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Medicinal Mushrooms IN THE 21ST CENTURY

INTRODUCTION

THE USE OF MUSHROOMS in traditional ancient therapies dates back to at least the Neolithic Age (in China, 10,000 B.C. – 2,000 B.C). For millennia, mushrooms have been regarded and revered by humans as edible and medicinal agents. Ancient Asian traditions have stressed the importance of several mushroom species, most notably the lingzhi or reishi, lion’s mane, cordyceps, and shitake mushroom. The history of mushroom consumption is rich in Tibetan shamanism and Buddhism, as well as in spiritual cultures of Mesoamerica, Mexico, and Guatemala with the use of hallucinogenic mushroom species. Use of medicinal mushrooms has a long history in Russia, Europe, and some parts of Africa, including Nigeria, Algeria, and Egypt. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 2 Given the use of mushrooms in traditional therapies spanning the globe, modern researchers are attempting to validate and document some of the ancient knowledge. In the past three decades, the interdisciplinary field of science that studies mushrooms, known as mycology, has demonstrated the nutritional (culinary) and therapeutic (medicinal) value of many compounds extracted from a range of mushrooms species . Traditionally, mushrooms were used to maintain good health, as well as to prevent and treat diseases, mainly by regulating the immune system. In the last decade scientists have identified and explored other ways in which various mushroom species promote good health, revealing mushrooms to beunique, multi-modal medicinal agents worthy of further investigation. Today, more than 100 therapeutic applications have been demonstrated by mushrooms, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antitumor, anti-diabetic, immunomodulating, antiviral, antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, antiparasitic, and antifungal. Mushrooms also protect against brain, heart, and liver damage. While modern researchers are just beginning to explore the clinical potential of medicinal mushrooms in the West, countries in the East such as Japan, Korea, China, and Russia have already adopted mushroom-derived preparations for use in clinical practice. For example, mushrooms have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for years to treat pulmonary diseases, and in Japan, the mushroom T. versicolor has been used as an approved product for adjunctive cancer treatment since the 1970s. The number of mushroom species on Earth is currently estimated at 150,000, yet perhaps only 10 percent are known to science. This presents researchers with an exciting opportunity to dive into this vast and largely untapped field of mushroom science with hopes of uncovering new and potentially breaththrough nutritional and therapeutic agents. "Today, more than 100 therapeutic applications have been demonstrated by mushrooms..." Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 3 WHAT ARE MUSHROOMS? Mushrooms comprise an extremely abundant and diverse world of fungi. They are something special in the living world, being neither plant nor animal. Belonging to a kingdom of their own, called Myceteae, all mushrooms are heterotrophic, meaning they cannot make their own food. Instead, they absorb nutrients from other sources of organic carbon such as complex organic polymers like cellulose, which get degraded by extracellular enzymes secreted by mushrooms. Taxonomically, mushrooms can be classified into two different categories: Basidiomycetes, which comprise many of the well-known genera, and Ascomycetes. The structures that we refer to as mushrooms are in fact only the fruiting bodies of fungi. The vegetative parts of fungi, called mycelia, are a system of cordlike strands that branch out of soil, compost, wooden logs, and other lignocellulosic materials that are host to fungi. After some time, the matured mycelia growing on such materials produce the fruiting bodies we know as mushrooms. As mentioned, mushrooms have been used by humans for thousands of years as food and medicine. More than 14,000 mushroom species are recognized by science, and among them, about 2,000 are classified as edible. These edible mushrooms can be categorized into 30 genera, with 270 species that bear potential therapeutic value in human health. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 4 MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS Medicinal mushrooms possess nutraceutical and pharmaceutical characteristics in addition to taste and aroma. They are a rich source of nutrients such as carbohydrates, fibers, proteins, unsaturated fats, vitamins, and minerals. They also produce secondary metabolites, which are largely responsible for their therapeutic effects. These metabolites are bioactive, low-molecular-weight compounds that are produced in response to stress as a defense and signaling mechanism for survival. Interestingly, they are not required by the fungi for normal growth and reproduction. More than 100 species of medicinal mushrooms are used in Asia. Some of the more commonly used species are introduced below. It is worth noting that while these mushrooms have been used historically as traditional medicines, with many being used clinically today in Asia, modern research is insufficient to draw conclusions, as it has mostly been conducted in cellular and animal Structure of bioactive compounds from medicinal mushroom Medicinal Mushroom:Nitrogen analog B Phenol derivative D Carbohydrates derivative C Derivative of α β Unsaturated carbonyl o o OH NH2 N H Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 5 studies. While many of these medicinal mushrooms have been recognized scientifically for their health-promoting activities, pharmaceutical application in healthcare is still far away in the majority of countries across the world, and especially in the West. Today, medicinal mushrooms can be found as dietary and nutritional supplements. They are often recommended by nutritionists and holistic healthcare professionals and sold by health food and wellness retailers. Given the lack of consensus and limited information on safety, it is a good idea to consult with your healthcare professional about appropriate dosages and risk factors with certain medications. Finally, when choosing medicinal mushrooms as dietary supplements, it is important to ensure they have been tested by a third-party facility for quality and purity and that there is sufficient information available about the product. Reishi Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), also known as reishi in Japanese Medicine or lingzhi in Chinese Medicine, is a large, dark mushroom from Asian Traditional Medicine that has been praised for its powerful health benefits for over 2,000 years. It was in the 16th-century Ming Dynasty when G. lucidum was discovered to have therapeutic value. Benefits included enhanced vital energy, improved memory, and improved cardiac function, and tonifying and anti-aging effects. According to the State Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, G. lucidum acts to replenish Qi, calm the mind, and reduce coughing and asthma. It is also recommended for insomnia, dizziness, shortness of breath, and heart palpitations. Since the early 1970s, cultivation of G. lucidum has become a major source of the mushroom, with popularity extending outside of Asian Traditional Medicine and into the West. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 6 Lion’s Mane Hericium erinaceus (H. erinaceus) is an edible mushroom with distinguished medicinal value, a long history of use in Traditional Chinese Medicine, and an established process of cultivation in Asia since the late 1980s. H. erinaceus is referenced by several names, including yamabushitake in Japanese Medicine, houtou in Chinese Medicine, or more broadly as lion’s mane mushroom. Lion’s mane is considered a saprotroph, or weak parasite, and grows on dead wood and occasionally on the cracks of living hardwood across Asia, Europe, and North America. More recently, it has earned scientific attention as a potential source for a variety of therapies for cancer, depression, diabetes, and diseases of the heart and nervous system. Shitake The shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) is the second most commonly consumed mushroom worldwide and has grown to become an extensively used culinary ingredient. Historically, therapeutic use of the L. edodes became widespread in the Ming Dynasty after methods of cultivating the fungus on logs were developed. Shiitake was traditionally used as a tonic to improve circulation and vigor. Health-promoting properties included improved heart health and efficacy against lung disease and intestinal worms. It was also associated with the treatment of chronic rheumatism and cancer. Today lentinan, one of the active ingredients purified from shiitake mushrooms, has been used experimentally and clinically as an immunopotentiation agent in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer in Japan. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 7 Turkey Tail Trametes versicolor (T. versicolor) or Coriolus versicolor (C. versicolor), also known as yun zhi in Traditional Chinese Medicine and kawaratake in Japanese Medicine, is a woody bracket polypore mushroom that grows on dead logs throughout the world in many diverse climates, including North America. The name turkey tail refers to its concentric rings of brown and tan, which resemble turkey tail feathers. Turkey tail mushroom has a long history of treasured use in Asia as food and in Asian Traditional Medicine as a therapeutic agent. In 1965, the immunomodulatory activity of turkey tail was identified in Japan by a chemical engineer who observed a case of cancer remission after ingesting it. Subsequent research and findings led to its clinical use as a supplementary therapeutic agent in cancer treatments in Japan and China. Chaga Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus), grows as a rock-hard protrusion from birch trees in cooler climates, such as Northern Europe, Siberia, Russia, Korea, Northern Canada, and Alaska. Chaga is also referenced by other names, such as cinder conk, birch canker polymore, clinker polypore, and black mass. Unlike the other commonly known medicinal mushrooms, this dense structure is known as a sclerotium rather than a fruiting body. For centuries, chaga powder was used as traditional medicine in tea form in Russia and other Northern European countries to boost the immune system and improve overall health. It has also been used in the treatment of some cancers, diabetes, and heart disease. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 8 Cordyceps Cordyceps is a genus of parasitic fungi that grows on the larvae of insects. These mushrooms remain dormant in the soil until they attack their host, replacing its tissue and sprouting long stems that grow outside the infected host’s body. With over 750 identified species, cordyceps have been used for centuries in Traditional Chinese Medicine as a tonic, food, and medicine. However, it was in the early 1990s that cordyceps gained worldwide attention, when Chinese longdistance runners who took tonic from the species C. sinensis broke world records during their training periods. In recent times, several cordyceps species have been shown to have medicinal value, with the most studied being C. militaris and C. sinensis. They have the potential to help treat respiratory, liver, kidney, and heart and lung diseases, as well as type 2 diabetes and some cancers. Maitake Grifola frondosa (G. frondosa), is an edible medicinal mushroom with a large fruiting body characterized by overlapping caps that grows at the base of stumps tree trunks of dead, dying, or aging hardwoods such as oaks, elms, and chestnuts. It is also known as hen of the woods in North America or maitake in Japan. Maitake is mainly found in northern temperate regions of Japan, as well as in some European countries and the Northeastern United States. G. frondosa is treasured in both Traditional Japanese and Chinese Medicine as a medicinal mushroom to boost energy and improve spleen and stomach ailments, as well as to calm the mind. Cultivation began in Japan in the early 1980s, with China and the United States beginning large-scale production a decade later. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 9 NUTRITIONAL VALUE The nutritional value of mushrooms typically comes from high protein, low fat, high fiber, and diverse vitamin and mineral content. Notably, mushrooms are abundant in essential amino acids leucine, valine, glutamine, and glutamic and aspartic acids. Fatty acids found in mushrooms are predominantly linoleic, oleic, and palmitic fatty acids. Carbohydrates include chitin, glycogen, trehalose, and mannitol, as well as fiber enriched sources, β-glucans, hemicelluloses, and pectic substances. Minerals found in high quantities in mushrooms include potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, copper, iron, selenium, and zinc. Abundant vitamins include riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin, folates, and traces of vitamins C, B1, B12, D, and E. Mushrooms are the only non-animal food source of vitamin D and therefore the only food-based vitamin D source for vegetarians. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 10 MAJOR BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS Medicinal mushrooms are a rich source of bioactive compounds, which are found in mushroom fruiting bodies, spores, cultured mycelia, and cultured broth. These compounds, also referred to as secondary metabolites, are largely responsible for the therapeutic properties of the mushrooms. They include polysaccharides, glycosides, alkaloids, volatile oils, terpenoids, tocopherols, phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids, and lactones. The most important secondary metabolites are polysaccharides, which belong to the 1,3-β-glucans family. Polysaccharide β-glucans or polysaccharideprotein complexes in mushroom extracts have immense therapeutic potential in human health, as they demonstrate many health-promoting benefits, including anti-diabetic, anticancer, anti-obesity, immunomodulatory, anticholesterolemic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antibiotic, detoxifying, and anti-aging properties. The immunomodulating and antitumor activity of polysaccharides or polysaccharideprotein complexes is worth highlighting because research in this area is quite extensive. Clinical trials of several mushroom polysaccharide compounds as treatment for various cancers and other diseases have been conducted in Asia. To date, over 120 medicinal functions have been identified, with the majority of research still in exploratory phase in cellular models. New proteins with biological activities have also been found in medicinal mushrooms which may be useful to both human health through drug development and environmental health through biotechnological processes. These include lignocellulose- degrading enzymes, lectins, proteases and protease inhibitors, ribosome-inactivating proteins, and hydrophobins. "...medicinal mushrooms may be useful to both human health through drug development and environmental health through biotechnological processes." Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 11 Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are the most well-researched secondary metabolites of medicinal mushrooms, with data having been collected from hundreds of different species of the higher basidiomycetes genus. As mentioned, they are best known for their antitumor and immunomodulating capacity. Specifically, in a tumor-bearing mouse model, mushroom polysaccharides were shown to activate the immune response of the host organism, resulting in a 50% reduction in tumor size and an increase in survival. The underlying mechanism of action of polysaccharides therefore points to immunomodulation, versus a direct killing of tumor cells. Given β-glucans are not synthesized by humans, they are not recognized by the human immune system. Therefore, upon consumption, they induce both innate and adaptive immune responses as a protective strategy. In doing so, they protect the body from pathogenic microbes, viruses and harmful environmental toxins and carcinogens that have entered the body. This health-promoting activity can be beneficial for patients with compromised immune systems, such as those recovering from chemotherapy. "This health-promoting activity can be beneficial for patients with compromised immune systems..." Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 12 β-glucans are the main polysaccharides found in mushrooms, with about half of the mushroom cell wall mass made up of β-glucans. This has important implications for the industrial use of these compounds, given that many are excreted into the cell growth medium, resulting in efficiencies around recovery, purification, and characterization. Terpenoids Recent research has brought attention to the presence of another bioactive compound abundant in mushrooms: terpenoids. Terpenoids are now among the most potent of secondary metabolites found in medicinal mushrooms, best known for their anticancer, antitumor, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective benefits. Terpenoids demonstrate a spectrum of therapeutic properties with great pharmaceutical potential. An outline of the therapeutic potential of mushroom-derived terpenoids Mushrooms: an emerging resource for therapeutic terpenoids, Biotech (2019) 9:369 Sesquiterpenes (C15) Triterpenes (C10) Diterpenes (C20) Monoterpenes (C10) Anti-microbial Anti-parasitic Anti-tumour Anti-inflammatory Anti-oxidant Anti-viral Anti-neurodegenerative Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 13 Medicinal mushroom: boon for therapeutic applications Biotech (2018) 8:334. Schematic illustration of therapeutic applications of edible mushrooms Phenolics Phenolic compounds are another group of secondary metabolites worth highlighting, as they exhibit a wide range of therapeutic functions including anti-inflammatory, anti- allergenic, anti-atherogenic, antimicrobial, antithrombotic, cardioprotective and vasodilating benefits. The chief mechanism of action of this group of compounds is related to their antioxidant activity. THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES Studies have shown that medicinal mushrooms have over 125 therapeutic functions. Some of the major benefits are described below. Anticancer and Immune Function Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with the most common treatment being chemotherapy, which has serious side effects. The search continues for effective, non-toxic treatments. In recent years, several species of medicinal mushrooms have been studied for their anticancer properties in human cell lines, including leukemia, breast, renal, gastric, colorectal, and cervical cancers. Mushroom polysaccharides have been identified as one of the major categories of bioactive compounds to demonstrate anticancer effects in several cancer cell lines, including colorectal, renal, and oral cancer. Other bioactive compounds have also been recognized for their therapeutic potential, such as lectins (leukaemia), triterpenes (breast cancer), and clitocine (cervical cancer). Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 14 In the medicinal mushroom Pleurotus eryngii (eringi), the anticancer effects demonstrated by polysaccharides include increased activity of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the spleen, as well as an increase in tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-2 in a renal cancer mouse model, thereby pointing to immune system modulation as the underlying mechanism of action. In another study, G. lucidum (reishi) was reported to increase cellular autophagy and the formation of autophagosomes in a gastric cancer cell line, demonstrating a different mechanism of action involving the removal of damaged cells. While the beneficial effects of medicinal mushrooms on boosting cellular immunity and protecting against various types of cancer have been well documented, we are only at the very beginning of uncovering the clinical potential of medicinal mushrooms, with much to consider, including extraction methods of bioactive compounds, mushroom cultivation, and safety. Antiviral and Antibacterial Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a highly contagious virus affecting millions of people worldwide. Current treatment for HIV-1 postpones the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is the disease caused by HIV-1. Research in this field continues, and medicinal mushrooms are showing exciting albeit early developments in this space. Proteins, triterpenoids, peptides, lectins, and polysaccharide-protein complexes have all been shown to possess antiviral properties against HIV-1. One reported mechanism of action by G. lucidum (reishi) includes the inhibition of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase enzyme, which plays a critical role in the lifecycle of the virus. The antimicrobial activity of several medicinal mushrooms has also recently been investigated. In G. lucidum, polysaccharides were shown to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and microorganisms found in food, including Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus nigricans. "...we are only at the very beginning of uncovering the clinical potential of medicinal mushrooms..." Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 15 Anti-diabetic and Anti-obesity Diabetes mellitus, also known as type 2 diabetes, is a chronic metabolic disease impacting millions of people worldwide. It is defined by high blood glucose levels caused by imbalances with the insulin hormone. Polysaccharides extracted from a number of different medicinal mushroom species have been associated with reducing blood glucose levels, and for some, in increasing the secretion of insulin by β-cells, which lowers blood glucose levels. In one study, bioactive substances in an extract of the G. frondosa (maitake) fruiting body decreased blood glucose levels in genetically-born diabetic mice. Some medicinal mushrooms with alleged antidiabetic properties are commercially available as dietary supplements, including products containing cordyceps, lion’s mane, and maitake. Maitake, along with other medicinal mushrooms, have also shown promising anti-obesity effects, likely due to the activity of β-glucans in the mushroom extracts. Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Anti-aging Medicinal mushrooms possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which have been associated with many of the healthpromoting properties of fungi. G. lucidum (reishi) has been reported to increase the levels of antioxidative enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in liver and brain homogenates of mice sera. Medicinal mushrooms have also demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing the production of different types of inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase, nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κΒ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. Anti-aging effects have been demonstrated in G. lucidum through the activity of ergosterols, secondary metabolites obtained from the "Medicinal mushrooms possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which have been associated with many of the health-promoting properties of fungi." Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 16 mushroom. These compounds have been shown to extend the lifespan of the pathogen Saccharomyces cerevisiae by regulating the expression of an oxidative stress-responsive gene. Polysaccharides in G. lucidum and other medicinal mushrooms have also been shown to prevent oxidative stress and inhibit certain enzymes responsible for aging, thereby delaying it. Cardioprotective Cardiovascular disease is marked by high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or bad cholesterol, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or good cholesterol. Trans fats are primarily responsible for increasing cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the body, and other risk factors include high blood pressure and high glucose levels. Several medicinal mushrooms have been associated with reducing total cholesterol levels in the body, including G. frondosa (maitake), H. erinaceus (lion’s mane), Pleurotus eryngii (eringi), and Hypsizygus marmoreus (bunashimeji). Various mechanisms of action have been identified, such as the inhibition of platelet aggregation, the inhibition of angiotensin, the decrease in very low-density (VLDL) lipoproteins, and improvements in lipid metabolism, with peptides being the major bioactive compounds responsible for these beneficial properties. Hepatoprotective The liver is critical in the metabolism of drugs and the detoxification of toxic compounds. Many bioactive compounds have been shown to support liver function, including phenolics, steroids, and terpenes, largely due to their role as antioxidants. In one study, G. lucidum (reishi) showed protection against vaccine-induced liver injury in mice. The beneficial effect of the medicinal mushroom Agaricusblazei Murill was also investigated in a small study with patients suffering from hepatitis B and liver damage. After a year of being administered the mushroom extract, patients showed normalized liver function and a reduction in critical enzymes associated with liver damage. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 17 Neuroprotective Recent research has demonstrated the protective effects of medicinal mushrooms on neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. One study reported significantly reduced amyloid β deposition in the brain, along with increased anti- oxidative enzymes and improved memory-related learning abilities in a mouse model supplemented with G. lucidum. Several other Alzheimer’s related benefits have been demonstrated by various medicinal mushrooms, including an increase in nerve growth factor production, a reduced rate of synaptic degradation, and the reversal of neuronal apoptosis. CULTIVATION AND PRODUCTION Mushroom cultivation has many steps, including selection of mushroom fruiting culture, preparation of spawn and substrate/compost, inoculation of substrate, crop care, and finally, harvesting, handling, and proper storage of the mushrooms. There are three different categories of decomposers within the basidiomycetes genus, which represent a continuum in the metabolic transition from lignocellulosic and other organic waste materials to soil in the context of large-scale mushroom production. Primary decomposers (e.g., oyster and shiitake mushrooms) degrade cellulose and lignin from dead wood/logs, leaves, straw, cotton seed hulls, corn cobs or peanut shells, and do not depend on other organisms or their metabolites. Secondary decomposers (e.g., button mushrooms) colonize composted materials, and tertiary decomposers (e.g., agrocybe) are found in the soil. Today, indoor cultivation using artificial logs is a more common method for large-scale production. One method involves the use of plastic bags filled with sawdust-based substrates infused with nutrients. When the bag is colonized with mycelia, holes are poked through to enable fruiting to occur. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 18 GLOBAL USES As our world continues to increase in population and our collective behavior continues to harm our planet, we face three main issues: the shortage of real food, an increase in health issues and chronic diseases, and environmental deterioration. Fascinatingly, mushrooms can address all three concerns. It is important to remember that mushrooms, like all other fungi, lack chlorophyll. As such, they can be referred to as non-green organisms since they cannot convert solar energy to organic matter like plants do. They can, however, convert massive amounts of lignocellulosic waste produced from agriculture and forestry activities into dietary food, medicine, animal feed, and crop fertilizer. Further, they can help clean and restore soil that is damaged from chemical agricultural methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY AND REGENERATION Mushroom cultivation is a powerful tool to restore, replenish, and remediate our planet’s over-burdened ecosphere. Because cultivation can take place on organic waste, this presents an exciting opportunity to biologically recycle the Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 19 high amounts of accumulated natural by-products of the agro-food industry, which contribute to environmental pollution through their burning and also take up precious land space that could otherwise be used to grow crops. Natural byproducts of the agro-food industry include dead wood and leaves, which hold several nutrients that cannot be accessed unless broken down and digested. Fungi are the only organisms in the world that can decompose such organic waste products. The process is actually done by mycelia, the vegetative part of fungi, which resembles white threads that grow from the dead wood and leaves. These mycelia release powerful extracellular enzymes and acids that can break down cellulose and lignin, the two key components of plant fiber. In the natural ecosystem, once the process of decomposition starts, organisms from other kingdoms as well as nutrients present in the organic waste can now participate in and speed up the degradation process. The organic waste—now bio-recycled to soil through the process of mushroom cultivation—can be transformed into nutritious fertilizer or feed, useful for growing crops, feeding livestock, and for remediating soil and water damaged through chemical agricultural practices. At the same time, the mushrooms harvested through this process can be used for both nutritional (protein-enriched) and medicinal purposes, as previously described. Use of SMS in a circular economy Mushroom cultivation in the circular economy, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2018; 102(18): 7795–7803. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 20 CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH Medicinal mushroom science has made good progress over the last three decades, resulting in new classes of pharmaceutical agents in Asia and various types of dietary and nutritional supplements across the world. The community of mushroom researchers and thought leaders has grown extensively during this time as well, owing to the rich opportunities in this field of research, both from a human health and environmental perspective. More than 600 studies on medicinal mushrooms have been published worldwide, and numerous human clinical trials have been conducted. Many bioactive compounds have completed the clinical trial phases in Asia and are being used to treat various cancers and other diseases. DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS AND PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS Medicinal mushrooms have much potential as daily dietary or nutritional supplements to benefit overall health and immune function. Today, several types of mushroom supplements are available. As pharmaceutical agents, medicinal mushrooms are most helpful for modulating immune function and maintaining good health for immunocompromised individuals and those undergoing cancer treatment. Major bioactive compounds that have been developed as products include polysaccharides, specifically β-glucans. The following products are available for clinical and commercial purposes: • krestin (PSK) and polysaccharide peptide (PSP) from Trametes versicolor • lentinan isolated from Lentinula edodes Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 21 • schizopyllan (sonifilan, sizofiran, or SPG) from Schizophyllum commune • befungin from Inonotus obliquus • D-fraction from Grifola frondosa ■ GLPS polysaccharide fraction from Ganoderma lucidum Given the many therapeutic activities of the secondary metabolites of various medicinal mushrooms, they remain a relatively unclaimed source for drug discovery. CONSIDERATIONS Recently, the interest in developing mushroom extracts to be marketed as dietary supplements and novel prebiotics (non-digestive β-glucans) has grown. As popularity increases, questions arise about safety, standardization, regulation, efficacy, and mechanism of action. Given that no reputable standards or protocols are currently in place for the production, extraction, and testing of medicinal mushroom bioactive products, quality and efficacy between products vary greatly. Other critical safety questions also remain unanswered, such as are medicinal mushroom products safe for pregnant women, or can they be consumed by young children, given immune systems in young children are not yet mature? Concerns around dosage also exist, given the discrepancy between various forms and formulations. Many clinical trials have determined that 500–1000mg broken down and taken over the course of the day (2-3 times) is the acceptable dosage of medicinal mushroom preparations. According to Traditional Chinese Medicine, the standard daily dose of medicinal mushrooms per day in different forms (tablets, capsules, liquid extracts, etc.) must be equivalent to approximately 100–150g of fresh mushroom material. From a research perspective, the majority of studies with medicinal mushrooms have been performed on cellular and animal models. More clinical data from human studies is therefore required to clarify whether Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 22 the health-promoting claims reported are valid and significant. Critical factors going forward include ensuring studies are of the highest quality, following manufacturing best practices, and developing sustainable, large-scale production of medicinal mushrooms under controlled conditions. CONCLUSIONS Medicinal mushrooms and their bioactive compounds have the potential to act as promising source materials for both the dietary supplement and pharmaceutical industries. Medicinal mushroom cultivation can also serve to promote equitable economic growth in communities within the developing world that are subject to the accumulation of large amounts of agricultural crop residues and forest industry wastes. What’s more, mushroom cultivation has the power to restore and regenerate soil health in a zero emissions manner, thereby positively contributing to not only human health and social change, but also to healing our planet. The multidimensional nature of the powerful fungi is highly unique and worth celebrating, even in its current state of research and level of impact. This is just the beginning for the abundant and diverse mushroom kingdom. I, for one, am deeply excited about the vast opportunities within this space. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 23 AUTHOR BIO Rhea Mehta has a PhD in Molecular Toxicology and Nutritional Biochemistry from the University of Toronto and a Bachelor’s in Biomedical Sciences from the University of Waterloo with over 15 scientific publications. She has over 10 years of experience working as an entrepreneur and advisor at the intersection of science, health technology, and wellness. Rhea is a certified Integrative Health Coach, the founder of Global Smoothie Day, and a featured member of the Mind Body Green Collective of global health and wellness experts. In her spare time, Rhea practices and teaches meditation and kriya yoga from the Himalayan Vedantic Tradition. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 24 REFERENCES 1. Chang ST, Miles PG, Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact, second edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2004;385- 387. 2. Cheung PC, Mushrooms as Functional Foods John Wiley & Sons, 2008, Technology & Engineering. 3. Money, NP, Are mushrooms medicinal?, Fungal Biology, 2016;120(4):449-453. 4. Valverde ME, Hernández-Pérez T, Paredes-López O, Edible Mushrooms: Improving Human Health and Promoting Quality Life, Int J Microbiol. 2015:376- 387. 5. Guillamón E, García-Lafuente A, Lozano M, et al., Edible mushrooms: role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Fitoterapia. 2010;81(7):715-723. 6. 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Dasgupta A, Acharya K, Mushrooms: an emerging resource for therapeutic terpenoids, 3 Biotech 2019;9:369. 20. Chaturvedi VK, Agarwal S, Gupta KK, et al., Medicinal mushroom: boon for therapeutic applications, 3 Biotech, 2018;8:334. 21. McIntosh M, Stone BA, Stanisich VA, Curdlan and other bacterial (13)-β-D glucans, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2005;68(2):163-173. 22. Vetvicka V, Vannucci L, Sima P, Richter J. Beta Glucan: Supplement or Drug? From Laboratory to Clinical Trials. Molecules. 2019;24(7):1251. 23. Muszyńskaa B, Grzywacz-Kisielewskaa A, Katarzyna K, Gdula-Argasińskab J, Anti-inflammatory properties of edible mushrooms: A review, Food Chemistry, 2018;243(15):373-381. 24. Cör D,, Knez Z, Hrnčič KM Antitumour, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Antiacetylcholinesterase Effect of Ganoderma Lucidum Terpenoids and Polysaccharides: A Review, Molecules 2018;23:649. 25. Wasser SP, Medicinal Mushrooms as a Source of Antitumor and Immunomodulating Polysaccharides, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2002;60(3):258- 74. 26. Chen W, Tan H, Liu Q, et al., A Review: The Bioactivities and Pharmacological Applications of Phellinus linteus, Molecules 2019;24:1888. 27. Balasundramab N, Kalyana N, Sundramb N, Sammana S, Phenolic compounds in plants and agri-industrial by-products: Antioxidant activity, occurrence, and potential uses, Food Chemistry Analytical, Nutritional and Clinical Methods, 2006;99(1):191-203. 28. Chung-Hua H, Kung-Chang H, Yi-Hsiung C, and Pesus C, The Mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill Extract Normalizes Liver Function in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B, The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 2008;14(3):299-301. 29. Stamets P. Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms. New York: Crown Publishing Group, 1993. 30. Jan S. Tkacz, Lene Lange, Advances in Fungal Biotechnology for Industry, Agriculture, and Medicine, Springer Science & Business Media, 2004. 31. Rahman MA , Abdullah N, Aminudin N, Interpretation of mushroom as a common therapeutic agent for Alzheimer’s disease and cardiovascular diseases, Crit Rev Biotechnol, 2016;36(6):1131-1142. 32. Sullivan, R, et al., Medicinal Mushrooms and Cancer Therapy: translating a traditional practice into Western medicine, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 2006;49(2):159- 170. Project MUSE. 33. Wasser SP, Int J Med Mushrooms, Medicinal Mushrooms in Human Clinical Studies. Part I. Anticancer, Oncoimmunological, and Immunomodulatory Activities: A Review, 2017;19(4):279-317. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 26 34. Phan CW, David P, Naidu M, Wong KH, Sabaratnam V. Therapeutic potential of culinary-medicinal mushrooms for the management of neurodegenerative diseases: diversity, metabolite, and mechanism. Crit Rev Biotechnol, 2015;35(3):355-368. 35. Zhang JJ, Li Y, Zhou T, et al., Bioactivities and Health Benefits of Mushrooms Mainly from China, Molecules, 2016;21(7):938. 36. Zhang H, Wang ZY, Zhang Z, Wang X, Purified Auricularia auricular-judae polysaccharide (AAP I-a) prevents oxidative stress in an ageing mouse model, Carbohydrate Polymers, 2011;84(1):638-648. 37. Weng Y, Xiang L, Matsuura A, et al., Ganodermasides A and B, two novel anti-aging ergosterols from spores of a medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum on yeast via UTH1 gene, Bioorg Med Chem, 2010;18(3):999-1002. 38. Reis F, Lima RT, Morales P, et al., Methanolic Extract of Ganoderma lucidum Induces Autophagy of AGS Human Gastric Tumor Cells, Molecules, 2015;20(10):17872-17882. 39. Zeng Y, Yang A, Xu JB, et al., Antitumor activity of a polysaccharide from Pleurotus eryngii on mice bearing renal cancer, Carbohydrate Polymers, 2013;95(2):615-620. 40. Chang ST, The World Mushroom Industry: Trends and Technological Development, Int J Med Mushr, 2006;8(4):10:297-314. 41. Grimm D, Wösten HAB, Mushroom cultivation in the circular economy, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2018;102(18):7795-7803. 42. Rhodes CJ, Applications of bioremediation and phytoremediation, Science Progress, 2013;96(4):417–427. 43. Rhodes CJ, Mycoremediation (bioremediation with fungi) – growing mushrooms to clean the earth, Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability 2014;26(3):2047- 6523. 44. Wasser SP, Current findings, future trends, and unsolved problems in studies of medicinal mushrooms, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2011;89:1323-1332. 45. Wasser SP, Medicinal Mushroom Science: Current Perspectives, Advances, Evidences, and Challenges, Biomed J, 2014;37:345-356. 46. Chang ST, Waser SP, Current and Future Research Trends in Agricultural and Biomedical Applications of Medicinal Mushrooms and Mushroom Products (Review), International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 2018;20(12):1121-1133. 47. Muhammad BL, Suleiman B, Global Development of Mushroom Biotechnology, International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology, 2015;2(6):2660- 2669. 48. Dhar BL, Shrivastava N, Mushrooms and Environmental Sustainability, Mushroom Research Development and Training Centre (MRDTC), 2012. 49. Ahmed I, Syed AR, Economic viability of mushrooms cultivation to poverty reduction in bangladesh, Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 2008;8(1):93-99.

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jaysthinningdreams-blog · 6 years

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Part 2- sorry this one is a bit long

When you're not getting the right nutrients, you can also feel tired, lethargic, it can be hard to focus. [Vibe], which is short for vitamin B may be able to help with that. [Vibe] is quite literally just a bunch of vitamin B, along with a mental clarity, enzyme, and metabolism blend. [Vibe] utilizes natural energy and clarity creators like green tea extract, lions mane mushroom, and ginko biloba, to name a few. I personally just take a few on those days when I wake up feeling like a zombie. It doesnt create that jittery energy like coffee or energy drinks do, it kind of eases you into it. That way you avoid the spike and crash of synthetic energy. You just kinda realize later on, that you're not so tired or lethargic anymore.

And then theres [Balance]. [Balance] is a multi-mineral, vitamins, and antioxidant blend. I'm sure many of you take vitamins already. Do me a favor, go grab you vitamin bottle, and check how it lists Vitamin C. Does it say Ascorbic acid? If it does, that is a synthetic mixture of hydrochloric acid and genetically modified corn syrup, and trust me, we are not corn syrup deficient. [Balance] gets its vitamins from foods, for instance it uses vitamin C from acerola cherries. The minerals in [Balance] are cheated (or bonded) with proteins. This makes them more bioavailable, so it is easier for your body to absorb. Your body is used to digesting food, so when your vitamins and minerals come from food or mimic food, it is easier to digest. Raw minerals are almost like foreign objects ts to the body, and have a hard time being absorbed, and doing what they're supposed to do. For instance, magnesium has more than 300 functions in the body. So, it's pretty important that you have enough of it.

There are 2 more products that are not yet available to the public, but I'll mention them briefly.

Glow is liquid collagen. Now you may be thinking, "I'm not a female" or "I'm not old" so "I don't need collagen. UPDATE: YES YOU DO.

Collagen makes up 80% of your skin, 90% of your connective tissue, and 90% of your bones. So trust me when I say, YOU NEED THIS. Collagen is so extremely important in maintaining the health of your hair, skin, nails, insides, outsides...everything. Collagen also promotes the growth of lean muscle mass.

[Restore] is probably my favorite product. So here is a quick story: Ever since puberty, I have had awful cramps. Like, crying, throwing up, immobilizing cramps. For a while Ibuprofen worked. Then it didnt. Same with Tylenol. I tried a muscle relaxer, I tried pamprin. I tried mixing tylenol and ibuprofen, I tried sleeping it off, heating pads, ice, exercising, avoiding certain foods; I tried EVERYTHING. At one point I was taking nearly 4000mg of ibuprofen every day for that week. That is so dangerous because it can damage your liver, cause ulcers, and create a whole slew of problems that I do not want to deal with. When I bought [Restore] I took it on my period and lo and behold, my cramps are not anywhere near as bad as they were before, if I even get them at all. So of course, I love it. I knew this product would not be released to the public for a few more months, so I ordered 5 bottles of it to carry me over.

[Restore] is a plant derived proteolytic enzyme that can help break down and digest proteins. It helps promote healthy, short term inflammation, and can help alleviate long term inflammation-which is when things usually go sour. Short term inflammation can be good for the body because it draws everything the body needs to heal itself to the site of inflammation. When it lasts longer, it can create problems, for instance, weight gain, and cause pain. Using [Restore] may help alleviate muscle soreness and joint pain. It can be taken after surgery and sports injuries. [Restore] may be beneficial before flights to possibly avoid blood clots. It can help fight allergies, alleviate excess uric acid (which can cause a TON of problems on it's own like joint stiffness, aches, limited mobility, etc) and it can help remove biofilm. Biofilm in the simplest terms are bacteria and viruses that stay in the body cloaked in a protective protein based shell- so the body doesn't attack them. [Restore] will basically hunt for any rogue proteins circulating in your body, and help to break them down. Essentially, it may help clean up your blood too. *if you are on blood thinners, you NEED to consult your Dr. first before taking this one. Also while it may be beneficial to take post-op, do not take it before surgery, as it may cause excess bleeding because of how it can help bloodflow*

To try these products visit

Tranont.com/jalen23768

You can only find these QUALITY products on this website. I believe they can be shipped to Canada, the US, and Puerto Rico. Everyone else, I do apologize for any inconvenience, sooner or later I'm sure they'll be able to ship to you. They are looking to expand their product into other countries.

I am not a medical professional. As with any medications or health supplements it is recommended that you speak with your doctor or dietitian before using the products. Any misrepresentation of the product or uses of the product are not intended. I do not support or condone disordered eating habits for any individual. I do support health, wealth. And community. I support being the healthiest and happiest you you can be.

I love you all, stay safe out there. I hope and pray that these products work as well for you as they do for me and many others I know. If you use the products and find that they did help, message me. I would love to hear your story! If you use the products and would like to share them, message me for details on how we can use YOUR VOICE to help spread the word.

#not pro anything #i must get back #i will be thin #spread the word #health wealth community

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nutratologysites · 9 months

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#Lion's Mane mushroom Canada

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nutratology · 10 months

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Discover the cognitive benefits of Lion's Mane Mushroom – now available in Canada! Shop with confidence for premium Lion's Mane Mushroom atNutratology.com. Boost your cognitive health and embrace a sharper, more vibrant you

#health #Lion's Mane Mushroom #Lion's Mane Mushroom Canada #Buy Lions Mane Mushroom #health Suppliments Canada

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wellphoraoil9-blog · 6 years

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CBD Hemp Oil - An Overview

CBD oil is made by extracting CBD from the cannabis plant, then diluting it with a carrier oil like coconut or hemp seed oil. To help CL members understand how much CBD is actually in oils, capsules, and waters made from hemp, will be testing these products for CBD. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a compound derived from cannabis (a hemp plant also known as marijuana). Licences for CBD oil as a medicine have not been granted yet but the products can still be sold as long as claims are not made about their medical benefits. In wellphora , the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) said that CBD products, if advertised for these medical purposes, needed to be licensed. CBD oil can also be extracted from these plants and, as it is a legal cannabinoid, can be sold in the UK. Many in the cannabis industry claim that as long as the CBD product contains less than 0.3% THC, it is classified as hemp under federal law and is therefore legal to possess and distribute. As well, Health Canada has spoken about potentially allowing for natural health products to contain cannabis and cannabinoids, including CBD. Products with CBD in Canada are illegal unless authorized for medical purposes, according to Health Canada. When CBD oil is pulled from hemp plants, it contains a high level of CBD, plus an array of other nutritious material like omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, chlorophyll, chlorophyll, and trace levels of other cannabinoids, including cannabichromene (CBC), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabinol (CBN), and cannabidivarin (CBCV). CBD, or cannabidiol, is an all-natural cannabinoid found in cannabis plants like hemp. Medical Marijuana, Inc.'s award-winning hemp-derived CBD oils are made from unique cultivars of high-CBD, non-GMO hemp. We're your one-stop shop for CBD oils and edibles, hemp products, various strains of Kratom and lots more. Does not sell or distribute any products that are in violation of the United States Controlled Substances Act (). These companies do grow, sell, and distribute hemp-based products and are involved with the federally legal distribution of medical marijuana-based products within certain international markets. Holistic research also indicates the benefits of N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC), Lactium and L-Theanine along with amino acid supplements and medical marijuana and CBD oil for depression and anxiety. Hawthorn, Theanine, Triptophan, Lavendar, Lemon Balm and Dark Chocolate/Cocoa, Magnesium, B Complex Vitamins and Kratom, DPLA, DHEA, Co Q 10/Ubiquinol, Fish Oil, Flaxseed Oil, Hemp Oil, Coconut Oil, Lion's Mane Mushrooms and Medical Marijuana and CBD oil among others. Third-party testing: Once a CBD oil is manufactured, CBD oil companies will often submit their products for third-party tests, which are conducted by non-company personnel to ensure the product is safe for public consumption and meets quality oils should always be accompanied with information about third-party tests; best practice is to avoid oils that do not supply these details. In states that permit the use of medical marijuana, hemp-based CBD oils do not normally require a prescription but marijuana-based oils do. Like brick-and-mortar locations, dispensaries offer more customer service.

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gmiresearch · 3 years

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Functional Mushroom Market Research Report

Functional Mushroom Market

Growth opportunities in the functional mushroom market look promising over the next six years. This is mainly due to the growing awareness associated with the consumption of functional food and the prevalence of many medicinal features with flavor-enhancing benefits.

Request for a FREE Sample Report on Functional Mushroom Market

Functional Mushroom Market Dynamics (including market size, share, trends, forecast, growth, forecast, and industry analysis)

Key Drivers

Functional mushrooms are catching recognition in the food and medicine sector and are on the verge of becoming an upcoming ingredient for drinks like smoothies. The use of some of mushroom species including Chaga, reshi, and cordyceps to make conventional medicines is a factor responsible for their growing prominence in the market. Also, the augmenting consciousness among consumers for functional food items has strengthened the market size. Moreover, they are referred to as 'healing mushrooms' in the pharmaceutical sector as they help enhance the skin's glow, balance the energy level, and strengthen the immune system. In accordance with the "Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences," mushrooms offer 130 medicinal functions along with their application as an antioxidant and for antitumor, antidiabetic purposes, which has accelerated their acquisition in the market.

Additionally, prudent measures by leading market players, which include adoption and enlargement, have bolstered the market growth. Half Hill Farm Inc., in 2019, officially inaugurated two stores in the U.S., which has raised the company's reach by filling the consumer demand gap. In 2021, South Mill Champs extended mushroom processing to increase the production capacity, which accelerated the market growth. However, the apprehension relating to side-effects and allergies of the ingredient is obstructing the functional mushroom market size.

Product Type Segment Drivers

Based on the product type, cordyceps is projected to witness a faster CAGR in the market over the forecast period. This is because of their increasing demand from the medication and food & beverage industry. Cordyceps, a mushroom species, has been traditionally used for medication, and now the substantial shift towards healthy eating has impelled the market growth.

Regional Drivers

Based on the regional coverage, Asia-Pacific is predicted to lead the market over the forecast period. This is primarily attributed to their growing consumption in countries including Japan, China, and India. Also, the widespread outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic has intensified demand for these mushrooms, especially in China, owing to the growing awareness across individuals about conventional health products and medical properties imparted by them.

Functional Mushroom Market’s leading Manufacturers:

· BONDUELLE

· Banken Champignons Groep BV

· Four Sigmatic

· Om Organic Mushroom Nutrition

· Real Mushrooms

· OKECHAMP SA

· South Mill Champs

· Yuguo Farms

· Pan’s Mushroom Jerky

· Half Hill Farm Inc

Functional Mushroom Market Segmentation:

Segmentation by Product Type

· Reshi

· Cordyceps

· Lions Mane

· Turkey Tail

· Shiitake

· Chaga

· Others

Segmentation by Application

· Food and Beverage

· Dietary Supplements

· Personal Care

· Pharmaceutical

Segmentation by Region:

· North America

o United States of America

o Canada

· Asia Pacific

o China

o Japan

o India

o Rest of APAC

· Europe

o United Kingdom

o Germany

o France

o Spain

o Rest of Europe

· RoW

o Brazil

o South Africa

o Saudi Arabia

o UAE

o Rest of the world (remaining countries of the LAMEA region)

About GMI Research

GMI Research is a market research and consulting company that offers business insights and market research reports for large and small & medium enterprises. Our detailed reports help the clients to make strategic business policies and achieve sustainable growth in the particular market domain. The company's large team of seasoned analysts and industry experts with experience from different regions such as Asia-Pacific, Europe, North America, among others, provides a one-stop solution for the client. Our market research report has in-depth analysis, which includes refined forecasts, a bird's eye view of the competitive landscape, key factors influencing the market growth, and various other market insights to aid companies in making strategic decisions. Featured in the 'Top 20 Most Promising Market Research Consultants' list of Silicon India Magazine in 2018, we at GMI Research are always looking forward to helping our clients to stay ahead of the curve.

Media Contact Company Name: GMI RESEARCH Contact Person: Sarah Nash Email: [email protected] Phone: Europe – +353 1 442 8820; US – +1 860 881 2270 Address: Dublin, Ireland Website: www.gmiresearch.com

#Functional Mushroom Market #gmiresearch

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orbemnews · 3 years

Link

There Is a Lot of Fungus Among Us Inside a state-of-the-art lab, tucked in an industrial neighborhood on Vancouver Island in British Columbia, employees wearing protective suits move around two clear boxes, careful not to disrupt the tubes and sensors that keep temperature and humidity constant. Inside the boxes are mushrooms. But not just any mushrooms. They are psychedelic — “magic” — mushrooms that the start-up Numinus Wellness believes one day may be used to treat mental health conditions as varied as depression, substance abuse and anxiety. Welcome to the ’Shroom Boom. While Numinus is using mushrooms to make mind-altering therapies, other mushroom growers are promising other benefits, like strengthening immune systems or reducing inflammation. Mushrooms are showing up in all sorts of wellness products, pushing them into the mainstream and making mushrooms a major force in the flourishing, multibillion-dollar wellness market. It’s hard these days to throw a rock and not hit a mushroom. A top-selling coffee on Amazon by Four Sigmatic is made with the chaga mushroom, promising immune support and stress relief. Mushroom supplements that claim to support immune systems, reduce inflammation and improve moods can be found in health and wellness stores, but also major retailers like Nordstrom and Urban Outfitters. Om Hot Chocolate says it will help you focus and de-stress. For $96, the Beauty brand Mara sells a vitamin C serum that contains reishi mushrooms that it claims will reduce inflammation. “As a food, mushrooms have a lot of things going for them in terms of their nutritional value,” said Joshua Lambert, a co-director of the Center for Plant and Mushroom Foods for Health at the Penn State College for Agricultural Sciences. “But one of the things we’re looking into are the other compounds that mushrooms and other plants have that may have significant health benefits.” The latest frontier for mushrooms could be the most interesting — and the most complicated. Last November, Oregon became the first state to legalize psilocybin, the main active ingredient in “magic” mushrooms, for the treatment of certain mental health conditions in supervised settings. In March, the New York City mayoral candidate Andrew Yang said New York State should legalize psychedelic mushrooms, a stance he raised in 2019 when he was a Democratic presidential candidate. Regulators in the United States and Canada are taking baby steps toward allowing limited use of psychedelic mushrooms, which produce visual and auditory hallucinations over a few hours after ingestion, for the treatment of certain mental health conditions. Popular as part of the counterculture in the 1960s, magic mushrooms were deemed illegal in the United States in the 1970s. Investors are taking note. Atai Life Sciences, a German firm developing psychedelic and nonpsychedlic compounds for various mental health conditions, is backed by the billionaire venture capitalist Peter Thiel and others. It filed plans this past week to raise $100 million in a public offering. Another psychedelic company, MindMed, has financial backing from Kevin O’Leary of “Shark Tank.” In the past year, more than 20 companies focused on psychedelics have gone public, and a dozen more existing public companies have moved into the space, according to analysts at the Vancouver-based investment bank Canaccord Genuity. “There are currently 100 to 150 clinical trials underway using psychedelic compounds to treat mental and behavioral health conditions,” analysts at Canaccord Genuity wrote in a report in March, adding “the industry has come a long way in the last year, but, there’s still a long way to go.” Some investors are betting that the psychedelic companies could follow in the footsteps of marijuana, which has been legalized for recreational use in more than a dozen states, including New York in March. But some analysts and many of the companies themselves caution that the path for psychedelics will most likely be very different. “Psychedelics are about health care, medically approved therapies. It’s not going to go the recreational route that cannabis did,” said Payton Nyquvest, who co-founded Numinus in 2018 and is its chief executive. And while Numinus was the first public company in Canada to harvest the first legal batch of mushrooms from the Psilocybe genus last year, its stock has been stuck trading under one dollar. Mr. Nyquvest attributed the stock price to the fact that “the sector has only recently come to prominence, and investors are still trying to define how to value companies in the space.” Today in Business Updated April 23, 2021, 1:31 p.m. ET The current mushroom boom is a surprise to many industry long-timers. While Europeans and Asians loved the wild mushrooms that Joseph Salvo of Ponderosa Mushrooms harvested all across Canada, he couldn’t drive up any interest among U.S. or Canadian consumers. Though long loved in Italian pasta dishes, a staple in Japanese soups, and a robust substitution for meat, mushrooms have been a tough sell to U.S. and Canadian consumers. That began to shift about eight years ago when more chefs started using wild mushrooms in cooking shows and such, said Mr. Salvo. Then, Costco began carrying his fresh, in-season chanterelle mushrooms in its stores. Today, Mr. Salvo grows shiitake, king oyster and other mushrooms in Ponderosa Mushroom’s 28 temperature- and climate-controlled rooms. He also grows shiitake mushrooms outdoors in the logs of alder trees. The mushrooms are shipped to retailers all over the world. While much of Ponderosa’s mushrooms end up on dinner plates, Mr. Salvo said his mushrooms were also making their way into new, interesting areas, like tea and even beer. Five hours east of Vancouver in Vernon, B.C., the start-up Doseology Sciences is also focusing on the wellness area. Inside a series of climate-controlled shipping containers that smell of damp, cool soil, Doseology is growing lion’s mane, shiitake and cordyceps mushrooms. A larger facility will be used to grow psychedelic mushrooms when it gets its license to do so, which could happen later this year. Various mushroom tinctures, serums and powders are finding their way into wellness regimens partly because after decades of relying on pharmaceuticals to control various diseases and conditions, consumers are now increasingly focusing on diet and more natural ways to improve their health, said Dr. Lambert, of Penn State. Frustration with traditional drugs that did little to address his longtime chronic pain and mental health conditions is what drove Mr. Nyquvest of Numinus to become interested in psychedelic compounds as a treatment. He points to numerous studies around the benefits of psychedelic mushrooms, including a 2016 study by researchers at Johns Hopkins Medicine that found use of psilocybin relieved anxiety and depression in people with a life-threatening cancer diagnosis. A second, small study involving 24 participants conducted by Johns Hopkins researchers that was published in JAMA Psychiatry found that those who received psilocybin-assisted therapy showed improvement as well. “The magnitude of the effect we saw was about four times larger than what clinical trials have shown for traditional antidepressants on the market,” Alan Davis, adjunct assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, said in an announcement about the study’s results. The Food and Drug Administration has put at least two psychedelic mushroom compounds on the fast track for approval to treat depression. Last year, Canada began allowing a limited number of people with terminal illness to use psychedelic mushrooms. Currently, Numinus is working toward a psilocybin-assisted therapy trial for patients with substance abuse disorders. And while regulators in the United States are taking a new look at psychedelic mushrooms, psilocybin is still a Schedule 1 drug and would need to be reclassified by regulators. Despite those hurdles, though, Mr. Nyquvest sees the potential for a broader use of psychedelic mushrooms around wellness, beyond what he called “treating really heavy indicators” of substance abuse and depression. “The same way you go to the dentist to take care of the teeth, we need to think about taking care of the brain and mental well being.” Source link Orbem News #among #fungus #Lot

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the-expert-zone · 4 years

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What are Adaptogens? Do they actually work?

This post may contain affiliate links. See Disclosure

What are Adaptogens? You’ve probably heard this word thrown around and being praised for their healing powers and stress reduction. But do they actually work? Or are they just the next fad pill or powder designed to take your money?

Adaptogens may seem like another trending thing to add to your diet, but they’ve actually been around for a long time!

Adaptogens have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries! The’ve been used to enhance physical and mental health, help with the body’s defense mechanisms, and to promote longevity.

Sounds too good to be true right?!

Adaptogens are “stress-response modifiers that increase an organism’s nonspecific resistance to stress by increasing its ability to adapt and survive (1).” Adaptogens help to reduce stress in the body and help the body maintain homeostasis.

Stress can come in many forms. Adaptogens work on an intracellular and extracellular level and help with endocrine, immune and neurological stress that the body may be under.

Adaptogens have been shown to have beneficial effects against neurodegenerative cognitive impairment, metabolic disorders, chronic inflammation, cancer, atherosclerosis, and other age related disorders (1).

ADAPTOGENIC HERBS – ADAPTOGEN SUPPLEMENTS

Ashwagandha

Astragalus

Bacopa monnieri

Chaga

Cordyceps

Holy basil

Jiaogulan

Licorice root

Lion’s mane

Maca

Mucuna pruriens

Reishi

Rhodiola Rosea

Schisandra

Siberian Ginseng

WHAT IS ASHWAGANDHA

Ashwagandha is also known as Withania somnifera and Indian ginseng. It is a shrub plant where the roots, leaves and berries have been used for thousands of years in Ayurvedic medicine.

ASHWAGANDHA BENEFITS

Ashwagandha has been demonstrated to reduce anxiety and stress, reduce chronic inflammation markers (C-reactive Protein), and have anti-anxiety and anti-depressant effects. It has also been shown to significantly reduce cortisol concentrations and the immunosuppressive effect of stress (2).

In Indian Ayurvedic medicine, Ashwagandha has been used to help with inflammation, sexual issues, nerve tissue damage, stress, anxiety, insomnia, and many other ailments. It has also been shown to improve physical performance and reduce of fatigue sensation in both sedentary people and athletes (2).

WHAT IS ASTRAGALUS

Astragalus is a genus of flowering flowering plants consisting of annual and perennial herbs and shrubs, There are more than 2000 species of Astragalus. Out of the over 2,000 different species, only A. membranaceus and A. mongholicus are primarily used for medicinal purposes (3).

ASTRAGALUS BENEFITS

Astragalus has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant, antioxidative, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and antiviral activities (3)

In traditional Chinese medicine, Astragalus is used as as antiperspirants, diuretics, and tonics for a wide array of diseases such as nephritis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cirrhosis, leukaemia, and uterine cancer (3).

Some species of Astragalus have been shown to have properties of intensifying phagocytosis of reticuloendothelial systems, stimulating pituitary-adrenal cortical activity, and restoring depleted red blood cell formation in bone marrow (3).

Nowadays people use astragalus for diarrhea, fatigue, anorexia, heart disease, hepatitis, fibromyalgia, and as an adjunct therapy for cancer.

WHAT IS BACOPA MONNIERI

Bacopa monnieri is most commonly referred to as “bacopa.” Also, every time I try to type “bacopa,” my mac book pro autocorrects it to “bacon.” I think my laptop knows how much I like bacon hahaha.

Bacopa has been used in Ayurvedic medicine as a nootropic, an herb that sharpens the mind.

BACOPA MONNIERI BENEFITS

Bacopa uses include treatment for memory loss, anxiety, poor cognition, and loss of concentration as well as to treat inflammatory conditions such as arthritis.

In a recent study, Bacopa was shown to inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines and inhibit enzymes associated with inflammation in the brain (4).

WHAT IS CHAGA

Chaga also know as Inonotus obliquus, is a parasitic fungus that grows on hardwood trees in the northern hemisphere, mostly in Europe, Canada, the northern US, Kazakhstan, Siberia, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, and in China (5).

CHAGA BENEFITS

Chaga has been used since the 12 century as an anthelminthic, as an anti-tubercular, to cure digestive disorders (gastritis and ulcers), or even to prevent cardiac or hepatic illnesses.

In recent years, Chaga has been used in the Eastern hemisphere for its effects on lipid metabolism, cardiac function, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor activities (5)..

WHAT IS CORDYCEPS

Cordyceps, also known as Chinese caterpillar fungus has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine. Cordyceps are a parasitic complex of a fungus and a caterpillar, where the fungi live on the larvae of caterpillars of moths (6).

CORDYCEPS BENEFITS

Cordyceps have been shown to have immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-tumor effects. It has also been used to treat colorectal cancer and lung cancer (6)

WHAT IS HOLY BASIL

Holy basil, grown in India is also know as Ocimum sanctum. It has been used in Ayurvedic medicine, and has been worshipped for over 3,000 years being called “elixir of life” due to its healing properties. Holy bail also goes by “The Queen of Herbs,” “The Incomparable One,” and “The Mother Medicine of Nature” (7).

HOLY BASIL BENEFITS

Holy basil has been suggested to possess anti-fertility, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-fungal, anti-microbial, cardioprotective, analgesic, and anti-spasmodic actions (7).

WHAT IS JIAOGULAN

Jiaogulan, also known as Southern Ginseng and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, is a plant that grows in China. It has been used for centuries in Chinese medicine to treat hepatitis, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. (8).

JIAOGULAN BENEFITS

Jiaogulan has been found to have many different pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, lipid metabolism regulatory, antiproliferative, neuroprotective and anxiolytic activities.

Recent evidence suggests that Jiaogulan may have anti-cancer activities through multiple mechanism, including cell cycle arrest, the induction of apoptosis, inhibition of invasion and metastasis, glycolysis inhibition and immunomodulation (8).

WHAT IS LICORICE ROOT

Licorice root, also known as Glycyrrhiza glabra or “sweet root” grows in Greece, Turkey and Asia. It consists of the dried unpeeled or peeled, whole or cut roots and stolons (9).

LICORICE ROOT BENEFITS

Licorice root has been used for centuries as antitussive expectorant, relaxant, to relieve pain that occurs because of a sudden nervous breakdown of muscle or tissue, to reduce weight gain, to increase white blood cell count, and also because of its diuretic and anti-inflammatory effects (10)

New research suggests that licorice root exhibits not only estrogenic, but also anti-inflammatory, as well as anti-cancer, hepato- and neuroprotective properties (9).

Nowadays people use licorice root for digestive problems, menopausal symptoms, cough, and bacterial infections (11).

WHAT IS LION’S MANE

Lion’s mane, also known as the Hericium erinaceus “Yamabushitake” and “Satyr’s beard,” is a mushroom that grows on both living and dead broadleaf trees in Asia, North America and Europe (12).

LION’S MANE BENEFITS

Lion’s mane has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine to support longevity. More recently it has been shown to have nootropic capabilities including improved recognition and memory (12).

Nowadays Lion’s mane is used to reduce anxiety, increase insulin sensitivity, improve gut health, increase energy, and act as an anti-inflammatory agent.

WHAT IS MACA

Maca, also known as Lepidium meyenii or “Peruvian Ginseng”, grows way up high in Peru’s Central Andres mountains. The Maca plant is a cruciferous vegetable related to cauliflower and broccoli. The root is most often used to create powders or made into capsules to be consumed.

MACA BENEFITS

Maca has been used for centuries for its fertility enhancing and libido boosting properties. It also is used to treat anxiety and depression. There are two main types of Maca, black maca and red maca.

Black Maca shows the best results on spermatogenesis, memory and fatigue. While red Maca has been shown to reverses the benign prostatic hyperplasia and experimentally induced osteoporosis, as well as reduces glucose levels and lowers blood pressure (13).

WHAT IS MUCUNA PRURIENS

Mucuna Pruriens, a legume also know as Fabaceae or “Velvet Bean” is found in tropical and sub-tropical regions. It is safe for human consumption and is 23-35% protein (14).

MUCUNA PRURIENS BENEFITS

Mucuna Pruriens is an herbal drug that has been used for male infertility, nervous disorders and as an aphrodisiac. It has been shown to have anti-parkinson and neuroprotective effects, which may be related to its antioxidant activity. It has also been used to treat nervous disorders and arthritis (14).

WHAT IS REISHI

Reishi, also known as Ganoderma lucidum “lingzhi” is a fungus that grows on decaying wood, that cause white rot on a variety of tree species. It’s also been referred to as “the mushroom of immortality.”

In ancient Chinese and Japanese artwork Reishi has been associated with royalty, wisdom, sexual prowess, and eternal life (15).

REISHI BENEFITS

Reishi has been used for centuries and is traditionally used for it’s anti-inflammatory and immune enhancement features.

Nowadays Reishi is used for boosting the immune system, reducing fatigue, anti-cancer properties, and treating depression (15).

WHAT IS RHODIOLA ROSEA

Rhodiola rosea, most common known as “Rhodiola” “arctic root” and “golden root” grows in the cold Northern Hemispheres of Europe, Asia and in the Arctic.

RHODIOLA ROSEA BENEFITS

Rhodiola has been used for centuries for anxiety, fatigue, anemia, impotence, infections, headache, depression related to stress, to increase physical endurance, work performance, longevity, and improve resistance to high-altitude sickness..

Nowadays Rhodiola is used to increase energy, stamina, strength, memory enhancement, decrease stress and to reduce anxiety (16).

WHAT IS SCHISANDRA

Schisandra, also known as Chinese magnolia vine, have been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine.

SCHISANDRA BENEFITS

In the past Schisandra was used in the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory failure, cardiovascular diseases, body fatigue and weakness, excessive sweating and insomnia.

In traditional Russian medicine, it was used as a tonic which could reduce hunger, fatigue, delaying the aging process, increasing vitality, and improving mental health (17).

WHAT IS SIBERIAN GINSENG

Siberian ginseng, also known as Eleutherococcus senticosus is native to Russia, Japan, Korea and China. It is a thorny shrub which can grow up to 15ft high, who’s roots of are used for medicinal purposes.

SIBERIAN GINSENG BENEFITS

Siberian ginseng has been used for centuries to boost immune systems, reduce fatigue, enhance endurance, and for longevity. It has now been shown to act as an antioxidant, antibacterial, and lower insulin levels (18).

ADAPTOGEN FAQs

What are adaptogens good for? Adaptogens can be used to treat stress‐induced fatigue and cognitive function, mental illness, and behavioral disorders (1).

How do adaptogens work? Adaptogens help to regulate our adrenals, pituitary and hypothalamus. Particularly how they respond to stressors. “Adaptogens exhibit multi-targeted actions and the shared use of a number of different receptors, including receptors for corticosteroid, mineralocorticoid, progestin, estrogen, serotonin (5‐HT), N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate, and nicotinic acetylcholine, receptor tyrosine kinases, and many G protein–coupled receptors (1).”

What is the best adaptogen? That depends on what you are hoping to achieve by taking adaptogens. Some of our favorite adaptogens are ashwagandha, cordyceps, holy basil, maca and rhodiola.

Will lowering cortisol help lose weight? When cortisol turned on, insulin is released from the body. When insulin is release, glucose is stored and our fat burning mechanism are switched off.

Adaptogens are very popular among people who Intermittent Fast and those who follow a keto diet. If you’re new to keto and don’t know where to start, check out our Keto FAQ page and our guide to calculate your macros for a keto diet.

Join our newsletter if you want to be notified when a new recipe or blog post is live

We love hearing from you! You can also tag #theketoqueens on social media. To stay up-to-date, FOLLOW US on Instagram @theketoqueens, Twitter, and Facebook.

If you found this post and you’re ready to start a keto diet, check out our 5 Day Budget Keto Meal Plan. You’ll get 5 days worth of recipes and eat for under $5 per day!

If you need a little more hand holding and want something longer term, you may be interested in our 4 week keto meal prep course. It comes with 4 weeks of keto meal plans (1200, 1500 and 1800 calorie levels), weekly keto grocery lists, 40 keto recipe ebook, how to meal prep ebook, videos and more!

Or if you’ve been doing keto for a while and just need a little help meal planning, we’ve got you covered! Get 1 week of keto meal plans for free!

If you loved this post or any of our recipes, please leave a comment below. We love hearing from you! You can also tag #theketoqueens on social media. To stay up-to-date, FOLLOW US on Instagram @theketoqueens, Twitter, and Facebook.

References

Panossian, A. (2017), Understanding adaptogenic activity: specificity of the pharmacological action of adaptogens and other phytochemicals. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1401: 49-64. doi:10.1111/nyas.13399

Deshpande, A., Irani, N., & Balakrishnan, R. (2018). Study protocol and rationale for a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effects of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract on nonrestorative sleep. Medicine, 97(26), e11299. https://ift.tt/3rAxaaF

Li, X., Qu, L., Dong, Y., Han, L., Liu, E., Fang, S., . . . Wang, T. (2014). A Review of Recent Research Progress on the Astragalus Genus. Molecules,19(11), 18850-18880. doi:10.3390/molecules191118850

Nemetchek, M. D., Stierle, A. A., Stierle, D. B., & Lurie, D. I. (2017). The Ayurvedic plant Bacopa Monnieri inhibits inflammatory pathways in the brain. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 197, 92–100. https://ift.tt/2MCIGnf

Géry, A., Dubreule, C., André, V., Rioult, J.-P., Bouchart, V., Heutte, N., … Garon, D. (2018). Chaga (Inonotus obliquus), a Future Potential Medicinal Fungus in Oncology? A Chemical Study and a Comparison of the Cytotoxicity Against Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells (A549) and Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells (BEAS-2B). Integrative Cancer Therapies, 17(3), 832–843. https://ift.tt/3rDxLZ1

Lee, H. H., Lee, S., Lee, K., Shin, Y. S., Kang, H., & Cho, H. (2015). Anti-cancer effect of Cordyceps militaris in human colorectal carcinoma RKO cells via cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial apoptosis. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 23(1), 35. https://ift.tt/2Obc4kI

Rastogi, S., Kalra, A., Gupta, V., Khan, F., Lal, R. K., Tripathi, A. K., … Shasany, A. K. (2015). Unravelling the genome of Holy basil: an “incomparable” “elixir of life” of traditional Indian medicine. BMC Genomics, 16(1), 413. https://ift.tt/2MLn4VG

Li, Y., Lin, W., Huang, J., Xie, Y., & Ma, W. (2016). Anti-cancer effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino (Jiaogulan). Chinese Medicine, 11, 43. https://ift.tt/3a2eMBD

Simmler, C., Jones, T., Anderson, J. R., Nikolić, D. C., van Breemen, R. B., Soejarto, D. D., … Pauli, G. F. (2014). Species-specific Standardisation of Licorice by Metabolomic Profiling of Flavanones and Chalcones. Phytochemical Analysis : PCA, 25(4), 378–388. https://ift.tt/3p1oSH6

Jung, J.-C., Lee, Y.-H., Kim, S. H., Kim, K.-J., Kim, K.-M., Oh, S., & Jung, Y.-S. (2016). Hepatoprotective effect of licorice, the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensisFischer, in alcohol-induced fatty liver disease. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16, 19. https://ift.tt/3aL4c14

https://ift.tt/1BvPuEq

Brandalise, F., Cesaroni, V., Gregori, A., Repetti, M., Romano, C., Orrù, G., … Rossi, P. (2017). Dietary Supplementation of Hericium erinaceus Increases Mossy Fiber-CA3 Hippocampal Neurotransmission and Recognition Memory in Wild-Type Mice. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 2017, 3864340. https://ift.tt/3tCj1eV

https://ift.tt/3rzh1lY

Lampariello, L. R., Cortelazzo, A., Guerranti, R., Sticozzi, C., & Valacchi, G. (2012). The Magic Velvet Bean of Mucuna pruriens. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 2(4), 331–339.

Loyd, A. L., Richter, B. S., Jusino, M. A., Truong, C., Smith, M. E., Blanchette, R. A., & Smith, J. A. (2018). Identifying the “Mushroom of Immortality”: Assessing the Ganoderma Species Composition in Commercial Reishi Products. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 1557. https://ift.tt/39XcaVE

https://ift.tt/2xk9LCT

Szopa, A., Ekiert, R., & Ekiert, H. (2017). Current knowledge of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (Chinese magnolia vine) as a medicinal plant species: a review on the bioactive components, pharmacological properties, analytical and biotechnological studies. Phytochemistry Reviews, 16(2), 195–218. https://ift.tt/36VECoP

Zhou, C., Liu, L., & Li, C. (2014). Microarray Analysis of Siberian Ginseng Cyclic Somatic Embryogenesis Culture Systems Provides Insight into Molecular Mechanisms of Embryogenic Cell Cluster Generation. PLoS ONE, 9(4), e94959. https://ift.tt/3a2UvM4

You can click the LINK to start creating your 8-week plan. Simply follow the plan to achieve a successful keto diet.

⠀ LINK : CLICK HERE LINK :CLICK HERE

from Your Keto Plan https://ift.tt/3tGwn9W

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kdmarketresearch · 5 years

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Brain Health Supplements Market generated $3,194 million in 2016, and is anticipated to reach $5,813 million by 2023

A fresh report titled “ Brain Health Supplements Market” has been presented by KD market research. It evaluates the key market trends, advantages, and factors that are pushing the overall growth of the market. The report also analyzes the different segments along with major geographies that have more demand for Brain Health Supplements Market. The competition analysis is also a major part of the report.

Brain health supplements are herbal extracts, which possess cognitive benefits such as improvement in memory, creativity, attention, motivation, and alertness. The global brain health supplements market generated $3,194 million in 2016, and is anticipated to reach $5,813 million by 2023, growing at a CAGR of 8.8% from 2017 to 2023.

Request for sample Copy@ https://www.kdmarketresearch.com/sample/3383

The brain health supplements market is projected to grow significantly during the forecast period, due to rise in desire to enhance brain functions among students, scientists, and investment bankers along with growth in number of promotional activities carried out by the key players. Rapid growth of e-commerce industry facilitates product availability, which in turns drives the growth of the market. Furthermore, surge in number of self-directed consumers, abundant availability of brain health supplements, and increase in awareness about brain health supplements among the general population in the developing countries are anticipated to drive the market growth in the coming years. However, lack of awareness about brain health supplements in under developed regions hinders the growth of the market.

The report segments the market based on product, application, sales channel, age group, supplements form, and region. On the basis of product, the market is classified into herbal extracts (ginseng, ginkgo biloba, curcumin, lion?s mane, bacopa monnieri and others), vitamins & minerals (vitamin B, vitamin C and E, and others), and natural compounds (acetyl-L-carnitine, alpha GPC, citicoline, docosahexaenoic acid, huperzine-A, and others). The applications covered in the study include memory enhancement, mood & depression, attention & focus, longevity & anti-aging, sleep & recovery, and anxiety. By sales channel, the market is categorized into supermarkets & hypermarkets, drug stores, online stores, and others. According to age group, it is divided into children, adults, and elderly. Depending on supplement form, it is fragmented into capsules, tablets, and others. Region wise, it is studied across North America (U.S., Canada, and Mexico), Europe (Germany, France, UK, Italy, Spain, and rest of Europe), Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Australia, India, South Korea, and rest of Asia-Pacific), and LAMEA (Brazil, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, and rest of LAMEA).

KEY BENEFITS FOR STAKEHOLDERS

-The study provides an in-depth analysis of the market along with current trends and future estimations to elucidate the imminent investment pockets.

-It offers a quantitative analysis from 2016 to 2023, which is expected to enable the stakeholders to capitalize on prevailing market opportunities.

-Comprehensive analysis of all geographical regions is provided to determine the prevailing opportunities.

-Key players are profiled, and their strategies are analyzed thoroughly to understand the competitive outlook of the global market.

KEY MARKET SEGMENTS

By Product

-Herbal Extract -Ginseng -Ginkgo Biloba -Curcumin -Lion?s Mane -Bacopa Monnieri -Others -Vitamins & Minerals -B Vitamins -Vitamin C & E -Others -Natural Molecules -Acetyl-L-carnitine -Alpha GPC -Citicoline -Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) -Huperzine-A -Others

By Application

-Memory Enhancement -Mood & Depression -Attention & Focus -Longevity & Anti-aging -Sleep & Recovery -Anxiety

By Supplements Form

-Tablets -Capsules -Others

By Age Group

-Children -Adults -Elderly

By Sales Channel

-Supermarkets & Hypermarkets -Drug Stores -Online Stores -Others

By Region

-North America -U.S. -Canada -Mexico -Europe -Germany -France -UK -Italy -Spain -Rest of Europe -Asia-Pacific -Japan -China -Australia -India -South Korea -Rest of Asia-Pacific -LAMEA -Brazil -Saudi Arabia -South Africa -Rest of LAMEA

LIST OF KEY PLAYERS PROFILED IN THE REPORT

-Accelerated Intelligence Inc. -AlternaScript, LLC -HVMN Inc. -Liquid Health, Inc. -Aurobindo Pharma Limited -Natural Factors Nutritional Products Ltd. -Onnit Labs, LLC -KeyView Labs, Inc. -Purelife Bioscience Co., Ltd. -Quincy Bioscience

Access Complete Research Report with toc@ https://www.kdmarketresearch.com/report/3383/brain-health-supplements-market-amr

Table of Content

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Report description 1.2. KEY BENEFITS FOR STAKEHOLDERS 1.3. KEY MARKET SEGMENTS 1.4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1.4.1. Secondary research 1.4.2. Primary research 1.4.3. Analyst tools and models

CHAPTER 2: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2.1. KEY FINDINGS OF THE STUDY 2.2. CXO perspective

CHAPTER 3: MARKET OVERVIEW

3.1. MARKET DEFINITION AND SCOPE 3.2. Key Findings

3.2.1. Top investment pockets 3.2.2. Top winning strategies, 2016-2018 3.2.3. Top player positioning, 2016

3.3. MARKET DYNAMICS

3.3.1. Drivers

3.3.1.1. Benefits of natural memory enhancing supplements over others 3.3.1.2. Rise in use of memory enhancement supplements among the students 3.3.1.3. Rapid growth of e-commerce

3.3.2. Restraints

3.3.2.1. Poor demand in under developed countries

3.3.3. Opportunity

3.3.3.1. Surge in adoption of brain health supplements 3.3.3.2. Growth opportunities in emerging markets

3.3.4. Impact Analyses

CHAPTER 4: BRAIN HEALTH SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY PRODUCT

4.1. Overview

4.1.1. Market size and forecast

4.2. Herbal Extract

4.2.1. Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities 4.2.2. Market size and forecast, by type

4.2.2.1. Ginseng market size and forecast 4.2.2.2. Ginkgo biloba market size and forecast 4.2.2.3. Curcumin market size and forecast 4.2.2.4. Lions mane market size and forecast 4.2.2.5. Bacopa monnieri market size and forecast 4.2.2.6. Other herbal extracts market size and forecast

4.2.3. Market size and forecast, by region 4.2.4. Market analysis, by country

4.3. Vitamins & Minerals

4.3.1. Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities 4.3.2. Market size and forecast, by type

4.3.2.1. Vitamin B market size and forecast 4.3.2.2. Vitamin C & E market size and forecast 4.3.2.3. Other vitamins & minerals market size and forecast

4.3.3. Market size and forecast, by region 4.3.4. Market analysis, by country

4.4. Natural Molecules

4.4.1. Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities 4.4.2. Market size and forecast, by type

4.4.2.1. Acetyl-L-Carnitine market size and forecast 4.4.2.2. Alpha GPC market size and forecast 4.4.2.3. Citicoline market size and forecast 4.4.2.4. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) market size and forecast 4.4.2.5. Huperzine A market size and forecast 4.4.2.6. Other natural molecules market size and forecast

4.4.3. Market size and forecast, by region 4.4.4. Market analysis, by country

CHAPTER 5: BRAIN HEALTH SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATION

5.1. Overview

5.1.1. Market size and forecast

5.2. Memory Enhancement

5.2.1. Market size and forecast, by Region 5.2.2. Market analysis, by country

5.3. Mood & Depression

5.3.1. Market size and forecast 5.3.2. Market analysis, by country

5.4. Attention & Focus

5.4.1. Market size and forecast 5.4.2. Market analysis, by country

5.5. Longevity and Anti-aging

5.5.1. Market size and forecast 5.5.2. Market analysis, by country

5.6. Sleep & Recovery

5.6.1. Market size and forecast 5.6.2. Market analysis, by country

5.7. Anxiety

5.7.1. Market size and forecast 5.7.2. Market analysis, by country

CHAPTER 6: BRAIN HEALTH SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY SUPPLEMENT FORM

6.1. Overview

6.1.1. Market size and forecast

6.2. Tablets

6.2.1. Market size and forecast 6.2.2. Market analysis, by country

6.3. Capsules

6.3.1. Market size and forecast 6.3.2. Market analysis, by country

6.4. Others

6.4.1. Market size and forecast 6.4.2. Market analysis, by country

CHAPTER 7: BRAIN HEALTH SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY AGE GROUP

7.1. Overview

7.1.1. Market size and forecast

7.2. Children

7.2.1. Market size and forecast, by Region 7.2.2. Market analysis, by country

7.3. Adults

7.3.1. Market size and forecast, by Region 7.3.2. Market analysis, by country

7.4. Elderly

7.4.1. Market size and forecast, by Region 7.4.2. Market analysis, by country

CHAPTER 8: BRAIN HEALTH SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY SALES CHANNEL

8.1. Overview

8.1.1. Market size and forecast

8.2. Supermarkets & Hypermarkets

8.2.1. Market size and forecast, by Region 8.2.2. Market analysis, by country

8.3. Drug Stores

8.3.1. Market size and forecast, by Region 8.3.2. Market analysis, by country

8.4. Online Stores

8.4.1. Market size and forecast, by Region 8.4.2. Market analysis, by country

8.5. Others

8.5.1. Market size and forecast, by Region 8.5.2. Market analysis, by country

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About Us:

KD Market Research is one of the best market research organization that provides B2B research on the growth opportunities of the industry which is the prime factor of the overall revenue of the organization. We identify the pain points which our client is facing around revenue methods and provide them with a comprehensive database which helps them to make intelligent decisions that could ensure growth to the organization.

Our Services include market intelligence, competitive intelligence, and customized research. These research reports help the organizations to make quick and powerful decisions that make out highest growth in revenue.

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#Brain Health Supplements Market size #Brain Health Supplements Market trends #Brain Health Supplements Market news #Brain Health Supplements Market Share #Brain Health Supplements Market Analysis #Brain Health Supplements Market Forecast

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selfobsessedpod · 6 years

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#27: Rob Healy on "brain hacking" with smart drugs (nootropics)

Jeff chats with the founder of Super Fun Productions, Rob Healy, about his passion to better understand the neuroscience behind various smart drugs (nootropics) that can improve memory, creativity, cognition, and can stave off age-related memory decline. We talk about the long term dangers of stimulants, the racetam class of drugs that are banned in the United States, and the "limitless" drug Modafinil.

Jeff Grace (host)

@jeffgrace (Twitter)

@jeffgrace (Instagram)

Rob Healy (guest)

@parttimerob (Instagram)

@PartTimeRob (Twitter)

Mentioned in this Episode:

Note: Please consult with a doctor before taking any of the supplements listed below.

RACETAMS - Class of drugs that are legal in EU and Canada, but yet not in the United States. Discovered in the 1960s and have been clinically studied since the 1970s. Much safer class of drug than Amphetamines, that posses very low toxicity and lack serious side effects. Scientist believe Racetams help with ATP synthesis and Acetylcholine function. Other studies show it improves mitochondrial function in Alzheimers patients.

Aniracetam - Rob's favorite for creative professionals. Enters blood stream quickly and slightly stimulatory. Fat soluble, so need to have some fat with it (fish oil or whole milk). Helps with memory formation, learning ability, increased creativity, and holistic big picture thinking.

Piracetam - The first discovered and the safest because of its oldest use profile. Claims it can increase word recall, focus, attention, and memory.

Phenylpiracetam - Same as Piracetam but 10x stronger. Banned by the Olympic Doping agency. Does cause sleep disturbances so want to take this in the morning. Only take this 1-2 times a week because you will acclimate quickly. Seems to be good for attention switching and task switching as well as hand eye motor movement.

Oxiracetam- The computer programmer or "hacker" drug. Great for neuroprotection and recovering from head trauma. Recommended for recovery from concussions. Enhances long term memory formation. Few studies that show it's better at memory formation and recall than Piracetam. One study showed increased reaction times, as well.

AFANILS - Modafanil (aka Provigil or Modalert) and Adrafanil. Rob does not strong endorse. "Wakefulness Drugs" originally designed to treat narcolepsy that may help people avoid dips in energy, but do not increase focus, reading comprehension, or word recall in ADHD brains in same way stimulants would. Popularized by Bulletproof Coffee founder Dave Asprey. Inspiration for the film and television series, "Limitless". SUPPLEMENTS THAT ARE EFFECTIVE WHEN PAIRED WITH CAFFEINE...

L-THEANINE - Exists naturally in Match Tea. Best taken with caffeine. Has calming effect, or anti-anxiety... makes caffeine or stimulant highs feel much smoother- rounds them out and relaxes the "jump out of your skin feelings". This is a coffee must have. Improves memory and learning. Aids in immune system, increases t-cells, has some antibacterial properties. Lowers blood pressure. Big Fan.

TYROSINE - Dopamine precursor. Amino acid to refill your dopamine stores. Stress relieving properties as well. Great supplement for depressed people as well. Also have a super hectic or stressful work week... load up on tyrosine.

VASOPRESSIN - Take and wait 30-45 minutes to increase recall at lectures or in other events where elevated recall would be important.

CENTROPHENOXINE - Increase recall speed. This increases oxygen to the brain and helps with glucose uptake. Brain uses 20 percent of the body's oxygen levels so you gotta make sure oxygen flow to the brain is constant as we age.

LIONS MANE - Helps regulate blood glucose. Increases nerve growth factor that help neuron growth and maintenance. One of Rob's highly recommended adaptogens. Suggested as a supplement to coffee (but with some bitter taste.)

FOUR SIGMATIC COFFEE - Instant coffee that contains Lions's Mane and Chagga Mushrooms linked to cognative brain function improvements. HUPERZINE A - Probably one of the oldest nootropics. Goes way back. So going back to Acetylcholine.... Huperzine prevents its breakdown in that synapse. So it prevents the reuptake and make you use more of your ACH.)

BACOPA MONNIERI - Helps with memory and retention but gotta take it consistently over a long period of time. Over the Counter.

KRILL OIL (Omega 6) - Krill seems to have the highest effectiveness of the fish oils to reduce gut inflammation that can result in slower oxygen flow to the brain.

CHOLINE (a neurotransmitter) - Suggested to "stack" with Racetams. Many benefits to Choline supplementation in facilitating of acetylcholine production in the brain. Acetylcholine is sort of like a specific stem cell for the brain in that it can promote neuroplasticity and brain regeneration. Good supplements to take for to help stimulate Acetylcholine production: alpha-GPC, choline bitartrate, choline citrate or CDP choline. Additionally show to have positive affects: Acetyl-L-Carnitine, Ashwagandha, Ginkgo Biloba, and Vitamin B.

Music by Michael Sempert

WestChannel.com | Michael Sempert on Spotify

Check out the latest episode of Self Obsessed with Jeff Grace. Get your self-help obsession fix now!

#selfobsessedpod jeffgrace selfhelp selfimprovement lifehack

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sharmin2441139 · 4 years

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Medicinal Mushrooms IN THE 21ST CENTURY

THE USE OF MUSHROOMS in traditional ancient therapies dates back to at least the Neolithic Age (in China, 10,000 B.C. – 2,000 B.C). For millennia, mushrooms have been regarded and revered by humans as edible and medicinal agents. Ancient Asian traditions have stressed the importance of several mushroom species, most notably the lingzhi or reishi, lion’s mane, cordyceps, and shitake mushroom. The history of mushroom consumption is rich in Tibetan shamanism and Buddhism, as well as in spiritual cultures of Mesoamerica, Mexico, and Guatemala with the use of hallucinogenic mushroom species. Use of medicinal mushrooms has a long history in Russia, Europe, and some parts of Africa, including Nigeria, Algeria, and Egypt. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 2 Given the use of mushrooms in traditional therapies spanning the globe, modern researchers are attempting to validate and document some of the ancient knowledge. In the past three decades, the interdisciplinary field of science that studies mushrooms, known as mycology, has demonstrated the nutritional (culinary) and therapeutic (medicinal) value of many compounds extracted from a range of mushrooms species . Traditionally, mushrooms were used to maintain good health, as well as to prevent and treat diseases, mainly by regulating the immune system. In the last decade scientists have identified and explored other ways in which various mushroom species promote good health, revealing mushrooms to beunique, multi-modal medicinal agents worthy of further investigation. Today, more than 100 therapeutic applications have been demonstrated by mushrooms, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antitumor, anti-diabetic, immunomodulating, antiviral, antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, antiparasitic, and antifungal. Mushrooms also protect against brain, heart, and liver damage. While modern researchers are just beginning to explore the clinical potential of medicinal mushrooms in the West, countries in the East such as Japan, Korea, China, and Russia have already adopted mushroom-derived preparations for use in clinical practice. For example, mushrooms have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for years to treat pulmonary diseases, and in Japan, the mushroom T. versicolor has been used as an approved product for adjunctive cancer treatment since the 1970s. The number of mushroom species on Earth is currently estimated at 150,000, yet perhaps only 10 percent are known to science. This presents researchers with an exciting opportunity to dive into this vast and largely untapped field of mushroom science with hopes of uncovering new and potentially breaththrough nutritional and therapeutic agents. “Today, more than 100 therapeutic applications have been demonstrated by mushrooms…” Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 3 WHAT ARE MUSHROOMS? Mushrooms comprise an extremely abundant and diverse world of fungi. They are something special in the living world, being neither plant nor animal. Belonging to a kingdom of their own, called Myceteae, all mushrooms are heterotrophic, meaning they cannot make their own food. Instead, they absorb nutrients from other sources of organic carbon such as complex organic polymers like cellulose, which get degraded by extracellular enzymes secreted by mushrooms. Taxonomically, mushrooms can be classified into two different categories: Basidiomycetes, which comprise many of the well-known genera, and Ascomycetes. The structures that we refer to as mushrooms are in fact only the fruiting bodies of fungi. The vegetative parts of fungi, called mycelia, are a system of cordlike strands that branch out of soil, compost, wooden logs, and other lignocellulosic materials that are host to fungi. After some time, the matured mycelia growing on such materials produce the fruiting bodies we know as mushrooms. As mentioned, mushrooms have been used by humans for thousands of years as food and medicine. More than 14,000 mushroom species are recognized by science, and among them, about 2,000 are classified as edible. These edible mushrooms can be categorized into 30 genera, with 270 species that bear potential therapeutic value in human health. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 4 MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS Medicinal mushrooms possess nutraceutical and pharmaceutical characteristics in addition to taste and aroma. They are a rich source of nutrients such as carbohydrates, fibers, proteins, unsaturated fats, vitamins, and minerals. They also produce secondary metabolites, which are largely responsible for their therapeutic effects. These metabolites are bioactive, low-molecular-weight compounds that are produced in response to stress as a defense and signaling mechanism for survival. Interestingly, they are not required by the fungi for normal growth and reproduction. More than 100 species of medicinal mushrooms are used in Asia. Some of the more commonly used species are introduced below. It is worth noting that while these mushrooms have been used historically as traditional medicines, with many being used clinically today in Asia, modern research is insufficient to draw conclusions, as it has mostly been conducted in cellular and animal Structure of bioactive compounds from medicinal mushroom Medicinal Mushroom:Nitrogen analog B Phenol derivative D Carbohydrates derivative C Derivative of α β Unsaturated carbonyl o o OH NH2 N H Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 5 studies. While many of these medicinal mushrooms have been recognized scientifically for their health-promoting activities, pharmaceutical application in healthcare is still far away in the majority of countries across the world, and especially in the West. Today, medicinal mushrooms can be found as dietary and nutritional supplements. They are often recommended by nutritionists and holistic healthcare professionals and sold by health food and wellness retailers. Given the lack of consensus and limited information on safety, it is a good idea to consult with your healthcare professional about appropriate dosages and risk factors with certain medications. Finally, when choosing medicinal mushrooms as dietary supplements, it is important to ensure they have been tested by a third-party facility for quality and purity and that there is sufficient information available about the product. Reishi Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), also known as reishi in Japanese Medicine or lingzhi in Chinese Medicine, is a large, dark mushroom from Asian Traditional Medicine that has been praised for its powerful health benefits for over 2,000 years. It was in the 16th-century Ming Dynasty when G. lucidum was discovered to have therapeutic value. Benefits included enhanced vital energy, improved memory, and improved cardiac function, and tonifying and anti-aging effects. According to the State Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, G. lucidum acts to replenish Qi, calm the mind, and reduce coughing and asthma. It is also recommended for insomnia, dizziness, shortness of breath, and heart palpitations. Since the early 1970s, cultivation of G. lucidum has become a major source of the mushroom, with popularity extending outside of Asian Traditional Medicine and into the West. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 6 Lion’s Mane Hericium erinaceus (H. erinaceus) is an edible mushroom with distinguished medicinal value, a long history of use in Traditional Chinese Medicine, and an established process of cultivation in Asia since the late 1980s. H. erinaceus is referenced by several names, including yamabushitake in Japanese Medicine, houtou in Chinese Medicine, or more broadly as lion’s mane mushroom. Lion’s mane is considered a saprotroph, or weak parasite, and grows on dead wood and occasionally on the cracks of living hardwood across Asia, Europe, and North America. More recently, it has earned scientific attention as a potential source for a variety of therapies for cancer, depression, diabetes, and diseases of the heart and nervous system. Shitake The shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) is the second most commonly consumed mushroom worldwide and has grown to become an extensively used culinary ingredient. Historically, therapeutic use of the L. edodes became widespread in the Ming Dynasty after methods of cultivating the fungus on logs were developed. Shiitake was traditionally used as a tonic to improve circulation and vigor. Health-promoting properties included improved heart health and efficacy against lung disease and intestinal worms. It was also associated with the treatment of chronic rheumatism and cancer. Today lentinan, one of the active ingredients purified from shiitake mushrooms, has been used experimentally and clinically as an immunopotentiation agent in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer in Japan. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 7 Turkey Tail Trametes versicolor (T. versicolor) or Coriolus versicolor (C. versicolor), also known as yun zhi in Traditional Chinese Medicine and kawaratake in Japanese Medicine, is a woody bracket polypore mushroom that grows on dead logs throughout the world in many diverse climates, including North America. The name turkey tail refers to its concentric rings of brown and tan, which resemble turkey tail feathers. Turkey tail mushroom has a long history of treasured use in Asia as food and in Asian Traditional Medicine as a therapeutic agent. In 1965, the immunomodulatory activity of turkey tail was identified in Japan by a chemical engineer who observed a case of cancer remission after ingesting it. Subsequent research and findings led to its clinical use as a supplementary therapeutic agent in cancer treatments in Japan and China. Chaga Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus), grows as a rock-hard protrusion from birch trees in cooler climates, such as Northern Europe, Siberia, Russia, Korea, Northern Canada, and Alaska. Chaga is also referenced by other names, such as cinder conk, birch canker polymore, clinker polypore, and black mass. Unlike the other commonly known medicinal mushrooms, this dense structure is known as a sclerotium rather than a fruiting body. For centuries, chaga powder was used as traditional medicine in tea form in Russia and other Northern European countries to boost the immune system and improve overall health. It has also been used in the treatment of some cancers, diabetes, and heart disease. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 8 Cordyceps Cordyceps is a genus of parasitic fungi that grows on the larvae of insects. These mushrooms remain dormant in the soil until they attack their host, replacing its tissue and sprouting long stems that grow outside the infected host’s body. With over 750 identified species, cordyceps have been used for centuries in Traditional Chinese Medicine as a tonic, food, and medicine. However, it was in the early 1990s that cordyceps gained worldwide attention, when Chinese longdistance runners who took tonic from the species C. sinensis broke world records during their training periods. In recent times, several cordyceps species have been shown to have medicinal value, with the most studied being C. militaris and C. sinensis. They have the potential to help treat respiratory, liver, kidney, and heart and lung diseases, as well as type 2 diabetes and some cancers. Maitake Grifola frondosa (G. frondosa), is an edible medicinal mushroom with a large fruiting body characterized by overlapping caps that grows at the base of stumps tree trunks of dead, dying, or aging hardwoods such as oaks, elms, and chestnuts. It is also known as hen of the woods in North America or maitake in Japan. Maitake is mainly found in northern temperate regions of Japan, as well as in some European countries and the Northeastern United States. G. frondosa is treasured in both Traditional Japanese and Chinese Medicine as a medicinal mushroom to boost energy and improve spleen and stomach ailments, as well as to calm the mind. Cultivation began in Japan in the early 1980s, with China and the United States beginning large-scale production a decade later. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 9 NUTRITIONAL VALUE The nutritional value of mushrooms typically comes from high protein, low fat, high fiber, and diverse vitamin and mineral content. Notably, mushrooms are abundant in essential amino acids leucine, valine, glutamine, and glutamic and aspartic acids. Fatty acids found in mushrooms are predominantly linoleic, oleic, and palmitic fatty acids. Carbohydrates include chitin, glycogen, trehalose, and mannitol, as well as fiber enriched sources, β-glucans, hemicelluloses, and pectic substances. Minerals found in high quantities in mushrooms include potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, copper, iron, selenium, and zinc. Abundant vitamins include riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin, folates, and traces of vitamins C, B1, B12, D, and E. Mushrooms are the only non-animal food source of vitamin D and therefore the only food-based vitamin D source for vegetarians. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 10 MAJOR BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS Medicinal mushrooms are a rich source of bioactive compounds, which are found in mushroom fruiting bodies, spores, cultured mycelia, and cultured broth. These compounds, also referred to as secondary metabolites, are largely responsible for the therapeutic properties of the mushrooms. They include polysaccharides, glycosides, alkaloids, volatile oils, terpenoids, tocopherols, phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids, and lactones. The most important secondary metabolites are polysaccharides, which belong to the 1,3-β-glucans family. Polysaccharide β-glucans or polysaccharideprotein complexes in mushroom extracts have immense therapeutic potential in human health, as they demonstrate many health-promoting benefits, including anti-diabetic, anticancer, anti-obesity, immunomodulatory, anticholesterolemic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antibiotic, detoxifying, and anti-aging properties. The immunomodulating and antitumor activity of polysaccharides or polysaccharideprotein complexes is worth highlighting because research in this area is quite extensive. Clinical trials of several mushroom polysaccharide compounds as treatment for various cancers and other diseases have been conducted in Asia. To date, over 120 medicinal functions have been identified, with the majority of research still in exploratory phase in cellular models. New proteins with biological activities have also been found in medicinal mushrooms which may be useful to both human health through drug development and environmental health through biotechnological processes. These include lignocellulose- degrading enzymes, lectins, proteases and protease inhibitors, ribosome-inactivating proteins, and hydrophobins. “…medicinal mushrooms may be useful to both human health through drug development and environmental health through biotechnological processes.” Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 11 Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are the most well-researched secondary metabolites of medicinal mushrooms, with data having been collected from hundreds of different species of the higher basidiomycetes genus. As mentioned, they are best known for their antitumor and immunomodulating capacity. Specifically, in a tumor-bearing mouse model, mushroom polysaccharides were shown to activate the immune response of the host organism, resulting in a 50% reduction in tumor size and an increase in survival. The underlying mechanism of action of polysaccharides therefore points to immunomodulation, versus a direct killing of tumor cells. Given β-glucans are not synthesized by humans, they are not recognized by the human immune system. Therefore, upon consumption, they induce both innate and adaptive immune responses as a protective strategy. In doing so, they protect the body from pathogenic microbes, viruses and harmful environmental toxins and carcinogens that have entered the body. This health-promoting activity can be beneficial for patients with compromised immune systems, such as those recovering from chemotherapy. “This health-promoting activity can be beneficial for patients with compromised immune systems…” Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 12 β-glucans are the main polysaccharides found in mushrooms, with about half of the mushroom cell wall mass made up of β-glucans. This has important implications for the industrial use of these compounds, given that many are excreted into the cell growth medium, resulting in efficiencies around recovery, purification, and characterization. Terpenoids Recent research has brought attention to the presence of another bioactive compound abundant in mushrooms: terpenoids. Terpenoids are now among the most potent of secondary metabolites found in medicinal mushrooms, best known for their anticancer, antitumor, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective benefits. Terpenoids demonstrate a spectrum of therapeutic properties with great pharmaceutical potential. An outline of the therapeutic potential of mushroom-derived terpenoids Mushrooms: an emerging resource for therapeutic terpenoids, Biotech (2019) 9:369 Sesquiterpenes (C15) Triterpenes (C10) Diterpenes (C20) Monoterpenes (C10) Anti-microbial Anti-parasitic Anti-tumour Anti-inflammatory Anti-oxidant Anti-viral Anti-neurodegenerative Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 13 Medicinal mushroom: boon for therapeutic applications Biotech (2018) 8:334. Schematic illustration of therapeutic applications of edible mushrooms Phenolics Phenolic compounds are another group of secondary metabolites worth highlighting, as they exhibit a wide range of therapeutic functions including anti-inflammatory, anti- allergenic, anti-atherogenic, antimicrobial, antithrombotic, cardioprotective and vasodilating benefits. The chief mechanism of action of this group of compounds is related to their antioxidant activity. THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES Studies have shown that medicinal mushrooms have over 125 therapeutic functions. Some of the major benefits are described below. Anticancer and Immune Function Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with the most common treatment being chemotherapy, which has serious side effects. The search continues for effective, non-toxic treatments. In recent years, several species of medicinal mushrooms have been studied for their anticancer properties in human cell lines, including leukemia, breast, renal, gastric, colorectal, and cervical cancers. Mushroom polysaccharides have been identified as one of the major categories of bioactive compounds to demonstrate anticancer effects in several cancer cell lines, including colorectal, renal, and oral cancer. Other bioactive compounds have also been recognized for their therapeutic potential, such as lectins (leukaemia), triterpenes (breast cancer), and clitocine (cervical cancer). Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 14 In the medicinal mushroom Pleurotus eryngii (eringi), the anticancer effects demonstrated by polysaccharides include increased activity of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the spleen, as well as an increase in tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-2 in a renal cancer mouse model, thereby pointing to immune system modulation as the underlying mechanism of action. In another study, G. lucidum (reishi) was reported to increase cellular autophagy and the formation of autophagosomes in a gastric cancer cell line, demonstrating a different mechanism of action involving the removal of damaged cells. While the beneficial effects of medicinal mushrooms on boosting cellular immunity and protecting against various types of cancer have been well documented, we are only at the very beginning of uncovering the clinical potential of medicinal mushrooms, with much to consider, including extraction methods of bioactive compounds, mushroom cultivation, and safety. Antiviral and Antibacterial Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a highly contagious virus affecting millions of people worldwide. Current treatment for HIV-1 postpones the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is the disease caused by HIV-1. Research in this field continues, and medicinal mushrooms are showing exciting albeit early developments in this space. Proteins, triterpenoids, peptides, lectins, and polysaccharide-protein complexes have all been shown to possess antiviral properties against HIV-1. One reported mechanism of action by G. lucidum (reishi) includes the inhibition of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase enzyme, which plays a critical role in the lifecycle of the virus. The antimicrobial activity of several medicinal mushrooms has also recently been investigated. In G. lucidum, polysaccharides were shown to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and microorganisms found in food, including Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus nigricans. “…we are only at the very beginning of uncovering the clinical potential of medicinal mushrooms…” Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 15 Anti-diabetic and Anti-obesity Diabetes mellitus, also known as type 2 diabetes, is a chronic metabolic disease impacting millions of people worldwide. It is defined by high blood glucose levels caused by imbalances with the insulin hormone. Polysaccharides extracted from a number of different medicinal mushroom species have been associated with reducing blood glucose levels, and for some, in increasing the secretion of insulin by β-cells, which lowers blood glucose levels. In one study, bioactive substances in an extract of the G. frondosa (maitake) fruiting body decreased blood glucose levels in genetically-born diabetic mice. Some medicinal mushrooms with alleged antidiabetic properties are commercially available as dietary supplements, including products containing cordyceps, lion’s mane, and maitake. Maitake, along with other medicinal mushrooms, have also shown promising anti-obesity effects, likely due to the activity of β-glucans in the mushroom extracts. Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Anti-aging Medicinal mushrooms possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which have been associated with many of the healthpromoting properties of fungi. G. lucidum (reishi) has been reported to increase the levels of antioxidative enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in liver and brain homogenates of mice sera. Medicinal mushrooms have also demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing the production of different types of inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase, nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κΒ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. Anti-aging effects have been demonstrated in G. lucidum through the activity of ergosterols, secondary metabolites obtained from the “Medicinal mushrooms possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which have been associated with many of the health-promoting properties of fungi.” Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 16 mushroom. These compounds have been shown to extend the lifespan of the pathogen Saccharomyces cerevisiae by regulating the expression of an oxidative stress-responsive gene. Polysaccharides in G. lucidum and other medicinal mushrooms have also been shown to prevent oxidative stress and inhibit certain enzymes responsible for aging, thereby delaying it. Cardioprotective Cardiovascular disease is marked by high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or bad cholesterol, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or good cholesterol. Trans fats are primarily responsible for increasing cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the body, and other risk factors include high blood pressure and high glucose levels. Several medicinal mushrooms have been associated with reducing total cholesterol levels in the body, including G. frondosa (maitake), H. erinaceus (lion’s mane), Pleurotus eryngii (eringi), and Hypsizygus marmoreus (bunashimeji). Various mechanisms of action have been identified, such as the inhibition of platelet aggregation, the inhibition of angiotensin, the decrease in very low-density (VLDL) lipoproteins, and improvements in lipid metabolism, with peptides being the major bioactive compounds responsible for these beneficial properties. Hepatoprotective The liver is critical in the metabolism of drugs and the detoxification of toxic compounds. Many bioactive compounds have been shown to support liver function, including phenolics, steroids, and terpenes, largely due to their role as antioxidants. In one study, G. lucidum (reishi) showed protection against vaccine-induced liver injury in mice. The beneficial effect of the medicinal mushroom Agaricusblazei Murill was also investigated in a small study with patients suffering from hepatitis B and liver damage. After a year of being administered the mushroom extract, patients showed normalized liver function and a reduction in critical enzymes associated with liver damage. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 17 Neuroprotective Recent research has demonstrated the protective effects of medicinal mushrooms on neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. One study reported significantly reduced amyloid β deposition in the brain, along with increased anti- oxidative enzymes and improved memory-related learning abilities in a mouse model supplemented with G. lucidum. Several other Alzheimer’s related benefits have been demonstrated by various medicinal mushrooms, including an increase in nerve growth factor production, a reduced rate of synaptic degradation, and the reversal of neuronal apoptosis. CULTIVATION AND PRODUCTION Mushroom cultivation has many steps, including selection of mushroom fruiting culture, preparation of spawn and substrate/compost, inoculation of substrate, crop care, and finally, harvesting, handling, and proper storage of the mushrooms. There are three different categories of decomposers within the basidiomycetes genus, which represent a continuum in the metabolic transition from lignocellulosic and other organic waste materials to soil in the context of large-scale mushroom production. Primary decomposers (e.g., oyster and shiitake mushrooms) degrade cellulose and lignin from dead wood/logs, leaves, straw, cotton seed hulls, corn cobs or peanut shells, and do not depend on other organisms or their metabolites. Secondary decomposers (e.g., button mushrooms) colonize composted materials, and tertiary decomposers (e.g., agrocybe) are found in the soil. Today, indoor cultivation using artificial logs is a more common method for large-scale production. One method involves the use of plastic bags filled with sawdust-based substrates infused with nutrients. When the bag is colonized with mycelia, holes are poked through to enable fruiting to occur. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 18 GLOBAL USES As our world continues to increase in population and our collective behavior continues to harm our planet, we face three main issues: the shortage of real food, an increase in health issues and chronic diseases, and environmental deterioration. Fascinatingly, mushrooms can address all three concerns. It is important to remember that mushrooms, like all other fungi, lack chlorophyll. As such, they can be referred to as non-green organisms since they cannot convert solar energy to organic matter like plants do. They can, however, convert massive amounts of lignocellulosic waste produced from agriculture and forestry activities into dietary food, medicine, animal feed, and crop fertilizer. Further, they can help clean and restore soil that is damaged from chemical agricultural methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY AND REGENERATION Mushroom cultivation is a powerful tool to restore, replenish, and remediate our planet’s over-burdened ecosphere. Because cultivation can take place on organic waste, this presents an exciting opportunity to biologically recycle the Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 19 high amounts of accumulated natural by-products of the agro-food industry, which contribute to environmental pollution through their burning and also take up precious land space that could otherwise be used to grow crops. Natural byproducts of the agro-food industry include dead wood and leaves, which hold several nutrients that cannot be accessed unless broken down and digested. Fungi are the only organisms in the world that can decompose such organic waste products. The process is actually done by mycelia, the vegetative part of fungi, which resembles white threads that grow from the dead wood and leaves. These mycelia release powerful extracellular enzymes and acids that can break down cellulose and lignin, the two key components of plant fiber. In the natural ecosystem, once the process of decomposition starts, organisms from other kingdoms as well as nutrients present in the organic waste can now participate in and speed up the degradation process. The organic waste—now bio-recycled to soil through the process of mushroom cultivation—can be transformed into nutritious fertilizer or feed, useful for growing crops, feeding livestock, and for remediating soil and water damaged through chemical agricultural practices. At the same time, the mushrooms harvested through this process can be used for both nutritional (protein-enriched) and medicinal purposes, as previously described. Use of SMS in a circular economy Mushroom cultivation in the circular economy, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2018; 102(18): 7795–7803. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 20 CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH Medicinal mushroom science has made good progress over the last three decades, resulting in new classes of pharmaceutical agents in Asia and various types of dietary and nutritional supplements across the world. The community of mushroom researchers and thought leaders has grown extensively during this time as well, owing to the rich opportunities in this field of research, both from a human health and environmental perspective. More than 600 studies on medicinal mushrooms have been published worldwide, and numerous human clinical trials have been conducted. Many bioactive compounds have completed the clinical trial phases in Asia and are being used to treat various cancers and other diseases. DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS AND PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS Medicinal mushrooms have much potential as daily dietary or nutritional supplements to benefit overall health and immune function. Today, several types of mushroom supplements are available. As pharmaceutical agents, medicinal mushrooms are most helpful for modulating immune function and maintaining good health for immunocompromised individuals and those undergoing cancer treatment. Major bioactive compounds that have been developed as products include polysaccharides, specifically β-glucans. The following products are available for clinical and commercial purposes: • krestin (PSK) and polysaccharide peptide (PSP) from Trametes versicolor • lentinan isolated from Lentinula edodes Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 21 • schizopyllan (sonifilan, sizofiran, or SPG) from Schizophyllum commune • befungin from Inonotus obliquus • D-fraction from Grifola frondosa ■ GLPS polysaccharide fraction from Ganoderma lucidum Given the many therapeutic activities of the secondary metabolites of various medicinal mushrooms, they remain a relatively unclaimed source for drug discovery. CONSIDERATIONS Recently, the interest in developing mushroom extracts to be marketed as dietary supplements and novel prebiotics (non-digestive β-glucans) has grown. As popularity increases, questions arise about safety, standardization, regulation, efficacy, and mechanism of action. Given that no reputable standards or protocols are currently in place for the production, extraction, and testing of medicinal mushroom bioactive products, quality and efficacy between products vary greatly. Other critical safety questions also remain unanswered, such as are medicinal mushroom products safe for pregnant women, or can they be consumed by young children, given immune systems in young children are not yet mature? Concerns around dosage also exist, given the discrepancy between various forms and formulations. Many clinical trials have determined that 500–1000mg broken down and taken over the course of the day (2-3 times) is the acceptable dosage of medicinal mushroom preparations. According to Traditional Chinese Medicine, the standard daily dose of medicinal mushrooms per day in different forms (tablets, capsules, liquid extracts, etc.) must be equivalent to approximately 100–150g of fresh mushroom material. From a research perspective, the majority of studies with medicinal mushrooms have been performed on cellular and animal models. More clinical data from human studies is therefore required to clarify whether Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 22 the health-promoting claims reported are valid and significant. Critical factors going forward include ensuring studies are of the highest quality, following manufacturing best practices, and developing sustainable, large-scale production of medicinal mushrooms under controlled conditions. CONCLUSIONS Medicinal mushrooms and their bioactive compounds have the potential to act as promising source materials for both the dietary supplement and pharmaceutical industries. Medicinal mushroom cultivation can also serve to promote equitable economic growth in communities within the developing world that are subject to the accumulation of large amounts of agricultural crop residues and forest industry wastes. What’s more, mushroom cultivation has the power to restore and regenerate soil health in a zero emissions manner, thereby positively contributing to not only human health and social change, but also to healing our planet. The multidimensional nature of the powerful fungi is highly unique and worth celebrating, even in its current state of research and level of impact. This is just the beginning for the abundant and diverse mushroom kingdom. I, for one, am deeply excited about the vast opportunities within this space. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 23 AUTHOR BIO Rhea Mehta has a PhD in Molecular Toxicology and Nutritional Biochemistry from the University of Toronto and a Bachelor’s in Biomedical Sciences from the University of Waterloo with over 15 scientific publications. She has over 10 years of experience working as an entrepreneur and advisor at the intersection of science, health technology, and wellness. 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