#K.S. Pest Control
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RNAi insecticides and their effect on environment and ecosystem: an essay
Insect pests are the cause of large amounts of loss in agricultural crop production. Therefore there is interest in developing methods to combat these pests. Currently different methods are used, like the release of Bt-crops and SIT insects in agricultural ecosystems or biological control with naturally occurring enemies. however these methods have their flaws. Therefore there is interest in finding alternatives. This alternative could be RNA interference. RNA interference makes use of the ability of RNA to silence functions of organisms by blocking their mRNA and degrading it. Multiple challenges need to be faced before this mechanism can be used to control insect pests. The production of the specific dsRNA and delivery are the first challenges that need to be solved. Various recent studies show opportunities for different situations. The environmental and ecological effects of the methods is a major challenge and in this essay two approaches to make a risk assessment and to optimize the dsRNA molecule that is used to decrease off-target effects are discussed, an bioinformatics approach and an experimental approach. dsRNA exposed to the environment seems not to be a big treat on the environment and ecology of the agricultural ecosystem. The last part of this essay gives a personal view on these methods and raises the main open questions and objectives that need to be answered and pursued.
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Klaus Leidorf
Insects are, together with plant pathogens and weed pests responsible for the destruction of more than 40% of food production every year. To fight these harmful effects that insects have on agricultural crops insecticides are developed which will decrease the effect of the insects on the crops. Every year 3 million tons of chemical pesticide is used worldwide. Besides that non-chemical methods like biological control and crop rotation is used to improve crop production. These methods are mostly beneficial for direct results on the crops but often have negative side effects in the long run. For example, chemical insecticides often kill all insect species that come in contact with the crop, thus also insects with beneficial effects on the crop will be killed. This can have significant ecological and economic effects. Most insecticides have positive economic effects on the crops and increase the crop production enough to top the cost of the insecticide itself (David Pimentel 2002).
Currently there are multiple types of insecticides in use. Examples are the Bt-crop method which uses genetically modified crops which are made resistant against caterpillars, moths and butterflies which are well known pest insects. A problem with this method is that resistance of the pest insects to this method has evolved, resulting in reinstated loss of production of genetically engineered crops. Another example of a method that could be used to decrease the loss of production to insects pests is using the sterile insect technique (SIT). This method makes the releases a competitive amount of infertile male individuals to the ecosystem. These infertile males will compete for females with the fertile males. Eventually the birth rate of this species will decrease fairly fast and the harm of the pest is decreased. Biological control is a third method. An example is the growth enhancement of an natural enemy of the pest insect in the ecosystem by placing for example specific plants around an agricultural field which attract these natural enemies. All current methods to control pests have major downsides, both practically, ethically and environmentally. Therefore there is interest to finding better methods to control insect pests (David Pimentel 2002).
A new theory to combat insect pests is under investigation since only recently. This method makes use of the idea the RNA molecule are able to silence functions in an organism. RNA interference (short RNAi) is a gene silencing mechanism in which short double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules are cut by a protein complex called RISC (short for RNA-induced silencing complex). When the dsRNA enters an organism’s cell it will be cut by the RISC complex (the Dicer protein in this complex) into short RNA molecules. These short RNA molecules have a specific sequence. This molecule will form a double strand with a nucleotide molecule with a complementary sequence, this is called RNA interference. The complementary sequence is called the target sequence. This complementary RNA molecule is in practise a mRNA molecule of the target species of an vital gene. When a double strand is formed this target sequence cannot be translated into a protein sequence. The formed dsRNA molecule is guided to a AGO2 protein and the mRNA molecule is then degraded. This is called post-transcriptional gene silencing. The phenomenon raises an opportunity for protecting agricultural crops against harmful insects. In this essay different methods are proposed to use RNA interference as a potential insecticide. (Agrawal et al., 2003)
In research RNAi is currently used to knockdown genes. Synthetic dsRNA which is introduced to an organism has been shown to robustly and selectively induce the suppression of selected genes. In a recent study it has been shown that synthetic dsRNA which is applied on the leaves of an potato plant has defensive effects against the Colorado potato beetle (K.S. Miguel et al., 2015). In this case the β-actin gene is selected as the target gene. This is a vital gene of the Colorado potato beetle. The quality of potato plants applied with specific dsRNA molecules is much better than plants without the treatment. This suggests a novel insecticide method which can be introduced on the plants without genetically modifying any organism permanently.
With the choice of target gene a challenge has surfaced. The target gene is the gene of an insect of which its translation is interfered by the specific RNA molecule that has entered the insect its body. Finding the right target gene is important and not straight forward. Finding a gene that is lethal when silenced is not that difficult, but it should be very specific. It isn’t the desire that an off-target insects gets affected by this method. This non-target insect can even be positive for the plant its health. Furthermore the target gene should also not affect the crop itself, for self-explanatory reasons. So the specificity of the target gene should be very species specific. It is practically difficult to be certain about this because an agricultural ecosystem can be very diverse, especially the insect population of the ecosystem. In the case of the Colorado potato beetle the choice for the target gene was the β-actin gene. This gene is species specific for the Colorado potato beetle. Because this experiment was done in a closed environment without the chance of negative side effects on other species this target gene didn’t have to be too specific. More about off-target genetic effects later.
dsRNA uptake in insects
dsRNA is taken up in insects in the midgut by the epithelial cells. This is important for the efficiency of the RNAi mechanism to work. The degradation of dsRNA in this environment by dsRNAses in present in this environment. More research is needed on this subject to get more knowledge about the uptake of dsRNA into the insect cells to determine what is the best strategy for using the RNA interference technique in practise.
The length of the dsRNA molecule that is used to induce RNA interference in a target species can have a wide variety of lengths. The Dicer protein, which cuts the dsRNA molecule in small interfering RNA molecules (siRNA) can cut the molecule at any nucleotide resulting in a large variety of siRNA’s. This increases the chance of getting unwanted off-target gene silencing effects (J. Zotti et al., 2016). In practise the optimal sequence and length has to be determined per target gene and per insect. The specificity is dependent on a situation. For example, in a specific situation just one species needs to be targeted while in another situation more closely related species are the target and thus a less specific dsRNA molecule needs to be designed. Also the concentration of the applied dsRNA molecules has influence on the effectiveness and efficiency of the RNA interference mechanism. The concentration of applied dsRNA molecules needs to be determined per situation and per target gene. If, for example different dsRNAs are present in the system they have to compete with each other in the RNAi mechanism and this could lead to low efficiency of the RNAi mechanism. Also oversaturation of the RNA interference mechanism will lead to lower efficiency of the system.
Delivery methods
The delivery of dsRNA molecules to insects is very important for the implementation of RNA interference as an insecticide method. The dsRNA molecules for example not be delivered through microinjection because it is to technical and not suitable for this scale. Therefore alternative delivery methods need to be found. The following topic will discuss a few of them which are currently in development.
Production of dsRNA in chloroplasts
A study from 2015 showed that double stranded RNA molecules produced in the chloroplasts of the potato plant had defensive effects against the Colorado potato beetle J. Zhang, et al. (2015). The study made dsRNA production in the chloroplasts possible because the chloroplasts are able to produce stable dsRNA molecules compared to the production of dsRNA in the cell nucleus. This is because the chloroplast lacks the RNAi mechanism while this mechanism is present in the rest of the plant cell. Therefore it was possible to accumulate stable dsRNA in the chloroplasts of the plant cells, up to 0.4% of the total amount of cellular RNA. This study showed that it is possible to produce dsRNA in the agricultural crop itself by evading the plant’s own RNA management system J. Zhang, et al. (2015). The β-actin protein is used as the target protein. This is the same vital protein that is targeted in the study mentioned earlier. According to this study the production of specific dsRNA in chloroplasts decreases the harmful effects of the Colorado potato beetle on plant leaves by decreasing herbivory and killing larvae. An additional advantage of producing dsRNA in chloroplasts instead of the nucleus is that chloroplasts are mainly active in the leaves of a plant. Leaves are most affected by herbivory insects. This method is therefore best useful against insects which chew on the plants leaves, but might be not be useful against piercing and sucking insects which fed on phloem sap or the root system.
Direct delivery on plant leaves
The recent study mentioned in the introduction proposes a new method for delivering dsRNA to the crop plants. In this study RNA interference is used to decrease the harmful effects of in this case the Colorado potato beetle which affects the potato, tomato and other Solanaceous plants (K.S. Miguel et al., 2015). These are widely used agricultural crops and it is thus economically important to defend them against dangerous pests. The dsRNA used in this study is applied directly on the plant leaves. The dsRNA applied on the leaves of the potato plant are at least so robust that it will have an effect on the invading insects for at least 28 days (K.S. Miguel et al., 2015). This is a relatively long time compared to the stability of dsRNA in other environmental niches (Dubelman., 2014).
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Klaus Leidorf
Trunk injection & root soaking
Trunk injection of dsRNA molecules and the soaking of the roots in a medium containing dsRNA molecules are proposed delivery methods. Root soaking has been proved to work in Citrus plants. These Citrus plants where containing dsRNA molecules 7 weeks after soaking in a dsRNA containing medium (2 g in 15 L water). Two insect hemipteran insect species were found to be chewing and taking up the dsRNA molecules from these Citrus plants (Hunter et al., 2012). This is a proof of concept for root soaking as a potential delivery system. It seems that the dsRNA molecules which are applied on the roots of the plant will be taken up by the plant and then moved throughout the whole plant through the vascular system. This method is therefore potentially useful against insects which will chew on the phloem sap or the root system. This method can be very useful in irrigated systems although it need to be considered that applying dsRNA to environmental water systems can result in unforeseen side effects like off-target affections.
The large scale production of dsRNA is needed for efficient use of root soaking. This is a major challenge in the development of RNAi pest control methods. Because of the high specificity of the dsRNA molecules and the different dependencies per situation the production costs can become very high. A proposed method for large scale production of dsRNAs makes use of RNA replication system which can in vivo produce dsRNA of up to 4.0 kb and in virtually unlimited amounts (A.P. Aalto., 2007). This method produces dsRNA molecules on a relatively large scale and thus make the production of specific dsRNA molecules more cost effective. Bacteria are genetically transformed by introducing a plasmid containing the RNA replication system and the dsRNA sequence. Another method proposed in the same paper makes use of the in vitro production of dsRNA molecules by using an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase which can produces dsRNAs of any length. The optimal length of dsRNA molecules is dependent on the situation (target insect, crop species, target gene, etc.) but at least these methods show that there is potential for the large scale production of dsRNAs outside of the agricultural ecosystem or by using bacteria with an RNA replication system which produce dsRNA molecules inside the agricultural ecosystem.
For perennial and older crops it is not possible to use root soaking to apply dsRNA molecules. This method is has the advantage compared to root soaking that tree crops like for example apples or grapevines don’t need to be soaked and then replanted, which would result in a loss of crop production. Arborjet® injection is the go to method for trunk injection. dsRNA could potentially be injected in the plant and because of the injection in the trunk will reach the vesicular system reasonably fast and can then spread through the plant (from leaves to roots) (J. Zhang, et al., 2015). This method is labour intensive because all individual crops need to be treated separately. An additional benefit is that this method is more environmental friendly than sprayed insecticides because it will have less effect on beneficial insects and other species for the crop. This is because the dsRNA molecules are not applied to the environment externally, but internally in the specific crop species. The molecules are only transferred to the external of the crop when an harmful insect chews parts of the crop.
Symbionts
Bacteria are provide another promising delivery method. As mentioned before bacteria can be transformed to produce dsRNA molecules. A plasmid is introduced containing the RNA replication system and the specific dsRNA sequence. Instead of harvesting the dsRNA from the bacteria outside of the agricultural ecosystem these genetically engineered bacteria could also be used as a direct delivery system. These bacteria are capable of producing large amounts of dsRNA molecules very fast and therefore can be sprayed on the crops of interest at any time. C. elegans and Colorado potato beetle (M.R. Joga et al., 2016) are fed with transformed E. coli and results are promising. The insects which ingested the microorganisms and taken up their inner material in their gut cells lost body weight and their mortality increased significantly. This delivery technique is very promising because the technology to transform bacteria with the RNA replication system on a large scale is close to becoming reality. Biotechnology companies are currently building applications usable for producing in vivo dsRNA on a large scale.
Symbionts are microorganisms which live in the vicinity of a host organism. They cooperate with this organism by providing specific compounds or function to the organism. Using symbionts to provide dsRNA to the host plant is possible in theory. For example species that are present in the root rhizosphere of the plant could be transformed with the specific plasmid mentioned before and could provide the host plant with an amount of dsRNA molecules. Insect gut symbionts can also be used as a delivery organism. Whitten et al. (2016) showed that in insects Frankliniella ocidentalis and Rhodnius prolixus which were exposed to transformed microorganisms which naturally occur in their gut microbiome were able to initiate the RNA interference mechanism and therefore alter the phenotype of these insects. The raises the promising idea of directly delivering microorganisms to the pest insects of the agricultural ecosystem. Species specific gut microorganisms can be used to decrease the off-target side effects of this method.
Viruses can also potentially be used as a novel delivery system for dsRNA molecules. There are some plant viruses that can deliver foreign RNA to the phloem of a crop plant. If viruses are genetically engineered so that they deliver their dsRNA or siRNA cargo to the phloem of a plant this can provide a protective mechanism against phloem chewing insects like the potato psyllid (Nandety et al., 2015). This method could be especially useful for plants which are difficult to genetically engineer because of the larger amount of time these plants need to grow. Tree crops like apple, coffee, chestnut are examples of these species.
Insect specific viruses are also of interest because they could provide an option for direct delivery dsRNA, similar to the delivery method in which gut bacteria are used (Swevers et al., 2013).
Efficiency and effectiveness of RNA interference
Besides the stability, specificity and ability deliver the dsRNA to the pest insects there the used method needs to be efficient and effective enough to provide enough of an effect to the pest that the harmful effect is taken out of the ecosystem and that the increased crop production will weigh up against the costs of the RNA interference method. Therefore different enhancements are discussed which could potentially improve the method. Nanoparticles can provide better stability of the dsRNA molecules and better uptake into the cells of the insects. These nanoparticles can be biodegradable and thus environmental friendly (M.R. Joga et al., 2010). Although this is a promising method for increasing the efficiency more research is necessary on the toxicity of the nanoparticles and off-target side effects. dsRNA could also be encapsulated in liposomes which have the needed receptor protein on its surface which allow for better entrance of the dsRNA into the insect its cells (M.R. Joga et al., 2016). Liposomes are not toxic and biodegradable and thus environmental friendly. This method is especially needed in Drosophila insects, because this species lack the natural mechanism to take up dsRNA from their gut.
Ecological & environmental effects
The proposed method of using RNA interference as a pest control tool to protect crop production is very promising. Because of the growing interest in this subject there need to be efforts made to understand the biosafety of this method and the environmental risks that come with it. An organism takes up an dsRNA molecule when it eats it, but this doesn’t mean that it is then susceptible. Research on various model insects showed that there is a lot of variability in terms of susceptibility. This means that morphologically and functionally very similar insects can react very different on the dsRNA that entered their guts. Research is needed to understand why insects are susceptible or unresponsive to dsRNA or siRNA from their environment (A.F. Roberts et al., 2015).
In agricultural ecosystems it is very likely that mammals (mouse, humans, etc.) will consume the crops or part of the crops that are grown. If RNA interference mechanisms are used to protect the crop this method need to be save for these mammals. It has been thought that environmental dsRNA or siRNA has little or no effect on the gene regulation of mammals. However there is proof that miRNA molecules from food sources are found to regulate genes in mice and humans. It seems that this effect of RNA molecules in mammals is only present if the copy number of these molecules is above a certain threshold. (A.F. Roberts et al., 2015). Although the effects on humans is important to understand for risk assessment, especially in agricultural ecosystems, it should be well understood that theoretically chances are low that dsRNA targeted at pest insects will have any effect on humans as the genetic code is too different and degradation time of the dsRNA molecule is too short for it to have any significant harmful effects on humans.
There are multiple barriers before an RNA interference mechanism is fully functioning in an organism. These barriers are for example the limited stability of dsRNA, the length of dsRNA molecules, the age of the target organism, the limited ability of an organism to take up an dsRNA molecule and the unresponsiveness to the dsRNA molecule inside the cell organisms cells. These barriers provide a risk assessment and by understanding these factors in detail better predictions can be made on the effects of RNA interference mechanisms on non-target organisms (A.F. Roberts et al., 2015).
Off-target genetic effects
Off-target genetic effects are important to understand in RNA interference techniques. An off-target genetic effect occurs when a RNA molecule aligns with another mRNA molecule than the intended target mRNA molecule. This could result in the silencing of unwanted genes and thus functions that are not of interest are silenced. In plants and humans the silencing of a gene with a small mismatch has been observed. This raises the need for understanding better understanding the frequency of these mismatches, because these allowed mismatches provide a place for off-target genetic effects to occur in humans or the crop of interest and possibly as well in non-target insect species in the ecosystem (A.F. Roberts et al., 2015). There are two approaches to find out what the frequency of off-target genetic effects is and how to decrease this frequency. The first is to find out through bioinformatics methods how specific a sequence of RNA needs to be for an off-target effect to disappear. This is an in silico statistical approach. The goal is to generate the optimal sequence for an specific situation. Important is to keep in mind that this approach is limited by the sequence information that is present of the species in the ecosystem. The second approach is to use the sequence that perfectly aligns the target gene in the target species and apply it to non-target organisms and look if this results in off-target effects (A.F. Roberts et al., 2015).This method should raise an overview of the species that are affected by the dsRNA sequence. This approach is not dependent on sequence information of off-target species in the ecosystem. Suggested is that the ideal target gene is often a gene that is not highly conserved, which is rational because this gene does probably not appear in many off-target species (Bachman et al., 2013). However, these genes are often not vital genes for the survival of the target insect.
dsRNA in the environment
dsRNA that is exposed to the external environment degrades fast. It has been shown that dsRNA in soil degrades for 90% in the first 35 hours after exposure and triggers no RNA interference mechanism in insects exposed after this period (Dubelman., 2014). There is not sufficient information about the persistence of dsRNA molecules in plant material
dsRNA which has entered the insect does not have to move to the gut. In principle it can move to other organs and stay in the stable dsRNA form for a longer time. If these insects are eaten by other animals higher up the food tree this dsRNA can be accumulated in these animals and possibly trigger an RNA interference mechanism inside them. But for this to happen the dsRNA should not degrade too soon and have time to accumulate inside the animal. Because of the fast degradation of dsRNA inside insects this shouldn’t be as big of a problem as other factors, although specifics of this mechanism should be investigated by experiments (A.F. Roberts et al., 2015).
Discussion
RNA interference is a very interesting mechanism that can be used in various methods to protect agricultural crops against invading pest insects. Current research has shown that the argument for using these methods is getting stronger because of the relative ease and safety of these methods to be used in a real scenario. However, as mentioned there are some open questions that need to be answered before these methods can be used in a save manner. The production of dsRNA molecules is possible in vivo and in vitro. The in vivo method in bacteria or in some cases viruses is the preferred method because of the ease to produce large quantities of dsRNA molecules in a short amount of time and for relatively low costs compared to the in vitro method. Direct delivery of dsRNA is possible through with these in vivo method. Various delivery methods are discussed. Which method has to be used largely depends on the situation. If the pest insect chews on the leaves of a crop the spraying of dsRNA on the leaves is probably the best option. But if target insect is a root or phloem chewing species genetically modified viruses or bacteria have to be used. Genetically engineering crops to make them able to produce dsRNA molecules is only feasible with fast growing non-perennial plants because of the difficulty to transform these plants within a realistic timespan. Then the chloroplast DNA has to be engineered, this method has shown to be possible. However, it might not be the most efficient method because the activity of chloroplasts differs throughout the plant. The leaves have the highest chloroplast activity, roots and stem of a plant have significantly lower activity and thus less production of dsRNA molecules. This means that this delivery method is not efficient against insects feeding on the roots or stem.
Because of the low stability of dsRNA molecules in the external environment it is relatively save to apply these molecules in the ecosystem. The dsRNA molecules is degraded fairly fast and probably has no large effects on the environment. More research is needed on the accumulation of RNA molecules inside the food chain of the pest insects although there is some evidence that RNA molecules will be degraded before the molecules have accumulated to the point that they have an effect on the gene regulation of an organism.
To minimise the off target effects of the RNAi methods the two approaches that are mentioned for risk assessment and optimizing the dsRNA molecule can be used. Currently not all genetic information of all species in an agricultural ecosystem are known, therefore the bioinformatics approach to obtain a risk assessment and design the optimal dsRNA seems unfeasible. The experimental method in which a dsRNA molecule with optimal sequence alignment to the target gene is used to target species from the ecosystem seems more feasible. This is because then there is phenotypic proof for the susceptibility or the unresponsiveness to the RNA molecule on all species without having to gather their genetic information. Although, having genetic information of all species in an ecosystem could give more control, because of the deeper insight and higher resolution information of the ecosystem.
Compared to pest control methods currently in use this seems to be the method with the highest potential. This is because the method can be designed for a very specific agricultural ecosystem. If this method is optimized every agricultural ecosystem should ideally have an specific dsRNA molecule applied to it with a specific sequence. Because of this high specificity there is a lower chance that target insects will evolve resistance against this RNAi method. For example, Bt-crops have the exact same effect on all pest insects in every ecosystem that they are applied in. Thus there is a much bigger chance that they evolve resistance to these Bt-crops.
Furthermore, studies that have shown an effect of the RNA mechanism on insects are recent most of them recent studies. This could mean that there is an recent growing interest in using such a mechanism to combat insect pests. This is important for this potential method to survive because a lot of specific research and resources need to be focussed on this method for it to succeed. Risk assessments will be very specific to an individual agricultural ecosystem. This will raise the costs of the method significantly. So providing tools like bioinformatics algorithms for defining off-target risk assessments or designing a general tool for a field experiment risk assessment are a the most important and most costly challenges that need to be tackled.
To conclude this essay: The RNA interference mechanism used in insect pest control in agricultural ecosystems is a very promising method. In the last 10 years more and more research is focussed on developing it for real use. To reach that goal research need to be done on the effect of dsRNA and siRNA molecules on insects, on plants and on other organisms in the ecosystem, with the focus on limiting off-target effects of the RNAi mechanism. If these challenges can be tackled this method has in my opinion higher potential than other pest control method currently in use because of its potential specificity and the ability to adjust the method depending on a very specific environment.
References:
[1] D. Pimentel. Pest control in world agriculture (2009) Agricultural Science,2, 272–293.
[2] N. Agrawal, P.V. Dasaradhi, A Mohmmed, P. Malhotra, R.K. Bhatnagar, S.K. Mukherjee (2003) RNA interference: biology, mechanism, and applications. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 67 657 –685.
[3] San Miguel, K. & Scott, J. G. The next generation of insecticides: dsRNA is stable as a foliar-applied insecticide (2016) Pest Manage. Sci. 72, 801–809.
[4] M.J. Zotti, G. Smagghe. RNAi technology for insect management and protection of beneficial insects from diseases: lessons, challenges and risk assessments (2015) Neutropical Entomology. Vol 44. Issue 3, pp 197-213.
[5] Jiang Zhang, Sher Afzal Khan, Claudia Hasse, Stephanie Ruf, David G. Heckel, Ralph Bock. Full crop protection from an insect pest by expression of long double-stranded RNAs in plastids. (2015). Science. Vol. 347. Issue 6225, pp. 991-994.
[6] S. Dubelman, J. Fischer, F. Zapata, K. Huizinga, C. Jiang, J. Uffman, S. Levine, D. Carson. Environmental fate of double-stranded RNA in agricultural soils (2014) PLoS ONE 2014;9.
[7] Hunter W. B., Glick E., Paldi N., Bextine B. R. Advances in RNA interference: dsRNA treatment in trees and grapevines for insect pest suppression. (2012) Southwest. Entomol. 37, 85–87.
[8] M.R. Joga, M.J. Zotti, G. Smagghe, O. Christiaens. RNAi efficiency, systemic properties, and novel delivery methods for pest insect control: what we know so far. (2016) Fron Physiol 2016;7;553
[9] A.F. Roberts, Y. Devos, G.N.Y. Lemgo, X. Zhou. Biosafety research for non-target organism risk assessment of RNAi-based GE plants. (2015) Front Plant Sci. 2015;6;958
[10] P.M. Bachman, R. Bolognesi, W.J. Moar, G.M. Mueller, M.S. Paradise, P. Ramaseshadri Characterization of the spectrum of insecticidal activity of a double-stranded RNA with targeted activity against western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte). (2013) Transgenic Res. 22, pp. 1207-1222.
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Global Wireless Access Control Market
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Global Wireless Access Control Market
Global Wireless Access Control Market was valued US$ XX Mn in 2018 and is expected to reach US$ 1788.90 Mn by 2026, at a CAGR of around XX % during a forecast period.
Wireless access controls uses radio frequency technology to communicate in real time and allows the end-users to access to their facilities. It proposals flexibility over traditional hardwired access control systems, as it is easy to install and cost lesser than traditional wired access control. The growth of the market is driven by high adoption of access control solutions because of increasing crime rates globally, technological advancements and deployment of wireless technology in security systems, and adoption of IoT-based security systems with cloud computing platforms. Additionally, the opportunities that influence the current nature and future status of this market, important indicators, and trends. The report covers in-depth analysis of driving factors, opportunities, restraints, and challenges for gaining the key insight of the market.
The report emphasizes on all the key trends that play a significant role in the enlargement of the market from 2019 to 2026. Mobile credential segment is expected to dominate the XX% market share during the forecast period. The mobile credential security with convenience by storing secure identities on smartphones for opening accesses. These powerful solutions enable Android phones to communicate with readers using a close-range tapping the device in front of the reader.
Mobile credential solutions are universally accessible, easy to deploy, and simple to manage. Door access control is expected to account for the largest XX% market share by 2026. The door access control uses to perform the primary function of time and providing access to valid users. Door access control keeps the premises safe from intruders or unauthorized users. A basic system used applications that offer higher security than request multiple authentications.
Stand-alone locks and Proximity reader’s important types in the door lock. Stand-alone locks are connected to the control access scheduled a single door. The locks operation is supported by internal usable batteries and can be solved using a keypad.
North America accounted for the largest XX % digital wireless access control market share during the forecast period. The states have invested significantly in Research and Development (R&D) activities. The wireless access control market in North America is highly competitive, as countries such as the US and Canada are focused on R&D and innovation. These countries are early adopters of technologies in various verticals.
The US and Canada are also the top countries in retail, financial services, banking, and other industries, such as transportation and developed. The US is expected to have the highest market share among all the countries in the market during the forecast period. The objective of the report is to present a complete calculation of the Global Wireless Access Control Market and contains thoughtful insights, historical data, facts, industry-validated market data and plans with a suitable set of assumptions and methodology.
The report also helps in the Global Wireless Access Control Market is a dynamic structure by identifying and analyzing the market segments and project the global market size. The additional, report also focuses on the competitive analysis of key player’s by-product, financial position, price, product portfolio, growth strategies, and regional presence. The report also provides PEST analysis, PORTER’s analysis, and SWOT analysis to address the question of shareholders to prioritizing the efforts and investment shortly to the emerging segment in the Global Wireless Access Control Market.
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Scope of the Global Wireless Access Control Market
Global Wireless Access Control Market, By Components
• Hardware o Readers Biometrics RFID tags & Readers Mobile Credential Others o Locks o Transceivers o Batteries o Others • Software • Services
Global Wireless Access Control Market, By Application
• Door Access Control • Non-Door Access Control
Global Wireless Access Control Market, By End-Use Industry
• Residential • Commercial • Institutional
Global Wireless Access Control Market, By Region
• North America • Europe • Asia Pacific • Middle East & Africa • South America
Key players operating in the Global Wireless Access Control Market
• ASSA ABLOY Group • Nortek Security and Control LLC • Tyco Security Products • Salto Systems K.S • Altman Integrated Technologies • Bosch Security Systems • Cansec System Ltd • Cisco Systems • Godrej & Boyce Manufacturing Company. • Honeywell Security Group • Johnson Control Inc • DormaKaba Holdings AG.
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