#H&S Summit

[earthstory]

Beauty out of Chaos - Volcanic Lightning

A raging thunderstorm with incessant lightning can inspire fear and awe in anyone caught in its fury. Combine a lightning storm with a volcanic eruption, and images of the apocalypse immediately arise.

Nearly all lightning strikes around the world are formed by thunderstorms that are raging within the great cumulonimbus clouds every day, however there is a form of lightning that has a completely different origin; thunderstorms generated by the ash clouds exploding out of volcanic eruptions.

Volcano lightning can be seen flashing from these massive ash clouds as they spew out from an eruption, the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington State produced a lightning bolt every second. Not all volcanic eruptions generate lightning and the process is less well understood than those forming in thunderstorms.

Scientists recognise two forms of volcanic lightning. The first occurs in the volcanic smoke and ash plume shortly after the eruption ends. The process begins, probably in a similar way to thunderstorm lightning, with the electrification of particles – but in this instance, of ash particles within the expanding eruption cloud. Aerodynamic processes segregate positively charged particles from negatively charged ones in the air above the volcano. Eventually, the charge that has built up between these regions explodes, sending out a lightning bolt, often into the clear surrounding air.

A newly defined second volcanic lightning type arises during the volcano’s explosive phase as electrically charged magma, ash and rock leave the volcanic cone. The result produces continuous, chaotic sparking at the cone summit. How these ejecta become charged is still somewhat of a mystery.

A team of volcanologists from the University of Alabama in the US have discovered tiny but perfectly round spheres of glass in the ash from such explosive events. Glass isn’t something unusual to find in the ash of volcanic eruptions, but what was surprising was that the glass found in the ash samples taken from two volcanic eruptions produced tiny, perfectly round spheres of glass balls and lightning is thought to be the key in creating them. The heat within these ash clouds is so hot, 30,000 degrees Celsius (54,000 degrees Fahrenheit), that it’s thought the glass particles melt to a molten state and then as they cool and fall through the air they form into tiny spheres, similar to ice melting to form a rain droplet only the temperatures are reversed in this process.

It appears that it takes an incredible amount of heat; the heat that lightning produces, to create such perfectly rounded crystal balls and the research carried out by the team at the University of Alabama provides the physical evidence for this.

~ JM

Image Credit, 2011 eruption of Cordon Caulle in Chile: Francisco Negroni/ London National History Museum Wildlife Photography of the year, winner of Environment category.

More Info: Volcanic Lightning: http://bit.ly/1CJvtLy

Lightning generated in a bottle: http://bit.ly/1xbXo5W

Lightning storms: http://bit.ly/1xbWPZC

Genareau, K., Wardman, J. B., Wilson, T. M., McNutt, S. R., & Izbekov, P. (2015). Lightning-induced volcanic spherules. Geology, G36255-1. Accessed 22/03/2015. http://bit.ly/1GGpR3U

[ww-1984-2020-premier-hd-2]

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[frostyfezgb]

Frosty The ST180

I have owned the car since March 2017 and already have a pretty list of modifications on the car. A lot of these modifications were done in the wrong order by yours truly, but being young, dumb and naive I didn't know any better! My goal with this car is to make it into something truly unique, to create something which I can enjoy track days in but also drive daily, keeping it as reliable, safe and clean as possible.

Because I've done so many modifications to the car, I thought it would be best to compile a list for you, because who doesn't love a cheeky list? I will go over my current modifications and Future Modifications!

Current Modifications (21.01.2018):

Engine and Bay: PERON "Stage 3" V1 Map 270 BHP @ 1.6 BAR - £300 PRO Primary Intake Hose (Black) - £70 FORGE Crossover Pipe (Wrapped In Gold Heat Tape) - £140 Velossatech Big Mouth - £100 Funk Motorsport Cone Filter - £25& Airtec Maf Housing - £80 Airtec Turbo Elbow (Wrapped In Gold Heat Tape) - £100& Airtec Torque Mount (Purple Insert) - £70 Laird Performance "Outlaw" Stage 2 Intercooler - £260 GFB DV+ - £104 Cobra 3" Decat Downpipe - £200 Custom Powerflow Exhaust 2.5" Resonated + Muffler - £350 AET Turbos V1 Hybrid Turbo - £550 Mountune Dual Mass Clutch and Flywheel - £650 Boost Gauge Adapter - £30 Symposer Delete - £9.99 Total: - £3038

Handling: Rota Attack 15" ET18 - £400 Yokohama Parada Spec 2 (Came with wheels, awful!) 15MM Hubcentric Wheel Spacers - £142 Driftworks Steel Wheel Nuts (Neochrome) - £25 H&R 35mm Lowering Springs - £150 Project Mu Rear Pads - £25 EBC Yellowstuff Front Pads - £90 HEL Braided Brake Lines All Around (Transparent) - £80 ATE 200 Fluid Total: - £912

Exterior: OEM Grille with lower recess delete (Will come in handy for oil cooler) Custom Frosty Fez Spoiler Profiles Powdercoated Gloss Black - £250 Backyard Civics Wing Blade W/ GT Endplates - £150 Wiper Delete DIY Gloss Black Rear Honeycomb Maxton Design Rear Diffuser - £90 Wide Arch Kit By Airtec - £395 Total: - £885

Interior: CAE Ultra Shifter - £1068 Rear Seat Delete - Free First Aid Kit - Free Bride Replica Carbon Kevlar Buckets - £350 Genuine Blue Sparco Harnesses (Came With Old Bucket Seats) Airtec Half Cage (Powdercoated in RAL5012 Blue) - £595 DC 3D Designs Vent Pod DC 3D Designs Handbrake Hole Filler Turbosmart Vent Pod Boost Gauge - £35 Total: - £2048

Total In Mods So Far: - £6883 (Give or Take)

Future Modifcations in the pipeline (12.01.2018):

Engine and Bay: Airtec Oil Catch Can - £180 APS Oil Cooler - £78 MOCAL Oil Cooler Fitting Kit - £98 Turbo Cooler - ? Quaife LSD - £812

Total: - £1168

Handling Powerflex Rear Spring Isolators - £55 Powerflex LH + RH Engine and Gearbox Mounts - £25 and £36 Bilstein B14 - £780 Summit Top Strut Brace - £170 Brake Cooling Ducts - ? Total: - £1066

Exterior: Total: - £0

Interior: False Floor Carpetting - £20 Momo Short Hub - £77 Kode Steering Wheel (Leather W/ White Stitch) - £59 Lightweight Door Cards (Trackcardoorcards) - £185 Total: - £341

Future Modifications Total Price: - £2575

DIY SERVICE SCHEDULE:

During my Ownership of this vehicle I would like to keep things as reliable and as healthy as possible. In order to do this I will follow a very strict personal maintenance schedule. The schedule reads:

Oil Change Oil and Filter change to be completed every 4000 miles to keep turbo and engine in good health. Ford Formula F 5W-30 will be used upon every oil change as well as genuine oil filter and replacement sump plug.

Gearbox Oil Gearbox oil will be changed every 10,000 Miles OR every 2 track days, Oil used will be Royal Purple 75W-90 for it's protective properties.

Spark Plugs Spark Plugs will be changed every 15,000 Miles, Spark plugs used will be NGK 96588 LTR6DI-8 Laser Iridium Plugs gapped to 0.6mm

Brake Fluid Brake Fluid will be changed every 10,000 Miles OR every track day, Brake Fluid used will be ATE200 OR Motul RBF600 depending on urgency.

Coolant Topped up when necessary, Flushed every 30,000 Miles (Last Flushed @ 22,000)

Fuel Tappet Fuel Tappet is to be changed every 20,000 Miles to ensure fuel pressure is well maintained

Pollen Filter Pollen Filter will be changed every 10,000 Miles OR ONCE A Year to preserve the cleanliness of the interior (I'm a clean freak!)

Tyre Pressures To be checked ONCE A WEEK

CAE Shifter Adjustments to be checked ONCE A Month OR Every 1000 Miles. If necessary make adjustments using LOCTITE in relevant areas.

Wheel Nuts and Spacers Wheel nuts and spacers to be checked ONCE A Month to ensure they are torqued correctly.

Hinges Hinges to be greased ONCE every 20,000 Miles or ONCE every 2 years.

So For now that is everything! A lot planned and A LOT of money needing to be earned. I hope you guys enjoyed this relatively brief but descriptive thread on my car and I look forward to doing lots of work in the future. This could take years to complete but I'm determined as this is what I thrive off!

Lewis

[virtualcurrencyspace]

Regulatory Concerns Regarding Facebooks Virtual Currency

The price of bitcoin fell by more than 10 percent after the chair of the Federal Reserve told Congress that Facebook’s planned cryptocurrency raises “many serious concerns.”

Bitcoin, the world’s top cryptocurrency by market capitalization, sank following Chair Jerome H. Powell’s remarks, but the digital currency has surged this year, in part because of Facebook’s announcement of its own proposed virtual currency, Libra. Experts say Facebook’s momentous entrance could accelerate the adoption of alternative currency and payment systems, lifting the prospects of other cryptocurrencies in the process.

‘We will not let them get away with it’: Trump threatens social media ahead of White House summit

Despite the sudden rise in investor optimism, not everyone was thrilled with Facebook’s intentions. When Libra was announced last month, the plans drew immediate scrutiny from regulators in the United States and abroad. The chairwoman of the House Financial Services Committee, Rep. Maxine Waters (D-Calif.), called on Facebook to halt development of its cryptocurrency project until various policy concerns could be addressed.

https://www.google.com/amp/s/beta.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/07/11/bitcoin-slides-after-fed-chairman-says-facebooks-cryptocurrency-raises-serious-concerns/%3foutputType=amp

[homepictures]

The 16 Secrets You Will Never Know About Home Designs Ideas | home designs ideas

Last alarm for anniversary inspiration

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Need some last-minute account for anniversary decorating? Dec. 16 marks the final befalling to bout this year’s Bachman’s Anniversary Account House. Designers accept dressed the Bachman family’s celebrated home in Minneapolis in an arrangement of melancholia adornment about the affair of “modern plaid.” Every allowance is abounding with beginning blithe arrangements, trees, wreaths and garlands. 6010 Lyndale Av. S., $5. Sign up for a time to appointment at bachmans.com.

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Holiday shopping

Support Minnesota artists during the anniversary season, and accord ancestors and accompany a different allowance they won’t be expecting. The Soo Visual Arts Center is hosting a anniversary bazaar featuring art and ability including prints, jewelry, painting and sculpture. 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. Dec. 19; 11 a.m. to 7 p.m. Dec. 20 and 21; 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. Dec. 22 and 23. Soo Visual Arts Center, 2909 Bryant Av. S., Mpls. soovac.org/.

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Homegrown apples

Imagine walking to your backyard and plucking an angel for a bite — or authoritative applesauce, muffins and pies. Horticulture drillmaster Annie Klodd will beforehand a beforehand on growing angel trees. Sample the array of apples that can be developed in Minnesota, and apprentice how to baddest the appropriate array and armpit in your yard. Leave with apprenticeship on how to aces a sapling, able burying and maintenance. 1 p.m. Jan. 26. $56, beforehand allotment appropriate at https://ift.tt/2oxQMg0. 3675 Arboretum Dr., Chaska.

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[earthstory]

Heaven’s Gate (Tianmen Shan)

This spectacular natural arch, between two peaks of the Tianmen Mountain in the northwestern part of Hunan province in southern China, is considered by many locals to be the “closest Earth landmark to God. Spanning 55 meters wide and 130 meters tall, this vast arch has become a popular location for stunt pilots and wingsuit jumpers to fly through.

Apart from the stunning visual and massive size, the history of Tianmen Shan's formation is what makes it most unique. Since the entire Tianmenshan area is composed of Limestone, caves form naturally and quite often. Thanks to explicit documents from the “Three Kingdoms” period of China, we know the arch formed when the back of the enormous Tianmen Cave, which had been naturally eroded by water, collapsed back in 263 AD. Thanks to these records, Tianmen Shan is a rather rare example of a natural arch with a precise age.

While the arch itself is an incredible sight well worth visiting, the walk around the mountain and the 7.5km cable car ride up to the summit provide additional beautiful visuals of the mountain and surrounding landscapes.

Read More: http://www.worldwanderings.net/2009/05/01/tianmen-cave-天门洞/

Image Credit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianmen_Mountain#mediaviewer/File:Tian_Menshan_Mountain_5.jpg

-CS

[elizabethcariasa]

Tariffs, trade wars and taxes

The fresh pepper section is always my first stop at my local H-E-B grocery store. Most of these delectable edibles come from Mexico.

Donald J. Trump's forays last week into international issues got lots of attention.

There was, of course, the on-off-on-again (and potentially taxpayer costly) Singapore Summit with North Korea. While I'm all for working to keep Kim Jong-Un from reverting to his nuclear missile happy persona, my Texas neighbors and I were focused on another global matter.

Yep, I'm talking about Trump's statement that he'd like to scrap the North American Free Trade Arrangement, or NAFTA, followed by his tariff actions to hasten that goal.

I am in no mood to deal with anybody who wants to disrupt my flow of chili peppers. Or avocados. Or Mexican beer. These are my grocery staples, and they — and more items in my cart — arrive on my Austin area grocery shelves from producers south of the border.

If the prices for these Mexican grown and made products go up as part of what's looking like a trade war, I and other shoppers definitely won't be happy.

I'll pay the higher trade retaliation prices up to a point. But it'll tick me off, both when I hand over more dollars at grocery checkout and when I go to the polls in November to vote against lawmakers who let this happen.

Trade war ahead? Typically, tariffs are used to get a country's attention and urge, prompt and/or force it to change its behavior.

In this case, Trump says the steel and aluminum tariffs that soon will hit U.S. allies Canada, Mexico and the European Union are necessary to end those nations' unfair trade advantages.

Initial reactions by the affected countries seem to indicate that they aren't budging. In fact, things look to be escalating.

All have announced "equivalent measures" they will impose on U.S. products. And the targets aren't just industrial products. Consumer items also made the retaliation lists.

Click map to see Jeff Gauvin's tweet about trade war ramifications and more trade maps.

As the map above indicates, Canada has the most leverage. However, the other NAFTA partner Mexico will exact a price, as will other current trading partners around the globe.

Tariffs and taxes: The potential for a trade war also was a topic on American Public Media's daily business radio program Marketplace.

As the daily business radio program notes, tariffs essentially are taxes. Or, as I groused about in connection with my grocery shopping, tax hikes. This happens when tariffs are slapped on consumer products or the material use to make those items, because that new cost typically is passed along to consumers at the cash register.

If the tariffs and counter-tariffs continue, there's a good chance that the trade-induced price increases will offset whatever benefits U.S. taxpayers have received from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act's lower tax rates.

That connection of trade and taxes is why Friday's, June 1, episode of Marketplace, specifically its opening segment on rekindled fears of a trade war, gets this week's Saturday Shout Out.

A side shout out also goes to Marketplace host Kai Ryssdal's Twitter chat where he answered folks' questions about tariffs.

And now I'm outta here. I'm heading to the grocery store to stock up, where feasible, on some of my favorite products before their prices skyrocket as part of a trade war.

You also might find these items of interest:

Britain looking at 'latte levy' to reduce coffee cup waste

IRS ending foreign account disclosure program in September

Will Meghan Markle give up U.S. citizenship — and pay a tax price — after her royal "I do"?

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[omarboulakjar]

9to5Toys Lunch Break: 9.7″ #iPad Pro Wi-Fi 128GB $500, Bose SoundLink III Speaker $199, Cut the Buttons HD for #iOS $1, more

Keep up with the best gear and deals on the web by signing up for the 9to5Toys Newsletter. Also, be sure to check us out on: #Twitter, RSS Feed, #Facebook, #Google+ and Safari push notifications. TODAY’S CAN’T MISS DEALS: #Apple 9.7-inch #iPad Pro Wi-Fi 128GB (open-box) $500 shipped #Apple’s 9.7-inch #iPad Pro $100 off in all capacities/colors, starting at $500 Daily Deals: Bose SoundLink Bluetooth Speaker III $199, Logi#Tech Harmony Elite and Amazon Echo $350, more Cut the Buttons HD for #iPad now just $1 on the App Store #Apple Watch Nike+ 42mm (Cert. Refurb) for $285 (Orig. $399), more #Apple Watch Series 1/2 $70 off in nearly every style, priced from $200 At $4, this #Apple Watch Case is a sporty complement to your Nike band Take $330 off #Apple’s 15-inch MacBook Pro w/ Touch Bar #Apple’s Touch Bar-enabled 13-inch 512GB MacBook Pro $299 off Beats Powerbeats3 discounted to $130 in Flash Blue, Shock Yellow, more iTunes $50 Gift Card from PayPal for $42.50 with email delivery MacID for #iOS: unlock your Mac using iPhone or #Apple Watch, now just $1 * App Store Free App of the Week: Little Kitten virtual pet app free (Reg. $2) * Agent A spy/puzzle #iOS game drops to just $1 (Reg. $3) * Krashlander for #iOS hits lowest price in over a year: $1 Review: Blue Satellite Wireless Headphones are a win for sound, comfort, and build quality Review: Anker’s GlassGuard Screen Protector for Nintendo Switch [Deal] 9to5Rewards: Waterfield Designs’ popular Bolt Briefcase [Giveaway] MORE NEW GEAR FROM TODAY: Amazon Gold Box: Anker Bluetooth Speakers + Headphones from $18 Smartphone Accessories: Anker PowerPort 60W 6-Port USB Wall Charger $23.50, more * #Microsoft Surface Pro 4 12.3-inch 256GB Tablet $1,180 (Reg. $1,400) * Nike’s new iPhone 7 cases have Air Force 1 and Roshe designs * Mac App Roundup: iMazing 2 $25, MarginNote Pro $25, Movie Sherlock $15, more * VRgluv will change the future of VR for the better * HP 25-inch IPS 1080p Monitor w/ 2 HDMI ports: $150 (Reg. $190) * Today’s Best #iOS & Mac Game/App Deals: Notes Writer+, 100 Rogues, more * Today’s Best Game Deals: Deus Ex Mankind Divided $15, more * Bowflex Select#Tech 552 Adjustable Dumbbells reach new low at $180 * 20th Century Women is this week’s iTunes and Amazon $1 Movie Rental * Huffy, Hyper, and more Men/Women’s Mountain Bikes from $59 * Agatha Christie Kindle eBooks for $2 in today’s Amazon Gold Box * GE’s Bluetooth Outdoor Smart Outlet lets you schedule lights for $30 * ESPN Magazine + digital Insider access: 2 yrs. for $8 shipped * LEGO: Ghostbusters Ecto 1&2 $40, Angry Birds $35, Star Wars $18, more * Fisher-Price Grow-to-Pro Basketball Hoop hits Amazon all-time low at $40 * Thermos King Food Jar + Folding Spoon $20 Prime shipped, more NEW PRODUCTS & MORE: TCL just introduced a line of affordable 4K Roku TVs with Dolby Vision HDR Nintendo Switch gets a complete Super Famicom makeover Mafia 3’s open-world organized crime comes to Mac today * Städler Made’s $300 Pizza Oven brings the restaurant experience home * Lighthouse uses deep learning to do more than a typical security camera * AstroPrint + AstroBox Touch will make 3D printing as easy as Pi * Logi#Tech unveils K840 Mechanical Keyboard with custom in-house switches * PBS now has an HDMI Streaming Stick w/ Remote just for Kids * Hyperkin’s new HD NES Classic console plays original cartridges * Pharrell x adidas bring the heat with new Tennis HU colorway * PES 2017 Soccer comes to #iOS/Android this month + in-game freebies * Otterbox unveils new rugged Venture coolers and Elevation tumblers * Parrot intros new prosumer drones focused on commercial features * Framed Tweets turns anyone’s #Twitter speak into a work of art * AOC’s newest 16-inch 1080P IPS USB-powered displays ultra-thin and portable * Como Audio’s new speakers take on Sonos with multi-room audio playback * H&M’s Vacation Shop has all of the Summer Must-Haves * Beyerdynamic teases Xelento wireless earphones with high-end aluminum design * Mokase turns your iPhone or Android into an on-the-go coffeemaker * SNOOZ brings white noise machine into the 21st Century with iPhone control * Harman’s Echo competitor features Cortana virtual assistant and Skype calling * Fender releases new Mustang GT #iOS/Android-connected amps [Video] * Degreeº is an in-ear thermometer for kids that beams continuous stats to your iPhone * Weber’s Summit Charcoal Series hits with mouthwatering features, big price tag * Reigning Champs x adidas release French Terry Collaboration * AirBuddy is the “smallest and lightest” diving gear on the market MORE DEALS STILL LIVE: Bose will sell you its Solo 15 Series II Sound System (refurb) for $250 Bose SoundTouch III Wireless Speakers discounted from $179 Bose SoundLink Around-Ear Wireless Headphones II $229 (Reg. $279) Amazon lowers its minimum free shipping threshold! more… http://j.mp/2r1Z0AX

[earthstory]

Milkyway over the Matterhorn

One of Europe's tallest peaks stands proudly at 4,478 metres on the Swiss-Italian border. Part of the Pennine Alps, it has four steep rocky faces smiling at the cardinal points, with a base surrounded by glaciers, that are fed by avalanches off the rocky slopes. It lies on the main Alpine watershed, separating rivers that flow into France and Germany such as the Rhone from rivers flowing south into Italy like the Po. Carved out during the last ice age, it has two common names (and a couple of other more obscure ones) depending which side of the mountain you grew up on. Matterhorn comes from the German words for meadow and peak, while Cervin is derived from the Latin word Silvius for forests. There are even two summits on the frontier between the countries, linked by an ridge, with the Swiss one being a whole metre higher. The Theodul Pass is the easiest way across, and has been a trading route since Gaulish and Roman times.

The mountain is in one of the highest regions of the Alps, and the area is dotted with 4,000 + metre peaks. Geologically, it has a fascinating history, being composed of two layers. The top half is a highly metamorphosed erosional remnant (made of gneiss and called a klippe) of the Apulian micro-continental plate, a fragment that split off from Africa and collided with Europe. Having ended up in Gondwana after the split up of Pangaea during the Mesozoic, it was separated by the Tethys Ocean from the Laurussian rocks it was to later be thrust over, being put through intense temperatures and pressures in the process.

The bottom half consists of metamorphosed old Tethyean sea bottom, mainly chunks of old Valais oceanic floor crust called ophiolites that have been thrust up onto the continent as subduction turned into collision and the ocean closed. There are also some marine sedimentary rocks in the stack. The bottom layer is less metamorphosed than the overlying summit rocks, an uncommon situation testifying to the huge forces that created the Alps.

Both of these were thrust up at different times, as the Penninic (bottom sedimentary and greenschist rocks) and Austroalpine (summit gneiss) nappes. These are huge sheets of rock that fold like a rug under tectonic pressure to form mountains, being metamorphosed to varying degrees during the journey. These nappes were highly folded and broken apart, making Alpine geology highly localised and complex.

The current landscape is the result of the ice ages, mostly during the last million years when an ice sheet waxed and waned over the Alps, followed by the ongoing accelerating deglaciation.

Tourism has transformed the region since the late 18th century, making the fortune of ski towns such as Zermatt, which, being car free, can only be reached using one of the world's great train journeys on the stunning glacier express linking it to St Moritz. Railways and cable cars make the mountain more accessible to non mountaineers.

Loz

Image credit: Thomas Fliegner http://www.gnomlinchen.de/

[earthstory]

Moving lava

The photo is an interferogram, created on May1 by superimposing satellite radar data of today with that from some time ago and depicting the ground deformation changes as colourful swaths. It depicts the lava moving down Kilauea's East Rift Zone on the Big Island of Hawaii, following from the recent collapse of the floor of Puʻu ʻŌʻō crater (which has been gushing lava on and off since 1983) and a series of earthquakes.

The pattern near Makaopuhi and Puʻu ʻŌʻō imply withdrawing magma, and the fringes in the lower rift zone show the swelling as it shifts downslope and pools there. The absence of colour at the summit tells us that the magma chamber up there is not currently involved but the overflow the other day at the erupting crater may be related to the shifting magma (see https://bit.ly/2rjmCzd and https://bit.ly/2KwQYHf).

Ground deformation is one of the three main means of volcano monitoring and assessment for imminent eruption risk, along with earthquake patterns and shifts in the amounts and composition of released volcanic gases. All carefully assessed against the best baselines of background activity available.

Loz

Image credit: USGS/ESA

USGS Kilauea status page: https://on.doi.gov/2FEPVBm https://bit.ly/2KwQS2c

[earthstory]

Kangchenjunga: The Five Treasures of the Snow

All great mountains are revered as majestic works of the earth, their magnificence evidenced by their sheer size alone. However, it is the stories, legends and experiences surrounding Kangchenjunga that set it apart as a particularly mystic rarity.

Kanchenjunga is a unique wonder in that it claims the record for the first, second and third highest mountain: rising at an elevation of 8,586m (28,169 ft), it is the highest mountain in India, the second highest mountain of the Himalayas, and the third highest mountain in the world. It lies partly in the state of Sikkim, India, partly in Nepal and only 20km south of Tibet in an area called Kangchenjunga Himal. The name ‘Kangchenjunga’ is of Tibetan origin meaning ‘The Five Treasures of the Snow’, referring to its five high peaks. The mountain has long held mythological and religious significance for different peoples across Sikkim, Darjeeling, Tibet and the Himalayas, and as a result of these sacred beliefs the summit of the mountain has never been stepped on by climbers. Kanchenjunga was assumed to be the highest mountain in the world until 1852, when the Trigonometrical Survey of India concluded (after various readings and measurements) that Mount Everest was in fact the highest. Regardless of this technicality, the symbolic quality of Kangchenjunga upholds its status to many as the true soul of the Himalayas.

The first known map of Kangchenjunga was made in the mid 19th century but it was no doubt known to traders and travellers for centuries before this. For the people of Sikkim, Kanchenjunga’s five peaks represent the five repositories of God; gold, silver, gems, grain and holy books. Local Lhopo people believe the treasures also comprise of salt, turquoise, invincible armour, ammunition and medicine, and that these treasures are hidden but reveal themselves to the devout when the world is in jeopardy. In the Limbu language, it is called 'Senjelungma' and is believed to be the home of the goddess Yuma Sammang. In 1925 a British geological expedition claimed to have seen a creature in the area around Kangchenjunga and after asking locals about it, they found that it was locally known and referred to as the Kangchenjunga Demon - it is perhaps more widely known as the Yeti, or the Abominable Snowman. Even more fascinatingly, inhabitants in both Nepal and Sikkim have recounted legends of a valley of immortality being hidden on the slopes of the mountain. This story is also well known to the local Lepcha people and in Tibetan Buddhist tradition; in the 1960s, a Tibetan lama named Tulshuk Pingpa journeyed with 300 followers to Sikkim in search of this valley, believing that it was a one way passage to a hidden utopian land.

It is tradition for climbers to never set foot on the mountain’s summit. Kangchenjunga was first climbed in 1955 by Joe Brown and George Band, who were part of a British expedition led by Charles Evans. Evans had visited a local community leader in Darjeeling for permission to climb the mountain and received blessing on the condition that they only climbed as high as they needed to in order to say that they had climbed it – but to go no higher. Respecting this decision, the climbers stopped short of the summit and every climber after them has followed suit, making Kangchenjunga’s sacred summit untouched. Brown later described the emotional rollercoaster they had experienced on their journey during a presentation at the Royal Geographical Society, but ultimately stated: “I didn’t feel like I’d conquered the mountain. I don’t know why people use the word conquered – it’s such a stupid word. You never conquer a mountain.”

The rock of Kangchenjunga is of Neoproterzoic to Ordovician age ( ~ 445 million to 1 billion years old). The mountain receives heavy snow during the summer monsoon and lighter snowfall in winter, and it is a particularly avalanche prone mountain; George Band reportedly counted the number of avalanches he could hear one morning on his ascent and counted a total of 48 in three hours! The wider landscape of the area contains three protected ecoregions, each of which are habitats for many globally important plant species, such as orchids and rhododendrons, and endangered animal species like the snow leopard, red panda and Asian black bear.

There are four routes to climb Kanchenjunga. Three of these lead from Nepal, and the fourth from Sikkim in India. However, the Indian government has banned expeditions of the mountain since 2000 as the people of Sikkim strongly revere it as a sacred mountain. Permission to climb from this side is rarely ever given. Persis Anklesaria says in her article 'High on Kangchengjunga' that “It (Kangchenjunga) is to Sikkim what Everest is to Nepal”. Permission to trek the surrounding region has recently been permitted, but as the only routes to the mountain lead from such remote locations in Nepal, the Kangchenjunga Himal has mostly gone ignored by trekkers and has maintained its untainted natural beauty.

For centuries, the mountain has held a central role to the identity of different nations and cultures, and today it still stands with great importance. In all its physical and mystic glory, Kangchenjunga offers us a striking vision of the sublime.

Mark Twain visited Darjeeling and later wrote in his 1897 book, 'Following the Equator': ‘I ... saw the sun drive away the veiling gray and touch up the snow-peaks one after another with pale pink splashes and delicate washes of gold, and finally flood the whole mighty convulsion of snow-mountains with a deluge of rich splendors. ... Mount Everest is a thousand feet higher, but it was not a part of that sea of mountains piled up there before me, so I did not see it; but I did not care, because I think that mountains that are as high as that are disagreeable. I was told by a resident that the summit of Kinchinjunga is often hidden in the clouds, and that sometimes a tourist has waited twenty-two days and then been obliged to go away without a sight of it. And yet went not disappointed; for when he got his hotel bill he recognized that he was now seeing the highest thing in the Himalayas.’

-Z.R.

Sources: http://bit.ly/2u5ziwG http://bit.ly/2sIhlAI http://bit.ly/1R4wJAh http://bit.ly/2u0LWgN http://bit.ly/2uaExfu http://bit.ly/2u5IS2I http://bit.ly/2sI60kb http://bit.ly/2qRVM2f http://bit.ly/2tGojYj

Images: http://bit.ly/2v4nZ5b http://bit.ly/2uJepFz

[earthstory]

Diamond in the summit

The tiny crystal in this image is an inclusion of diamond surrounded by the mineral orthopyroxene. It tells a story of a voyage hundreds of kilometers and tens of millions of years long. It was found today at the roof of the world.

In the high part of the Himalayas, there are bodies of what we call “ophiolites”. An ophiolite is a block of mafic and ultramafic rocks stuck in the middle of a continent. These types of rocks – basalts and peridotites – are most commonly found as part of the ocean crust and upper mantle. Finding them in the middle of a continent is typically thought to require faulting, and a lot of it.

There is a line of ophiolites running through the Himalayan mountains, from West to East. These ophiolites are thought to represent the original boundary between Asia and India. When the Tethys ocean between India and Asia closed, tiny bits of ocean crust and upper mantle were stuck in-between, forming these ophiolites. This orthopyroxene is a mantle mineral found in one of those ophiolites, and the diamond is trapped as an inclusion inside that larger mineral. The scalebar on this diamond, 10 μm, is 1/100th of a millimeter long, so these grains are extremely tiny.

The diamond grains were found and published about in a recent paper by scientists from UT Arlington and the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology. The presence of diamond tells part of the story of these rocks before they were accreted to the continent.

Diamond isn’t stable in the uppermost 100 kilometers of the planet Earth. It requires great pressures to form diamond from available carbon. The diamonds must have formed in these rocks when they were deeper than 100 kilometers in the mantle. Long before these rocks became part of the continent, they were deep in the mantle where the diamond formed. The mantle was brought upward beneath a mid-ocean ridge, where it eventually became part of the shallow ocean lithosphere. When India and Asia collided, this little bit of mantle was stripped off and trapped in-between Asia and India.

How deep did these diamonds form? We know they must have been 100 kilometers deep, but they could have been much deeper. The scientists looked at other inclusions in the rocks and found C-H fluids trapped in some inclusions and remnants of a different mineral called Wadsleyite as well. Those compounds are only commonly stable along with diamond at depths greater than 400 kilometers.

The best estimate of the researchers, therefore, is that these diamonds formed about 400 or 500 kilometers deep in the planet Earth. They were carried near to the surface by plate tectonics, dragged along as the Indian ocean crust moved towards Asia, and then folded and faulted into the ophiolite, where they are found today.

-JBB

Image source and original paper: http://bit.ly/2vwlCJr

[earthstory]

Fire giant Hekla

In Norse worldview the ice, snow and arctic winds of Iceland were seen as evil giants. Thus Iceland was known as Jötunheimr, land of the giants. Jötunheimr in turn was one of the nine homeworlds joined by the world tree Yggdrasill. Several other geological features of the Icelandic landscape also have a mythological meaning. For example, Hekla one of Iceland’s most active volcanoes which was seen as the fire giant Surtr also known as the giant with the flaming sword. When Hekla threw its eternal fires high into the southern skies it became Surtr and once he moved he set the world aflame. In modern day Iceland Surtr is still seen as a giant of fire. The volcanic island of Surtsey which emerged out of the ocean in 1963 was even named after him. The name Hekla comes from the old Norse word for cloak since it’s summit is often hidden in a cloak of mist.

In the later middle ages Hekla (and volcanoes in general) was infamously known as a one of the gateways to the underworld together with Stromboli in Italy. This was mostly due to Hekla’s smoky summit, steep ridges covered with black lava flows, its ability for destruction and ravens (which were thought to be the souls of the dead) encircling the mountain. The devastating 1104 AD eruption which buried half of Iceland in a layer of ash and tephra could also have something to do with it. Accordingly, this eruption was a VEI 5 (Volcanic Explosivity Index, see here for a definition: http://on.doi.gov/12Jo4s7) which is defined as very large. Thus the effect on the population and livestock must have been devastating.

German physician Caspar Peucer wrote that during great battles miserable cries and moaning came out of the bottomless abyss of Hekla and vultures and ravens build their nests on the flanks. Hissing lava bombs (due to the cooler temperature of the air colliding with the superhot lava bomb) emitted from the crater during eruptions were seen as souls screaming in agony. A 17th century travel guide by Frenchman de la Martiniere mentions that the devil would torture the souls of sinners by dragging them out of the crater of Hekla and dipping them in the freezing ocean. Cistercian monks claimed that if the world knew sacred places and churches, then an icy mountain which spewed fire should be seen as the opposite, hell. It was not until the 1800s that this belief lost ground. Presently there is still a legend that Hekla is a meeting point for witches.

Since Iceland was settled by Norsemen Hekla had about 20 eruptions. As a volcano Hekla is quite hard to define. It’s characteristics lie in between a fissure volcano and a stratovolcano. During eruptions Hekla can throw up either basaltic or andesitic magma in fissure eruptions or explosive silicic eruptions. Explosive eruptions could transform into lava fountains which in turn transform into fast flowing lava flows. The tephra that Hekla emits is high in fluorine which can be hazardous to grazing animals. Also eruptions can go on or short periods of time (days to weeks) to months or years.

Hekla is currently being monitored by volumetric borehole strainmeters (these measure changes in the volume of a magma chamber), SIL stations (seismometers which record motion of the ground) and GPS stations (which measure uplift of the ground which could indicate the magma chamber is filling up). In the end of March of 2013 shallow earthquake swarms were measured at Hekla indicating that magma was possibly on the move. In April rapid inflation was measured on the northern flanks of the volcano. Yet, since then the activity has stagnated. It is evident nevertheless that in the future this fire giant will erupt again.

--BO

Image: Copyright Michel Detay. Hekla during an eruption in 1980.

References and further reading:

http://volcanocafe.wordpress.com/category/europe/iceland/hekla/

http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/nl/hekla.html

http://www.volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vnum=1702-07%3D

http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/book/export/html/1015

Boult Katherine. 1916. Asgard and the Norse heroes.

Zeilinga de Boer Jelle & Donald Sanders. 2002. Volcanoes in Human History: The Far-Reaching Effects of Major Eruptions

[earthstory]

Fire giant Hekla

In Norse worldview the ice, snow and arctic winds of Iceland were seen as evil giants. Thus Iceland was known as Jötunheimr, land of the giants. Jötunheimr in turn was one of the nine homeworlds joined by the world tree Yggdrasill. Several other geological features of the Icelandic landscape also have a mythological meaning. For example, Hekla one of Iceland’s most active volcanoes which was seen as the fire giant Surtr also known as the giant with the flaming sword. When Hekla threw its eternal fires high into the southern skies it became Surtr and once he moved he set the world aflame. In modern day Iceland Surtr is still seen as a giant of fire. The volcanic island of Surtsey which emerged out of the ocean in 1963 was even named after him. The name Hekla comes from the old Norse word for cloak since it’s summit is often hidden in a cloak of mist.

In the later middle ages Hekla (and volcanoes in general) was infamously known as a one of the gateways to the underworld together with Stromboli in Italy. This was mostly due to Hekla’s smoky summit, steep ridges covered with black lava flows, its ability for destruction and ravens (which were thought to be the souls of the dead) encircling the mountain. The devastating 1104 AD eruption which buried half of Iceland in a layer of ash and tephra could also have something to do with it. Accordingly, this eruption was a VEI 5 (Volcanic Explosivity Index, see here for a definition: http://on.doi.gov/12Jo4s7) which is defined as very large. Thus the effect on the population and livestock must have been devastating.

German physician Caspar Peucer wrote that during great battles miserable cries and moaning came out of the bottomless abyss of Hekla and vultures and ravens build their nests on the flanks. Hissing lava bombs (due to the cooler temperature of the air colliding with the superhot lava bomb) emitted from the crater during eruptions were seen as souls screaming in agony. A 17th century travel guide by Frenchman de la Martiniere mentions that the devil would torture the souls of sinners by dragging them out of the crater of Hekla and dipping them in the freezing ocean. Cistercian monks claimed that if the world knew sacred places and churches, then an icy mountain which spewed fire should be seen as the opposite, hell. It was not until the 1800s that this belief lost ground. Presently there is still a legend that Hekla is a meeting point for witches.

Since Iceland was settled by Norsemen Hekla had about 20 eruptions. As a volcano Hekla is quite hard to define. It���s characteristics lie in between a fissure volcano and a stratovolcano. During eruptions Hekla can throw up either basaltic or andesitic magma in fissure eruptions or explosive silicic eruptions. Explosive eruptions could transform into lava fountains which in turn transform into fast flowing lava flows. The tephra that Hekla emits is high in fluorine which can be hazardous to grazing animals. Also eruptions can go on or short periods of time (days to weeks) to months or years.

Hekla is currently being monitored by volumetric borehole strainmeters (these measure changes in the volume of a magma chamber), SIL stations (seismometers which record motion of the ground) and GPS stations (which measure uplift of the ground which could indicate the magma chamber is filling up). In the end of March of 2013 shallow earthquake swarms were measured at Hekla indicating that magma was possibly on the move. In April rapid inflation was measured on the northern flanks of the volcano. Yet, since then the activity has stagnated. It is evident nevertheless that in the future this fire giant will erupt again.

--BO

Image: Copyright Michel Detay. Hekla during an eruption in 1980.

References and further reading:

http://volcanocafe.wordpress.com/category/europe/iceland/hekla/

http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/nl/hekla.html

http://www.volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vnum=1702-07%3D

http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/book/export/html/1015

Boult Katherine. 1916. Asgard and the Norse heroes.

Zeilinga de Boer Jelle & Donald Sanders. 2002. Volcanoes in Human History: The Far-Reaching Effects of Major Eruptions

[gulfcoastaudiophiles-blog]

Have you ever experienced your Music?Have you ever gotten those chills down your spine and goosebumps on your skin?

Now you can!

Beautiful, Stunning Sound.

Consecutive  Serial #'s

JBL Summit L 300 speakers

Peter  Townshend of the WHO said if you want to listen to quadrophenia, you should listen to it on JBL L300s

The JBL Summit L300 is the home entertainment version of the 4333 studio monitor, and also one of the most successful loudspeaker designs JBL has produced for the recording industry.

They are one of the most sought after vintage home speaker worldwide.

These speakers are solid in every way.  

The woofers have been upgraded and are JBL's latest technology and are rated at 600 watts with a max of 1200 watts.

They are designed  for 8 ohm or 16 ohm.

The JBL 2226 h woofers are more efficient ( 97 db 1 watt/1 meter) than the original 136 a woofers ( 93 db 1 watt/ 1 meter ) and will cruse with amps that have less power.

The bass is more defined with a stronger punch. I would give them a 9+ all day long.

The grills have a few fuss-balls and you might want to redo the cloth. But they are very presentable as they are.  

Sold as local pickup only.

No matter how well packed, if you want your unit bouncing around a postal carriers truck & thrown, pitched & dropped, then by all means have one shipped. Buy local or travel a bit to see what you are getting.

( Of course you can buy a pig in a poke and have it bounced around for a couple of days or a week. ) All I am saying is when it comes to vintage equipment, go and see and listen to what you are buying. It always pays off. Bide your time, wait until you find the item you want and go look at it. You will be happy you did.