uses lithium metal as the anode. They are known for their high energy density, lightweight nature, and long cycle life, making them ideal for various applications, including electric vehicles, consumer electronics, and grid energy storage.

Key Advantages of Lithium Metal Batteries

High Energy Density: Lithium metal batteries offer significantly higher energy density compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries, enabling longer-lasting power in smaller sizes.

Lightweight: The lightweight nature of lithium metal batteries makes them ideal for applications where weight is a critical factor, such as in electric vehicles and portable electronics.

Long Cycle Life: These batteries typically have a longer lifespan, which is beneficial for reducing waste and lowering overall costs in the long run.

Current State of the Australia Lithium Metal Battery Market

Market Overview

The Australia lithium metal battery market is expanding rapidly, fueled by the growing electric vehicle sector and the increasing need for energy storage solutions. As one of the largest producers of lithium globally, Australia has a significant advantage in terms of raw material supply.

Key Players

Several key players are prominent in the Australian lithium metal battery market:

Albemarle Corporation: A leading global producer of lithium and lithium derivatives, Albemarle is heavily involved in lithium extraction and battery production.

Orocobre Limited: This company focuses on the production of lithium carbonate and is expanding its operations to meet rising demand for lithium batteries.

Galaxy Resources: A prominent player in lithium production, Galaxy Resources is developing technologies for lithium metal batteries and related applications.

Drivers of Market Growth

Rising Demand for Electric Vehicles

The increasing adoption of electric vehicles is one of the primary drivers of the lithium metal battery market in Australia. Government incentives, consumer awareness, and advancements in EV technology are contributing to this surge in demand.

Renewable Energy Initiatives

Australia's commitment to renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, is creating a growing need for efficient energy storage solutions. Lithium metal batteries are well-suited for storing renewable energy, further driving market growth.

Advancements in Battery Technology

Ongoing research and development in battery technology are leading to innovations that enhance the performance and safety of lithium metal batteries. These advancements are making lithium metal batteries more attractive for a wide range of applications.

Challenges Facing the Australia Lithium Metal Battery Market

Supply Chain Constraints

Despite its abundance of lithium resources, Australia faces challenges related to the supply chain, including logistics and processing capabilities. Ensuring a stable supply of high-quality lithium for battery production is crucial for market growth.

Environmental Concerns

Lithium extraction and battery production have raised environmental concerns, particularly regarding water usage and habitat disruption. Addressing these concerns is essential for sustainable growth in the lithium metal battery market.

Competition from Alternative Technologies

The rapid development of alternative battery technologies, such as solid-state batteries and sodium-ion batteries, poses a challenge to the lithium metal battery market. These alternatives may offer similar or superior performance, impacting market dynamics.

Future Prospects

Growth of Battery Recycling

As the demand for lithium metal batteries increases, so does the importance of recycling. Developing effective recycling technologies will be crucial for sustainability and reducing environmental impact, thereby boosting market growth.

Expanding Market Applications

The applications for lithium metal batteries are expected to expand beyond electric vehicles and consumer electronics to include larger-scale energy storage systems for renewable energy integration. This diversification will drive further market growth.

Strategic Partnerships and Investments

Collaborations between mining companies, battery manufacturers, and technology firms will play a significant role in advancing the lithium metal battery market in Australia. Strategic investments in R&D and infrastructure will enhance the sector's competitiveness.

Conclusion

The Australia lithium metal battery market is on a growth trajectory, driven by rising demand for electric vehicles, renewable energy initiatives, and advancements in battery technology. While challenges such as supply chain constraints and environmental concerns exist, the market presents substantial opportunities for innovation and development. As Australia continues to leverage its lithium resources and expand its capabilities in battery production, it is well-positioned to play a critical role in the global transition to sustainable energy solutions.

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Medium Voltage Cables Market Analysis

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Price: [price_with_discount] (as of [price_update_date] - Details) [ad_1] Ravemen Lighting. Ravemen is derived from their passion for bike riding and concern for bike riders as well as others’ safety. Coming from different areas of the bicycle industry and being biking enthusiasts, engaging in night riding is quite normal for us. To our regret, most of the high-output bike lights on the market have no anti-glare capability, which is dangerous to oncoming traffic, and as a result places them at great risk. In fact, many people have had the experience of being dazzled by high lumen bike lights, and Ravemen believe that every rider also tries not to disturb others while enjoying the fun of riding. Based on such perception and being inspired by automotive headlights, the idea of applying a similar design to bike lights came into their minds. Through the entire process of conceiving, designing, proofing, testing and adjusting, they finally made it! That means the world’s first bike light with a simulation of the design of automotive headlights is available. Combining high quality and durable material with innovative design, along with the concern for riders and others’ safety which has been fused into their genes, Ravemen promise their products will be not only reliable and easy-to-use to improve your riding experience, but also a trusted companion that will earn you respect from others. DuaLens optical low beam, providing broad flood light with cut-off line for commuting, no dazzle and glare for oncoming riders and pedestrians. Dual LEDs for HiLo beam system, providing illuminating light similar to automotive headlight with far reaching high beam and low beam. LED real-time display to show remaining runtime in each brightness level. Wired remote button to change brightness levels safely without releasing the grip. USB-C charging port, compatible with most phone chargers. USB output to charge portable digital devices. Quick release design for easily slide in and out. Compatible with aero and round handlebars. LED: 2*high-efficiency white LEDs. Battery: 3200mAh/3.7V rechargeable Lithium-ion battery. Dimensions (Headlight): 85mm (L)*48mm (W)*27mm (H). Weight (Headlight): 163g. Materials: The front and main body is made by aluminum with Mil Type III Hard Coat Anodizing; the rear part and the handlebar mount are made by durable plastic. Design and specifications are subject to change without notice. [ad_2]

[chemanalystdata]

Propylene Carbonate Price | Prices | Pricing | News | Database | Chart

 Propylene Carbonate is a versatile chemical compound widely used in various industrial applications, including as a solvent, in lithium-ion batteries, and as an intermediate in chemical syntheses. Over the years, the market for propylene carbonate has witnessed fluctuations in its prices due to multiple factors. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for industries relying on the compound, as shifts in price can directly affect their production costs and profitability. Several factors have influenced propylene carbonate prices, including raw material availability, global demand, supply chain disruptions, and geopolitical factors.

One of the primary factors that impact the pricing of propylene carbonate is the cost and availability of raw materials. Propylene carbonate is produced from propylene oxide, a petroleum derivative. Therefore, any fluctuations in crude oil prices directly affect the cost of propylene oxide, subsequently influencing propylene carbonate prices. For instance, during periods when crude oil prices surge, manufacturers experience increased production costs, which are often passed down to consumers in the form of higher prices for propylene carbonate. Similarly, when crude oil prices stabilize or decline, the cost of propylene carbonate tends to follow suit, providing relief to downstream industries that depend on it.

Get Real Time Prices for Propylene Carbonate: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/propylene-carbonate-1272

In addition to raw material costs, global demand for propylene carbonate plays a crucial role in determining its price. The chemical is extensively used in industries such as electronics, pharmaceuticals, and automotive manufacturing, particularly in lithium-ion batteries. With the rising demand for electric vehicles (EVs), the need for lithium-ion batteries has surged, leading to increased demand for propylene carbonate. This heightened demand, especially from the automotive sector, has contributed to upward pressure on prices. As more governments worldwide push for cleaner energy solutions and electric mobility, the demand for lithium-ion batteries and, consequently, propylene carbonate is expected to grow, potentially causing prices to rise further in the long term.

The supply chain is another critical factor that influences propylene carbonate prices. Any disruptions in the supply chain, whether due to logistical challenges, natural disasters, or geopolitical tensions, can lead to reduced availability of the chemical in the market. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, global supply chains were severely disrupted, leading to a shortage of many raw materials, including those needed for the production of propylene carbonate. As a result, prices spiked due to the limited supply and high demand. Additionally, the complex nature of transporting chemicals, which requires stringent safety measures, can sometimes contribute to delays, further complicating the supply situation and pushing prices higher.

Geopolitical factors also play a significant role in shaping the price trends of propylene carbonate. Countries that are major producers of crude oil or propylene oxide can influence the global supply of propylene carbonate through their trade policies and regulations. Any imposition of tariffs or sanctions on key producing nations can disrupt the flow of raw materials, leading to price increases. For instance, tensions between major oil-producing countries or trade disputes involving large economies can cause fluctuations in the availability of raw materials needed for propylene carbonate production. As a result, manufacturers may face higher costs, which translate into increased prices for end-users.

Environmental regulations have also become an increasingly important factor in determining propylene carbonate prices. As governments around the world implement stricter environmental regulations, chemical manufacturers are under pressure to adopt cleaner and more sustainable production methods. While this transition is essential for reducing the environmental impact of chemical manufacturing, it often comes with higher production costs. These costs are typically passed on to consumers, leading to higher prices for products like propylene carbonate. For example, investments in cleaner technologies or the need to comply with environmental regulations regarding waste management and emissions can increase production costs, ultimately affecting pricing.

The regional supply and demand balance also contributes to price variations in the propylene carbonate market. Different regions may experience varying levels of demand based on industrial activity and regulatory environments. For instance, regions with strong automotive and electronics sectors, such as Asia-Pacific, tend to see higher demand for propylene carbonate due to the widespread use of lithium-ion batteries in these industries. In contrast, regions with slower economic growth or fewer industries reliant on propylene carbonate may experience lower demand, leading to potential price differences. Additionally, the availability of production facilities in certain regions can influence local prices, with regions that have a high concentration of production plants typically benefiting from more stable pricing.

Technological advancements and innovation in production methods also have the potential to impact the pricing of propylene carbonate. As manufacturers develop more efficient and cost-effective ways to produce the chemical, they may be able to reduce production costs and offer lower prices to the market. For example, improvements in catalyst technology or the development of alternative production methods that use renewable resources could potentially lower the cost of propylene carbonate over time. However, the implementation of new technologies often requires significant upfront investment, which may initially lead to higher prices before cost savings are realized.

In summary, the price of propylene carbonate is influenced by a combination of factors, including raw material costs, global demand, supply chain dynamics, geopolitical influences, environmental regulations, regional market conditions, and technological advancements. As the world continues to transition towards cleaner energy solutions and the demand for electric vehicles grows, the market for propylene carbonate is expected to remain dynamic. Monitoring these factors closely will be crucial for businesses that rely on propylene carbonate, as price fluctuations can significantly impact their operations. Companies in industries such as electronics, automotive, and pharmaceuticals will need to stay informed about market trends to navigate potential price changes effectively.

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Global Needle Coke Market, Market Size, Market Share, Key Players | BIS Research

The Global Needle Coke Market refers to the industry segment focused on the development, production, and distribution of building materials that have a reduced carbon footprint compared to traditional materials. These materials are designed to minimize greenhouse gas emissions throughout their lifecycle—from extraction, manufacturing, and transportation to use and disposal. 

The global needle coke market was valued at $3.05 billion in 2023, and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 7.99% and reach $6.58 billion by 2023 

Market Overview

Needle coke is a high-quality carbon material primarily used in the production of graphite electrodes, which are essential for electric arc furnaces in the steelmaking industry. Needle coke has a unique needle-like structure, high thermal conductivity, and low coefficient of thermal expansion, making it a crucial material for industries requiring strong, heat-resistant carbon.

Types of Needle Coke 

Petroleum based needle coke - Derived from petroleum refining byproducts, particularly decant oil or slurry oil.

Coal based needle coke- Produced from coal tar, a byproduct of the coke-making process in steel production.

Download the TOC and get more information @ Global Needle Coke Market 

Key Applications 

Graphite Electrodes for steelmaking - The primary application of needle coke is in the production of graphite electrodes, which are essential in electric arc furnaces (EAF) used for steel production. 

Lithium Ion Batteries - Needle coke is used to produce synthetic graphite anodes for lithium-ion batteries, a critical component in electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems.

Major Key Players  

Asbury Carbons

Gazpromneft

China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation

Shandong Jingyang Technology Co. Ltd

GrafTech International

Download the sample page click here@ Global Needle Coke Market 

Market Demand Driver: Carbon Reduction Mandates and Environmental Standards

The needle coke market is poised for significant growth, propelled by the increasing adoption of the electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking process and the mounting pressure to achieve carbon neutrality targets. Sustainability considerations are reshaping the steel industry; the EAF process offers a more environmentally conscious approach compared to the traditional basic oxygen furnace (BOF) method. This shift favors needle coke, a critical material for EAF graphite electrode production

Future Outlook

The needle coke market is expected to witness sustained growth due to rising steel production through electric arc furnaces and increasing lithium-ion battery demand for electric vehicles and energy storage systems. However, environmental regulations, supply chain constraints, and price volatility will continue to shape the industry.

The market outlook is shaped by several key trends:

Rising Demand in Steelmaking

Expansion of Electric Vehicle (EV) Market

Supply Constraints 

Technological Advancements 

Conclusion 

The global needle coke market is positioned for substantial growth, driven by increasing demand from the steel industry and the expanding electric vehicle (EV) market. As electric arc furnaces (EAF) gain traction in steel production and lithium-ion battery usage surges, the need for high-quality needle coke will rise. However, supply constraints, environmental concerns, and production challenges may create volatility in the market.

[mediagraph]

Budget 2024 through the Lens of Mr. Sethurathnam Ravi: Sensitivity and Economic Aspirations

In a recent post-budget dialogue, we gained insights from Mr. Sethurathnam Ravi, managing partner and founder of Ravi Rajan and Company, and former chairman of the Bombay Stock Exchange. The discussion centered around the new budget announced by the Finance Minister, highlighting its potential impact on India’s economy. Here’s a summary of Mr. Ravi’s expert analysis on key aspects of the budget.

Key Takeaways from the Budget

Abolition of Angel Tax: The removal of angel tax is a significant boost for startups. This move is expected to encourage investment in early-stage companies, fostering innovation and growth in the startup ecosystem.

Focus on Employment: The budget places unprecedented emphasis on job creation, particularly targeting labor and employee-related areas. This focus aims to address high employment concerns and provide relief through various initiatives and incentives.

Taxation Adjustments: Changes in long-term and short-term capital gains tax reflect a broader strategy to manage investments more effectively. The introduction of higher taxes on certain transactions signals a shift towards encouraging long-term investments over speculative trading.

Reduction in Custom Duties: A notable reduction in custom duties for minerals like lithium underscores the government’s commitment to supporting sectors reliant on these critical materials. This move is expected to enhance the domestic mineral ecosystem.

Investment in Clean Energy and Infrastructure: With capital expenditure set at 3.9% of GDP, the budget highlights a strong commitment to clean energy and infrastructure development, aiming to drive sustainable growth.

Detailed Observations

Employment and Skill Development: Mr. S.Ravi BSE praised the focus on job creation and skill development but stressed that the success of these initiatives will depend on effective implementation. The budget’s promise to improve skilling, especially in rural areas, and enhance small-scale manufacturing is seen as crucial for long-term economic stability.

Agricultural Sector: The budget’s emphasis on agriculture reflects its importance in job creation and economic growth. Significant allocations are intended to boost productivity and support farmers, with a particular focus on improving rural infrastructure and reducing custom duties on agricultural equipment.

Stock Market Reaction: Despite the balanced nature of the budget, the stock market’s reaction was tepid. Mr. Sethurathnam Ravi attributed this to the market’s sensitivity to increased taxation on short-term gains and derivatives, which impacted traders and speculative investors.

Private Sector Participation: The budget’s static approach to capital expenditure reflects a reliance on government spending due to insufficient private sector participation. Encouraging private investment through schemes like the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) is critical for expanding manufacturing and job creation.

Conclusion

In summary, Mr. Sethurathnam Ravi described the budget as “sensitive,” acknowledging its responsiveness to public and market feedback. The budget has set a foundation for future financial planning, balancing immediate needs with long-term goals. The Finance Minister’s focus on job creation, skill development, and strategic tax adjustments reflects a nuanced approach to managing India’s economic aspirations amidst global uncertainties.

Final Thoughts

The budget’s emphasis on various sectors indicates a comprehensive strategy aimed at fostering growth and stability. As Mr. Sethurathnam Ravi noted, while the budget sets a positive direction, its success will hinge on effective execution and continued private sector engagement.

[credenceresearchdotblog]

The Propylene Carbonate Market is expected to expand from USD 225.3 million in 2024 to USD 348.4 million by 2032, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.60%.Propylene carbonate, a versatile and essential chemical compound, has garnered significant attention in various industries due to its wide range of applications and properties. As a cyclic carbonate ester derived from propylene glycol and carbon dioxide, propylene carbonate exhibits unique characteristics that make it a valuable component in numerous sectors, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, electronics, and energy. This article delves into the propylene carbonate market, examining its growth drivers, applications, and future prospects.

Browse the full report at https://www.credenceresearch.com/report/propylene-carbonate-market

Market Growth Drivers

1. Rising Demand in Electronics: One of the primary factors propelling the propylene carbonate market is its increasing use in the electronics industry. Propylene carbonate serves as a solvent in lithium-ion batteries, which are crucial for powering modern electronic devices such as smartphones, laptops, and electric vehicles. With the burgeoning demand for portable electronics and the rapid adoption of electric vehicles, the need for efficient and reliable battery components is on the rise, subsequently driving the demand for propylene carbonate.

2. Expanding Pharmaceutical Applications: The pharmaceutical industry is another significant driver of the propylene carbonate market. This compound is utilized as a solvent and excipient in the formulation of various drugs, including injectable medications and topical solutions. Its biocompatibility and low toxicity make it a preferred choice in pharmaceutical applications, contributing to the market's growth.

3. Growth in Personal Care and Cosmetics: In the cosmetics and personal care sector, propylene carbonate is used as a solvent and viscosity regulator in products such as creams, lotions, and makeup. The increasing consumer demand for high-quality and innovative personal care products is fueling the demand for propylene carbonate, as manufacturers seek to enhance the performance and stability of their formulations.

4. Eco-Friendly Nature: The environmental advantages of propylene carbonate also play a crucial role in its market growth. As a biodegradable and non-toxic compound, it aligns with the growing emphasis on sustainability and green chemistry. Industries are increasingly adopting propylene carbonate as a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional solvents.

Key Applications

1. Energy Storage: The role of propylene carbonate in the energy storage sector, particularly in lithium-ion batteries, cannot be overstated. It acts as an electrolyte solvent, facilitating the movement of ions between the battery's electrodes. This application is critical for the development of high-performance batteries with improved energy density, stability, and safety.

2. Pharmaceuticals: In the pharmaceutical industry, propylene carbonate is used as a solvent in drug formulations, ensuring the solubility and stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Its use in injectable drugs and transdermal patches highlights its importance in drug delivery systems.

3. Personal Care Products: Propylene carbonate's role in cosmetics and personal care products extends to enhancing the texture, consistency, and overall performance of formulations. It is commonly found in skincare products, hair care solutions, and makeup, where it helps achieve the desired sensory attributes and stability.

4. Industrial Applications: Beyond the aforementioned sectors, propylene carbonate finds applications in various industrial processes. It is used as a solvent for polymers, resins, and coatings, where it aids in dissolving and dispersing materials. Additionally, it is employed in the production of adhesives, sealants, and cleaning agents.

Future Prospects

The future of the propylene carbonate market appears promising, driven by several emerging trends and opportunities:

1. Advancements in Battery Technology: With the ongoing research and development efforts focused on improving battery performance and efficiency, the demand for high-quality electrolyte solvents like propylene carbonate is expected to surge. Innovations in energy storage, including solid-state batteries and next-generation lithium-ion batteries, will further boost market growth.

2. Sustainable Manufacturing Practices: The shift towards sustainable and eco-friendly manufacturing practices is likely to enhance the adoption of propylene carbonate across industries. Its biodegradable and non-toxic nature aligns with the increasing regulatory emphasis on reducing the environmental impact of chemical processes.

3. Expanding Pharmaceutical Sector: The continuous expansion of the pharmaceutical industry, driven by the development of new drugs and therapies, will contribute to the steady demand for propylene carbonate. Its role in drug formulation and delivery systems ensures its relevance in the evolving pharmaceutical landscape.

Key Player Analysis

LyondellBasell Industries

Shandong Depu Chemical

BASF

Empower Materials

Shida Shenghua Chemical

Daze Group

Huntsman Corporation

AVX Corporation

MegaChem Ltd

Hi-Tech Spring Chemical

Segments:

Based on Form:

Aqueous Solutions

Pellets

Based on Application:

Paints and Coatings

Cleaning and Detergents

Personal Care and Cosmetics

Textile Dyeing

Lithium-Ion Batteries and Electronics

Others

Based on the Geography:

North America

US

Canada

Mexico

Europe

Germany

France

UK

Italy

Spain

Rest of Europe

Asia Pacific

China

Japan

India

South Korea

South-east Asia

Rest of Asia Pacific

Latin America

Brazil

Argentina

Rest of Latin America

Middle East & Africa

GCC Countries

South Africa

Rest of Middle East and Africa

Browse the full report at https://www.credenceresearch.com/report/propylene-carbonate-market

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[triviallytrue]

Sourceless screenshots are worse than useless - it's impossible to evaluate the crediblity of any of these claims from them. I'll do the extra work of googling them and seeing what I can find.

Silicon perovskite tandem solar cells are a real thing, but notably they aren't solar without silica! They still have silicon! It's in the name! Also they apparently have unsolved stability issues which, until solved, make it hard for them to compete with pure silicon in the open market. (Source: Nature study titled "Stability challenges for the commercialization of perovskite–silicon tandem solar cells" from Jan 2023)

The hemp batteries thing appears to be butchering the science a bit - a legitimate scientific use of hemp in something related to batteries does exist. There was a promising (and I think legitimate) study back in 2013 on the use of hemp in supercapacitors - not a direct competitor to lithium batteries but in the general vicinity ("Interconnected Carbon Nanosheets Derived from Hemp for Ultrafast Supercapacitors with High Energy" published by the ACS).

What's weird to me is that I can't find any study more recent than that. One of the authors on the study (and the person who got quoted in all the articles about it) is a guy named David Mitlin, who seems like a respectable energy materials researcher. But on his website, he has nothing about hemp batteries - it's all about graphene and lithium. (Search his name or "Mitlin Group" if you want to verify.)

My guess is in the ten years since this was first published, the science failed to pan out for whatever reason, only for the same quotes and studies to get trotted out every now and then by someone who wants to boost hemp.

its so fucking funny that nuclear waste is such a contentious topic. like yeah those damn nuclear advocates need to figure out somewhere reasonable to put that nuclear waste. for now we will  be sticking with coal power because it puts its waste products safe and sound In Our Lungs, where they cannot hurt anybody,

[marketsndata]

1,4 Butanediol Market Size, Share and Growth Report, 2031

Global 1,4 butanediol market size was valued at USD 8.1 billion in 2023, which is expected to grow to USD 16.15 billion in 2031 with a CAGR of 9% during the forecast period between 2024 and 2031. The paints and coatings segment held a prominent share in the global 1,4 butanediol market in 2022. For instance, according to the recent statistics published by the World Paint & Coatings Industry Association (WPCIA), in 2022, the global paints and coatings industry was valued at USD 179.7 billion, representing a year-on-year growth rate of 3.1%.

Asia-Pacific held the dominant market position in the global 1,4 butanediol industry in 2022. According to Akzo Nobel India, a leading paints and coatings market in India, the paints and coatings market in India will reach USD 12.1 billion by 2027.

The benefits of 1,4 butanediol (BDO) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) production include its role as a key intermediate in the synthesis of various high-value polymers and fibers, as well as its use as a universal solvent and raw material for organic synthesis. Therefore, due to the various benefits offered by 1,4 butanediol, its adoption is increasing in THF production, which is a prime aspect augmenting the growth of the market. Additionally, the growth of the paints and coatings industry is accredited to factors such as an increase in the renovation rate, the recent expansion of paints and coatings manufacturing facilities, and a rise in residential construction activities. As a result, the advancing paints and coatings sector is boosting the demand for 1,4 butanediol (BDO) as it is a key ingredient in the paints and coatings product manufacturing. Henceforth, the surge in the demand for 1,4 butanediol (BDO) is supplementing the market growth.

The ongoing product development associated with bio-based 1,4 butanediol will create a favorable outlook for market growth in the long run. For instance, BASF SE has obtained long-term access to bio-based 1,4-butanediol (BDO) from Qore LLC, a joint venture of Cargill and HELM AG. Qore will produce the biobased BDO at Cargill’s biotechnology campus and corn refining operation in Iowa. This collaboration will allow BASF to expand its existing offer of BDO derivatives with bio-based variants, such as polytetramethylene ether glycol (polytetrahydrofuran, PolyTHF) and THF. The first commercial quantities will be available in Q1 2025. Nevertheless, health concerns associated with 1,4 butanediol are restraining the growth of the market.

Sample Report- https://www.marketsandata.com/industry-reports/1-4-butanediol-market/sample-request

Rising Adoption of 1,4 Butanediol in THF is Accelerating the Market Growth

The production of THF from 1,4 butanediol offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach, particularly when bio-based methods are employed for the synthesis of 1,4 butanediol and THF. These bio-based processes contribute to the development of low-carbon and energy-efficient production methods, aligning with the principles of green chemistry. The rising adoption of 1,4 butanediol in the production of THF is attributed to the growing demand for THF in various applications such as the manufacturing of plastics, pharmaceuticals, and textiles. The increased use of THF in the above-mentioned industries has led to a higher demand for 1,4 butanediol as a key raw material for its production. This trend is expected to continue as these industries expand, driving the adoption of 1,4 butanediol for THF production.

For instance, according to the recent statistics published by Plastics Europe, a global association for plastics production, in 2021, the total global level of plastics production was 394 million tons, and in 2022, it was 400.3 million tons, an increase of 1.6%.     

Ongoing Development of New Lithium-ion Manufacturing Facilities Spurring the Market Growth

1,4 butanediol (BDO) is used in electrodes for lithium-ion battery manufacturing. The increasing adoption of electric vehicles and the development of new electronics manufacturing facilities will propel the deployment of lithium-ion batteries. As a result, lithium-ion battery manufacturers are leveraging their investments for the new manufacturing facility development, which will create a lucrative opportunity for market growth in the coming years as the demand for 1,4 butanediol (BDO) will increase in electrodes.

For instance, in January 2024, Arizona KOREPlex, a battery manufacturer in the United States, announced its plans to open a new lithium-ion battery manufacturing facility in Arizona, United States. In November 2023, Forge Nano, Inc., a prominent materials science company in the United States announced its plans to launch a new lithium-ion battery manufacturing facility in North Carolina, United States. The overall investment cost of the lithium-ion battery manufacturing facility is more than USD 165 million. In addition, in September 2023, Gotion High-tech Co Ltd announced the development of a USD 2 billion lithium-ion battery manufacturing facility in Illinois, the United States by 2024.

Booming Paints and Coatings Sector is Fostering the Market Growth

The key technical properties associated with 1,4 butanediol include a molar mass of 90.122 g·mol−1, density at 1.0171 g/cm3 (20 °C), melting point of 20.1 °C (68.2 °F; 293.2 K), boiling point at 235 °C (455 °F; 508 K), and miscible solubility in water. Thus, 1,4 butanediol (BDO) is an important component in the production of paints and coatings. The 1,4 butanediol is ideal for paints and coatings products such as industrial, surface, and special purpose paints and coatings. The increasing demand for architectural paints and coatings, rising construction activities, and the surging spending power of people are the key determinants spurring the paints and coatings market growth.

For instance, according to the recent statistics published by the World Paint & Coatings Industry Association (WPCIA), the Asia-Pacific paints and coatings market was the leading region, valued at USD 63 billion in 2022. China dominated the Asia-Pacific regional market, which grew at a CAGR of 5.8%. The European region was the second largest market for the paints and coatings industry, valued at USD 42.37 billion in 2022. In addition, the North American paints and coatings sector was the third largest market in the global ranking, valued at USD 33.92 billion in 2022. Hence, the booming paints and coatings industry is driving the demand for 1,4 butanediol worldwide as a cross-linking agent, thereby accelerating the market growth. 

The Dominance of the Asia-Pacific Region in the Overall Market

Asia-Pacific is experiencing rapid growth in various industries, such as textiles, electronics, and automotive, which are major consumers of 1,4 butanediol, thereby driving the revenue growth of the market. Also, the Asia-Pacific region offers low-cost labor and resources, making it an attractive destination for 1,4 butanediol. Therefore, Asia-Pacific countries, such as India, China, and Japan, are the major hubs for manufacturing 1,4 butanediol.

Factors, such as the development of new manufacturing facilities for the production of lithium-ion batteries, increasing production of plastics, and surging output for adhesives and sealants, among others, are mainly accelerating the growth of the 1,4 butanediol market across the Asia-Pacific region. For instance, according to the recent 2023 data published by Plastics Europe, the global production of plastics in 2022 was 400.3 million tons and the Asia-Pacific region was the dominant market, holding a share of 54% of the global plastics production. Furthermore, China held about 33% share in the global plastics production. Therefore, the booming end-use industries in the Asia-Pacific region are amplifying the growth of the 1,4 butanediol market.

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Future Market Scenario (2024 – 2031F)

·         EVs are expected to experience a rise in their adoption in upcoming years. Due to this, the demand for lithium-ion batteries will also grow, in turn, influencing the market of 1,4 butanediol.

·         As environmental concerns push for more sustainable technological solutions, green building initiatives will take place and further accelerate the market.

·         Pharmaceutical industry growth will scatter the market demand for innovative and more use cases for 1,4 butanediol.

·         Due to research and innovation in industrial grids, there will be more use cases of 1,4 butanediol in factories.

Report Scope

“1,4 Butanediol Market Assessment, Opportunities and Forecast, 2017-2031F”, is a comprehensive report by Markets and Data, providing in-depth analysis and qualitative and quantitative assessment of the current state of the global 1,4 butanediol market, industry dynamics and challenges. The report includes market size, segmental shares, growth trends, opportunities and forecast between 2024 and 2031. Additionally, the report profiles the leading players in the industry mentioning their respective market share, business model, competitive intelligence, etc.

Click here for full report- https://www.marketsandata.com/industry-reports/1-4-butanediol-market

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[downincmi]

Lithium Hydroxide Market Growth: Exploring Industry Dynamics

Introduction

Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is an inorganic compound, specifically a salt, that is a white crystalline solid when anhydrous but often encountered as a monohydrate (LiOH⋅H2O). It consists of lithium cations (Li+) and hydroxide anions (OH-). LiOH is highly soluble in water and is commonly encountered as a solution. Chemical Properties

As an ionic compound composed of lithium and hydroxide ions, LiOH shares many typical properties of salts. It dissolves readily in water to form an alkaline solution. When dissolved in water, LiOH ionizes into lithium cations and hydroxide anions according to the dissociation reaction: LiOH (s) → Li+ (aq) + OH- (aq) The resulting solutions are strongly alkaline, or basic, with a pH ranging from 11-12.5 depending on concentration. This solubility and basicity is indicative of the ionic character of the lithium-oxygen and hydrogen bonds in the solid. LiOH also has a high melting point of approximately 550°C, which reflects the strong electrostatic interactions between ions. Uses and Applications

As an alkali metal hydroxide, LiOH has various industrial uses that exploit its strong basic nature. One major application is in lithium batteries, where it is used as an electrolyte. The high solubility of LiOH allows it to readily dissolve lithium salts and conduct lithium ions between the battery electrodes. LiOH is also used in the manufacture of lithium greases and as a desiccant to absorb water and carbon dioxide from air or gases. In the glass industry, LiOH is added in small amounts to glass compositions. The lithium ions strengthen the glass by becoming part of the silicate network structure. Lithium-containing glasses have increased durability and improved chemical resistance. Pharmaceutical applications also exist, as LiOH is sometimes used as an ingredient in antacids and other medicines due to its alkalinizing properties. Physical Properties

Beyond its chemical makeup and strong basicity in aqueous solution, LiOH has notable physical properties as well. As mentioned previously, its melting point is approximately 550°C, reflecting the strength of ionic bonding. Like other ionic compounds, it is generally hard and brittle in solid form. Anhydrous LiOH appears as white crystals or a powder, while the monohydrate exists as colorless crystals. The density of LiOH is approximately 2.00 g/cm3. In terms of solubility, it exhibits high solubility in water, with a maximum solubility of 57g/100mL at 0°C. This enables it to act as a strong base when dissolved and essentially complete dissociation into its constituent ions. The highly soluble nature derives from the ability of waters’ polarity to strongly solvate both the lithium and hydroxide ions. Environmental and Safety Considerations

Being a strong base, lithium hydroxide presents certain hazards if not properly handled or contained. Direct contact with concentrated solutions or solid LiOH can cause severe irritation and chemical burns to skin and eyes on contact. When heated, it may emit toxic fumes of lithium oxides. For these reasons, it is recommended to use protective equipment like gloves, eye protection, and respiratory masks when working with this compound. Spills or releases of lithium hydroxide into the environment should also be avoided, as its high pH can raise the alkalinity of surrounding waters and soils. Solutions must be neutralized before disposal. However, as lithium is a relatively rare element, LiOH itself does not present significant environmental contamination concerns from a toxicity standpoint if carefully managed. Overall, through prudent handling and containment practices according to safety guidelines, LiOH can be utilized safely in industrial applications. Conclusion

In summary, lithium hydroxide is an important industrial compound with applications spanning batteries, glass, pharmaceuticals and other areas. Its wide use stems from versatile chemical properties including high solubility, strong basicity in solution, and ability to conduct lithium ions effectively. Though presenting hazards from its caustic nature, LiOH can be employed safely in manufacturing when appropriate precautions and personal protective equipment are followed. A thorough understanding of its chemical makeup, physical attributes and environmental/safety considerations provides necessary background for its utilization.

[robjackson616-blog]

Polybutadiene Market Is Expected Significant Growth in the Near Future

According to HTF Market Intelligence, theGlobal Polybutadiene market to witness a CAGR of 3.78% during forecast period of 2024-2030. Asia Pacific Polybutadiene Market Breakdown by Application (Tires, Hoses, Conveyor belts, Industrial Rubber Manufacturing, Chemicals) by Type (High Cis Polybutadiene, Lithium-based Polybutadiene, High Trans Polybutadiene) by Form (Solid, Liquide) and by Geography (China, Japan, India, South Korea, Australia, Southeast Asia, Rest of Asia-Pacific). The Polybutadiene market size is estimated to increase by USD      Billion at a CAGR of 3.78% from 2024 to 2030.. Currently, market value is pegged at USD 5.4 Billion.

Get Detailed TOC and Overview of Report @

Polybutadiene is a synthetic rubber polymer derived from the polymerization of butadiene. It is characterized by high elasticity, resilience, and resistance to abrasion. Polybutadiene finds extensive use in the production of tires, conveyor belts, hoses, seals, and various rubber products.

Some of the key players profiled in the study are ARLANXEO (Netherlands), China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation. (China), Cray Valley (United States), Evonik Industries (Germany), FIRESTONE POLYMERS LLC (United States), JSR Corporation (Japan), KUMHO PETROCHEMICAL. (South Korea), Mitsubishi Corporation (Japan), NIPPON SODA CO., LTD. (Japan), PetroChina Company Limited (China), Reliance Industries Limited (India), SABIC (Saudi Arabia), Sibur (Russia), Synthos (Poland), The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company (United States), TSRC (India), UBE INDUSTRIES, LTD. (Japan), Versalis (Italy), ZEON CORPORATION (Japan).    

Book Latest Edition of Global Polybutadiene Market Study @ https://www.htfmarketintelligence.com/buy-now?format=1&report=6916

About Us:

HTF Market Intelligence is a leading market research company providing end-to-end syndicated and custom market reports, consulting services, and insightful information across the globe. HTF MI integrates History, Trends, and Forecasts to identify the highest value opportunities, cope with the most critical business challenges and transform the businesses. Analysts at HTF MI focuses on comprehending the unique needs of each client to deliver insights that are most suited to his particular requirements.

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Craig Francis (PR & Marketing Manager) HTF Market Intelligence Consulting Private Limited Phone: +15075562445 sales@htfmarketintelligence.com

[e-carlease]

But how will the new EQS perform - is it a good EV for company car drivers? The brand have confirmed two battery derivatives will be available for the UK market including:

EQS 450+  -  the 118 kWh lithium-ion battery will offer 0 – 62 times of 6.2 seconds, 130 mph top speeds and 265 kW (or 355hp). This model is a RWD option. Expect a combined winter range of 355 miles with warmer weather allowing for 490 miles - 425 miles combined. On charging, the 11 kW AC max will allow 12 hour and 45 mins 0 – 100% charging times with the 200 kW DC maximum allowing 33 minute 10 – 80% times. This has a cargo volume of 620L and vehicle fuel equivalent of 146 mpg. This model can tow 750 kg braked and 750 kg unbraked. A heat pump is standard.  This saloon will not yet feature bidirectional charging; and 

EQE 350+ -  the 118 kWh lithium-ion battery will offer 0 – 62 times of 3.4 seconds, 155 mph top speeds and 560 kW (or 751hp). This model is a AWD option. Expect a combined winter range of 305 miles with warmer weather allowing for 415 miles - 365 miles combined. On charging, the 22 kW AC max will allow 6 hour and 30 mins 0 – 100% charging times with the 200 kW DC maximum allowing 33 minute 10 – 80% times. This has a cargo volume of 620L and vehicle fuel equivalent of 125 mpg. This model can tow 1500 kg braked and 750 kg unbraked. A heat pump is standard.  This saloon will not yet feature bidirectional charging.

[coherentmarketinsights]

Exploring the Global Flake Graphite Market: Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities

Flake Graphite Market is driven by Growing Consumption in Batteries and Expanding Electronics Sector Flake graphite is a naturally occurring crystalline allotrope of carbon that has a layered or flaky structure. It finds key applications in industrial lubricants, batteries, brake linings, and refractories due to its heat resistance and conductivity properties. Flake graphite consists of carbonaceous particles that possess a layered structure and flaky texture. It offers various advantages over other materials such as durability, self-lubrication, thermal conductivity, chemical stability, resilience and cost-effectiveness. The Global Flake Graphite Market is estimated to be valued at US$ 16.05 Bn in 2024 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 8.2% over the forecast period from 2023 to 2030. Flake graphite has emerged as a critical raw material for lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles and electronics owing to its conductivity, stability and lightweight nature. Its use in the manufacturing of batteries, electrodes and other components is expected to witness high growth in view of expanding electric mobility and consumer electronics industries globally. Key Takeaways Key players operating in the Flake Graphite market are AMG, Asbury Carbons, Eagle Graphite, EPM Group, Grafitbergbau Kaisersberg GmbH, Graphite India Limited (GIL), Imerys, and Nacional de Grafite. The growing demand for energy-efficient and sustainable batteries from various end-use industries such as automotive and consumer electronics is driving significant growth of the flake graphite market. Flake graphite finds key application in the manufacture of anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Leading flake graphite producers are investing heavily in capacity expansion plans and global supply chain development to cater to the rising needs of battery and electronics sectors internationally. China, Brazil and Madagascar have emerged as the leading producers and exporters of flake graphite globally. Market Key Trends One of the key trends gaining traction in the flake graphite market is the increasing adoption of graphene derivatives. Graphene is a two-dimensional material derived from graphite that possesses extraordinary properties. It is 100 times stronger than steel yet highly flexible. Producers are extensively researching and developing value-added products utilizing graphene properties for diverse applications ranging from composites and coatings to biomedicine. This is expected to drive innovative product development and support the overall flake graphite market growth over the forecast period.

Porter’s Analysis Threat of new entrants: High capital investment requirements act as a entry barrier. Bargaining power of buyers: Large buyers have high bargaining power due to the availability of substitutes. Bargaining power of suppliers: Few graphite miners exist with China dominating supply, increasing supplier bargaining power. Threat of new substitutes: Alternatives like synthetic graphite and unprocessed natural graphite pose substitution threat. Competitive rivalry: Market players compete based on production technology, processing capabilities and products portfolio. Geographically, China accounted for over 50% of the global flake graphite market share in 2022, driven by large reserves and being the dominant supplier.

[jedyfwf]

Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Market Report: Trends, Analysis, and Projections

Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) is a high-performance thermoplastic known for its exceptional chemical resistance, mechanical strength, and thermal stability, finding diverse applications across industries. This blog delves into the dynamics of the global PVDF market, analyzing key drivers, applications, emerging trends, and future growth prospects.

Understanding the PVDF Market:

Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Is a fluoropolymer derived from vinylidene fluoride monomers. Its outstanding properties include resistance to chemicals, UV radiation, high temperatures, and flame retardancy, making it suitable for demanding applications in aerospace, construction, electronics, chemical processing, and renewable energy sectors.

Market Dynamics:

Aerospace and Defense: PVDF is utilized in aerospace applications such as aircraft components, fuel lines, membranes, and coatings due to its lightweight nature, corrosion resistance, and ability to withstand harsh environments.

Building and Construction: In the construction industry, PVDF coatings are applied to architectural surfaces, roofing materials, and façade panels for weather resistance, color retention, and durability against UV radiation and pollutants.

Electronics and Semiconductor: PVDF films and components are used in electronics for capacitors, sensors, piezoelectric devices, lithium-ion batteries, and photovoltaic films, leveraging its dielectric properties and thermal stability.

Chemical Processing: PVDF pipes, fittings, and linings are employed in chemical processing plants for their resistance to acids, alkalis, solvents, and high temperatures, ensuring reliability and longevity in corrosive environments.

Applications Across Industries:

Aerospace: Aircraft components, fuel lines, coatings.

Construction: Coatings, roofing materials, façade panels.

Electronics: Films, capacitors, sensors, lithium-ion batteries.

Chemical Processing: Pipes, fittings, linings for corrosive environments.

Market Trends:

Growing Demand for Specialty PVDF Grades: Increasing demand for PVDF grades with enhanced properties such as high purity, low extractables, conductivity, or specific color options to meet diverse industry requirements in electronics, healthcare, and specialty applications.

Focus on Sustainable Coatings: Adoption of PVDF coatings in architectural, automotive, and industrial applications due to their durability, weather resistance, and low maintenance requirements, aligning with sustainability goals and regulatory standards.

Advancements in PVDF Processing: Innovations in PVDF compounding, extrusion, and molding techniques to improve processing efficiency, reduce costs, and expand application possibilities in emerging sectors such as renewable energy and medical devices.

Future Prospects:

The global PVDF market is poised for substantial growth driven by technological advancements, increasing adoption across industries, and sustainability considerations. Investments in R&D, material innovations, and application diversification will play a key role in shaping the market's evolution and competitiveness.

Conclusion:

Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) stands as a versatile and high-performance material with critical applications across aerospace, construction, electronics, and chemical industries. Understanding market trends, technological innovations, and sustainability imperatives is vital for stakeholders in the PVDF market to harness growth opportunities effectively. With a focus on specialty grades, sustainable coatings, and process enhancements, the PVDF market presents promising avenues for continued innovation and market expansion in the global polymer industry landscape.