#Ischigualasto formation

[roygattero]

Ischigualasto series, alternate takes:

Venaticosuchus, fiber pen, 2023

[pleistocene-pride]

Exaeretodon is an extinct genus of traversodontid cynodont which lived throughout what is now India and South America from the Ladinian stage to the Norian stage of the Triassic period some 235 to 205 million years ago. The naming of exaeretodon seems to have a bit of a complicated history with different specimens having been attributed to various genere such as Belesodon, Traversodon, Theropsis, Ischignathus with the later two genere now considered completely synoyomous with exarertodon. For example the type specimen consisting of a near complete skull was initially described as Belesodon argentines in Ángel Cabrera until with the help of José Bonaparte, they distinquished it as its own distinct genus. Today over 200 specimens have been recovered, some in remarkably good condition including a mother who was preserved pregnant with two calves. Four species are considered valid. E. argentinus from the the Ischigualasto Formation in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin of northwestern Argentina. E. major and E. riograndensis are from the Santa Maria Formation of the Paraná Basin in southeastern Brazil. And E. statisticae is from the Lower Maleri Formation of India. Reachign some 5 to 6ft (1.5 to 1.8m) in length and 130 to 190lbs (60 to 86kgs) in weight, exaeretodon was a fairly large low-slung creature. Despite its massive jaws and terrifying appearance, studies show its teeth were well developed to grind vegetation meaning that exaeretodon was likely a grazing herbivore. And was on of the most numerous herbivores of the middle and late Triassic southern pangea.

Art used can be found at links below

[fundinofactoftheday]

Dinofact #69

Dinovember day 2: Herrerasaurus

All known specimens of Herrerasaurus were found in the Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina, which dates back to the late Triassic period. Herrerasaurus is one of the earliest known dinosaurs in the fossil record.

Source: Wikipedia

[a-dinosaur-a-day]

picking these 10 was very difficult there are too many triassic weirdos and I'm not even touching the sea right now

[vonlipvig]

top 5 places in argentina? like, places you'd recommend to foreigners visiting your country? especially if they're not particularly famous

(hope that's not too intrusive for you, it's alright if you're not comfortable answering!)

what a great question, thank you! (it probably will end up being popular places, but let's be honest, they're popular for a reason and i want everyone to know about them!)

bariloche - i think the south of argentina is possibly the most beautiful spot on earth, and i absolutely adore bariloche. yes, there are other towns that are probably prettier (san martín de los andes, villa la angostura, all worthy of a visit), but i've been lucky enough to go to bariloche many times thanks to a friend with family there, so it's very special to me. some of the most spectacular vistas everywhere, lots of trekking to do, sailing excursions, and even action adventures las rafting and the like, it's such a perfect place for me (bonus for my most favorite place there, the tea house bellevue, obligatory stop there!). i've only really visited during summer (except for that one time with the school graduation trip, of course), but i'd love to see it in winter, it must be gorgeous!

(here are some pics of mine, this last one is the view from bellevue, it's so dreamy!)

glaciar perito moreno - ok, while we're still in patagonia, i might as well mention the perito moreno glacier, cause it's honestly jawdropping. to be there, in silence, looking at that massive wall of ice, it's humbling and awe-inspiring, i don't know how else to put it. and if you're lucky enough to see the ice breaking and falling, i can't imagine how that would feel like. of course, global warming is definitely troubling when it comes to natural wonders like this, but man, it's simply incredible. i've heard there are excursions to walk on the ice as well, that's a bit scary to me, but it must be one hell of an experience.

valle de la luna and talampaya - two national parks (the first one literally called "valley of the moon", but its real name is national park ischigualasto) they are...something else. the valle de la luna is possibly the most otherwordly place i've ever seen. it's this vastness of rock carved by the wind, the sun, the water for millions of years, truly looking like an alien landscape. you can literally see the evolution of the earth in its geological formations, and it's also really important for paleontological research. talampaya is right next door and it's breathtaking as well, reddish and strange and wonderful (first pics are the valley of the moon, the other two talampaya).

cataratas del iguazú - probably the most famous one (natural wonder of the world!) but like, for a goddamned reason! absolutely insane experience that i'd love to relive someday because i was very young when i went there. but yeah, standing there and seeing the intense, beautiful, dangerous force of nature that is those immense waterfalls, it's crazy. i mean, one of the sections of the waterfall is called garganta del diablo, devil's throat, so yeah, this shit is POWERFUL. i'd loveee to do one of those crazy boat trips that get close to the waterfalls, that seems insane lmao. also i think they did night trips to the garganta del diablo? that must be a religious experience!

ciudad de buenos aires - i mean of courseeee i'm gonna say buenos airessss that is my PLACE. and sure, you know how a lot of the times natives end up knowing a lot less about their city than the tourists that come visit? yeah, i'm probably not the best guide, but i could show you the places that TRULY matter, like the botanical gardes that i love to chill in, and the street i love to walk on especially when the jacarandá trees are in bloom, or the cemetery that we all love, or that vegan place with kinda mid food but a really cool, funky atmosphere, or that escape room i've been meaning to go to. what i'm trying to say is that buenos aires is my place in the world, and i could never, ever leave here. i carry it in my bones and in my blood (and for the argentines reading this, Y SI, puta...y porteña <3). no professional, touristy pics here, just some random shit from my camera roll.

[mightyflamethrower]

Valley of the Moon, Argentina

Ischigualasto Provincial Park, also called Valle de la Luna (“Valley of the Moon” or “Moon Valley”), due to its otherworldly appearance, is a provincial protected area in the north-east of San Juan Province, north-western Argentina, limiting to the north with the Talampaya National Park, in La Rioja Province.

Both areas belong to the same geological formation, the Ischigualasto Formation (sometimes Ischigualasto-Talampaya Formation) Established on 3 November 1971, the park has an area of 60,370 ha (603.7 km2; 233.1 sq mi)

Side Note: Here's something else the eco freaks can spray paint. In life you are either a creator or a destroyer. Enviro-whackos are nothing but destroyers.

[i-draws-dinosaurs]

What's the earliest known *definitive* dinosaur?

Currently, that would be Staurikosaurus!

Staurikosauus is from the Lower Santa Maria Formation, and has been dated to 233.23 million years old, making in about 1.5 million years older than other very early dinosaurs like Eoraptor and Herrerasaurus from the Ischigualasto Formation!

However, if we want to delve into questionable dinosaurs, there's a genus named Nyasasaurus that is known from very fragmentary remains, and may or may not be a dinosaur!

Nyasasaurus is from the Manda Formation in Tanzania, which seems to have been roughly 235-240 million years old, although dating is a bit shaky with this one. If Nyasasaurus is really a dinosaur it would be the oldest known, but again we don't have enough of the skeleton to be sure! The Wikipedia reconstruction of it literally looks like this, to give you an idea of how uncertain its anatomy is:

[aclkplm208-blog]

Walking in the Ischigualasto Formation

"Walking in the Ischigualasto Formation" a Argentinian cowgirl beholds the amazing fauna of the Triassic Period.

[wtf-triassic]

Chiniquodon

(Image: Chiniquodon, a medium-sized, rather generic-looking protomammal with a short tail, depicted here with a covering of short hair. Image by @Stolpergeist)

Etymology: Tooth from Chiniquá, Brazil

First described by: von Huene, 1936

Classification: Biota, Archaea, Proteoarchaeota, Asgardarchaeota, Eukaryota, Neokaryota, Scotokaryota Opimoda, Podiata, Amorphea, Obazoa, Opisthokonta, Holozoa, Filozoa, Choanozoa, Animalia, Eumetazoa, Parahoxozoa, Bilateria, Nephrozoa, Deuterostomia, Chordata, Olfactores, Vertebrata, Craniata, Gnathostomata, Eugnathostomata, Osteichthyes, Sarcopterygii, Rhipidistia, Tetrapodomorpha, Eotetrapodiformes, Elpistostegalia, Stegocephalia, Tetrapoda, Reptiliomorpha, Amniota, Synapsida, Eupelycosauria, Sphenacodontia, Sphenacodontoidea, Therapsida, Eutherapsida, Neotherapsida, Theriodontia, Eutheriodontia, Cynodontia, Probainognathia, Chiniquodontoidea, Chiniquodontidae

Referred Species: C. theotonicus, C. brasilensis, C. kalanoro, C. sanjuanensis

Status: Extinct (sadly :( )

Time and place: Chiniquodon lived from the Ladinian to the Carnian of South America and Africa (including Madagascar), about 242-227 million years ago.

Physical Description: As a cynodont, Chiniquodon was a close relative of mammals, but it’s aberrant compared to most fossil mammal relatives in one key respect: It’s known from more than just teeth! You heard that right, Chiniquodon is known from several reasonably complete skulls, as well as some body fossils. Thus, we can actually have some discussion of its appearance and anatomy beyond the teeth!

Chiniquodon was a medium to large (for the time) cynodont, with a skull length up to 33cm/13in in length. This skull had wide zygomatic arches (attachment points for jaw muscles!), and a solid secondary palate (as in modern mammals). 

Its limbs and hips show that it was adapted to walk with its legs directly under the body, as in modern mammals. It had a fairly short tail. While we don’t have any direct evidence of its body covering, it’s likely that it had some hair, as has been inferred in other cynodonts. It got up to about the size of a medium dog.

…..But let’s be real, this is a mammal relative. We have to talk about teeth at some point.

Luckily for us, Chiniquodon has interesting teeth! Like, really interesting. Here’s a diagram of the skull of a typical chiniquodont:

(Image: A diagram of the skull of a typical chiquodont. It’s got very large canines. Illustration B shows its cheek teeth from the side (top) and from the top (bottom). Image from Abdala and Giannini, 2002.)

What is the significance of these teeth? I guess you’ll have to wait until the “diet” section to find that out!

Diet: Oh look, we’re here. What were we on? Oh, right! The significance of these teeth. I’m sure many of you are chomping at the bit to find out what they were eating, and are about to point to those huge canines as proof that they were ravenous carnivorous beasts. And you may be on the cusp of an incisive argument, but I’d like to remind you that large canines do not a carnivore make, and modern musk deer have large canines themselves. To truly understand what an animal is eating, we need to look at the teeth that we know it used to process food. In this case, those are the cheek teeth.

The cheek teeth of Chiniquodon are a particular shape of tooth called a carnassial. That carn- is the same carn- as in carnivore or carnival or chile con carne, and it means meat. That’s because it’s a shape of cheek tooth that is especially good at cutting meat, because they have very large cusps that shear past each other when the animal bites down. Carnassials are found in many modern carnivorans (including dogs and cats!), but the carnassials of Chiniquodon evolved completely independently from those of dogs or cats – an amazing example of convergent evolution.

Behaviour: As a terrestrial carnivore, Chiniquodon must have hunted at some time. It likely hunted small vertebrates, such as other synapsids or young dinosaurs, though it likely wouldn’t have turned down scavenging from a carcass or eating bugs when it was younger. It almost certainly laid eggs, which it may have laid in a burrow. It is not clear whether any parental care was present. 

Ecosystem: During the Triassic, all of the continents were combined into one, and this led to a very hot and dry climate over much of the Earth. Chiniquodon’s environment was no exception, and fossils of it are found in rocks interpreted to have been deposited by braided streams in an arid environment. With that said, some fossils of it are also found in rocks distributed during the Carnian Pluvial Event (aka That Time It Rained For Several Thousand Years; no relation to carnassials). These rocks contain the remains of animals like the early dinosaurs Eoraptor and Herrerasaurus, crocodile relatives like Gualosuchus, large dicynodonts like Ischigualastia, and other cynodonts like Probainognathus. 

Other: Chiniquodon, in our prehistoric hindsight, is positioned right around one of the most significant transitions in mammalian evolution. It records the condition of cynodonts at a pivotal point, when it and its relatives were only just evolving furry body coverings and specialised jaw joints, and it’s a crucial fossil in untangling how its close close relatives miniaturised, going from medium-sized animals to the tiny shrew-like creatures that became the ancestors of all mammals. Today, with our prehistoric hindsight, Chiniquodon represents a sideshoot off of the mammal line during a pivotal transition time – but in its brightest day, when it was scurrying about the floodplains of South America and Africa, it was merely another animal fighting for existence in the world of the Triassic.

~ By Hayley Orlowski

Sources under the cut

Abdala, F.; Giannini, N. P. (2002). "Chiniquodontid cynodonts: systematic and morphometric considerations". Palaeontology. 45 (6): 1151–1170. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00280.

Kammerer, C. F., Flynn, J. J., Ranivoharimanana, L., & Wyss, A. R. (2010). The first record of a probainognathian (Cynodontia: Chiniquodontidae) from the Triassic of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(6), 1889–1894. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.520784 

Kemp, T. S. (2009). The endocranial cavity of a nonmammalian eucynodont, Chiniquodon theotenicus, and its implications for the origin of the mammalian brain. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 29(4), 1188–1198. doi:10.1671/039.029.0430 

Martinez, R. N., & Forster, C. A. (1996). The skull of Probelesodon sanjuanensis, sp. nov., from the Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16(2), 285–291. doi:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011315 

Mocke, H. B. (2016). The postcranium of the carnivorous cynodont Chiniquodon from the Middle Triassic of Namibia and the palaeo-environment of the Upper Omingonde Formation (Masters dissertation).

Oliveira, T. D., Schultz, C. L., & Soares, M. B. (2009). A partial skeleton of Chiniquodon (Cynodontia, Chiniquodontidae) from the Brazilian Middle Triassic. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 12(2), 113-122.

[stavrosskundromichalis]

A new and improved (?) version of my old Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis piece!

Herrerasaurus was one of the earliest dinosaurs. It lived during the Late Triassic (Carnian) period in northwestern Argentina. It was a lightly built bipedal carnivore with a long tail and a relatively small head. Its length is estimated at 3 to 6 meters (10 to 20 feet) and its hip height at more than 1.1 meters (3.3 ft).

Herrerasaurus has been classified as either an early theropod or an early saurischian, with many researchers treating it at least tentatively as the most primitive member of Theropoda.

The Ischigualasto Formation in northwestern Argentina was a volcanically active floodplain covered by forests, with a warm and humid climate. It was subject to seasonal variations including strong rainfalls. Vegetation consisted of ferns, horsetails, and giant conifers, which formed highland forests along the banks of rivers.

This is a speculative restoration based on the likelihood that proto-feathers were present in basal dinosaurs, and perhaps even a more ancestral animal, in light of the pycnofibers of pterosaurs.

For prints, check: https://www.stavrosillustration.se

[twarda]

Putting this here because of references & long text. These are WIP. I’ll post the full picture later (Edit: this one link)

I made a Staurikosaurus pricei artwork (paleoart?) because I couldn’t find any good art when I needed it. There are 2 versions of it: scaled and with a speculative integument. Cranium, manus and pes based on Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. Due to being a rather small animal, with most probably a quite large head, I enlarged the eye opening slighty. Colours inspired by owls, lynx, bobcat and civets because I wanted some nice pattern, in case of forests.

References below, just in case.

Sereno, P. C., & Novas, F. E. (1994). The skull and neck of the basal theropod Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13(4), 451-476.

Sereno, P. C. (1994). The pectoral girdle and forelimb of the basal theropod Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13(4), 425-450.

Novas, F. E. (1994). New information on the systematics and postcranial skeleton of Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis (Theropoda: Herrerasauridae) from the Ischigualasto Formation (Upper Triassic) of Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13(4), 400-423.

Bittencourt, J. D. S., & Kellner, A. W. A. (2009). The anatomy and phylogenetic position of the Triassic dinosaur Staurikosaurus pricei Colbert, 1970. Zootaxa, 2079(1), e56.

Grillo, O. N., & Azevedo, S. A. (2011). Recovering missing data: estimating position and size of caudal vertebrae in Staurikosaurus pricei Colbert, 1970. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 83(1), 61-72. Chicago

Thulborn, T. (2006). On the tracks of the earliest dinosaurs: implications for the hypothesis of dinosaurian monophyly. Alcheringa, 30(2), 273-311. 

Scott Hartman’s Herrerasaurus skeleton: https://www.deviantart.com/scotthartman/art/Five-little-piggies-292594542

The Staurikosaurus skeleton featured on Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staurikosaurus#/media/File:Staurikosaurus_reconstruction.jpg

Saurischian muscle double-check based on RJ Palmer’s T. rex https://www.deviantart.com/arvalis/art/Tyrannosaurus-rex-2018-767137215

And http://www.paleofile.com/Dinosaurs/Theropods/Staurikosaurus.asp (used Google archived thumbnails, as the site was unfortunatelly unavailable when I was collecting references).

[roygattero]

Ischigualasto series, alternate takes:

Hyperodapedon, acrylic painting, 2023}

(yes, I did this in a hurry)

[pleistocene-pride]

Eodromaeus is an extinct genus of probable basal theropod dinosaur which lived throughout what is now South America during the Carnian stage of the Triassic period some 232 to 228 mya. The first remains now known to be eodromaeus was a crushed but nearly complete articulated skeleton was recovered from the base of the Valle de la Luna Member of the Ischigualasto Formation by Argentinean paleontologist Ricardo N. Martinez and Earthwatch volunteer Jim Murphy in 1996. However both believed it to be a new species of eoraptor. It wouldn’t be until 2011 that an indepth review of the specimens would recognize that they warrented being classified as there own genus which was dubbed Eodromaeus meaning dawn runner in greek. With the specific name murphi honoring Jim Murphy. Today the remains of at least six eodromaeus specimens are known. Reaching around 3.9ft (1.2m) in length and 9.9 to 16lbs (4.5 to 7.1kgs) in weight, Eodromaeus was a small and lightly built dinosaur which had long hindlimbs making it well built for running. It had a low rectangular skull with slender lower jaw and a deep brain case. When originally described in 2011, Eodromaeus was regarded as the earliest member of Theropoda. This has been continousely supported by many subsequent studies; however there has been some that argue that Eodromaeus is rather a basal saurischian and possibly ancestral to theropods as a whole. What is known is that this small carnivorous dinosaur lived alongside and occasionally fed upon a variety of the strange and wondrous Triassic weirdos that called the Ischigualasto formation home.

art used can be found at the following links

[petnews2day]

Climate did not impact dinosaur abundance in the Triassic • Earth.com

New Post has been published on https://petnews2day.com/reptiles-news/climate-did-not-impact-dinosaur-abundance-in-the-triassic-earth-com/

Climate did not impact dinosaur abundance in the Triassic • Earth.com

During the time of dinosaurs in the Late Triassic, variations in the abundance and diversity of plant and vertebrate animal species cannot be causally related to the climate changes that occurred during that period. This is the conclusion of a new study led by the National Scientific and Technical Research Council in Argentina (CONICET) and the University of Utah in the United States.

By analyzing multiple independent lines of evidence drawn from sedimentology, clay mineralogy, and geochemistry, the researchers explored changes in paleoclimatic conditions, such as mean annual temperatures and precipitation, within the Ischigualasto Formation – a collection of fossil-rich sedimentary rocks deposited by rivers and streams during the late Triassic period (about 231 to 226 million years ago) in what are now the San Juan and La Rioja provinces in Northwestern Argentina. Although the scientists managed to identify a clear change from warmer and drier to more temperate and humid conditions, no concurrent major changes could be identified in the fossil record.

“We conclude that variations in the abundance and diversity of species, as recorded by their first and last appearances in the fossil record, are better explained by preservation and sampling biases than by changes in climate,” said study lead author Adriana Mancuso, a paleontologist at CONICET.

“What we see is that how many specimens collected from each interval of the sequence, and the chemical and physical characteristics that allow greater or lesser preservation of the remains of animals and plants, were significant factors. These two factors, collection and preservation, have more influence on the increase or decrease of abundance and diversity than the climate changes recorded.”    

However, Dr. Mancuso and her colleagues managed to identify a relationship between climatic variations and two groups of reptiles: the rhynchosaurs, a group of herbivorous early archosauromorphs, and pseudosuchians, a type of crocodilian-line archosaurs. “We did find that the abundance of rhynchosaurs and extinction of a few pseudosuchian species appear to coincide with a climate shift,” said study co-author Randall Irmis, a paleontologist at the University of Utah.

This study highlights the importance of an explicit framework for testing hypotheses about the correlation between the fossil record and climatic changes. “In addition to the contribution on the relationship of biotic and climatic events in the Ischigualasto Formation, the work provides a methodological framework to test climate-biota associations, highlighting the data gaps that must be filled, and makes new testable predictions that can be tested in future studies,” Dr. Mancuso concluded.

The study is published in the journal Frontiers in Earth Science.

—

By Andrei Ionescu, Earth.com Staff Writer

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toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003e","ad":"","sidebar":"","sidebar-2":"","article":"header": [];rn window._tfa.push(notify: 'event', name: 'page_view', id: 1356009);rn !function (t, f, a, x) rn if (!document.getElementById(x)) rn t.async = 1;t.src = a;t.id=x;f.parentNode.insertBefore(t, f);rn rn (document.createElement('script'),rn document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],rn '//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/unip/1356009/tfa.js',rn 'tb_tfa_script');rnu003c/scriptu003ernu003c!-- End of Taboola Pixel Code --u003ernu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '0088bf958a55ab96eee2ad87d7a2a403af';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003ernrnu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '00f252b1a014b0a30dac49c6831a52a653';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003e","ad":"","sidebar":"","sidebar_middle":"","sidebar_bottom":"","infinite":"category":"header": [];rn window._tfa.push(notify: 'event', name: 'page_view', id: 1356009);rn !function (t, f, a, x) rn if (!document.getElementById(x)) rn t.async = 1;t.src = a;t.id=x;f.parentNode.insertBefore(t, f);rn rn (document.createElement('script'),rn document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],rn '//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/unip/1356009/tfa.js',rn 'tb_tfa_script');rnu003c/scriptu003ernu003c!-- End of Taboola Pixel Code --u003ernu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '0088bf958a55ab96eee2ad87d7a2a403af';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003ernrnu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '00f252b1a014b0a30dac49c6831a52a653';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003e","ad":"","interstitial":"","interstitial-2":"","sidebar":"","sidebar-2":"","video":"main":"header": [];rn window._tfa.push(notify: 'event', name: 'page_view', id: 1356009);rn !function (t, f, a, x) rn if (!document.getElementById(x)) rn t.async = 1;t.src = a;t.id=x;f.parentNode.insertBefore(t, f);rn rn (document.createElement('script'),rn document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],rn '//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/unip/1356009/tfa.js',rn 'tb_tfa_script');rnu003c/scriptu003ernu003c!-- End of Taboola Pixel Code --u003ernu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '0088bf958a55ab96eee2ad87d7a2a403af';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003ernrnu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '00f252b1a014b0a30dac49c6831a52a653';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003e","ad":"","sidebar":"","sidebar-2":"","category":"header": [];rn window._tfa.push(notify: 'event', name: 'page_view', id: 1356009);rn !function (t, f, a, x) rn if (!document.getElementById(x)) rn t.async = 1;t.src = a;t.id=x;f.parentNode.insertBefore(t, f);rn rn (document.createElement('script'),rn document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],rn '//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/unip/1356009/tfa.js',rn 'tb_tfa_script');rnu003c/scriptu003ernu003c!-- End of Taboola Pixel Code --u003ernu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '0088bf958a55ab96eee2ad87d7a2a403af';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003ernrnu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '00f252b1a014b0a30dac49c6831a52a653';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003e","ad":"","sidebar":"","article":"header": [];rn window._tfa.push(notify: 'event', name: 'page_view', id: 1356009);rn !function (t, f, a, x) rn if (!document.getElementById(x)) rn t.async = 1;t.src = a;t.id=x;f.parentNode.insertBefore(t, f);rn rn (document.createElement('script'),rn document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],rn '//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/unip/1356009/tfa.js',rn 'tb_tfa_script');rnu003c/scriptu003ernu003c!-- End of Taboola Pixel Code --u003ernu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '0088bf958a55ab96eee2ad87d7a2a403af';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003ernrnu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '00f252b1a014b0a30dac49c6831a52a653';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003e","ad":"","sidebar_top":"","sidebar_middle":"","sidebar_bottom":"","image":"main":"header": [];rn window._tfa.push(notify: 'event', name: 'page_view', id: 1356009);rn !function (t, f, a, x) rn if (!document.getElementById(x)) rn t.async = 1;t.src = a;t.id=x;f.parentNode.insertBefore(t, f);rn rn (document.createElement('script'),rn document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],rn '//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/unip/1356009/tfa.js',rn 'tb_tfa_script');rnu003c/scriptu003ernu003c!-- End of Taboola Pixel Code --u003ernu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '0088bf958a55ab96eee2ad87d7a2a403af';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003ernrnu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '00f252b1a014b0a30dac49c6831a52a653';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003e","ad":"","sidebar":"","sidebar-2":"","article":"header": [];rn window._tfa.push(notify: 'event', name: 'page_view', id: 1356009);rn !function (t, f, a, x) rn if (!document.getElementById(x)) rn t.async = 1;t.src = a;t.id=x;f.parentNode.insertBefore(t, f);rn rn (document.createElement('script'),rn document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],rn '//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/unip/1356009/tfa.js',rn 'tb_tfa_script');rnu003c/scriptu003ernu003c!-- End of Taboola Pixel Code --u003ernu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '0088bf958a55ab96eee2ad87d7a2a403af';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003ernrnu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '00f252b1a014b0a30dac49c6831a52a653';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003e","ad":"","sidebar_top":"","sidebar_middle":"","sidebar_bottom":"","gallery":"header": [];rn window._tfa.push(notify: 'event', name: 'page_view', id: 1356009);rn !function (t, f, a, x) rn if (!document.getElementById(x)) rn t.async = 1;t.src = a;t.id=x;f.parentNode.insertBefore(t, f);rn rn (document.createElement('script'),rn document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],rn '//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/unip/1356009/tfa.js',rn 'tb_tfa_script');rnu003c/scriptu003ernu003c!-- End of Taboola Pixel Code --u003ernu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '0088bf958a55ab96eee2ad87d7a2a403af';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003ernrnu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '00f252b1a014b0a30dac49c6831a52a653';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003e","ad":"","sidebar":"","article":"header": [];rn window._tfa.push(notify: 'event', name: 'page_view', id: 1356009);rn !function (t, f, a, x) rn if (!document.getElementById(x)) rn t.async = 1;t.src = a;t.id=x;f.parentNode.insertBefore(t, f);rn rn (document.createElement('script'),rn document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],rn '//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/unip/1356009/tfa.js',rn 'tb_tfa_script');rnu003c/scriptu003ernu003c!-- End of Taboola Pixel Code --u003ernu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '0088bf958a55ab96eee2ad87d7a2a403af';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003ernrnu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '00f252b1a014b0a30dac49c6831a52a653';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003e","ad":"","sidebar":"","sidebar-2":"","image_gallery_infinite":"header":"script":"rnrn","ad":"","interstitial":"","interstitial-2":"","left-sidebar":"","right-sidebar":"","earthpedia-main":"header": [];rn window._tfa.push(notify: 'event', name: 'page_view', id: 1356009);rn !function (t, f, a, x) rn if (!document.getElementById(x)) rn t.async = 1;t.src = a;t.id=x;f.parentNode.insertBefore(t, f);rn rn (document.createElement('script'),rn document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],rn '//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/unip/1356009/tfa.js',rn 'tb_tfa_script');rnu003c/scriptu003ernu003c!-- End of Taboola Pixel Code --u003ernu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '0088bf958a55ab96eee2ad87d7a2a403af';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003ernrnu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '00f252b1a014b0a30dac49c6831a52a653';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003e","ad":"","sidebar":"","sidebar-2":"","sidebar-3":"","sidebar-4":"","earthpedia-articles":"header": [];rn window._tfa.push(notify: 'event', name: 'page_view', id: 1356009);rn !function (t, f, a, x) rn if (!document.getElementById(x)) rn t.async = 1;t.src = a;t.id=x;f.parentNode.insertBefore(t, f);rn rn (document.createElement('script'),rn document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],rn '//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/unip/1356009/tfa.js',rn 'tb_tfa_script');rnu003c/scriptu003ernu003c!-- End of Taboola Pixel Code --u003ernu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '0088bf958a55ab96eee2ad87d7a2a403af';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003ernrnu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '00f252b1a014b0a30dac49c6831a52a653';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003e","ad":"","sidebar":"","sidebar-2":"","sidebar-3":"","earthpedia-category":"header": [];rn window._tfa.push(notify: 'event', name: 'page_view', id: 1356009);rn !function (t, f, a, x) rn if (!document.getElementById(x)) rn t.async = 1;t.src = a;t.id=x;f.parentNode.insertBefore(t, f);rn rn (document.createElement('script'),rn document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],rn '//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/unip/1356009/tfa.js',rn 'tb_tfa_script');rnu003c/scriptu003ernu003c!-- End of Taboola Pixel Code --u003ernu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '0088bf958a55ab96eee2ad87d7a2a403af';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003ernrnu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '00f252b1a014b0a30dac49c6831a52a653';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003e","ad":"","sidebar":"","sidebar-2":"","earthpedia-article":"header": [];rn window._tfa.push(notify: 'event', name: 'page_view', id: 1356009);rn !function (t, f, a, x) rn if (!document.getElementById(x)) rn t.async = 1;t.src = a;t.id=x;f.parentNode.insertBefore(t, f);rn rn (document.createElement('script'),rn document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],rn '//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/unip/1356009/tfa.js',rn 'tb_tfa_script');rnu003c/scriptu003ernu003c!-- End of Taboola Pixel Code --u003ernu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '0088bf958a55ab96eee2ad87d7a2a403af';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003ernrnu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '00f252b1a014b0a30dac49c6831a52a653';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003e","ad":"","sidebar":"","sidebar-2":"","plant":"category":"header": [];rn window._tfa.push(notify: 'event', name: 'page_view', id: 1356009);rn !function (t, f, a, x) rn if (!document.getElementById(x)) rn t.async = 1;t.src = a;t.id=x;f.parentNode.insertBefore(t, f);rn rn (document.createElement('script'),rn document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],rn '//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/unip/1356009/tfa.js',rn 'tb_tfa_script');rnu003c/scriptu003ernu003c!-- End of Taboola Pixel Code --u003ernu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '0088bf958a55ab96eee2ad87d7a2a403af';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003ernrnu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '00f252b1a014b0a30dac49c6831a52a653';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003e","ad":"","sidebar":"","sidebar-2":"","animal":"category":"header": [];rn window._tfa.push(notify: 'event', name: 'page_view', id: 1356009);rn !function (t, f, a, x) rn if (!document.getElementById(x)) rn t.async = 1;t.src = a;t.id=x;f.parentNode.insertBefore(t, f);rn rn (document.createElement('script'),rn document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],rn '//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/unip/1356009/tfa.js',rn 'tb_tfa_script');rnu003c/scriptu003ernu003c!-- End of Taboola Pixel Code --u003ernu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '0088bf958a55ab96eee2ad87d7a2a403af';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003ernrnu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '00f252b1a014b0a30dac49c6831a52a653';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003e","ad":"","sidebar":"","sidebar-2":"","endangered-species":"category":"header": [];rn window._tfa.push(notify: 'event', name: 'page_view', id: 1356009);rn !function (t, f, a, x) rn if (!document.getElementById(x)) rn t.async = 1;t.src = a;t.id=x;f.parentNode.insertBefore(t, f);rn rn (document.createElement('script'),rn document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],rn '//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/unip/1356009/tfa.js',rn 'tb_tfa_script');rnu003c/scriptu003ernu003c!-- End of Taboola Pixel Code --u003ernu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '0088bf958a55ab96eee2ad87d7a2a403af';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));rn return;rn rn var api = _window.obApi = function() rn api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);rn ;rn api.version = '1.1';rn api.loaded = true;rn api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;rn api.queue = [];rn var tag = _document.createElement('script');rn tag.async = true;rn tag.src="https://amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js";rn tag.type="text/javascript";rn var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];rn script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);rn (window, document);rnrn obApi('track', 'PAGE_VIEW');rnu003c/scriptu003ernrnu003cscript data-obct type = "text/javascript"u003ern /** DO NOT MODIFY THIS CODE**/rn !function(_window, _document) rn var OB_ADV_ID = '00f252b1a014b0a30dac49c6831a52a653';rn if (_window.obApi) rn var toArray = function(object) rn return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];rn ;rn 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This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v17.0 (Yoast SEO v17.0) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --u003enu003ctitleu003eClimate did not impact dinosaur abundance in the Triassic u0026bull; Earth.comu003c/titleu003enu003cmeta name="description" content="During the time of dinosaurs in the Late Triassic, variations in the abundance and diversity of plant and vertebrate animal species cannot be causally related to the climate changes" /u003enu003cmeta name="robots" content="index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1" /u003enu003cmeta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /u003enu003cmeta property="og:type" content="article" /u003enu003cmeta property="og:title" content="Climate did not impact dinosaur abundance in the Triassic" /u003enu003cmeta property="og:description" content="Climate did not impact dinosaur abundance in the Triassic u0026bull; Earth.com" /u003enu003cmeta property="og:url" 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Children in remote school faced more sleep, behavior and social challenges https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/955548","@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.earth.com/news/climate-did-not-impact-dinosaur-abundance-in-the-triassic/#webpage","url":"https://www.earth.com/news/climate-did-not-impact-dinosaur-abundance-in-the-triassic/","name":"Climate did not impact dinosaur abundance in the Triassic u0026bull; Earth.com","isPartOf":"@id":"https://www.earth.com/#website","primaryImageOfPage":"@id":"https://www.earth.com/news/climate-did-not-impact-dinosaur-abundance-in-the-triassic/#primaryimage","datePublished":"2022-06-13T15:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2022-06-13T15:50:15+00:00","description":"During the time of dinosaurs in the Late Triassic, variations in the abundance and diversity of plant and vertebrate animal species cannot be causally related to the climate changes","breadcrumb":"@id":"https://www.earth.com/news/climate-did-not-impact-dinosaur-abundance-in-the-triassic/#breadcrumb","inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":["@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.earth.com/news/climate-did-not-impact-dinosaur-abundance-in-the-triassic/"]],"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.earth.com/news/climate-did-not-impact-dinosaur-abundance-in-the-triassic/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":["@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.earth.com/","@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"News","item":"https://www.earth.com/news/","@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Climate did not impact dinosaur abundance in the Triassic"],"@type":["Article","NewsArticle"],"@id":"https://www.earth.com/news/climate-did-not-impact-dinosaur-abundance-in-the-triassic/#article","isPartOf":"@id":"https://www.earth.com/news/climate-did-not-impact-dinosaur-abundance-in-the-triassic/#webpage","author":"@id":"https://www.earth.com/#/schema/person/58fcc0c23ef9ad66357f2b570e7c01a9","headline":"Climate did not impact dinosaur abundance in the Triassic","datePublished":"2022-06-13T15:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2022-06-13T15:50:15+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":"@id":"https://www.earth.com/news/climate-did-not-impact-dinosaur-abundance-in-the-triassic/#webpage","wordCount":438,"image":"@id":"https://www.earth.com/news/climate-did-not-impact-dinosaur-abundance-in-the-triassic/#primaryimage","thumbnailUrl":"https://cff2.earth.com/uploads/2022/06/13093837/Triassic.png","inLanguage":"en-US","copyrightYear":"2022","copyrightHolder":"@id":"https://www.earth.com/#organization","@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.earth.com/#/schema/person/58fcc0c23ef9ad66357f2b570e7c01a9","name":"Andrei Ionescu","image":"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://www.earth.com/#personlogo","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bd0b83647c92a32fc0e7bfc6ef606a6f?s=96u0026d=mmu0026r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bd0b83647c92a32fc0e7bfc6ef606a6f?s=96u0026d=mmu0026r=g","caption":"Andrei Ionescu","sameAs":["http://earth.com"],"url":"https://www.earth.com/author/aionescu/"]u003c/scriptu003enu003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --u003e","__N_SSP":true,"pageProps":"article":"post":"ID":1909372,"post_author":"59","post_date":"2022-06-13 09:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2022-06-13 15:00:00","post_content":"nu003cpu003eDuring the time of u003ca href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-largest-megaraptor-discovered-in-argentina/"u003edinosaursu003c/au003e in the Late Triassic, variations in the abundance and diversity of plant and vertebrate animal species cannot be causally related to the climate changes that occurred during that period. This is the conclusion of a new study led by the u003ca href="http://www.conicet.gov.ar/"u003eNational Scientific and Technical Research Councilu003c/au003e in Argentina (CONICET) and the u003ca href="https://www.utah.edu/"u003eUniversity of Utahu003c/au003e in the United States.u003c/pu003ennnnu003cpu003eBy analyzing multiple independent lines of evidence drawn from sedimentology, clay mineralogy, and geochemistry, the researchers explored changes in paleoclimatic conditions, such as mean annual temperatures and precipitation, within the Ischigualasto Formation – a collection of fossil-rich sedimentary rocks deposited by rivers and streams during the late Triassic period (about 231 to 226 million years ago) in what are now the San Juan and La Rioja provinces in Northwestern Argentina. Although the scientists managed to identify a clear change from warmer and drier to more temperate and humid conditions, no concurrent major changes could be identified in the fossil record.u003c/pu003ennnnu003cpu003e“We conclude that variations in the abundance and diversity of species, as recorded by their first and last appearances in the fossil record, are better explained by preservation and sampling biases than by changes in climate,” said study lead author Adriana Mancuso, a paleontologist at CONICET.u003c/pu003eu003cdiv class="PrebidAdSlot_prebidIncontentSlot__2XOy7 PrebidAdSlot_desktopAd__HjuWa" data-reactroot=""u003eu003cdiv id="pb-slot-desktop-incontent-1-para-inj-0" class="pb-slot " data-parent-div-id="pb-slot-desktop-incontent-1" style="min-width:728px;min-height:90px"u003eu003c/divu003eu003cscriptu003en (function() n const observerConfig = n rootMargin: '1200px 0px 1200px 0px',n threshold: 0n n const observer = new IntersectionObserver(entries =u003e n entries.forEach(entry =u003e n if (entry u0026u0026n entry.isIntersecting u0026u0026n entry.intersectionRatio u003e 0) n );n , observerConfig);n const div = document.getElementById('pb-slot-desktop-incontent-1-para-inj-0');n if (div) n observer.observe(div);n n ());n u003c/scriptu003eu003c/divu003eu003cdiv class="PrebidAdSlot_prebidIncontentSlot__2XOy7 PrebidAdSlot_mobileAd__JpW4z" data-reactroot=""u003eu003cdiv id="pb-slot-mobile-incontent-1-para-inj-0" class="pb-slot " data-parent-div-id="pb-slot-mobile-incontent-1" style="min-width:300px;min-height:250px"u003eu003c/divu003eu003cscriptu003en (function() n const observerConfig = n rootMargin: '1200px 0px 1200px 0px',n threshold: 0n n const observer = new IntersectionObserver(entries =u003e n entries.forEach(entry =u003e n if (entry u0026u0026n entry.isIntersecting u0026u0026n entry.intersectionRatio u003e 0) // in viewn window.tude = window.tude n );n , observerConfig);n const div = document.getElementById('pb-slot-mobile-incontent-1-para-inj-0');n if (div) n observer.observe(div);n n ());n u003c/scriptu003eu003c/divu003ennnnu003cpu003e“What we see is that how many specimens collected from each interval of the sequence, and the chemical and physical characteristics that allow greater or lesser preservation of the remains of animals and plants, were significant factors. These two factors, collection and preservation, have more influence on the increase or decrease of abundance and diversity than the climate changes recorded.”u0026nbsp;u0026nbsp;u0026nbsp;u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003ennnnu003cpu003eHowever, Dr. Mancuso and her colleagues managed to identify a relationship between climatic variations and two groups of reptiles: the rhynchosaurs, a group of herbivorous early archosauromorphs, and pseudosuchians, a type of crocodilian-line archosaurs. “We did find that the abundance of rhynchosaurs and extinction of a few pseudosuchian species appear to coincide with a climate shift,” said study co-author Randall Irmis, a paleontologist at the University of Utah.u003c/pu003ennnnu003cpu003eThis study highlights the importance of an explicit framework for testing hypotheses about the correlation between the fossil record and climatic changes. “In addition to the contribution on the relationship of biotic and climatic events in the Ischigualasto Formation, the work provides a methodological framework to test climate-biota associations, highlighting the data gaps that must be filled, and makes new testable predictions that can be tested in future studies,” Dr. Mancuso concluded.u003c/pu003eu003cdiv class="PrebidAdSlot_prebidIncontentSlot__2XOy7 PrebidAdSlot_desktopAd__HjuWa" data-reactroot=""u003eu003cdiv id="pb-slot-desktop-incontent-2-para-inj-1" class="pb-slot " data-parent-div-id="pb-slot-desktop-incontent-2" style="min-width:728px;min-height:90px"u003eu003c/divu003eu003cscriptu003en (function() n const observerConfig = n rootMargin: '1200px 0px 1200px 0px',n threshold: 0n n const observer = new IntersectionObserver(entries =u003e n entries.forEach(entry =u003e n if (entry u0026u0026n entry.isIntersecting u0026u0026n entry.intersectionRatio u003e 0) n );n , observerConfig);n const div = document.getElementById('pb-slot-desktop-incontent-2-para-inj-1');n if (div) n observer.observe(div);n n ());n u003c/scriptu003eu003c/divu003eu003cdiv class="PrebidAdSlot_prebidIncontentSlot__2XOy7 PrebidAdSlot_mobileAd__JpW4z" data-reactroot=""u003eu003cdiv id="pb-slot-mobile-incontent-2-para-inj-1" class="pb-slot " data-parent-div-id="pb-slot-mobile-incontent-2" style="min-width:300px;min-height:250px"u003eu003c/divu003eu003cscriptu003en (function() n const observerConfig = n rootMargin: '1200px 0px 1200px 0px',n threshold: 0n n const observer = new IntersectionObserver(entries =u003e n entries.forEach(entry =u003e n if (entry u0026u0026n entry.isIntersecting u0026u0026n entry.intersectionRatio u003e 0) n );n , observerConfig);n const div = document.getElementById('pb-slot-mobile-incontent-2-para-inj-1');n if (div) n observer.observe(div);n n ());n u003c/scriptu003eu003c/divu003ennnnu003cpu003eThe study is published in the journal u003ca href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2022.883788/full"u003eu003cemu003eFrontiers in Earth Scienceu003c/emu003eu003c/au003e.u003c/pu003ennnnu003cpu003eu0026#8212;u003c/pu003ennnnu003cpu003eu003cemu003eBy u003c/emu003eu003ca href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"u003eu003cemu003eAndrei Ionescuu003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e, u003c/emu003eu003ca href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"u003eu003cemu003eEarth.comu003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e Staff Writeru003c/emu003eu003c/pu003eu003cdiv class="PrebidAdSlot_prebidIncontentSlot__2XOy7 PrebidAdSlot_desktopAd__HjuWa" data-reactroot=""u003eu003cdiv id="pb-slot-desktop-incontent-3-para-inj-2" class="pb-slot " data-parent-div-id="pb-slot-desktop-incontent-3" style="min-width:728px;min-height:90px"u003eu003c/divu003eu003cscriptu003en (function() n const observerConfig = n rootMargin: '1200px 0px 1200px 0px',n threshold: 0n n const observer = new IntersectionObserver(entries =u003e n entries.forEach(entry =u003e n if (entry u0026u0026n entry.isIntersecting u0026u0026n entry.intersectionRatio u003e 0) // in viewn window.tude = window.tude n );n , observerConfig);n const div = document.getElementById('pb-slot-desktop-incontent-3-para-inj-2');n if (div) n observer.observe(div);n n ());n u003c/scriptu003eu003c/divu003eu003cdiv class="PrebidAdSlot_prebidIncontentSlot__2XOy7 PrebidAdSlot_mobileAd__JpW4z" data-reactroot=""u003eu003cdiv id="pb-slot-mobile-incontent-3-para-inj-2" class="pb-slot " data-parent-div-id="pb-slot-mobile-incontent-3" style="min-width:300px;min-height:250px"u003eu003c/divu003eu003cscriptu003en (function() n const observerConfig = n rootMargin: '1200px 0px 1200px 0px',n threshold: 0n n const observer = new IntersectionObserver(entries =u003e n entries.forEach(entry =u003e n if (entry u0026u0026n entry.isIntersecting u0026u0026n entry.intersectionRatio u003e 0) n );n , observerConfig);n const div = document.getElementById('pb-slot-mobile-incontent-3-para-inj-2');n if (div) n observer.observe(div);n n ());n u003c/scriptu003eu003c/divu003en","post_title":"Climate did not impact dinosaur abundance in the Triassic","post_excerpt":"During the time of dinosaurs in the Late Triassic, variations in the abundance and diversity of plant and vertebrate animal species cannot be causally related to the climate changes","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"climate-did-not-impact-dinosaur-abundance-in-the-triassic","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2022-06-13 09:50:15","post_modified_gmt":"2022-06-13 15:50:15","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https://www.earth.com/?post_type=newsu0026#038;p=1909372","menu_order":0,"post_type":"news","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw","thumbnail":"u003cimg src="https://cff2.earth.com/uploads/2022/06/13093837/Triassic-960x640.png" class="img-fluid h-100 wp-post-image" alt="This brief is quite long, but donu0026#039;t worry about capturing every detail! Children in remote school faced more sleep, behavior and social challenges https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/955548" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cff2.earth.com/uploads/2022/06/13093837/Triassic-960x640.png 960w, https://cff2.earth.com/uploads/2022/06/13093837/Triassic-450x300.png 450w, https://cff2.earth.com/uploads/2022/06/13093837/Triassic-270x180.png 270w, https://cff2.earth.com/uploads/2022/06/13093837/Triassic-360x240.png 360w" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px" /u003e","author_name":"Andrei Ionescu","author_url":"http://earth.com","author_avatar":"u003cimg alt="" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bd0b83647c92a32fc0e7bfc6ef606a6f?s=32u0026#038;d=mmu0026#038;r=g" class="avatar avatar-32 photo img-fluid rounded-circle w-auto" height="32" width="32" loading='lazy'/u003e","formatted_date":"06-13-2022","sidebar":["ID":1909372,"post_author":"59","post_date":"2022-06-13 09:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2022-06-13 15:00:00","post_content":"u003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eDuring the time of u003ca href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-largest-megaraptor-discovered-in-argentina/"u003edinosaursu003c/au003e in the Late Triassic, variations in the abundance and diversity of plant and vertebrate animal species cannot be causally related to the climate changes that occurred during that period. This is the conclusion of a new study led by the u003ca href="http://www.conicet.gov.ar/"u003eNational Scientific and Technical Research Councilu003c/au003e in Argentina (CONICET) and the u003ca href="https://www.utah.edu/"u003eUniversity of Utahu003c/au003e in the United States.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eBy analyzing multiple independent lines of evidence drawn from sedimentology, clay mineralogy, and geochemistry, the researchers explored changes in paleoclimatic conditions, such as mean annual temperatures and precipitation, within the Ischigualasto Formation – a collection of fossil-rich sedimentary rocks deposited by rivers and streams during the late Triassic period (about 231 to 226 million years ago) in what are now the San Juan and La Rioja provinces in Northwestern Argentina. Although the scientists managed to identify a clear change from warmer and drier to more temperate and humid conditions, no concurrent major changes could be identified in the fossil record.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“We conclude that variations in the abundance and diversity of species, as recorded by their first and last appearances in the fossil record, are better explained by preservation and sampling biases than by changes in climate,” said study lead author Adriana Mancuso, a paleontologist at CONICET.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“What we see is that how many specimens collected from each interval of the sequence, and the chemical and physical characteristics that allow greater or lesser preservation of the remains of animals and plants, were significant factors. These two factors, collection and preservation, have more influence on the increase or decrease of abundance and diversity than the climate changes recorded.”u0026nbsp;u0026nbsp;u0026nbsp;u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eHowever, Dr. Mancuso and her colleagues managed to identify a relationship between climatic variations and two groups of reptiles: the rhynchosaurs, a group of herbivorous early archosauromorphs, and pseudosuchians, a type of crocodilian-line archosaurs. “We did find that the abundance of rhynchosaurs and extinction of a few pseudosuchian species appear to coincide with a climate shift,” said study co-author Randall Irmis, a paleontologist at the University of Utah.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThis study highlights the importance of an explicit framework for testing hypotheses about the correlation between the fossil record and climatic changes. “In addition to the contribution on the relationship of biotic and climatic events in the Ischigualasto Formation, the work provides a methodological framework to test climate-biota associations, highlighting the data gaps that must be filled, and makes new testable predictions that can be tested in future studies,” Dr. Mancuso concluded.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThe study is published in the journal u003ca href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2022.883788/full"u003eu003cemu003eFrontiers in Earth Scienceu003c/emu003eu003c/au003e.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e---u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eu003cemu003eBy u003c/emu003eu003ca href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"u003eu003cemu003eAndrei Ionescuu003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e, u003c/emu003eu003ca href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"u003eu003cemu003eEarth.comu003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e Staff Writeru003c/emu003eu003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003e","post_title":"Climate did not impact dinosaur abundance in the Triassic","post_excerpt":"During the time of dinosaurs in the Late Triassic, variations in the abundance and diversity of plant and vertebrate animal species cannot be causally related to the climate changes","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"climate-did-not-impact-dinosaur-abundance-in-the-triassic","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2022-06-13 09:50:15","post_modified_gmt":"2022-06-13 15:50:15","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https://www.earth.com/?post_type=newsu0026#038;p=1909372","menu_order":0,"post_type":"news","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw","formatted_date":"06-13-2022","permalink":"https://www.earth.com/news/climate-did-not-impact-dinosaur-abundance-in-the-triassic/","author_name":"Andrei Ionescu","author_url":"http://earth.com","author_avatar":"u003cimg alt="" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bd0b83647c92a32fc0e7bfc6ef606a6f?s=32u0026#038;d=mmu0026#038;r=g" class="avatar avatar-32 photo img-fluid rounded-circle w-auto" height="32" width="32" loading='lazy'/u003e","thumb":"https://cff2.earth.com/uploads/2022/06/13093837/Triassic-270x180.png","terms":false,"image":"width":1545,"height":989,"file":"2022/06/Triassic.png","sizes":"medium":"file":"Triassic-300x192.png","width":300,"height":192,"mime-type":"image/png","large":"file":"Triassic-1024x655.png","width":1024,"height":655,"mime-type":"image/png","thumbnail":"file":"Triassic-150x150.png","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image/png","medium_large":"file":"Triassic-768x492.png","width":768,"height":492,"mime-type":"image/png","1536x1536":"file":"Triassic-1536x983.png","width":1536,"height":983,"mime-type":"image/png","big-img":"file":"Triassic-1400x850.png","width":1400,"height":850,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article":"file":"Triassic-960x640.png","width":960,"height":640,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-smaller":"file":"Triassic-640x480.png","width":640,"height":480,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-side":"file":"Triassic-454x282.png","width":454,"height":282,"mime-type":"image/png","media-article":"file":"Triassic-450x300.png","width":450,"height":300,"mime-type":"image/png","16-9-article":"file":"Triassic-350x210.png","width":350,"height":210,"mime-type":"image/png","4-3-article":"file":"Triassic-425x375.png","width":425,"height":375,"mime-type":"image/png","small-article":"file":"Triassic-125x88.png","width":125,"height":88,"mime-type":"image/png","side-article":"file":"Triassic-270x180.png","width":270,"height":180,"mime-type":"image/png","author-avatar":"file":"Triassic-32x32.png","width":32,"height":32,"mime-type":"image/png","secondary-article":"file":"Triassic-360x240.png","width":360,"height":240,"mime-type":"image/png","featured-article":"file":"Triassic-730x410.png","width":730,"height":410,"mime-type":"image/png","product-single-image":"file":"Triassic-230x280.png","width":230,"height":280,"mime-type":"image/png","plant-small-image":"file":"Triassic-230x260.png","width":230,"height":260,"mime-type":"image/png","image_meta":"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0","keywords":[],"trimmed_content":"During the time of dinosaurs in the Late Triassic, variations...","ID":1909369,"post_author":"59","post_date":"2022-06-13 09:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2022-06-13 15:00:00","post_content":"u003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eA research team led by the u003ca href="https://www.elte.hu/en/"u003eEötvös Loránd Universityu003c/au003e (ELTE) in Hungary has found that u003ca href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-did-dogs-become-mans-best-friend/"u003edogsu003c/au003e are capable of creating a multi-modal, or multisensory mental image of their familiar objects. When thinking about an object, dogs imagine the object’s different sensory features, such as the way it looks or the way it smells.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThe scientists’ starting hypothesis was that the senses dogs use to identify objects, such as their toys, reflect the ways these objects are represented in their minds.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“If we can understand which senses dogs use while searching for a toy, this may reveal how they think about it,” explainedu0026nbsp;study lead author Shany Dror, a doctoral student in Ethology at ELTE. “When dogs use olfaction or sight while searching for a toy, this indicates that they know how that toy smells or looks like.”u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eIn a previous study published in the journal u003ca href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-93581-2"u003eu003cemu003eNatureu003c/emu003eu003c/au003e, scientists discovered that only a few gifted dogs were able to learn the names of objects. “These Gifted Word Learner dogs give us a glimpse into their minds, and we can discover what they think about when we ask them - Where is your Teddy Bear?” said study co-lead authoru0026nbsp;Dr.u0026nbsp;Andreau0026nbsp;Sommese, a postdoctoral researcher in Comparative Cognition at ELTE.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eIn their new study, Dr. Sommese and her colleagues trained three Gifted Word Learner dogs and 10 regular family dogs – which are incapable of learning the names of their toys – to fetch a toy associated with a reward. During the training, the dogs received treats and were praised by the experimenters when choosing that toy instead of a few other distractor toys. In a next step, the researchers observed how the dogs searched for the toy, both when the lights were on and off. While all dogs managed to successfully select the right toy in both light and dark conditions, it generally took them longer to find it in the dark.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eIn a second experiment, in which only the Gifted Word Learners participated, the scientists aimed to find out what these dogs thought about when hearing the name of the toy. “Revealing the senses used by the dogs to search for the named toys gave us the possibility to infer what these dogs imagine when they hear, for example, Teddy Bear,” said study co-authoru0026nbsp;Claudiau0026nbsp;Fugazza, an expert in Cognitive Ethology and Dog Behavior at ELTE.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThe Gifted dogs were successful in finding the toys named by the experimenters in both the light and dark conditions, suggesting that, when they hear the name of the toy, they can recall the object’s different sensory features and can use this “multisensory mental image” to identify it.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“Dogs have a good sense of smell, but we found that dogs preferred to rely on vision and used their noses only a few times, and almost only when the lights were off,” explained study co-author Adamu0026nbsp;Miklósi, the head of the Department of Ethology at ELTE. “Dogs sniffed more often and for longer in the dark. They spent 90 percent more time sniffing when the lights were off, but this was still only 20 percent of the searching time.”u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThese findings suggest that, when dogs play with a toy, even just briefly, they pay attention to its different sensory features and register this information using multiple senses.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThe study is published in the journal u003ca href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10071-022-01639-z"u003eu003cemu003eAnimal Cognitionu003c/emu003eu003c/au003e.u0026nbsp;u0026nbsp;u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e---u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eu003cemu003eBy u003c/emu003eu003ca href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"u003eu003cemu003eAndrei Ionescuu003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e, u003c/emu003eu003ca href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"u003eu003cemu003eEarth.comu003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e Staff Writeru003c/emu003eu003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003e","post_title":"Dogs create multisensory mental images of their toys","post_excerpt":" dogs are capable of creating a multi-modal, or multisensory mental image of their familiar objects","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"dogs-create-multisensory-mental-images-of-their-toys","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2022-06-13 09:19:24","post_modified_gmt":"2022-06-13 15:19:24","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https://www.earth.com/?post_type=newsu0026#038;p=1909369","menu_order":0,"post_type":"news","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw","formatted_date":"06-13-2022","permalink":"https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-create-multisensory-mental-images-of-their-toys/","author_name":"Andrei Ionescu","author_url":"http://earth.com","author_avatar":"u003cimg alt="" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bd0b83647c92a32fc0e7bfc6ef606a6f?s=32u0026#038;d=mmu0026#038;r=g" class="avatar avatar-32 photo img-fluid rounded-circle w-auto" height="32" width="32" loading='lazy'/u003e","thumb":"https://cff2.earth.com/uploads/2022/06/13091813/Dog-senses-270x180.png","terms":false,"image":"width":1545,"height":876,"file":"2022/06/Dog-senses.png","sizes":"medium":"file":"Dog-senses-300x170.png","width":300,"height":170,"mime-type":"image/png","large":"file":"Dog-senses-1024x581.png","width":1024,"height":581,"mime-type":"image/png","thumbnail":"file":"Dog-senses-150x150.png","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image/png","medium_large":"file":"Dog-senses-768x435.png","width":768,"height":435,"mime-type":"image/png","1536x1536":"file":"Dog-senses-1536x871.png","width":1536,"height":871,"mime-type":"image/png","big-img":"file":"Dog-senses-1400x850.png","width":1400,"height":850,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article":"file":"Dog-senses-960x640.png","width":960,"height":640,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-smaller":"file":"Dog-senses-640x480.png","width":640,"height":480,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-side":"file":"Dog-senses-454x282.png","width":454,"height":282,"mime-type":"image/png","media-article":"file":"Dog-senses-450x300.png","width":450,"height":300,"mime-type":"image/png","16-9-article":"file":"Dog-senses-350x210.png","width":350,"height":210,"mime-type":"image/png","4-3-article":"file":"Dog-senses-425x375.png","width":425,"height":375,"mime-type":"image/png","small-article":"file":"Dog-senses-125x88.png","width":125,"height":88,"mime-type":"image/png","side-article":"file":"Dog-senses-270x180.png","width":270,"height":180,"mime-type":"image/png","author-avatar":"file":"Dog-senses-32x32.png","width":32,"height":32,"mime-type":"image/png","secondary-article":"file":"Dog-senses-360x240.png","width":360,"height":240,"mime-type":"image/png","featured-article":"file":"Dog-senses-730x410.png","width":730,"height":410,"mime-type":"image/png","product-single-image":"file":"Dog-senses-230x280.png","width":230,"height":280,"mime-type":"image/png","plant-small-image":"file":"Dog-senses-230x260.png","width":230,"height":260,"mime-type":"image/png","image_meta":"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0","keywords":[],"trimmed_content":"A research team led by the Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)...","ID":1909367,"post_author":"30","post_date":"2022-06-13 08:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2022-06-13 14:00:00","post_content":"u003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eA new study has revealed that one in seven rhinoceroses in a South African national park has been infected with a pathogen that causes bovine tuberculosis (bTB), known as u003cemu003eMycobacterium bovis (M. bovis).u0026nbsp;u003c/emu003eThe study is the largest ever conducted on free-ranging rhinos. u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThe findings demonstrate the potential for diseases to disrupt conservation efforts. If unaddressed, this could lead to increased risks to human health.u0026nbsp;The study tested samples from 437 rhinos, collected from 2016 to 2020 in Kruger National Park. u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThe results revealed the presence of u003cemu003eM. bovis u003c/emu003einfection in an estimated 15.4 percent of rhinos. These results are crucial to supporting conservation efforts that protect the already vulnerable rhino population.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eTo aid conservation efforts, scientists with the Animal TB Research Group in SU’s Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, developed a novel diagnostic test to detect u003cemu003eM. bovisu003c/emu003e infection in rhinos.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThese results are also relevant in the United States, where bovine TB is occasionally found in domestic cattle and other livestock. It can travel by carrier species such as white-tailed deer, and it has reached endemic status among deer, bison and elk in parts of North America.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“There are examples of bovine tuberculosis in wildlife systems throughout the world,” said study senior author Dr. Carmel Witte. “In the United States, spillover of infection from cattle has spread to white-tailed deer in Michigan. This, in turn, can create spillback of infection into livestock, and carries a risk of spread to other wildlife and people.”u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThe presence of infection however, does not mean animals are diseased or dying. Professor Michele Miller, who leads the Animal TB Research Group and is the National Research Foundation (NRF) South African Research Chair in Animal TB, said most rhinos can contain the infection if they are otherwise healthy. Much like when humans are infected with COVID-19 and are asymptomatic.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“The infected rhinos are harboring the bacteria, but their immune system is keeping it in check. They are not losing weight or coughing, and if you looked at a group of 400 rhinos, you wouldn’t be able to pick out those that are infected. They can potentially live for years with infection if it is contained," said Professor Miller.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“Tuberculosis tends to be a disease that manifests over long periods of time, and when you compound an infectious disease with events such as climate change and unprecedented mortality due to poaching of endangered animals, it is cause for concern."u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eMonitoring rhinos, as well as other animals, can help understand long-term impacts of the infection and prevent further disease spread among wildlife.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThis research is just as important from a human health perspective. For example, to help avoid the next pandemic, livestock and wildlife should be monitored for pathogens that could spread to humans.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThe findings did not surprise the research team, as bovine TB is prevalent in at least 15 other species in Kruger - one of Africa’s largest reserves.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eu0026nbsp;“While this pathogen may not appear to drastically impact the health of rhinoceros individuals, it has significant implications for conservation management decisions,” explained Rebecca Dwyer, lead author of the study.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“For example, tuberculosis testing in KNP rhinoceroses that are earmarked for translocation for conservation reasons can increase confidence of minimal risk of spread to other susceptible individuals at their destinations.”u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eSouth African rhinos face other threats such as poaching, habitat loss and drought. This makes it important to translocate them where they can be kept safe.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“But bovine TB is a controlled veterinary disease, so once our research group, in partnership with SANParks, found bovine TB in Kruger rhinos in 2016, the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development (DALRRD) imposed movement restrictions to prevent spread of infection to other populations.” said Professor Miller.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eBy doing so, a barrier was created to prevent the rhinos from moving to other national or private reserves. Additional benefits were realized, such as conservation, as Kruger has historically been an important source population of rhinoceros for other conservation strongholds in South Africa and other African countries.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThese findings are important for the conservation of all species, as the spread of pathogens has important consequences for many species, and the ecosystem as a whole.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eFollow this link to the full article in u003cemu003ePNASu003c/emu003e: u003ca href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2120656119"u003ehttps://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2120656119u003c/au003eu0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e---u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eu003cemu003eBy u003c/emu003eu003ca href="mailto:katherinebucko@gmail.com"u003eu003cemu003eKatherine Buckou003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e, u003c/emu003eu003ca href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"u003eu003cemu003eEarth.comu003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e Staff Writeru003c/emu003eu003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003e","post_title":"Rhinos show that diseases can disrupt conservation efforts","post_excerpt":"The study is the largest ever conducted on free-ranging rhinos","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rhinos-show-that-diseases-can-disrupt-conservation-efforts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2022-06-13 08:05:27","post_modified_gmt":"2022-06-13 14:05:27","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https://www.earth.com/?post_type=newsu0026#038;p=1909367","menu_order":0,"post_type":"news","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw","formatted_date":"06-13-2022","permalink":"https://www.earth.com/news/rhinos-show-that-diseases-can-disrupt-conservation-efforts/","author_name":"Kelly Schulz","author_url":"http://Earth.com","author_avatar":"u003cimg alt="" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/673d512235803be941bbcbb0263a6627?s=32u0026#038;d=mmu0026#038;r=g" class="avatar avatar-32 photo img-fluid rounded-circle w-auto" height="32" width="32" loading='lazy'/u003e","thumb":"https://cff2.earth.com/uploads/2022/06/13080303/Rhinoceros-270x180.png","terms":false,"image":"width":1545,"height":914,"file":"2022/06/Rhinoceros.png","sizes":"medium":"file":"Rhinoceros-300x177.png","width":300,"height":177,"mime-type":"image/png","large":"file":"Rhinoceros-1024x606.png","width":1024,"height":606,"mime-type":"image/png","thumbnail":"file":"Rhinoceros-150x150.png","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image/png","medium_large":"file":"Rhinoceros-768x454.png","width":768,"height":454,"mime-type":"image/png","1536x1536":"file":"Rhinoceros-1536x909.png","width":1536,"height":909,"mime-type":"image/png","big-img":"file":"Rhinoceros-1400x850.png","width":1400,"height":850,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article":"file":"Rhinoceros-960x640.png","width":960,"height":640,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-smaller":"file":"Rhinoceros-640x480.png","width":640,"height":480,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-side":"file":"Rhinoceros-454x282.png","width":454,"height":282,"mime-type":"image/png","media-article":"file":"Rhinoceros-450x300.png","width":450,"height":300,"mime-type":"image/png","16-9-article":"file":"Rhinoceros-350x210.png","width":350,"height":210,"mime-type":"image/png","4-3-article":"file":"Rhinoceros-425x375.png","width":425,"height":375,"mime-type":"image/png","small-article":"file":"Rhinoceros-125x88.png","width":125,"height":88,"mime-type":"image/png","side-article":"file":"Rhinoceros-270x180.png","width":270,"height":180,"mime-type":"image/png","author-avatar":"file":"Rhinoceros-32x32.png","width":32,"height":32,"mime-type":"image/png","secondary-article":"file":"Rhinoceros-360x240.png","width":360,"height":240,"mime-type":"image/png","featured-article":"file":"Rhinoceros-730x410.png","width":730,"height":410,"mime-type":"image/png","product-single-image":"file":"Rhinoceros-230x280.png","width":230,"height":280,"mime-type":"image/png","plant-small-image":"file":"Rhinoceros-230x260.png","width":230,"height":260,"mime-type":"image/png","image_meta":"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0","keywords":[],"trimmed_content":"A new study has revealed that one in seven rhinoceroses...","ID":1909365,"post_author":"57","post_date":"2022-06-13 07:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2022-06-13 13:00:00","post_content":"u003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eScientists u003ca href="https://asm.org/Magazine/2022/Spring/beware-the-plastics"u003eestimateu003c/au003e that between 5 and 13 million metric tons of plastic pollution enter the oceans each year, ranging in size from large, floating pieces to microplastics with a massive combined surface area. Microbes easily become attached to the surfaces of this u003ca href="https://www.earth.com/news/superworms-capable-of-eating-through-plastic-waste/"u003eplasticu003c/au003e debris and form floating or suspended ecosystems that are rich in biomass. But, since space for attachment is limited on the plastic fragments, it is likely that competition will exist between microbes. Under such conditions it is not uncommon that microbes produce antibiotics as a means of gaining competitive advantage. u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eTo investigate whether these tiny inhabitants of the plastisphere produce antibiotics that might be of interest, a student-led research study was set up under the auspices of the National University and in collaboration with the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The researchers modified theu0026nbsp;u003ca href="https://tinyearth.wisc.edu/"u003eTiny Earthu003c/au003eu0026nbsp;citizen science approach (developed by Dr. Jo Handelsman) to marine conditions. They incubated high and low density polyethylene plastic (the type commonly seen in grocery bags) in water near Scripps Pier in La Jolla, Calif., for 90 days, and then cultured and tested the microbes in the laboratory.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThe researchers isolated five antibiotic producing bacteria from the ocean plastic, including strains ofu0026nbsp;u003cemu003eBacillusu003c/emu003e,u0026nbsp;u003cemu003ePhaeobacteru003c/emu003eu0026nbsp;andu0026nbsp;u003cemu003eVibriou003c/emu003e. They tested the antibiotics produced by these bacteria against a variety of Gram positive and negative microbes, and found the antibiotic isolates to be effective against bacteria commonly used in the laboratory, as well as against two antibiotic resistant strains.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“Considering the current antibiotic crisis and the rise of superbugs, it is essential to look for alternative sources of novel antibiotics,” said study lead author Andrea Price of National University. “We hope to expand this project and further characterize the microbes and the antibiotics they produce.”u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThis project was part of a STEM education project funded by the National Science Foundation. The results of the research will be presented at theu0026nbsp;u003ca href="http://asm.org/"u003eAmerican Society for Microbiology’su003c/au003eu0026nbsp;conference in Washington, D.C., to be held between June 9 and 13, 2022.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e---u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eu003cemu003eBy u003c/emu003eu003ca href="mailto:bosman@truewan.co.za"u003eu003cemu003eAlison Bosmanu003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e, u003c/emu003eu003ca href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"u003eu003cemu003eEarth.comu003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e Staff Writeru003c/emu003eu003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003e","post_title":"Plastic debris in the ocean may produce useful antibiotics","post_excerpt":"Under such conditions it is not uncommon that microbes produce antibiotics as a means of gaining competitive advantage. ","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"plastic-debris-in-the-ocean-may-produce-useful-antibiotics","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2022-06-13 07:41:26","post_modified_gmt":"2022-06-13 13:41:26","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https://www.earth.com/?post_type=newsu0026#038;p=1909365","menu_order":0,"post_type":"news","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw","formatted_date":"06-13-2022","permalink":"https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-debris-in-the-ocean-may-produce-useful-antibiotics/","author_name":"Alison Bosman","author_url":"","author_avatar":"u003cimg alt="" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a33f7e6b2104c5708420301534070584?s=32u0026#038;d=mmu0026#038;r=g" class="avatar avatar-32 photo img-fluid rounded-circle w-auto" height="32" width="32" loading='lazy'/u003e","thumb":"https://cff2.earth.com/uploads/2022/06/13074018/Antibiotics-270x180.png","terms":false,"image":"width":1545,"height":987,"file":"2022/06/Antibiotics.png","sizes":"medium":"file":"Antibiotics-300x192.png","width":300,"height":192,"mime-type":"image/png","large":"file":"Antibiotics-1024x654.png","width":1024,"height":654,"mime-type":"image/png","thumbnail":"file":"Antibiotics-150x150.png","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image/png","medium_large":"file":"Antibiotics-768x491.png","width":768,"height":491,"mime-type":"image/png","1536x1536":"file":"Antibiotics-1536x981.png","width":1536,"height":981,"mime-type":"image/png","big-img":"file":"Antibiotics-1400x850.png","width":1400,"height":850,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article":"file":"Antibiotics-960x640.png","width":960,"height":640,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-smaller":"file":"Antibiotics-640x480.png","width":640,"height":480,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-side":"file":"Antibiotics-454x282.png","width":454,"height":282,"mime-type":"image/png","media-article":"file":"Antibiotics-450x300.png","width":450,"height":300,"mime-type":"image/png","16-9-article":"file":"Antibiotics-350x210.png","width":350,"height":210,"mime-type":"image/png","4-3-article":"file":"Antibiotics-425x375.png","width":425,"height":375,"mime-type":"image/png","small-article":"file":"Antibiotics-125x88.png","width":125,"height":88,"mime-type":"image/png","side-article":"file":"Antibiotics-270x180.png","width":270,"height":180,"mime-type":"image/png","author-avatar":"file":"Antibiotics-32x32.png","width":32,"height":32,"mime-type":"image/png","secondary-article":"file":"Antibiotics-360x240.png","width":360,"height":240,"mime-type":"image/png","featured-article":"file":"Antibiotics-730x410.png","width":730,"height":410,"mime-type":"image/png","product-single-image":"file":"Antibiotics-230x280.png","width":230,"height":280,"mime-type":"image/png","plant-small-image":"file":"Antibiotics-230x260.png","width":230,"height":260,"mime-type":"image/png","image_meta":"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0","keywords":[],"trimmed_content":"Scientists estimate that between 5 and 13 million metric tons of...","ID":1909361,"post_author":"17","post_date":"2022-06-13 05:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2022-06-13 11:00:00","post_content":"u003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eNew research shows that healthy u003ca href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-memories-of-fear-are-seared-into-our-brains/"u003ebrainsu003c/au003e fluctuate a lot more in temperature than what was previously known. The study has also revealed that brains are generally warmer than other parts of the body. While normal oral temperatures run around 37°C, the average brain temperature can be 38.5°C, with deeper brain regions sometimes more than 40°C. The brain is particularly hot among women throughout the day, according to the study.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003ePrevious temperature data relied on numbers from intensive care patients, where brain monitoring is essential. Recently, a technique known as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has led to non-invasive monitoring in healthy individuals and new data on "normal" brains. For the current investigation, the experts used MRS to monitor how brain temperatures change throughout the day.u0026nbsp;u0026nbsp;u0026nbsp;u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“To me, the most surprising finding from our study is that the healthy human brain can reach temperatures that would be diagnosed as fever anywhere else in the body," said Dr. John O’Neill, group leader at the MRC Laboratory for Molecular Biology. "Such high temperatures have been measured in people with brain injuries in the past, but had been assumed to result from the injury.”u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“We found that brain temperature drops at night before you go to sleep and rises during the day. There is good reason to believe this daily variation is associated with long-term brain health - something we hope to investigate next.”u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThe scientists used 40 volunteers from the ages of 20 to 40 whose brains were scanned in the morning, afternoon and late evening. The study participants were also given wrist worn monitors to take into account activity levels and individual variations in each person’s "body clock."u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThe results showed that there is an overall higher temperature in the brain with age. The scientists hypothesize that it might be harder for the brain to cool off as we grow older.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThe researchers were able to compare the data from the volunteers to previous medical data and create a map of the human brain, though they say more data is still needed.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“Using the most comprehensive exploration to date of normal human brain temperature, we’ve established ‘HEATWAVE’ - a 4D temperature map of the brain. This map provides an urgently-needed reference resource against which patient data can be compared, and could transform our understanding of how the brain works," said Dr. Nina Rzechorzek, MRC Clinician Scientist Fellow from the MRC Laboratory for Molecular Biology who led the study.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e"That a daily brain temperature rhythm correlates so strongly with survival after TBI suggests that round-the-clock brain temperature measurement holds great clinical value.”u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThe scientists hope that their research may be used in the future to better understand and treat brain disorders.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThe research is published in the journal u003ca href="https://academic.oup.com/brain"u003eu003cemu003eBrainu003c/emu003eu003c/au003e.u0026nbsp;u0026nbsp;u0026nbsp;u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e---u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eu003cemu003eBy u003c/emu003eu003ca href="mailto:zachfitzner@yahoo.com"u003eu003cemu003eZach Fitzneru003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e, u003c/emu003eu003ca href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"u003eu003cemu003eEarth.comu003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e Staff Writeru003c/emu003eu003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003e","post_title":"Surprising study reveals that healthy brains run hot","post_excerpt":"New research shows that healthy brains fluctuate a lot more in temperature than what was previously known","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"surprising-study-shows-that-healthy-brains-run-hot","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2022-06-13 09:21:02","post_modified_gmt":"2022-06-13 15:21:02","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https://www.earth.com/?post_type=newsu0026#038;p=1909361","menu_order":0,"post_type":"news","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw","formatted_date":"06-13-2022","permalink":"https://www.earth.com/news/surprising-study-shows-that-healthy-brains-run-hot/","author_name":"Zach Fitzner","author_url":"","author_avatar":"u003cimg alt="" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7205715c5ad7d716d60b44de04f76272?s=32u0026#038;d=mmu0026#038;r=g" class="avatar avatar-32 photo img-fluid rounded-circle w-auto" height="32" width="32" loading='lazy'/u003e","thumb":"https://cff2.earth.com/uploads/2022/06/13055837/Brain-3-270x180.png","terms":false,"image":"width":1541,"height":1003,"file":"2022/06/Brain-3.png","sizes":"medium":"file":"Brain-3-300x195.png","width":300,"height":195,"mime-type":"image/png","large":"file":"Brain-3-1024x666.png","width":1024,"height":666,"mime-type":"image/png","thumbnail":"file":"Brain-3-150x150.png","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image/png","medium_large":"file":"Brain-3-768x500.png","width":768,"height":500,"mime-type":"image/png","1536x1536":"file":"Brain-3-1536x1000.png","width":1536,"height":1000,"mime-type":"image/png","big-img":"file":"Brain-3-1400x850.png","width":1400,"height":850,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article":"file":"Brain-3-960x640.png","width":960,"height":640,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-smaller":"file":"Brain-3-640x480.png","width":640,"height":480,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-side":"file":"Brain-3-454x282.png","width":454,"height":282,"mime-type":"image/png","media-article":"file":"Brain-3-450x300.png","width":450,"height":300,"mime-type":"image/png","16-9-article":"file":"Brain-3-350x210.png","width":350,"height":210,"mime-type":"image/png","4-3-article":"file":"Brain-3-425x375.png","width":425,"height":375,"mime-type":"image/png","small-article":"file":"Brain-3-125x88.png","width":125,"height":88,"mime-type":"image/png","side-article":"file":"Brain-3-270x180.png","width":270,"height":180,"mime-type":"image/png","author-avatar":"file":"Brain-3-32x32.png","width":32,"height":32,"mime-type":"image/png","secondary-article":"file":"Brain-3-360x240.png","width":360,"height":240,"mime-type":"image/png","featured-article":"file":"Brain-3-730x410.png","width":730,"height":410,"mime-type":"image/png","product-single-image":"file":"Brain-3-230x280.png","width":230,"height":280,"mime-type":"image/png","plant-small-image":"file":"Brain-3-230x260.png","width":230,"height":260,"mime-type":"image/png","image_meta":"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0","keywords":[],"trimmed_content":"New research shows that healthy brains fluctuate a lot more...","ID":1909356,"post_author":"63","post_date":"2022-06-12 09:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2022-06-12 15:00:00","post_content":"u003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eA new survey by The Harris Poll on behalf of u003ca href="https://www.orlandohealth.com/"u003eOrlando Healthu003c/au003e finds that men are likely to be skipping a simple yet critical step in a healthy u003ca href="https://www.earth.com/news/hummingbirds-cannot-maintain-an-energetic-lifestyle-at-high-altitudes/"u003elifestyleu003c/au003e: an annual checkup with their doctor.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThe survey found a third of men (33%) don’t think they need annual health screenings and almost two-thirds (65%) believe they are naturally healthier than others in general. This is statistically impossible, argues Dr. Thomas Kelley, a family medicine specialist at Orlando Health Physician Associates.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“Even if you think you’re healthy and you’re not experiencing any symptoms, there can be developing issues that often go unnoticed and can also be life-threatening if left unchecked. Some of those include rising blood pressure that can be a ticking time bomb for a heart attack or stroke, as well as colon cancer, which is one of the most deadly yet preventable cancers that exist.”u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eAs a primary care physician, Dr. Kelley has heard many excuses from his male patients as to why they skip appointments. He believes the underlying reason is often fear.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“If you're a man and you haven't been to the doctor in a while, you don't really know what to expect.” said Dr. Kelley. “One of the big things that makes it less scary is having that great relationship with a primary care physician, and most men find the process to be easier than they thought. It takes about half an hour and by the end of the appointment you have the big picture about where you stand, what you’re at risk for and what you need to do for your health in the future.”u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eKelley says building trust with your doctor can reduce nerves and help make conversations comfortable, which often creates confidence in returning.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eBut first, doctors need to get patients in the door. The survey found that 38 percent of men often get medical advice from social media, which can be extremely problematic without reputable medical sources.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eNearly two in five men admit that they focus on their pet’s health more than their own. This wasn’t surprising to Kelley, who argues that taking care of yourself first and foremost is how you can provide care to the others in your life.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eIt’s never too late to get caught up on routine appointments and screenings. However, starting as soon as possible is key to taking control of your health.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eCombining annual exams with regular exercise, a balanced diet, drinking plenty of water and finding ways to reduce stress can make a big difference in your overall health.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“It’s much easier to go to the doctor once a year for a wellness checkup and make certain that you’re not developing diabetes, high blood pressure or a heart problem, than to find yourself in an intensive care unit needing heart bypass surgery because you didn't look into those things,” said Dr. Kelley.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThis survey was conducted online within the United States by The Harris Poll on behalf of Orlando Health from May 9 - 11, 2022 among 893 U.S. adult men ages 18 and older.u0026nbsp;u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e---u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eu003cemu003eBy u003c/emu003eu003ca href="mailto:katherinebucko@gmail.com"u003eu003cemu003eKatherine Buckou003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e, u003c/emu003eu003ca href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"u003eu003cemu003eEarth.comu003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e Staff Writeru003c/emu003eu003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003e","post_title":"Most men think they are naturally healthier than others","post_excerpt":"A new survey by The Harris Poll on behalf of Orlando Health finds that men are likely to be skipping a simple yet critical step in a healthy lifestyle: an annual checkup with their doctor","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"most-men-think-they-are-naturally-healthier-than-others","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2022-06-12 09:49:49","post_modified_gmt":"2022-06-12 15:49:49","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https://www.earth.com/?post_type=newsu0026#038;p=1909356","menu_order":0,"post_type":"news","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw","formatted_date":"06-12-2022","permalink":"https://www.earth.com/news/most-men-think-they-are-naturally-healthier-than-others/","author_name":"Katherine Bucko","author_url":"http://Earth.com","author_avatar":"u003cimg alt="" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fa2f663c6ba4d1329c53faa87073353d?s=32u0026#038;d=mmu0026#038;r=g" class="avatar avatar-32 photo img-fluid rounded-circle w-auto" height="32" width="32" loading='lazy'/u003e","thumb":"https://cff2.earth.com/uploads/2022/06/12094842/Men-health-270x180.png","terms":false,"image":"width":1545,"height":1014,"file":"2022/06/Men-health.png","sizes":"medium":"file":"Men-health-300x197.png","width":300,"height":197,"mime-type":"image/png","large":"file":"Men-health-1024x672.png","width":1024,"height":672,"mime-type":"image/png","thumbnail":"file":"Men-health-150x150.png","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image/png","medium_large":"file":"Men-health-768x504.png","width":768,"height":504,"mime-type":"image/png","1536x1536":"file":"Men-health-1536x1008.png","width":1536,"height":1008,"mime-type":"image/png","big-img":"file":"Men-health-1400x850.png","width":1400,"height":850,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article":"file":"Men-health-960x640.png","width":960,"height":640,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-smaller":"file":"Men-health-640x480.png","width":640,"height":480,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-side":"file":"Men-health-454x282.png","width":454,"height":282,"mime-type":"image/png","media-article":"file":"Men-health-450x300.png","width":450,"height":300,"mime-type":"image/png","16-9-article":"file":"Men-health-350x210.png","width":350,"height":210,"mime-type":"image/png","4-3-article":"file":"Men-health-425x375.png","width":425,"height":375,"mime-type":"image/png","small-article":"file":"Men-health-125x88.png","width":125,"height":88,"mime-type":"image/png","side-article":"file":"Men-health-270x180.png","width":270,"height":180,"mime-type":"image/png","author-avatar":"file":"Men-health-32x32.png","width":32,"height":32,"mime-type":"image/png","secondary-article":"file":"Men-health-360x240.png","width":360,"height":240,"mime-type":"image/png","featured-article":"file":"Men-health-730x410.png","width":730,"height":410,"mime-type":"image/png","product-single-image":"file":"Men-health-230x280.png","width":230,"height":280,"mime-type":"image/png","plant-small-image":"file":"Men-health-230x260.png","width":230,"height":260,"mime-type":"image/png","image_meta":"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0","keywords":[],"trimmed_content":"A new survey by The Harris Poll on behalf of...","ID":1909353,"post_author":"59","post_date":"2022-06-12 08:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2022-06-12 14:00:00","post_content":"u003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eAccording to new rules proposed by the Biden Administration on June 9, 2022, electric vehicles charging stations should be placed along Interstates every 50 miles, leading to half a million public charging stations by the end of the decade. These stations should be able to recharge cars quickly, and be located no more than a mile from a major highway. Moreover, they will be prohibited from requiring customers to have a membership or be part of a club in order to use them. u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“EV drivers should be able to count on finding a place to recharge easily wherever they go,” said Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg. “Everyone should be able to find a working charging station when and where they need it without worrying about paying more or getting worse service because of where they live.”u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThese proposed regulations outlined by Buttigieg and Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm are part of the Biden administration’s efforts to incentivize widespread use of zero-emissions vehicles, with the goal of having half of all new vehicles sold in the United States electric by the end of this decade. If this initiative turns out to be successful, the country’s dependence on foreign oil will be reduced and emissions contributing to u003ca href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-viruses-may-help-slow-climate-change/"u003eclimate changeu003c/au003e could be significantly curbed.  u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eEach state will be required to provide at least four of the fastest types of recharging ports (known as “DirectCurrent fast chargers”)u0026nbsp;in order to allow multiple drivers to recharge their cars at the same time. Moreover, companies that build charging stations should provide a standard facility which can accommodate all models of electric vehicles.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThese standards will apply to federally funded charging station in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, and are designed to ensure that rural areas and communities would have equal access to electric charging stations as urban regions.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThe government promised that it will provide $7.5 billion to create this nationwide network of charging stations until 2030. “If we’re going to build out infrastructure like we haven’t done since the Eisenhower era, we have to do it right,” said Mrs. Granholm.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e---u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eu003cemu003eBy u003c/emu003eu003ca href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"u003eu003cemu003eAndrei Ionescuu003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e, u003c/emu003eu003ca href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"u003eu003cemu003eEarth.comu003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e Staff Writeru003c/emu003eu003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003e","post_title":"Biden lays out plan for electric vehicle charging stations","post_excerpt":"According to new rules proposed by the Biden Administration on June 9, 2022, electric vehicles charging stations should be placed along Interstates every 50 miles","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"biden-lays-out-plan-for-electric-vehicle-charging-stations","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2022-06-12 08:52:26","post_modified_gmt":"2022-06-12 14:52:26","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https://www.earth.com/?post_type=newsu0026#038;p=1909353","menu_order":0,"post_type":"news","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw","formatted_date":"06-12-2022","permalink":"https://www.earth.com/news/biden-lays-out-plan-for-electric-vehicle-charging-stations/","author_name":"Andrei Ionescu","author_url":"http://earth.com","author_avatar":"u003cimg alt="" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bd0b83647c92a32fc0e7bfc6ef606a6f?s=32u0026#038;d=mmu0026#038;r=g" class="avatar avatar-32 photo img-fluid rounded-circle w-auto" height="32" width="32" loading='lazy'/u003e","thumb":"https://cff2.earth.com/uploads/2022/06/12084756/Electric-vehicles-270x180.png","terms":false,"image":"width":1545,"height":1018,"file":"2022/06/Electric-vehicles.png","sizes":"medium":"file":"Electric-vehicles-300x198.png","width":300,"height":198,"mime-type":"image/png","large":"file":"Electric-vehicles-1024x675.png","width":1024,"height":675,"mime-type":"image/png","thumbnail":"file":"Electric-vehicles-150x150.png","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image/png","medium_large":"file":"Electric-vehicles-768x506.png","width":768,"height":506,"mime-type":"image/png","1536x1536":"file":"Electric-vehicles-1536x1012.png","width":1536,"height":1012,"mime-type":"image/png","big-img":"file":"Electric-vehicles-1400x850.png","width":1400,"height":850,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article":"file":"Electric-vehicles-960x640.png","width":960,"height":640,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-smaller":"file":"Electric-vehicles-640x480.png","width":640,"height":480,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-side":"file":"Electric-vehicles-454x282.png","width":454,"height":282,"mime-type":"image/png","media-article":"file":"Electric-vehicles-450x300.png","width":450,"height":300,"mime-type":"image/png","16-9-article":"file":"Electric-vehicles-350x210.png","width":350,"height":210,"mime-type":"image/png","4-3-article":"file":"Electric-vehicles-425x375.png","width":425,"height":375,"mime-type":"image/png","small-article":"file":"Electric-vehicles-125x88.png","width":125,"height":88,"mime-type":"image/png","side-article":"file":"Electric-vehicles-270x180.png","width":270,"height":180,"mime-type":"image/png","author-avatar":"file":"Electric-vehicles-32x32.png","width":32,"height":32,"mime-type":"image/png","secondary-article":"file":"Electric-vehicles-360x240.png","width":360,"height":240,"mime-type":"image/png","featured-article":"file":"Electric-vehicles-730x410.png","width":730,"height":410,"mime-type":"image/png","product-single-image":"file":"Electric-vehicles-230x280.png","width":230,"height":280,"mime-type":"image/png","plant-small-image":"file":"Electric-vehicles-230x260.png","width":230,"height":260,"mime-type":"image/png","image_meta":"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0","keywords":[],"trimmed_content":"According to new rules proposed by the Biden Administration on...","ID":1909348,"post_author":"59","post_date":"2022-06-12 06:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2022-06-12 12:00:00","post_content":"u003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eAccording to a new study presented at u003ca href="https://endo2022.endocrine.org/"u003eENDO 2022u003c/au003e (the u003ca href="https://www.endocrine.org/"u003eEndocrine Societyu003c/au003e’s annual meeting), encouraging moderation, balance, and real-life engagement may help combat the overuse of wireless mobile devices, such as cell phones or tablets, and the subsequent adverse health effects such behaviors cause.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eBy reviewing existing data on the neuroscience underlying addiction to mobile devices, Dr. Nidhi Gupta – the founder of u003ca href="https://kapendocrine.com/"u003eKAP Pediatric Endocrinologyu003c/au003e in Franklin, Tennessee – has discovered that extensive screen time increases the prevalence of obesity, dyslipidemia, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes. This study is an extension of Dr. Gupta’s previous research, in which she examined the role of mobile devices overuse in health care settings, and found that devices such as smartphones or tablets are often a source of distraction, errors, procrastination, and inefficiency for clinicians, often leading to an increased risk of burnout.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eIn the new study investigating the impact of mobile devices overuse on the general population, Dr. Gupta has found that each hour per day increase in screen time was correlated with a 0.05 to 0.07 increase in body mass index (BMI), most likely caused by online food marketing, distracted eating, and procrastination of physical activities. Moreover, sleep disturbances, daytime tiredness, depression, the odds of using illegal substances, and various cognitive and behavioral issues were also linked to the overuse of mobile devices.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“As a pediatric endocrinologist, the trend in smartphone-associated health disorders (obesity, sleep, and behavior issues) worries me. I often get asked by my patients, ‘What can we do about the screen time?’ A simple but loaded question. It opens multiple avenues to educate and inspire my patients and their families,” Dr. Gupta explained.u0026nbsp;u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eIn order to reduce screen time, Dr. Gupta recommended turning off excessive notifications, deleting social media apps, using traditional alarm clocks, promoting “green time” instead of screen time, and closely supervising children’s use of wireless mobile devices.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eIn the case of clinicians, wearing a wristwatch instead of relying on mobile devices as timekeepers, setting boundaries for checking emails, decreasing reliance on text messages, and placing devices in a drawer for 30-minute intervals to work without distractions could significantly boost productivity and safeguard against a wide range of health issues linked to mobile devices overuse.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e---u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eu003cemu003eBy u003c/emu003eu003ca href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"u003eu003cemu003eAndrei Ionescuu003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e, u003c/emu003eu003ca href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"u003eu003cemu003eEarth.comu003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e Staff Writeru003c/emu003eu003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003e","post_title":"Moderation is key to avoiding addiction to mobile devices","post_excerpt":"encouraging moderation, balance, and real-life engagement may help combat the overuse of wireless mobile devices","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"moderation-is-key-to-avoiding-addiction-to-mobile-devices","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2022-06-12 06:29:43","post_modified_gmt":"2022-06-12 12:29:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https://www.earth.com/?post_type=newsu0026#038;p=1909348","menu_order":0,"post_type":"news","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw","formatted_date":"06-12-2022","permalink":"https://www.earth.com/news/moderation-is-key-to-avoiding-addiction-to-mobile-devices/","author_name":"Andrei Ionescu","author_url":"http://earth.com","author_avatar":"u003cimg alt="" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bd0b83647c92a32fc0e7bfc6ef606a6f?s=32u0026#038;d=mmu0026#038;r=g" class="avatar avatar-32 photo img-fluid rounded-circle w-auto" height="32" width="32" loading='lazy'/u003e","thumb":"https://cff2.earth.com/uploads/2022/06/12062903/Mobile-devices-270x180.png","terms":false,"image":"width":1545,"height":906,"file":"2022/06/Mobile-devices.png","sizes":"medium":"file":"Mobile-devices-300x176.png","width":300,"height":176,"mime-type":"image/png","large":"file":"Mobile-devices-1024x600.png","width":1024,"height":600,"mime-type":"image/png","thumbnail":"file":"Mobile-devices-150x150.png","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image/png","medium_large":"file":"Mobile-devices-768x450.png","width":768,"height":450,"mime-type":"image/png","1536x1536":"file":"Mobile-devices-1536x901.png","width":1536,"height":901,"mime-type":"image/png","big-img":"file":"Mobile-devices-1400x850.png","width":1400,"height":850,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article":"file":"Mobile-devices-960x640.png","width":960,"height":640,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-smaller":"file":"Mobile-devices-640x480.png","width":640,"height":480,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-side":"file":"Mobile-devices-454x282.png","width":454,"height":282,"mime-type":"image/png","media-article":"file":"Mobile-devices-450x300.png","width":450,"height":300,"mime-type":"image/png","16-9-article":"file":"Mobile-devices-350x210.png","width":350,"height":210,"mime-type":"image/png","4-3-article":"file":"Mobile-devices-425x375.png","width":425,"height":375,"mime-type":"image/png","small-article":"file":"Mobile-devices-125x88.png","width":125,"height":88,"mime-type":"image/png","side-article":"file":"Mobile-devices-270x180.png","width":270,"height":180,"mime-type":"image/png","author-avatar":"file":"Mobile-devices-32x32.png","width":32,"height":32,"mime-type":"image/png","secondary-article":"file":"Mobile-devices-360x240.png","width":360,"height":240,"mime-type":"image/png","featured-article":"file":"Mobile-devices-730x410.png","width":730,"height":410,"mime-type":"image/png","product-single-image":"file":"Mobile-devices-230x280.png","width":230,"height":280,"mime-type":"image/png","plant-small-image":"file":"Mobile-devices-230x260.png","width":230,"height":260,"mime-type":"image/png","image_meta":"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0","keywords":[],"trimmed_content":"According to a new study presented at ENDO 2022 (the...","ID":1909358,"post_author":"13","post_date":"2022-06-12 00:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2022-06-12 06:00:00","post_content":"u003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003ePrey often avoids predators by fleeing in seemingly random directions. Scientists have hypothesized that this unpredictable and sporadic behavior may help prey animals escape. Now, research published in the journal u003ca href="https://www.pnas.org/"u003eu003cemu003ePNASu003c/emu003eu003c/au003e has tested this theory.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eFor the study, researchers at the u003ca href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/"u003eUniversity of Bristolu003c/au003e observed robotic u003ca href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-is-wiping-out-large-bodied-fish-in-the-amazon/"u003efishu003c/au003e with pre-programmed escape patterns that were either predictable or unpredictable. These robot prey fish were then presented to predatory blue acara cichlids. The robots initially remained still, like a prey fish momentarily paralyzed by fear. Then, the robots fled.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“Using robotic prey allowed us to present individual predators with one of two prey escape strategies: ‘predictable’ prey which repeatedly escaped in the same direction from one interaction with the predator to the next, or ‘unpredictable’ prey which escaped in random directions," explained study lead author Dr. Andrew Szopa-Comley.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThe predators seemed to quickly adjust to the different types of prey robots. With the predictable prey, the predators adjusted their own speed upon approach, speeding up if the prey was expected to flee directly away but maintaining a slower speed for prey that fled sideways.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eInterestingly, these speed adjustments were done from memory of past encounters, before the prey even moved. Unsurprisingly, the predators didn’t adjust their speed when approaching unpredictable prey.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThe strange part of the results is that predators had very similar levels of success whether encountering an unpredictable prey robot or a predictable one. This flies in the face of the hypothesis that unpredictable behavior aids in escape.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“Our results suggest that the predators in our study were able to overcome the potential downsides of facing prey which behave unpredictably. From the prey’s point of view, this raises the question of whether unpredictable behaviour is as widely beneficial as was originally thought," explained study senior author Dr. Christos Ioannou.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThe study shows how important it is for a predator to be able to adjust its own behavior to the success of the hunt or the failure of the hunted.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e---u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eu003cemu003eBy u003c/emu003eu003ca href="mailto:zachfitzner@yahoo.com"u003eu003cemu003eZach Fitzneru003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e, u003c/emu003eu003ca href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"u003eu003cemu003eEarth.comu003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e Staff Writeru003c/emu003eu003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003e","post_title":"Robots reveal how fish hunt down unpredictable prey","post_excerpt":"Prey often avoids predators by fleeing in seemingly random directions. ","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"robots-reveal-how-fish-hunt-down-unpredictable-prey","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2022-06-12 12:14:26","post_modified_gmt":"2022-06-12 18:14:26","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https://www.earth.com/?post_type=newsu0026#038;p=1909358","menu_order":0,"post_type":"news","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw","formatted_date":"06-12-2022","permalink":"https://www.earth.com/news/robots-reveal-how-fish-hunt-down-unpredictable-prey/","author_name":"Chrissy Sexton","author_url":"","author_avatar":"u003cimg alt="" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/99e13e72878f1ac7d5eab2e249235cca?s=32u0026#038;d=mmu0026#038;r=g" class="avatar avatar-32 photo img-fluid rounded-circle w-auto" height="32" width="32" loading='lazy'/u003e","thumb":"https://cff2.earth.com/uploads/2022/06/12121243/Predator-270x180.png","terms":false,"image":"width":1379,"height":1092,"file":"2022/06/Predator.png","sizes":"medium":"file":"Predator-300x238.png","width":300,"height":238,"mime-type":"image/png","large":"file":"Predator-1024x811.png","width":1024,"height":811,"mime-type":"image/png","thumbnail":"file":"Predator-150x150.png","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image/png","medium_large":"file":"Predator-768x608.png","width":768,"height":608,"mime-type":"image/png","big-img":"file":"Predator-1379x850.png","width":1379,"height":850,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article":"file":"Predator-960x640.png","width":960,"height":640,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-smaller":"file":"Predator-640x480.png","width":640,"height":480,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-side":"file":"Predator-454x282.png","width":454,"height":282,"mime-type":"image/png","media-article":"file":"Predator-450x300.png","width":450,"height":300,"mime-type":"image/png","16-9-article":"file":"Predator-350x210.png","width":350,"height":210,"mime-type":"image/png","4-3-article":"file":"Predator-425x375.png","width":425,"height":375,"mime-type":"image/png","small-article":"file":"Predator-125x88.png","width":125,"height":88,"mime-type":"image/png","side-article":"file":"Predator-270x180.png","width":270,"height":180,"mime-type":"image/png","author-avatar":"file":"Predator-32x32.png","width":32,"height":32,"mime-type":"image/png","secondary-article":"file":"Predator-360x240.png","width":360,"height":240,"mime-type":"image/png","featured-article":"file":"Predator-730x410.png","width":730,"height":410,"mime-type":"image/png","product-single-image":"file":"Predator-230x280.png","width":230,"height":280,"mime-type":"image/png","plant-small-image":"file":"Predator-230x260.png","width":230,"height":260,"mime-type":"image/png","image_meta":"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0","keywords":[],"trimmed_content":"Prey often avoids predators by fleeing in seemingly random directions....","ID":1909346,"post_author":"17","post_date":"2022-06-11 10:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2022-06-11 16:00:00","post_content":"u003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eAntarctica is dominated by ice, mainly two massive glacial ice sheets called the East and West Antarctic Ice Sheets. Unsurprisingly, these ice sheets have been losing mass in recent years.u0026nbsp;Two glaciers within these ice sheets - the Thwaites and Pine Island glaciers - are especially threatened. Scientists estimate that at the current melt rates, the ice sheets together will add as much as 3.4 meters to rising sea levels in the coming centuries.u0026nbsp;u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eNow, new research led by the u003ca href="https://umaine.edu/"u003eUniversity of Maineu003c/au003e and the British Antarctic Survey has measured the rates of sea level change around Antarctica. The researchu003cemu003e u003c/emu003eshows something disturbing. The glaciers have been retreating at rates not seen for 5,500 years. Thwaites and Pine Island glaciers have lost 192,000 square kilometers and 162,300 square kilometers, respectively. These glaciers alone could add significantly to global sea level rises.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“We reveal that although these vulnerable glaciers were relatively stable during the past few millennia, their current rate of retreat is accelerating and already raising global sea level," said study co-author Dr Dylan Rood, an expert in the Department of Earth Science and Engineering at u003ca href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/"u003eImperial College Londonu003c/au003e.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e"These currently elevated rates of ice melting may signal that those vital arteries from the heart of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet have been ruptured, leading to accelerating flow into the ocean that is potentially disastrous for future global sea level in a warming world. Is it too late to stop the bleeding?"u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eDuring the mid Holocene, more than 5,000 years ago, the earth’s climate was much warmer than it is today. Because of the warmer climate, the scientists wanted to look at the sea levels to compare them to what may be our future. To look at the sea levels, the researchers studied sea shells and penguin bones, indicators of sea levels. Using carbon dating, they were able to pinpoint these remains in time.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eInterestingly, sea levels in Antarctica seemed to be lower during the warmer period while at the same time higher globally. This is because the weight of glacial ice pushes land down, causing it to ride lower in the water and ride higher when the ice melts away, relieving the pressure.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eOverall, the researchers have been able to see a drop in sea levels for Antarctica as the glaciers melted but a rise in sea levels nearly everywhere else. To further understand the phenomenon and hopefully find possible solutions, the scientists plan to carry out more research.u0026nbsp;u0026nbsp;u0026nbsp;u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThe study is published in the journal u003ca href="https://www.nature.com/ngeo/"u003eu003cemu003eNature Geoscienceu003c/emu003eu003c/au003e.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e---u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eu003cemu003eBy u003c/emu003eu003ca href="mailto:zachfitzner@yahoo.com"u003eu003cemu003eZach Fitzneru003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e, u003c/emu003eu003ca href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"u003eu003cemu003eEarth.comu003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e Staff Writeru003c/emu003eu003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003e","post_title":"Antarctic glaciers are melting at highest rate in 5,500 years","post_excerpt":"the ice sheets together will add as much as 3.4 meters to rising sea levels in the coming centuries","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"antarctic-glaciers-are-melting-at-highest-rate-in-5500-years","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2022-06-11 10:29:29","post_modified_gmt":"2022-06-11 16:29:29","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https://www.earth.com/?post_type=newsu0026#038;p=1909346","menu_order":0,"post_type":"news","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw","formatted_date":"06-11-2022","permalink":"https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-glaciers-are-melting-at-highest-rate-in-5500-years/","author_name":"Zach Fitzner","author_url":"","author_avatar":"u003cimg alt="" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7205715c5ad7d716d60b44de04f76272?s=32u0026#038;d=mmu0026#038;r=g" class="avatar avatar-32 photo img-fluid rounded-circle w-auto" height="32" width="32" loading='lazy'/u003e","thumb":"https://cff2.earth.com/uploads/2022/06/11102842/Antarctic-Glaciers-270x180.png","terms":false,"image":"width":1545,"height":967,"file":"2022/06/Antarctic-Glaciers.png","sizes":"medium":"file":"Antarctic-Glaciers-300x188.png","width":300,"height":188,"mime-type":"image/png","large":"file":"Antarctic-Glaciers-1024x641.png","width":1024,"height":641,"mime-type":"image/png","thumbnail":"file":"Antarctic-Glaciers-150x150.png","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image/png","medium_large":"file":"Antarctic-Glaciers-768x481.png","width":768,"height":481,"mime-type":"image/png","1536x1536":"file":"Antarctic-Glaciers-1536x961.png","width":1536,"height":961,"mime-type":"image/png","big-img":"file":"Antarctic-Glaciers-1400x850.png","width":1400,"height":850,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article":"file":"Antarctic-Glaciers-960x640.png","width":960,"height":640,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-smaller":"file":"Antarctic-Glaciers-640x480.png","width":640,"height":480,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-side":"file":"Antarctic-Glaciers-454x282.png","width":454,"height":282,"mime-type":"image/png","media-article":"file":"Antarctic-Glaciers-450x300.png","width":450,"height":300,"mime-type":"image/png","16-9-article":"file":"Antarctic-Glaciers-350x210.png","width":350,"height":210,"mime-type":"image/png","4-3-article":"file":"Antarctic-Glaciers-425x375.png","width":425,"height":375,"mime-type":"image/png","small-article":"file":"Antarctic-Glaciers-125x88.png","width":125,"height":88,"mime-type":"image/png","side-article":"file":"Antarctic-Glaciers-270x180.png","width":270,"height":180,"mime-type":"image/png","author-avatar":"file":"Antarctic-Glaciers-32x32.png","width":32,"height":32,"mime-type":"image/png","secondary-article":"file":"Antarctic-Glaciers-360x240.png","width":360,"height":240,"mime-type":"image/png","featured-article":"file":"Antarctic-Glaciers-730x410.png","width":730,"height":410,"mime-type":"image/png","product-single-image":"file":"Antarctic-Glaciers-230x280.png","width":230,"height":280,"mime-type":"image/png","plant-small-image":"file":"Antarctic-Glaciers-230x260.png","width":230,"height":260,"mime-type":"image/png","image_meta":"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0","keywords":[],"trimmed_content":"Antarctica is dominated by ice, mainly two massive glacial ice...","ID":1909344,"post_author":"59","post_date":"2022-06-11 10:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2022-06-11 16:00:00","post_content":"u003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eAccording to a new study published in the journal u003ca href="https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.18262"u003eu003cemu003eNew Phytologistu003c/emu003eu003c/au003e, u003cemu003eLantana strigocamarau003c/emu003eu0026nbsp;– a highly invasive horticultural herb or shrub native to Central and South America - is the second-ever documented case of a plant creating blue-colored fruits with layered fat molecules, using a trick of light called “structural u003ca href="https://www.earth.com/news/true-color-ancient-insects/"u003ecoloru003c/au003e.”u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eStructural color is very common among animals. It is what gives many butterflies their bright blue coloring, or the peacock’s otherwise brown feathers their brilliant greens. This optical illusion of sorts is produced by microscopically structured surfaces fine enough to interfere with light, and is very rare in the plant world. Until now, only six species of plants have been found to produce their fruits’ hues using structural color.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eWhat makes u003cemu003eL. strigocamara u003c/emu003especial is that it creates this structural color in the skin of its berries by using layers of lipid molecules, or fats – a phenomenon previously documented in only one other plant species, u003ca href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/11/science/blue-fruits-viburnum.html"u003eu003cemu003eViburnum tinusu003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e.u003c/emu003e To create their unique colors, u003cemu003eL. strigocamarau003c/emu003e’su003cemu003e u003c/emu003eblue fruits use microscopic structures in their skin to manipulate light and reflect the wavelengths human eyes perceive as blue, giving them a distinctive metallic finish.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThus, structurally-colored berries have no color within themselves: when they are peeled and held up to the light, for instance, they look completely translucent. However, when placed against a dark background, they look blue again, due to nanostructures on their surface that are responsible for reflecting the color.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThe scientists argue that, in evolutionary terms, structural coloring may help with seed dispersal, which could explain the fact that the handful of plants known to use this strategy are highly invasive and spread all over the world.u003cemu003e u003c/emu003eBy providing a strong contrast with the surrounding foliage, the mechanic, shiny nature of their fruit perhaps attracts animals to eat them and spread their seeds. Moreover, this theory could also fit with the fact that humans are highly interested in using these plants in horticulture.u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“The fact that they made their way into horticulture suggests that we are susceptible to the same things are that other animals find attractive about them,” explained study co-author Stacey Smith, a professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the u003ca href="https://www.colorado.edu/"u003eUniversity of Colorado, Boulderu003c/au003e. “We're like, oh, look at that sparkly, cute thing. I should put that in my garden.”u0026nbsp;u0026nbsp;u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eHowever, another evolutionary explanation could be that the thick, fatty layer that creates the color is a protective mechanism for the plant, providing defenses against pathogens or improving the structural integrity of the fruit.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eScientists hope that, as more structurally colored fruits are discovered, they will manage to learn more about the evolutionary prompts for this fascinating mechanism. According to study lead author Miranda Sinnott-Armstrong, a postdoctoral fellow at UC Boulder, so few of such plants have been found until now simply because people were not actively looking for them. “They're out there. We just haven’t seen them all yet,” she concluded.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e---u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eu003cemu003eBy u003c/emu003eu003ca href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"u003eu003cemu003eAndrei Ionescuu003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e, u003c/emu003eu003ca href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"u003eu003cemu003eEarth.comu003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e Staff Writeru003c/emu003eu003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003e","post_title":"Blue berries found to manipulate light using structural color","post_excerpt":"the second-ever documented case of a plant creating blue-colored fruits with layered fat molecules, using a trick of light called “structural color","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"blue-berries-found-to-manipulate-light-using-structural-color","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2022-06-11 10:08:42","post_modified_gmt":"2022-06-11 16:08:42","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https://www.earth.com/?post_type=newsu0026#038;p=1909344","menu_order":0,"post_type":"news","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw","formatted_date":"06-11-2022","permalink":"https://www.earth.com/news/blue-berries-found-to-manipulate-light-using-structural-color/","author_name":"Andrei Ionescu","author_url":"http://earth.com","author_avatar":"u003cimg alt="" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bd0b83647c92a32fc0e7bfc6ef606a6f?s=32u0026#038;d=mmu0026#038;r=g" class="avatar avatar-32 photo img-fluid rounded-circle w-auto" height="32" width="32" loading='lazy'/u003e","thumb":"https://cff2.earth.com/uploads/2022/06/11100733/Structural-color-270x180.png","terms":false,"image":"width":1545,"height":945,"file":"2022/06/Structural-color.png","sizes":"medium":"file":"Structural-color-300x183.png","width":300,"height":183,"mime-type":"image/png","large":"file":"Structural-color-1024x626.png","width":1024,"height":626,"mime-type":"image/png","thumbnail":"file":"Structural-color-150x150.png","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image/png","medium_large":"file":"Structural-color-768x470.png","width":768,"height":470,"mime-type":"image/png","1536x1536":"file":"Structural-color-1536x939.png","width":1536,"height":939,"mime-type":"image/png","big-img":"file":"Structural-color-1400x850.png","width":1400,"height":850,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article":"file":"Structural-color-960x640.png","width":960,"height":640,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-smaller":"file":"Structural-color-640x480.png","width":640,"height":480,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-side":"file":"Structural-color-454x282.png","width":454,"height":282,"mime-type":"image/png","media-article":"file":"Structural-color-450x300.png","width":450,"height":300,"mime-type":"image/png","16-9-article":"file":"Structural-color-350x210.png","width":350,"height":210,"mime-type":"image/png","4-3-article":"file":"Structural-color-425x375.png","width":425,"height":375,"mime-type":"image/png","small-article":"file":"Structural-color-125x88.png","width":125,"height":88,"mime-type":"image/png","side-article":"file":"Structural-color-270x180.png","width":270,"height":180,"mime-type":"image/png","author-avatar":"file":"Structural-color-32x32.png","width":32,"height":32,"mime-type":"image/png","secondary-article":"file":"Structural-color-360x240.png","width":360,"height":240,"mime-type":"image/png","featured-article":"file":"Structural-color-730x410.png","width":730,"height":410,"mime-type":"image/png","product-single-image":"file":"Structural-color-230x280.png","width":230,"height":280,"mime-type":"image/png","plant-small-image":"file":"Structural-color-230x260.png","width":230,"height":260,"mime-type":"image/png","image_meta":"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0","keywords":[],"trimmed_content":"According to a new study published in the journal New...","ID":1909341,"post_author":"59","post_date":"2022-06-11 09:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2022-06-11 15:00:00","post_content":"u003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eScientists’ understanding of the Earth’s u003ca href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-evidence-suggests-earths-inner-core-is-rotating/"u003einner coreu003c/au003e – a hot, dense ball of solid iron the size of the planet Pluto – has expanded dramatically over the past three decades. In a new study, a team of researchers from the u003ca href="https://dornsife.usc.edu/"u003eUSC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciencesu003c/au003e has found that the inner core oscillates, contradicting previously proposed models that suggested it consistently rotates at a faster rate than the Earth’s surface. u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eBy analyzing seismic data, the experts discovered that the inner core changed direction in the six-year period from 1969 to 1974, a phenomenon that also explains the variation in the length of day that has been shown to oscillate persistently during the past few decades.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“From our findings, we can see the Earth’s surface shifts compared to its inner core, as people have asserted for 20 years,” said study co-author John E. Vidale, a professor of Earth Sciences at USC Dornsife. “However, our latest observations show that the inner core spun slightly slower from 1969-71 and then moved the other direction from 1971-74. We also note that the length of day grew and shrank as would be predicted. The coincidence of those two observations makes oscillation the likely interpretation.”u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eBy analyzing seismic waves generated from Soviet underground nuclear bomb tests from 1971 to 1974 in the Arctic archipelago Novaya Zemlya, Professor Vidale and his colleagues found that the inner core rotated slower than previously predicted (approximately 0.1 degrees per year). Applying the same methodology to a pair of earlier atomic tests beneath Amchitka Island at the tip of the Alaskan archipelago, the researchers were surprised to discover that the inner core had reversed direction, sub-rotating at least a tenth of degree per year.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“The idea the inner core oscillates was a model that was out there, but the community has been split on whether it was viable,” Professor Vidale explained. “We went into this expecting to see the same rotation direction and rate in the earlier pair of atomic tests, but instead we saw the opposite. We were quite surprised to find that it was moving in the other direction.” These findings support the hypothesis that the inner core oscillates based on variations in the length of day (plus or minus 0.2 seconds during six years) and geomagnetic fields.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e“The inner core is not fixed — it’s moving under our feet, and it seems to going back and forth a couple of kilometers every six years. One of the questions we tried to answer is, does the inner core progressively move or is it mostly locked compared to everything else in the long term? We’re trying to understand how the inner core formed and how it moves over time — this is an important step in better understanding this process,” he concluded.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eThe study is published in the journal u003ca href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abm9916"u003eu003cemu003eScience Advancesu003c/emu003eu003c/au003e.u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003e---u003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003ennu003c!-- wp:paragraph --u003enu003cpu003eu003cemu003eBy u003c/emu003eu003ca href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"u003eu003cemu003eAndrei Ionescuu003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e, u003c/emu003eu003ca href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"u003eu003cemu003eEarth.comu003c/emu003eu003c/au003eu003cemu003e Staff Writeru003c/emu003eu003c/pu003enu003c!-- /wp:paragraph --u003e","post_title":"Scientists find proof that the Earth’s inner core oscillates","post_excerpt":"the inner core oscillates, contradicting previously proposed models that suggested it consistently rotates at a faster rate than the Earth’s surface. ","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"scientists-find-proof-that-the-earths-inner-core-oscillates","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2022-06-11 09:04:24","post_modified_gmt":"2022-06-11 15:04:24","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https://www.earth.com/?post_type=newsu0026#038;p=1909341","menu_order":0,"post_type":"news","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw","formatted_date":"06-11-2022","permalink":"https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-find-proof-that-the-earths-inner-core-oscillates/","author_name":"Andrei Ionescu","author_url":"http://earth.com","author_avatar":"u003cimg alt="" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bd0b83647c92a32fc0e7bfc6ef606a6f?s=32u0026#038;d=mmu0026#038;r=g" class="avatar avatar-32 photo img-fluid rounded-circle w-auto" height="32" width="32" loading='lazy'/u003e","thumb":"https://cff2.earth.com/uploads/2022/06/11090324/Earth-270x180.png","terms":false,"image":"width":1287,"height":998,"file":"2022/06/Earth.png","sizes":"medium":"file":"Earth-300x233.png","width":300,"height":233,"mime-type":"image/png","large":"file":"Earth-1024x794.png","width":1024,"height":794,"mime-type":"image/png","thumbnail":"file":"Earth-150x150.png","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image/png","medium_large":"file":"Earth-768x596.png","width":768,"height":596,"mime-type":"image/png","big-img":"file":"Earth-1287x850.png","width":1287,"height":850,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article":"file":"Earth-960x640.png","width":960,"height":640,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-smaller":"file":"Earth-640x480.png","width":640,"height":480,"mime-type":"image/png","main-article-side":"file":"Earth-454x282.png","width":454,"height":282,"mime-type":"image/png","media-article":"file":"Earth-450x300.png","width":450,"height":300,"mime-type":"image/png","16-9-article":"file":"Earth-350x210.png","width":350,"height":210,"mime-type":"image/png","4-3-article":"file":"Earth-425x375.png","width":425,"height":375,"mime-type":"image/png","small-article":"file":"Earth-125x88.png","width":125,"height":88,"mime-type":"image/png","side-article":"file":"Earth-270x180.png","width":270,"height":180,"mime-type":"image/png","author-avatar":"file":"Earth-32x32.png","width":32,"height":32,"mime-type":"image/png","secondary-article":"file":"Earth-360x240.png","width":360,"height":240,"mime-type":"image/png","featured-article":"file":"Earth-730x410.png","width":730,"height":410,"mime-type":"image/png","product-single-image":"file":"Earth-230x280.png","width":230,"height":280,"mime-type":"image/png","plant-small-image":"file":"Earth-230x260.png","width":230,"height":260,"mime-type":"image/png","image_meta":"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0","keywords":[],"trimmed_content":"Scientists’ understanding of the Earth’s inner core – a hot,..."],"page":"/news/[slug]","query":"slug":"climate-did-not-impact-dinosaur-abundance-in-the-triassic","buildId":"wPa_qD-S5RZ4zwuo5aPM2","isFallback":false,"gssp":true,"appGip":true,"scriptLoader":[] Source link

[a-dinosaur-a-day]

Silesaurus opolensis

By José Carlos Cortés

Etymology: Silesian Reptile

First Described By: Dzik, 2003 

Classification: Dinosauromorpha, Dinosauriformes, Dracohors, Silesauridae, Sulcimentisauria  

Time and Place: Around 230 million years ago, in the Carnian of the Late Triassic

Silesaurus is known from the Drawno Beds Formation of Poland

Physical Description: Silesaurus was a very common almost-dinosaur - specifically, the titular member of the Silesaurids - from Poland in the middle of the Triassic period. It was a quadrupedal animal, about 2.3 meters long and small enough that it most likely would have been covered in fluff. Like other Silesaurids, it was long - with a long neck and a long tail, and long limbs easily reaching to the ground. Like other Silesaurids, it almost had its legs directly underneath its body - it didn’t seem to have an open acetabulum, but rather a partially open one, though Silesaurids are something of a confusing case on this regard. It had a small head, with a little beak in the front, and small sharp conical teeth. In addition, it had very large eyes, giving it distinctly good eyesight, as well as a decent sense of smell. As a quadruped, its front limbs were rather extended, while the hind limbs did a lot of the weight support. 

Diet: Interestingly enough, though for a long time it was thought that Silesaurus was an herbivore, recent fossil poop studies have indicated it was an insectivore - similar to living birds.

By Ripley Cook

Behavior: If Silesaurus really was an insectivore, it would have spent much of its time moving around in its environment, examining it closely for insects and pecking at the ground with its small beak for food. This pecking may have even looked a lot like that of living birds - the large eyes probably would have prevented the eyes from moving much, like in living birds, and as such Silesaurus would have had to bob its head in order to see. It  would have been very careful in its environment, making sure to look for food and avoid predatory dangers in its environment. It would probably have been social - corroborated by the fact that it was very common in its environment - and taken care of its young to some extent. As an Archosaur, it would have been warm blooded as well, and very active. 

Ecosystem: Silesaurus lived in a Mediterranean-esque scrub environment, with summer monsoon seasons and dry winters. The swampy coniferous forest and fernlands it lived in had a wide variety of animals, placing Silesaurus in a unique ecosystem of the Carnian age. This is actually quite important, given that the Carnian Pluvial Event - a minor mass extinction that helped to spur Dinosaurian evolution - occurred around the same time, leading to Silesaurus and its contemporaries being a snapshot of this change. A variety of invertebrates lived alongside this animal, giving it plenty of food, as well as Temnospondyls such as Metoposaurus and Cyclotosaurus, the Aetosaur Stagonolepis, the Phytosaur Parasuchus, the Rauisuchid Polonosuchus, the Sharovpterygid Ozimek, and probably some Tuataras and maybe even a Pterosaur. A small community, but a beautiful portrait of this time period, with its fair share of weirdos and precursors. And Silesaurus would have had a lot to look out for with Polonosuchus at just the right size to attack it. 

Other: Do not let Silesaurus’s weird similarities to birds fool you - it wasn’t an early bird, but a showcase of how bird-like traits kept popping up over and over again in the line of animals leading up to them. In fact, the evolution of such a specialized feeding system is notable in such an early member of the Ornithodirans. Silesaurids in general are extremely interesting because of their mixture of characters - similar to dinosaurs, but not quite there; with legs almost directly underneath the body, but other traits that match the later Ornithischians. The problem with Ornithischians - the bird-hipped dinosaurs - is that they have a bit of a ghost lineage, aka even though they should have showed up at the same time as Theropods and Sauropodomorphs, they don’t until the Early Jurassic. This isn’t as big of a gap as some other examples, but it is notable. Silesaurids have come out as Ornithischians just enough times in phylogenetic studies to bring it up as a question - are they almost-dinosaurs? The first bird-hips (without having bird-hips)? Something else entirely? More research is necessarily, but one thing is for sure - this group of weird dinosaurian experiments is one to keep an eye on, especially as we learn more and more about them. 

~ By Meig Dickson

Sources Under the Cut

Cau, A. 2018. The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year long process. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 57 (1): 1 - 25. 

Dzik, J. 2003. A beaked herbivorous archosaur with dinosaur affinities from the early Late Triassic of Poland. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23(3):556-574. 

Dzik, J. and T. Sulej. 2007. A review of the early Late Triassic Krasiejów biota from Silesia, Poland. Palaeontologia Polonica 64:3-27. 

Ezcurra, M. D. 2006. A review of the systematic position of the dinosauriform archosaur Eucoelophysis baldwini Sullivan & Lucas, 1999 from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA. Geodiversitas 28(4):649-684. 

Griffin, C. T., and S. J. Nesbitt. 2016. The femoral ontogeny and long bone histology of the Middle Triassic (?late Anisian) dinosauriform Asilisaurus kongwe and implications for the growth of early dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36(3):e1111224:1-22. 

Irmis, R. B., S. J. Nesbitt, K. Padian, N. D. Smith, A. H. Turner, D. T. Woody, and A. Downs. 2007. A Late Triassic dinosauromorph assemblage from New Mexico and the rise of dinosaurs. Science 317:358-361. 

Jagt, J. W. M., G. Hebda, S. Mitrus, E. Jagt-Yazykov, A. Bodzioch, D. Konietzko-Meier, K. Kardynał, K. Gruntmejer. 2015. Field Guide, Conference Paper, European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists XIII Annual Meeting. 

Kammerer, C. F., S. J. Nesbitt, and N. H. Shubin. 2012. The first basal dinosauriform (Silesauridae) from the Late Triassic of Morocco. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 57(2):277-284. 

Langer, M. C., M. D. Ezcurra, J. S. Bittencourt and F. E. Novas. 2010. The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs. Biological Reviews 85:55-110. 

Martínez, R. N., and O. A. Alcober. 2009. A basal sauropodomorph (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Ischigualasto Formation (Triassic, Carnian) and the early evolution of Sauropodomorpha. PLoS ONE 4(2 (e4397)):1-12. 

Martz, J. W., and B. J. Small. 2019. Non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs from the Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic) of the Eagle Basin, northern Colorado: Dromomeron romeri (Lagerpetidae) and a new taxon, Kwanasaurus williamparkeri (Silesauridae). PeerJ 7:e7551:1-71. 

Nesbitt, S. J., C. A. Sidor, R. B. Irmis, K. D. Angielczyk, R. M. H. Smith and L. A. Tsuji. 2010. Ecologically distinct dinosaurian sister group shows early diversification of Ornithodira. Nature 464:95-98. 

Nesbitt, S. J. 2011. The early evolution of archosaurs: relationships and the origin of major clades. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 353:1-292. 

Qvarnström, M., J. V. Wernström, R. Piechowski, M. Tałanda, P. E. Ahiberg, G. Niedźwiedzki. 2019. Beetle-bearing coprolites possibly reveal the diet of a Late Triassic dinosauriform. Royal Society Open Science 6 (3): 181042. 

[lewisbaylissfmp]

Castle Hill is in New Zealand’s south island in the the Dalai Lama proclaimed this spot “spiritual center of the universe.”  The place is named for resemblance to a crumbling stone fortress and monolithic limestone outcroppings also the spot is a favorite for rock climbers.                      

Valley of the Moon, Ischigualasto Provincial Park

In Quechua millions of years ago these lands once had life home first to dinosaurs. And some of the world’s earliest mammal species of Paleontology also a mysterious field of spherical stones.                

https://www.fodors.com/news/photos/12-unusual-rock-formations-that-look-like-an-alien-landscape