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Paul Robeson

Paul Leroy Robeson ( ROHB-sən; April 9, 1898 – January 23, 1976) was an American bass baritone concert artist and stage and film actor who became famous both for his cultural accomplishments and for his political activism. Educated at Rutgers College and Columbia University, he was also a star athlete in his youth. He also studied Swahili and linguistics at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London in 1934. His political activities began with his involvement with unemployed workers and anti-imperialist students whom he met in Britain and continued with support for the Loyalist cause in the Spanish Civil War and his opposition to fascism. In the United States he also became active in the Civil Rights Movement and other social justice campaigns. His sympathies for the Soviet Union and for communism, and his criticism of the United States government and its foreign policies, caused him to be blacklisted during the McCarthy era.

In 1915, Robeson won an academic scholarship to Rutgers College, where he was twice named a consensus All-American in football, and was the class valedictorian. Almost 80 years later, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. He received his LL.B. from Columbia Law School while playing in the National Football League (NFL). At Columbia, he sang and acted in off-campus productions. After graduating, he became a figure in the Harlem Renaissance with performances in The Emperor Jones and All God's Chillun Got Wings.

Between 1925 and 1961, Robeson recorded and released some 276 distinct songs, many of which were recorded several times. The first of these were the spirituals "Steal Away" backed with "Were You There" in 1925. Robeson's recorded repertoire spanned many styles, including Americana, popular standards, classical music, European folk songs, political songs, poetry and spoken excerpts from plays.

Robeson performed in Britain in a touring melodrama, Voodoo, in 1922, and in Emperor Jones in 1925, and scored a major success in the London premiere of Show Boat in 1928, settling in London for several years with his wife Eslanda. While continuing to establish himself as a concert artist, Robeson also starred in a London production of Othello, the first of three productions of the play over the course of his career. He also gained attention in the film production of Show Boat (1936) and other films such as Sanders of the River (1935) and The Proud Valley (1940). During this period, Robeson became increasingly attuned to the sufferings of people of other cultures, notably the British working class and the colonized peoples of the British Empire. He advocated for Republican forces during the Spanish Civil War and became active in the Council on African Affairs (CAA).

Returning to the United States in 1939, during World War II Robeson supported the American and Allied war efforts. However, his history of supporting civil rights causes and pro-Soviet policies brought scrutiny from the FBI. After the war ended, the CAA was placed on the Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations and Robeson was investigated during the age of McCarthyism. Due to his decision not to recant his public advocacy, he was denied a passport by the U.S. State Department, and his income, consequently, plummeted. He moved to Harlem and from 1950 to 1955 published a periodical called Freedom which was critical of United States policies. His right to travel was eventually restored as a result of the 1958 United States Supreme Court decision, Kent v. Dulles. In the early 1960s he retired and lived the remaining years of his life privately in Philadelphia.

Early life

1898–1915: Childhood

Paul Leroy Robeson was born in Princeton, New Jersey, in 1898, to Reverend William Drew Robeson and Maria Louisa Bustill. His mother, Maria, was from a prominent Quaker family of mixed ancestry. His father, William, was of Igbo origin and was born into slavery, William escaped from a plantation in his teens and eventually became the minister of Princeton's Witherspoon Street Presbyterian Church in 1881. Robeson had three brothers: William Drew Jr. (born 1881), Reeve (born c. 1887), and Ben (born c. 1893); and one sister, Marian (born c. 1895).

In 1900, a disagreement between William and white financial supporters of Witherspoon arose with apparent racial undertones, which were prevalent in Princeton. William, who had the support of his entirely black congregation, resigned in 1901. The loss of his position forced him to work menial jobs. Three years later when Robeson was six, his mother, who was nearly blind, died in a house fire. Eventually, William became financially incapable of providing a house for himself and his children still living at home, Ben and Paul, so they moved into the attic of a store in Westfield, New Jersey.

William found a stable parsonage at the St. Thomas A.M.E. Zion in 1910, where Robeson filled in for his father during sermons when he was called away. In 1912, Robeson attended Somerville High School in Somerville, New Jersey, where he performed in Julius Caesar and Othello, sang in the chorus, and excelled in football, basketball, baseball and track. His athletic dominance elicited racial taunts which he ignored. Prior to his graduation, he won a statewide academic contest for a scholarship to Rutgers and was named class valedictorian. He took a summer job as a waiter in Narragansett Pier, Rhode Island, where he befriended Fritz Pollard, later to be the first African-American coach in the National Football League.

1915–1919: Rutgers College

In late 1915, Robeson became the third African-American student ever enrolled at Rutgers, and the only one at the time. He tried out for the Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team, and his resolve to make the squad was tested as his teammates engaged in excessive play, during which his nose was broken and his shoulder dislocated. The coach, Foster Sanford, decided he had overcome the provocation and announced that he had made the team.

Robeson joined the debating team and sang off-campus for spending money, and on-campus with the Glee Club informally, as membership required attending all-white mixers. He also joined the other collegiate athletic teams. As a sophomore, amidst Rutgers' sesquicentennial celebration, he was benched when a Southern team refused to take the field because the Scarlet Knights had fielded a Negro, Robeson.

After a standout junior year of football, he was recognized in The Crisis for his athletic, academic, and singing talents. At this time his father fell grievously ill. Robeson took the sole responsibility in caring for him, shuttling between Rutgers and Somerville. His father, who was the "glory of his boyhood years" soon died, and at Rutgers, Robeson expounded on the incongruity of African Americans fighting to protect America in World War I but, contemporaneously, being without the same opportunities in the United States as whites.

He finished university with four annual oratorical triumphs and varsity letters in multiple sports. His play at end won him first-team All-American selection, in both his junior and senior years. Walter Camp considered him the greatest end ever. Academically, he was accepted into Phi Beta Kappa and Cap and Skull. His classmates recognized him by electing him class valedictorian. The Daily Targum published a poem featuring his achievements. In his valedictory speech, he exhorted his classmates to work for equality for all Americans.

1919–1923: Columbia Law School and marriage

Robeson entered New York University School of Law in fall 1919. To support himself, he became an assistant football coach at Lincoln, where he joined the Alpha Phi Alpha. However, Robeson felt uncomfortable at NYU and moved to Harlem and transferred to Columbia Law School in February 1920. Already known in the black community for his singing, he was selected to perform at the dedication of the Harlem YWCA.

Robeson began dating Eslanda "Essie" Goode and after her coaxing, he gave his theatrical debut as Simon in Ridgely Torrence's Simon of Cyrene. After a year of courtship, they were married in August 1921.

Robeson was recruited by Pollard to play for the NFL's Akron Pros while he continued his law studies. In the spring, Robeson postponed school to portray Jim in Mary Hoyt Wiborg's play Taboo. He then sang in a chorus in an Off-Broadway production of Shuffle Along before he joined Taboo in Britain. The play was adapted by Mrs. Patrick Campbell to highlight his singing. After the play ended, he befriended Lawrence Brown, a classically trained musician, before returning to Columbia while playing for the NFL's Milwaukee Badgers. He ended his football career after 1922, and months later, he graduated from law school.

Theatrical success and ideological transformation

1923–1927: Harlem Renaissance

Robeson worked briefly as a lawyer, but he renounced a career in law due to widespread racism. Essie financially supported them and they frequented the social functions at the future Schomburg Center. In December 1924 he landed the lead role of Jim in Eugene O'Neill's All God's Chillun Got Wings, which culminated with Jim metaphorically consummating his marriage with his white wife by symbolically emasculating himself. Chillun's opening was postponed due to nationwide controversy over its plot.

Chillun's delay led to a revival of The Emperor Jones with Robeson as Brutus, a role pioneered by Charles Sidney Gilpin. The role terrified and galvanized Robeson, as it was practically a 90-minute soliloquy. Reviews declared him an unequivocal success. Though arguably clouded by its controversial subject, his Jim in Chillun was less well received. He deflected criticism of its plot by writing that fate had drawn him to the "untrodden path" of drama and the true measure of a culture is in its artistic contributions, and the only true American culture was African-American.

The success of his acting placed him in elite social circles and his ascension to fame, which was forcefully aided by Essie, had occurred at a startling pace. Essie's ambition for Robeson was a startling dichotomy to his indifference. She quit her job, became his agent, and negotiated his first movie role in a silent race film directed by Oscar Micheaux, Body and Soul (1925). To support a charity for single mothers, he headlined a concert singing spirituals. He performed his repertoire of spirituals on the radio.

Lawrence Brown, who had become renowned while touring as a pianist with gospel singer Roland Hayes, stumbled upon Robeson in Harlem. The two ad-libbed a set of spirituals, with Robeson as lead and Brown as accompanist. This so enthralled them that they booked Provincetown Playhouse for a concert. The pair's rendition of African-American folk songs and spirituals was captivating, and Victor Records signed Robeson to a contract.

The Robesons went to London for a revival of The Emperor Jones, before spending the rest of the fall on holiday on the French Riviera, socializing with Gertrude Stein and Claude McKay. Robeson and Brown performed a series of concert tours in America from January 1926 until May 1927.

During a hiatus in New York, Robeson learned that Essie was several months pregnant. Paul Robeson Jr. was born in November 1927 in New York, while Robeson and Brown toured Europe. Essie experienced complications from the birth, and by mid-December, her health had deteriorated dramatically. Ignoring Essie's objections, her mother wired Robeson and he immediately returned to her bedside. Essie completely recovered after a few months.

1928–1932: Show Boat, Othello, and marriage difficulties

In 1928, Robeson played "Joe" in the London production of the American musical Show Boat, at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. His rendition of "Ol' Man River" became the benchmark for all future performers of the song. Some black critics were not pleased with the play due to its usage of the word "nigger". It was, nonetheless, immensely popular with white audiences. He was summoned for a Royal Command Performance at Buckingham Palace and Robeson was befriended by MPs from the House of Commons. Show Boat continued for 350 performances and, as of 2001, it remained the Royal's most profitable venture. The Robesons bought a home in Hampstead. He reflected on his life in his diary and wrote that it was all part of a "higher plan" and "God watches over me and guides me. He's with me and lets me fight my own battles and hopes I'll win." However, an incident at the Savoy Grill, in which he was refused seating, sparked him to issue a press release describing the insult which subsequently became a matter of public debate.

Essie had learned early in their marriage that Robeson had been involved in extramarital affairs, but she tolerated them. However, when she discovered that he was having another affair, she unfavorably altered the characterization of him in his biography, and defamed him by describing him with "negative racial stereotypes". Despite her uncovering of this tryst, there was no public evidence that their relationship had soured.

The couple appeared in the experimental Swiss film Borderline (1930). He then returned to the Savoy Theatre, in London's West End to play Othello, opposite Peggy Ashcroft as Desdemona. Robeson was the first black actor to play Othello in Britain since Ira Aldridge. The production received mixed reviews which noted Robeson's "highly civilized quality [but lacking the] grand style." Robeson stated the best way to diminish the oppression African Americans faced was for his artistic work to be an example of what "men of my colour" could accomplish rather than to "be a propagandist and make speeches and write articles about what they call the Colour Question."

After Essie discovered Robeson had been having an affair with Ashcroft, she decided to seek a divorce and they split up. Robeson returned to Broadway as Joe in the 1932 revival of Show Boat, to critical and popular acclaim. Subsequently, he received, with immense pride, an honorary master's degree from Rutgers. Thereabout, his former football coach, Foster Sanford, advised him that divorcing Essie and marrying Ashcroft would do irreparable damage to his reputation. Ashcroft and Robeson's relationship ended in 1932, following which Robeson and Essie reconciled, although their relationship was scarred permanently.

1933–1937: Ideological awakening

In 1933, Robeson played the role of Jim in the London production of Chillun, virtually gratis, then returned to the United States to star as Brutus in the film The Emperor Jones, "a feat not repeated for more than two decades in the U.S." His acting in The Emperor Jones—the first film to feature an African American in a starring role—was well received. On the film set he rejected any slight to his dignity, despite the widespread Jim Crow atmosphere in the United States. Upon returning to England he publicly criticized African Americans' rejection of their own culture. Despite negative reactions from the press, such as a New York Amsterdam News retort that Robeson had made a "jolly well [ass of himself]", he also announced that he would reject any offers to perform European opera because the music had no connection to his heritage.

In early 1934 Robeson enrolled in the School of Oriental and African Studies, a constituent college of the University of London, where he studied Phonetics, Swahili and other African languages. His "sudden interest" in African history and its impact on culture coincided with his essay "I Want to be African", wherein he wrote of his desire to embrace his ancestry.

His friends in the anti-imperialism movement and association with British socialists led him to visit the Soviet Union. Robeson, Essie, and Marie Seton traveled to the Soviet Union on an invitation from Sergei Eisenstein in December 1934. A stopover in Berlin enlightened Robeson to the racism in Nazi Germany and, on his arrival in Moscow, in the Soviet Union, Robeson said, "Here I am not a Negro but a human being for the first time in my life ... I walk in full human dignity." Waldemar ("Wally") Hille, who subsequently went on to do arrangements on the People's Songs Bulletin, got his start as an early touring pianist for Robeson.

He undertook the role of Bosambo in the movie Sanders of the River (1935), which he felt would render a realistic view of colonial African culture. Sanders of the River made Robeson an international movie star; but the stereotypical portrayal of a colonial African was seen as embarrassing to his stature as an artist and damaging to his reputation. The Commissioner of Nigeria to London protested the film as slanderous to his country, and Robeson thereafter became more politically conscious of his roles. He appeared in the play Stevedore at the Embassy Theatre in London in May 1935, which was favorably reviewed in The Crisis by Nancy Cunard, who concluded: "Stevedore is extremely valuable in the racial–social question—it is straight from the shoulder". In early 1936, he decided to send his son to school in the Soviet Union to shield him from racist attitudes. He then played the role of Toussaint Louverture in the eponymous play by C.L.R. James at the Westminster Theatre, and appeared in the films Song of Freedom, Show Boat (both 1936), My Song Goes Forth, King Solomon's Mines. and was the narrator of the documentary Big Fella (all 1937). In 1938, he was named by American Motion Picture Herald as the 10th most popular star in British cinema.

1937–1939: Spanish Civil War and political activism

Robeson believed that the struggle against fascism during the Spanish Civil War was a turning point in his life and transformed him into a political activist. In 1937, he used his concert performances to advocate the Republican cause and the war's refugees. He permanently modified his renditions of "Ol' Man River" – initially, by singing the word "darkies" instead of "niggers"; later, by changing some of the stereotypical dialect in the lyrics to standard English and replacing the fatalistic last verse ("Ah gits weary/ An' sick of tryin'/ Ah'm tired of livin'/ An skeered of dyin'") with an uplifting verse of his own ("But I keep laffin'/ Instead of cryin'/ I must keep fightin'/ Until I'm dyin'") – transforming it from a tragic "song of resignation with a hint of protest implied" into a battle hymn of unwavering defiance. His business agent expressed concern about his political involvement, but Robeson overruled him and decided that contemporary events trumped commercialism. In Wales, he commemorated the Welsh people killed while fighting for the Republicans, where he recorded a message that became his epitaph: "The artist must take sides. He must elect to fight for freedom or slavery. I have made my choice. I had no alternative."

After an invitation from J.B.S. Haldane, he traveled to Spain in 1938 because he believed in the International Brigades's cause, visited the hospital of the Benicàssim, singing to the wounded soldiers. Robeson also visited the battlefront and provided a morale boost to the Republicans at a time when their victory was unlikely. Back in England, he hosted Jawaharlal Nehru to support Indian independence, whereat Nehru expounded on imperialism's affiliation with Fascism. Robeson reevaluated the direction of his career and decided to focus on the ordeals of "common people", He appeared in the pro-labor play Plant in the Sun, in which he played an Irishman, his first "white" role. With Max Yergan, and the CAA, Robeson became an advocate in the aspirations of African nationalists for political independence.

Robeson also developed a sympathy for China's side in the Second Sino-Japanese War. In 1940, the Chinese progressive activist, Liu Liangmo taught Robeson the patriotic song "Chee Lai!" ("Arise!"), known as the March of the Volunteers. Robeson memorized the words in Chinese. Robeson premiered the song at a large concert in New York City's Lewisohn Stadium and recorded it in both English and Chinese for Keynote Records in early 1941. Its 3-disc album included a booklet whose preface was written by Soong Ching-ling, widow of Sun Yat-sen, Robeson gave further performances at benefits for the China Aid Council and United China Relief at their sold-out concert at Washington's Uline Arena on April 24, 1941. The Washington Committee for Aid to China had booked Constitution Hall but been blocked by the Daughters of the American Revolution owing to Robeson's race. The indignation was great enough that President Roosevelt's wife Eleanor and Hu Shih, the Chinese ambassador, joined as sponsors. However, when the organizers offered tickets on generous terms to the National Negro Congress to help fill the larger venue, these sponsors withdrew, in objection to the NNC's Communist ties.

Partly because of the favorable international reputation Robeson gave to the song, it became China's National Anthem after 1949. The Chinese lyricist died in a Beijing prison in 1968, but Robeson continued to send royalties to his family.

World War II, the Broadway Othello, political activism, and McCarthyism

1939–1945: World War II and the Broadway Othello

Robeson's last British film was The Proud Valley (1940), set in a Welsh coal-mining town. After the outbreak of World War II, Robeson and his family returned to the United States in 1940, to Enfield, Connecticut, and he became America's "no.1 entertainer" with a radio broadcast of Ballad for Americans. Nevertheless, during a tour in 1940, the Beverly Wilshire Hotel was the only major Los Angeles hotel willing to accommodate him due to his race, at an exorbitant rate and registered under an assumed name, and he therefore dedicated two hours every afternoon to sitting in the lobby, where he was widely recognised, "to ensure that the next time Black[s] come through, they'll have a place to stay." Los Angeles hotels lifted their restrictions on black guests soon afterwards.

Furthermore, the documentary Native Land (1942), which Robeson narrated, was labeled by the FBI as communist propaganda. After an appearance in Tales of Manhattan (1942), a production that he felt was "very offensive to my people", he announced that he would no longer act in films because of the demeaning roles available to blacks.

Robeson participated in benefit concerts on behalf of the war effort and at a concert at the Polo Grounds, he met two emissaries from the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, Solomon Mikhoels and Itzik Feffer Subsequently, Robeson reprised his role of Othello at the Shubert Theatre in 1943, and became the first African American to play the role with a white supporting cast on Broadway. During the same period of time, he addressed a meeting with Kenesaw Mountain Landis in a failed attempt to convince him to admit black players to Major League Baseball. He toured North America with Othello until 1945, and subsequently, his political efforts with the CAA to get colonial powers to discontinue their exploitation of Africa were short-circuited by the United Nations.

1946–1949: Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations

After the mass lynching of four African Americans on July 25, 1946, Robeson met with President Truman and admonished Truman by stating that if he did not enact legislation to end lynching, "the Negroes will defend themselves". Truman immediately terminated the meeting and declared that the time was not right to propose anti-lynching legislation. Subsequently, Robeson publicly called upon all Americans to demand that Congress pass civil rights legislation. Taking a stance against lynching, Robeson founded the American Crusade Against Lynching organization in 1946. This organization was thought to be a threat to the NAACP antiviolence movement. Robeson received support from W.E.B. Du Bois regarding this matter and officially launched this organization on the anniversary of the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation, September 23.

About this time, Robeson's belief that trade unionism was crucial to civil rights became a mainstay of his political beliefs as he became a proponent of the union activist Revels Cayton. Robeson was later called before the Tenney Committee where he responded to questions about his affiliation with the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) by testifying that he was not a member of the CPUSA. Nevertheless, two organizations with which Robeson was intimately involved, the Civil Rights Congress (CRC) and the CAA, were placed on the Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations (AGLOSO). Subsequently, he was summoned before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, and when questioned about his affiliation with the Communist Party, he refused to answer, stating: "Some of the most brilliant and distinguished Americans are about to go to jail for the failure to answer that question, and I am going to join them, if necessary."

In 1948, Robeson was preeminent in Henry A. Wallace's bid for the President of the United States, during which Robeson traveled to the Deep South, at risk to his own life, to campaign for him. In the ensuing year, Robeson was forced to go overseas to work because his concert performances were canceled at the FBI's behest. While on tour, he spoke at the World Peace Council, at which his speech was publicly reported as equating America with a Fascist state—a depiction that he flatly denied. Nevertheless, the speech publicly attributed to him was a catalyst for his becoming an enemy of mainstream America. Robeson refused to bow to public criticism when he advocated in favor of twelve defendants, including his long-time friend, Benjamin J. Davis Jr., charged during the Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders.

Robeson traveled to Moscow in June, and tried to find Itzik Feffer. He let Soviet authorities know that he wanted to see him. Reluctant to lose Robeson as a propagandist for the Soviet Union, the Soviets brought Feffer from prison to him. Feffer told him that Mikhoels had been murdered, and he would be summarily executed. To protect the Soviet Union's reputation, and to keep the right wing of the United States from gaining the moral high ground, Robeson denied that any persecution existed in the Soviet Union, and kept the meeting secret for the rest of his life, except from his son. On June 20, 1949, Robeson spoke at the Paris Peace Congress saying that "We in America do not forget that it was on the backs of the white workers from Europe and on the backs of millions of Blacks that the wealth of America was built. And we are resolved to share it equally. We reject any hysterical raving that urges us to make war on anyone. Our will to fight for peace is strong. We shall not make war on anyone. We shall not make war on the Soviet Union. We oppose those who wish to build up imperialist Germany and to establish fascism in Greece. We wish peace with Franco's Spain despite her fascism. We shall support peace and friendship among all nations, with Soviet Russia and the people's Republics." He was blacklisted for saying this in the mainstream press within the United States, including in many periodicals of the Negro press such as The Crisis.

In order to isolate Robeson politically, the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) subpoenaed Jackie Robinson to comment on Robeson's Paris speech. Robinson testified that Robeson's statements, "'if accurately reported', were silly'". Days later, the announcement of a concert headlined by Robeson in New York City provoked the local press to decry the use of their community to support "subversives" and the Peekskill Riots ensued.

Later that year, Edward R. Murrow had CBS News colleague Don Hollenbeck contribute to the innovative media-review program CBS Views the Press over the radio network's flagship station WCBS. Hollenbeck discussed Edward U. Condon, Alger Hiss, and Paul Robeson. Regarding Robeson and the Peekskill riots of 27 August 1949, Hollenbeck said that, while most newspapers had covered the riots well, the New York World-Telegram had drawn from sources that disliked Robeson, including The Compass (successor to PM, Hollenbeck's former employer).

1950–1955: Blacklisted

A book reviewed in early 1950 as "the most complete record on college football" failed to list Robeson as ever having played on the Rutgers team and as ever having been an All-American. Months later, NBC canceled Robeson's appearance on Eleanor Roosevelt's television program. Subsequently, the State Department denied Robeson a passport and issued a "stop notice" at all ports because it believed that an isolated existence inside United States borders not only afforded him less freedom of expression but also avenge his "extreme advocacy on behalf of the independence of the colonial peoples of Africa." However, when Robeson met with State Department officials and asked why he was denied a passport, he was told that "his frequent criticism of the treatment of blacks in the United States should not be aired in foreign countries".

In 1951, an article titled "Paul Robeson – the Lost Shepherd" was published in The Crisis although Paul Jr. suspected it was written by Amsterdam News columnist Earl Brown. J. Edgar Hoover and the United States State Department arranged for the article to be printed and distributed in Africa in order to defame Robeson's reputation and reduce his and Communists' popularity in colonial countries. Another article by Roy Wilkins (now thought to have been the real author of "Paul Robeson – the Lost Shepherd") denounced Robeson as well as the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) in terms consistent with the anti-Communist FBI propaganda.

On December 17, 1951, Robeson presented to the United Nations an anti-lynching petition titled "We Charge Genocide". The document asserted that the United States federal government, by its failure to act against lynching in the United States, was "guilty of genocide" under Article II of the UN Genocide Convention.

In 1952, Robeson was awarded the International Stalin Prize by the Soviet Union. Unable to travel to Moscow, he accepted the award in New York. In April 1953, shortly after Stalin's death, Robeson penned To You My Beloved Comrade, praising Stalin as dedicated to peace and a guide to the world: "Through his deep humanity, by his wise understanding, he leaves us a rich and monumental heritage." Robeson's opinions about the Soviet Union kept his passport out of reach and stopped his return to the entertainment industry and the civil rights movement. In his opinion, the Soviet Union was the guarantor of political balance in the world.

In a symbolic act of defiance against the travel ban, in May 1952, labor unions in the United States and Canada organized a concert at the International Peace Arch on the border between Washington state and the Canadian province of British Columbia. Robeson returned to perform a second concert at the Peace Arch in 1953, and over the next two years, two further concerts took place. In this period, with the encouragement of his friend the Welsh politician Aneurin Bevan, Robeson recorded a number of radio concerts for supporters in Wales.

1956–1957: End of McCarthyism

In 1956, Robeson was called before HUAC after he refused to sign an affidavit affirming that he was not a Communist. In his testimony, he invoked the Fifth Amendment and refused to reveal his political affiliations. When asked why he had not remained in the Soviet Union because of his affinity with its political ideology, he replied, "because my father was a slave and my people died to build [the United States and], I am going to stay here, and have a part of it just like you and no fascist-minded people will drive me from it!" At that hearing, Robeson stated "Whether I am or not a Communist is irrelevant. The question is whether American citizens, regardless of their political beliefs or sympathies, may enjoy their constitutional rights." In 1957, still unable to accept invitations to perform abroad, Paul Robeson sang for audiences in London, where 1,000 concert tickets for his telephone concert at St Pancras Town Hall sold out within an hour, and Wales via the transatlantic telephone cable TAT-1: "We have to learn the hard way that there is another way to sing". An appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States to reinstate his confiscated passport had been rejected, but over the telephone Robeson was able to sing to the 5,000 gathered there as he had earlier in the year to London.

Due to the reaction to the promulgation of Robeson's political views, his recordings and films were removed from public distribution, and he was universally condemned in the U.S press. During the height of the Cold War, it became increasingly difficult in the United States to hear Robeson sing on commercial radio, buy his music or see his films.

In 1956, in the United Kingdom, Topic Records, at that time part of the Workers Music Association, released a single of Robeson singing "Joe Hill", written by Alfred Hayes and Earl Robinson, backed with "John Brown's Body". Joe Hill (1879–1915) was a labor activist in the early 20th century, and "Joe Hill" sung by Robeson is the third favorite choice of British Labour Party politicians on the BBC radio program Desert Island Discs.

Nikita Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalinism at the 1956 Party Congress silenced Robeson on Stalin, although Robeson continued to praise the Soviet Union. In 1956, after public pressure brought a one-time exemption to the travel ban, Robeson performed two concerts in Canada in February, one in Toronto and the other at a union convention in Sudbury, Ontario. That year Robeson, along with close friend W.E.B. Du Bois, compared the anti-Soviet uprising in Hungary to the "same sort of people who overthrew the Spanish Republican Government" and supported the Soviet invasion and suppression of the revolt.

Later years

1958–1960: Comeback tours

1958 saw the publication of Robeson's "manifesto-autobiography" Here I Stand. His passport was restored in June 1958 via Kent v. Dulles, and he embarked on a world tour using London as his base. In Moscow in August 1959, he received a tumultuous reception at the Luzhniki Stadium where he sang classic Russian songs along with American standards. Robeson and Essie then flew to Yalta to rest and spend time with Nikita Khrushchev.

On October 11, 1959, Robeson took part in a service at St. Paul's Cathedral, the first black performer to sing there. On a trip to Moscow, Robeson experienced bouts of dizziness and heart problems and was hospitalized for two months while Essie was diagnosed with operable cancer. He recovered and returned to the UK to visit the National Eisteddfod.

Meanwhile, the State Department had circulated negative literature about him throughout the media in India.

While leading The Royal Shakespeare Company starring as Othello in Tony Richardson's 1959 production at Stratford-upon-Avon, he befriended actor Andrew Faulds, whose family hosted him in the nearby village of Shottery. In 1960, in what was his final concert performance in Great Britain, Robeson sang to raise money for the Movement for Colonial Freedom at the Royal Festival Hall.

In October 1960, Robeson embarked on a two-month concert tour of Australia and New Zealand with Essie, primarily to generate money, at the behest of Australian politician Bill Morrow. While in Sydney, he became the first major artist to perform at the construction site of the future Sydney Opera House. After appearing at the Brisbane Festival Hall, they went to Auckland where Robeson reaffirmed his support of Marxism, denounced the inequality faced by the Māori and efforts to denigrate their culture. Thereabouts, Robeson publicly stated "..the people of the lands of Socialism want peace dearly".

During the tour he was introduced to Faith Bandler who interested the Robesons in the plight of the Australian Aborigines. Robeson, consequently, became enraged and demanded the Australian government provide the Aborigines citizenship and equal rights. He attacked the view of the Aborigines as being unsophisticated and uncultured, and declared, "there's no such thing as a backward human being, there is only a society which says they are backward."

1961–1963: Health breakdown

Back in London, he decided to return to the United States, where he hoped to resume participation in the civil rights movement, stopping off in Africa and Cuba along the way. Essie argued to stay in London, fearing that he'd be "killed" if he returned and would be "unable to make any money" due to harassment by the United States government. Robeson disagreed and made his own travel arrangements, arriving in Moscow in March 1961.

During an uncharacteristically wild party in his Moscow hotel room, Robeson locked himself in his bedroom and attempted suicide by cutting his wrists. Three days later, under Soviet medical care, he told his son that he felt extreme paranoia, thought that the walls of the room were moving and, overcome by a powerful sense of emptiness and depression, tried to take his own life.

Paul Jr. believed that his father's health problems stemmed from attempts by the CIA and MI5 to "neutralize" his father. He remembered that his father had had such fears prior to his prostate operation. He said that three doctors treating Robeson in London and New York had been CIA contractors, and that his father's symptoms resulted from being "subjected to mind depatterning under MK-ULTRA", a secret CIA programme. Martin Duberman wrote that Robeson's health breakdown was probably brought on by a combination of factors including extreme emotional and physical stress, bipolar depression, exhaustion and the beginning of circulatory and heart problems. "[E]ven without an organic predisposition and accumulated pressures of government harassment he might have been susceptible to a breakdown."

Robeson stayed at the Barvikha Sanatorium until September 1961, when he left for London. There his depression reemerged, and after another period of recuperation in Moscow, he returned to London. Three days after arriving back, he became suicidal and suffered a panic attack while passing the Soviet Embassy. He was admitted to the Priory Hospital, where he underwent electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and was given heavy doses of drugs for nearly two years, with no accompanying psychotherapy. During his treatment at the Priory, Robeson was being monitored by the British MI5. Both intelligence services were well aware of Robeson's suicidal state of mind. An FBI memo described Robeson's debilitated condition, remarking that his "death would be much publicized" and would be used for Communist propaganda, necessitating continued surveillance. Numerous memos advised that Robeson should be denied a passport renewal, an obstacle that was likely to further jeopardize his recovery process.

In August 1963, disturbed about his treatment, friends and family had Robeson transferred to the Buch Clinic in East Berlin. Given psychotherapy and less medication, his physicians found him still "completely without initiative" and they expressed "doubt and anger" about the "high level of barbiturates and ECT" that had been administered in London. He rapidly improved, though his doctor stressed that "what little is left of Paul's health must be quietly conserved."

1963–1976: Retirement

In 1963, Robeson returned to the United States and for the remainder of his life lived in seclusion. He momentarily assumed a role in the civil rights movement, making a few major public appearances before falling seriously ill during a tour. Double pneumonia and a kidney blockage in 1965 nearly killed him.

Robeson was contacted by both Bayard Rustin and James Farmer about the possibility of becoming involved with the mainstream of the Civil Rights Movement. Because of Rustin's past anti-Communist stances, Robeson declined to meet with him. Robeson eventually met with Farmer, but because he was asked to denounce Communism and the Soviet Union in order to assume a place in the mainstream, Robeson adamantly declined.

After Essie, who had been his spokesperson to the media, died in December 1965, Robeson moved in with his son's family in New York City. He was rarely seen strolling near his Harlem apartment on Jumel Place [sic], and his son responded to press inquiries that his "father's health does not permit him to perform or answer questions."

In 1968, he settled at his sister's home in Philadelphia. Numerous celebrations were held in honor of Robeson over the next several years, including at public arenas that had previously shunned him, but he saw few visitors aside from close friends and gave few statements apart from messages to support current civil rights and international movements, feeling that his record "spoke for itself". In 1974, he posed for a portrait by artist Kenneth Hari at his sisters home. The portrait was unveiled in 1978 at the Paul Robeson Center at Rutgers University in Newark, New Jersey, where it remains on display. At a Carnegie Hall tribute to mark his 75th birthday in 1973, he was unable to attend, but a taped message from him was played that said: "Though I have not been able to be active for several years, I want you to know that I am the same Paul, dedicated as ever to the worldwide cause of humanity for freedom, peace and brotherhood."

1976: Death, funeral, and public response

On January 23, 1976, following complications of a stroke, Robeson died in Philadelphia at the age of 77. He lay in state in Harlem and his funeral was held at his brother Ben's former parsonage, Mother Zion AME Zion Church, where Bishop J. Clinton Hoggard performed the eulogy. His twelve pall bearers included Harry Belafonte and Fritz Pollard. He was interred in the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. According to biographer Martin Duberman, contemporary post-mortem reflections on Robeson's life in "[the] white [American] press..ignored the continuing inability of white America to tolerate a black maverick who refused to bend, ..downplayed the racist component central to his persecution [during his life]", as they "paid him gingerly respect and tipped their hat to him as a 'great American,'" while the black American press, "which had never, overall, been as hostile to Robeson [as the white American press had], opined that his life '...would always be a challenge to white and Black America.'"

Legacy and honors

Early in his life, Robeson was one of the most influential participants in the Harlem Renaissance. His achievements in sport and culture were all the more incredible given the barriers of racism he had to surmount. Robeson brought Negro spirituals into the American mainstream. His theatrical performances have been recognized as the first to display dignity for black actors and pride in African heritage, and he was among the first artists to refuse to play live to segregated audiences.

After McCarthyism, [Robeson's stand] on anti-colonialism in the 1940s would never again have a voice in American politics, but the [African independence movements] of the late 1950s and 1960s would vindicate his anti-colonial [agenda].

Subsequently, in 1945 he received the Spingarn medal from the NAACP. Several public and private establishments he was associated with have been landmarked, or named after him. His efforts to end Apartheid in South Africa were posthumously rewarded in 1978 by the United Nations General Assembly. Paul Robeson: Tribute to an Artist won an Academy Award for best short documentary in 1980. In 1995, he was named to the College Football Hall of Fame. In the centenary of his birth, which was commemorated around the world, he was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Grammy Award, as well as a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Robeson is also a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame.

As of 2011, the run of Othello starring Robeson was the longest-running production of a Shakespeare play ever staged on Broadway. He received a Donaldson Award for his performance. His Othello was characterised by Michael A. Morrison in 2011 as a high point in Shakespearean theatre in the 20th century.

Robeson left Australia as a respected, albeit controversial, figure and his support for Aboriginal rights had a profound effect in Australia over the next decade.

Robeson archives exist at the Academy of Arts; Howard University, and the Schomburg Center. In 2010, Susan Robeson launched a project by Swansea University and the Welsh Assembly to create an online learning resource in her grandfather's memory.

Robeson connected his own life and history not only to his fellow Americans and to his people in the South, but to all the people of Africa and its diaspora whose lives had been fundamentally shaped by the same processes that had brought his ancestors to America. While a consensus definition of his legacy remains controversial, to deny his courage in the face of public and governmental pressure would be to defame his courage.

In 1976, the apartment building on Edgecombe Avenue in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan where Robeson lived during the early 1940s was officially renamed the Paul Robeson Residence, and declared a National Historic Landmark. In 1993, the building was designated a New York City landmark as well. Edgecombe Avenue itself was later co-named Paul Robeson Boulevard.

In 1978, TASS announced that the Latvian Shipping Company had named one of its new 40,000-ton tankers Paul Robeson in honor of the singer. TASS said the ship's crew established a Robeson museum aboard the tanker.

In 1998, the second SOAS University London halls of residence was named in his honour.

In 2002, a blue plaque was unveiled by English Heritage on the house in Hampstead where Robeson lived in 1929–30.

In 2004, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 37-cent stamp honoring Robeson.

In 2006, a plaque was unveiled in his honour at the SOAS University London

In 2007, the Criterion Collection, a company that specializes in releasing special-edition versions of classic and contemporary films, released a DVD boxed set of Robeson films.

In 2009, Robeson was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame.

The main campus library at Rutgers University-Camden is named after Robeson, as is the campus center at Rutgers University-Newark. The Paul Robeson Cultural Center is on the campus of Rutgers University-New Brunswick.

In 1972, Penn State established a formal cultural center on the University Park campus. Students and staff chose to name the center for Robeson.

A street in Princeton, New Jersey is named after him. In addition, the block of Davenport Street in Somerville, New Jersey, where St. Thomas AME Zion Church still stands is called Paul Robeson Boulevard.

In West Philadelphia, the Paul Robeson High School, which won 2019 U.S. News & World Report for Best High Schools in Pennsylvania, is also named after him.

To celebrate the 100th anniversary of Robeson's graduation, Rutgers University named an open-air plaza after him on Friday, April 12, 2019. The plaza, next to the Voorhees Mall on the College Avenue campus at Rutgers–New Brunswick, features eight black granite panels with details of Robeson's life. Also in 2019, Commercial Avenue in New Brunswick was renamed Paul Robeson Boulevard.

On March 6, 2019, the city council of New Brunswick, New Jersey approved the renaming of Commercial Avenue to Paul Robeson Boulevard.

In popular culture

In 1954, the Kurdish poet Abdulla Goran wrote the poem "Bangêk bo Pol Ropsin" ("A Call for Paul Robeson"). In the same year, another Kurdish poet, Cegerxwîn, also wrote a poem about him, "Heval Pol Robson" ("Comrade Paul Robeson"), which was put to music by singer Şivan Perwer in 1976.

Black 47's 1989 album Home of the Brave includes the song "Paul Robeson (Born to Be Free)", which features spoken quotes of Robeson as part of the song. These quotes are drawn from Robeson's testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee in June 1956. In 2001, Welsh rock band Manic Street Preachers released a song titled "Let Robeson Sing" as a tribute to Robeson, which reached number 19 on the UK singles chart.

In January 1978, James Earl Jones performed the one-man show Paul Robeson, written by Phillip Hayes Dean, on Broadway. This stage drama was made into a TV movie in 1979, starring Jones and directed by Lloyd Richards. At the 2007 Edinburgh Festival Fringe, British-Nigerian actor Tayo Aluko, himself a baritone soloist, premiered his one-man show, Call Mr. Robeson: A Life with Songs, which has since toured various countries.

Tom Rob Smith's novel Agent 6 (2012) includes the character Jesse Austin, "a black singer, political activist and communist sympathizer modeled after real-life actor/activist Paul Robeson." Robeson also appears in short fiction published in the online literary magazines the Maple Tree Literary Supplement and Every Day Fiction.

In November 2014, it was reported that film director Steve McQueen's next film would be a biographical film about Paul Robeson. As of 2018, the film has not been made.

On September 7, 2019, Crossroads Theater Company performed Phillip Hayes Dean's play Paul Robeson in the inaugural performance of the New Brunswick Performing Arts Center.

#04/09 #01/23

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mizmeliz · 7 years

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Having recently attended the Masters of Taste event at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, CA where about 80 restaurants and vendors came together to honor and support the Union Station Homeless Services in Los Angeles, I am impressed with the extent of social good the industry is able to accomplish.

In addition to raising over $450,000 for the organization and showcasing their culinary expertise, many of the restaurants and businesses represented exemplified their own ways of giving to the community.

Those amazing chefs and business owners have instilled a giving spirit and inspired many young up and coming entrepreneurs in the making. I am proud to share the future of the culinary arts field with you from the Los Angeles Careers Through Culinary Arts Program!

LOS ANGELES COUNTY HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

TURN FLOUR INTO GOLD

OVER $680,000 IN CULINARY SCHOLARSHIPS

AND OPPORTUNITIES AWARDED BY

CAREERS THROUGH CULINARY ARTS PROGRAM (C-CAP)

(Los Angeles, CA), Wednesday, May 10, 2017: Thirty-eight outstanding culinary students from Los Angeles County public high schools were awarded scholarships to continue their culinary studies on May 1, 2017 by Careers through Culinary Arts Program (C-CAP) at its annual Los Angeles Region Awards Breakfast hosted by the Jonathan Club, L.A.’s premier social club located in Downtown Los Angeles. C-CAP President Karen Brosius, alongside C-CAP Los Angeles Program Director Lisa Fontanesi and Culinary Program Coordinator Gail Carney, awarded over $682,700 in scholarships and opportunities to the students.

These scholarships were awarded to high school seniors to attend local culinary schools and some of the most prestigious culinary schools in the country. Some students also received C-CAP Education Scholarships that help defray the costs of books, supplies, housing, and other expenses while at community college or another culinary school.

During the C-CAP Los Angeles Cooking Competition for Scholarships held on April 28, 2017, top finalists representing high schools in the Acton-Agua Dulce Unified School District, Baldwin Park Unified School District, Glendale Unified School District, William S. Hart Union High School District, Los Angeles Unified School District, Oxnard United High School District, Pasadena Unified School District, and Rowland Unified School District competed against the clock from memory when C-CAP re-created the intensity of a restaurant kitchen at Los Angeles Mission College, for the high school seniors to face off in an savory and sweet cooking challenge. Students were judged by a panel of local esteemed judges on the presentation of their dishes, knife skills, techniques in the kitchen, taste, sanitary food handling, and timeliness.

This year’s C-CAP Cooking Competition for Scholarships Judges included:

Chef Gretchen Beaumarchais, Legends Hospitality

Chef Cecelia de Castro, ACE (Academy of Culinary Education)

Katteryn Hernandez, Sr. Operations Manager, LA LIVE, *C-CAP Alumna

Chef Alexis Higgins, Mission College

Chef Jared Levy, The Eveleigh

Chef Joey Martin, UCLA

Jayro Martinez, Chef de Cuisine Mh Zh, *C-CAP Alumnus

Jonathan Melendez, Food Photographer, Blogger (The Candid Appetite), *C-CAP Alumnus

Adrian Neria, Food Service Manager, Palmdale Regional Medical Center, *C-CAP Alumnus

Chef Roger Pigozzi, UCLA

Doria Pomrenke, Associate, Caryl Chinn Culinary Consulting, *C-CAP Alumna

Chef Aaron Robbins, Boneyard Bistro, Soca

Chef Jet Tila, Judge, Cut Throat Kitchen; Author, 101 Asian Dishes You Need to Cook Before You Die

Richard Grausman, C-CAP Founder and Chairman Emeritus

The C-CAP Cooking Competitions for Scholarships are hosted across the country and are the culmination of the C-CAP high school program for underserved teenagers at risk of leaving high school without a job or college prospects. The C-CAP program offers a wide set of opportunities including exposure to the restaurant/hospitality business, a set of useful life skills, scholarships, and the potential for a fulfilling career in a vibrant industry.

In addition to the culinary school scholarships awarded, C-CAP awarded Erik Ildefonzo (2015 Alumnus) from Carson High School, a full-tuition Alumni Scholarship towards his Bachelor’s Degree in the Culinary Arts and he will study at Drexel University in Philadelphia, PA. C-CAP also announced the 2017 Meatless Monday Recipe Contest Los Angeles-based and national grand prize winner at the ceremony. The scholarship was presented to Adrian Gonzalez from L.A.C.E.S for his Three Sister’s Stuffed Squash dish. C-CAP high school students from around the country were invited to create an innovative meatless noodle dish. Through the contest, students are introduced to the Meatless Monday public health initiative.

2017 C-CAP Los Angeles Region High School Seniors Awarded Scholarships:

Baldwin Park High School

Luis Cervantes, Fantasy of Flavors Scholarship

Kingsley La Mig, Fantasy of Flavors Scholarship

Steven Silva, Baldwin Park Culinary Arts Academy Scholarship

Carson High School

Christopher Torres, Chef Stef Kelly Scholarship, LA Advisory Board Scholarship

Chatsworth Charter High School

Kenia Castaneda, Art Institute of Hollywood Full-Tuition Scholarship

Vernon Dowell, Tuxton Scholarship

Glendale High School

Anthony Avina, Eydie & Ed Desser Scholarship

James Hernandez, Glendale Community College Partial-Tuition Matching Scholarship, Sprout LA/ Moruno’s Scholarship, Friends of Debbie Greenwood Scholarship

Shaunt Mesrkhani, Culinary Institute of America Tuition Matching Scholarship, Kathleen & Richard Cadarette Scholarship, LA CIA Community College Stipend

Granada Hills Charter High School

Natalie Babikian, International Culinary School at the Art Institute of Las Vegas Half-Tuition Scholarship

Daisy Byun, Lee Ann and Melvin Jacobs Foundation Scholarship

Sabrina Forte, Mitzie Cutler Scholarship

James Monroe High School

Juan Gonzalez, Academy of Culinary Education Full-Tuition Scholarship

Matthew Sanchez, C-CAP Education Scholarship for Chef Eric’s Culinary Classroom

L.A.C.E.S.

Adrian Gonzalez, Meatless Monday Recipe Contest National Winner, Chef Eric’s Culinary Classroom Full-Tuition Scholarship

Nathaniel Narbonne High School

Suleima Lima-Ruiz, Paul Smith’s College Full-Tuition Scholarship

Pacifica High School

Belen Gallardo, Lee Ann and Melvin Jacobs Foundation Scholarship Vanessa Gonzalez, Sandra MacDonald Scholarship

Luz Lopez, Lee Ann and Melvin Jacobs Foundation Scholarship, Alice M. Hart/Food for Film Stylists Scholarship

Jennifer Martinez, Culinary Institute of America Full-Tuition, C-CAP Education Scholarship

Rio Mesa High School

Hania Gerszewski-Arredondo, Ronald Newburg Foundation Scholarship

Alondra Corona, Fantasy of Flavors Scholarship

S.O.C.E.S.

Paloma Astorga, Sue & Dave Larky Scholarship, SoCalGas Scholarship

Antonio Morente-Meda, International Culinary Center of California Half-Tuition Scholarship, Mitzie Cutler Scholarship

Sabrina Forte, Mitzie Cutler Scholarship

San Fernando High School

Rene Meza-Diaz, Arbonne Charitable Foundation Scholarship, C-CAP Education Scholarship

Jessica Hernandez, Art Institute of Orange County Full-Tuition Scholarship

Santee Education Complex

Jennifer Perez-Cazarez, Ronald Newburg Foundation Scholarship

Susan Miller Dorsey High School

Alejandra Landa, International Culinary Center, California Full-Tuition, C-CAP Education Scholarship, Mitzie Cutler Scholarship

Diana Leal, Mise En Place Scholarship, Elissa & Rick Phillips Scholarship

Mouhamadou Ndiaye, Diane Mohilef Scholarship

Julie Ferguson-Villalobos, Mitzie Cutler Scholarship

Sylmar High School

Amanda Gandarilla, Lee Ann and Melvin Jacobs Foundation Scholarship

Valencia High School

Julia Connors, Johnson & Wales University Full-Tuition Scholarship

Daniel Quijano-Saide, International Culinary Center of California Half-Tuition Scholarship

West Adams High School

Juana Arredondo, Fresh & Ready Food Scholarship

Irene Gutierrez, The Gourmandise Full-Tuition Pro Pastry Series 1 & 2 Scholarship

West Ranch High School

Eliza Nesheim, Monroe Junior Boot Camp Scholarship

About Careers through Culinary Arts Program:

Led by chef Marcus Samuelsson as board co-chair, Careers through Culinary Arts Program (C-CAP) transforms the lives of underserved high school students around the country by helping them pursue their culinary dreams. C-CAP, founded by culinary educator Richard Grausman, prepares talented teens for college and careers in the restaurant and hospitality industry through its enrichment program including job training, paid internships, scholarships, and college and career advising. For more information visit, www.ccapinc.org.

The C-CAP Los Angeles Advisory Board: Gloria Barke, Karen Berk, David Binkle, Eric Boardman, Jason Bohle, Jennifer Bohle, Linda Burum, Marilyn Caldwell, Tim Castle, Caryl Chinn, Terrie Cooper, Mitzie Cutler, Ed Desser, Eydie Desser, Barbara Fairchild, Ann Flower, Gerry Furth-Sides, Harold Ginsberg, Debbie Greenwood, Jamie Gwen, Miki Hackney, Andrew Harris, Alice Hart, Jeff Hennes, Kristine Kidd, Rick Kirkbride, Carrie Kommers, Gloria Mandell, Georgia Mercer, Dalia Miller, Mary Sue Milliken, Diane Mohilef, Yoko Newburg, Neela Paniz, Elissa Phillips, Rena Pocrass, Joel Polachek, Jayne Portnoy, Sylvia Rieman, Ellen Rose, Jesse Sanchez, Carl Schuster, Art Sezgin, Dave Smason, Teri Solomon, Diana Surfas, Jannis Swerman, Phillis Vaccarelli, Phillip Valdez, Joan Vogel, Donna Weiser-Hennes, Heidi Weisman, Josephine Witte, Donald Wressell, Steven Yamin, Sherry Yard, Ria Young, Linda Zimmerman

Photo Credit: Ed Krieger

Follow C-CAP Los Angeles for the latest updates on:

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CCAPLosAngeles/

Twitter: @CCAPLosAngeles

Instagram: @ccaplosangeles

C-CAP – Careers through Culinary Arts Program

202 West 1st, Suite #6-0410

Los Angeles, CA 90012

T: 213-542-1967

www.ccapinc.org

This was re-posted with permission from: Lawrence Moore & Associates Inc. See my disclosure for details on why I share articles like this on MizMeliz.com

L.A. Students are Really Cookin! @CCAPLosAngeles @LawrenceMoore Having recently attended the Masters of Taste event at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, CA where about 80 restaurants and vendors came together to honor and support the…

#C-CAP Education Scholarships #College Scholarships #Cooking Competition for Scholarships #Culinary School #High School #Jonathan Club #Lawrence Moore #Los Angeles Region Awards Breakfast #Masters of Taste #Pasadena Rose Bowl

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sportsgeekonomics · 5 years

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The Crystal Ball: Predictions of what the NCAA will say when they finally (claim to) allow a limited exercise of athletes’ NIL rights

Today the NCAA issued an open letter to California Governor Gavin Newsom, threatening to cut California schools out of NCAA championships, threatening litigation, and also casually mentioning that when they get around to allowing some form of NIL rights, it is not going to be, um, well, real in the sense of allowing athletes to operate in the market. To this last point, they write:

“The NCAA continues to focus on the best interests of all student-athletes nationwide. NCAA member schools already are working on changing rules for all student-athletes to appropriately use their name, image and likeness in accordance with our values ...”

Since the NCAA’s values do not include that athletes are entitled to the full market value of their NILs, I think we can read this as a pre-announcement of an intent to restrict athletes rights. (side note, if it’s a right, it’s not supposed to be restrictable)

But the NCAA is so predictable in this desire to arrogate athletes’ rights for their own benefit, that with a fairly high degree of confidence, I believe I can predict several other “features” of the new NCAA NIL policy. To wit:

1) It will involve an artificial cap on what an athlete’s “true” NIL value is, determined by a committee of college administrator types, and designed to ensure that athletes are not “overpaid” for their NIL rights.

Recognize that in most situation where we are concerned about young or naïve people contracting with savvy businesses in the market, we have legal protections to ensure the less knowledgeable people are not taken advantage of by being paid too little. But the problem the NCAA will be worries about will be a needless concern that young men and women will be paid “too much.”

This shows you the NCAA’s concern is not to ensure the rights of the athletes to open-market compensation, but rather to ensure they do not get their full value, for fear of what this will say about how valuable college athletes actually are.

2) The committee’s concerns will be

a. Fear that payment for NIL value will be inflated by payment for athletic value

This has two major problems. The first is a purely economic one. There is virtually no athlete for whom his/her endorsement value is separable from his/her athletic value, esp. prior to retirement. When Klay Thompson does an ad for Kaiser Permanente, a large portion of why he is chosen as the endorse, and why he can command payment above a union scale commercial actor is because he is an awesome basketball player, and his value to Kaiser Permanente hinges critically on the fact that he is beloved in Oakland, where Kaiser Permanente has a presence.

For a car dealer in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, the value of Tua Tagovailoa depends critically on him playing well, and doing so for the Alabama Crimson Tide. If he were to transfer to Clemson, his value to the Tuscaloosa dealer declines to zero, or perhaps even negative. So thinking that these values are somehow severable is foolish.

The second is a civil/economic rights one, which is the idea that a school or sports body should somehow have the right to decide whether two adults transacting in the market for perfectly legal conduct should have their collective judgment of a fair price questioned. In particular, for this third party to step in and override the athletes’ right to engage in commerce to make sure he/she gets less than the market’s own assessment is essentially granting to the NCAA/School ownership over a stream of payments that ought to belong solely to the adult full-citizen.

b. Fear that only the rich schools will be able to offer NIL deals/com balance

There are two fundamental misunderstandings baked into this concern. The first is a belief that caps on individual earnings improve competitive balance in sports. They do not. There are dozens of sports economics papers in professional and college sports that show that caps on what individual can earn doesn’t improve the fortunes of “poor” schools, but instead just changes how the “rich” schools use their money to get talent. (I’ve summarized a lot of them, and discussed the empirical data in the past). If amateurism rules improved competitive balance, we would not have the concept of a Power 5 conference, because all conferences would tend to have an equal chance at being powerful in any given year. We would not have UConn and a handful of other school dominating women’s basketball year-in and year-out. Alabama and Clemson would not be favorites, again, to be in the college football championship after having met up in the CFP the last four years in a row.

Economics has known for 60+ years that talent flows to where it is most valuable, regardless of whether the talent itself receives a share of the profits of not. Prior to free agency, the New York Yankees were more likely to be in the World Series than they are today. This is know as the “Invariance Principle” and you can check out this paper I co-authored for a good discussion of this principle if you’d like. Essentially it says that Alabama will out-recruit Fresno State for QB talent as long as Tuscaloosa has more demand for football talent than Fresno, and allowing that demand to lead to athletes receiving a share of the Tuscaloosa revenue will not change the relative success of Alabama. Ask yourself how many times, currently, Fresno state is able to beat out Alabama if they want the same athlete even when “pay” is capped equally at a scholarship. (spoiler: never)

The second misunderstanding is to think about spending on athletes like a pure consumer luxury good and to imagine a school/community acting like a family with a (short-term) fixed income deciding whether or not to take a vacation. That analogy is horrible for thinking about how major universities decide how much money to allocate to their various means of generating revenue and reputation as educational nonprofits. In that budgetary environment, the value of a star athlete is assessed, not against whether the family can afford a luxury, but rather whether the benefit of adding that athlete is worth the cost. Because it is a business decision, if a school like Fresno State felt it would generate more economic/reputational benefit from a star quarterback than Alabama would, they would offer more. But Fresno’s market is not as lucrative as Alabama’s and so it’s not that Fresno “can’t afford” to outbid Alabama, rather it’s that Fresno’s break-even point is lower than Alabama. So it’s rational for Fresno to stop bidding even when Alabama is willing to continue to up the stakes, and Alabama thus gains the asset.

This is not a argument for fixing prices at the point where Fresno would break even, since all Alabama then has to do is invest in other assets, better facilities, better coaches, etc., (can you say indoor waterfalls?) and since Fresno is already at break-even, for Fresno to invest even a dollar more is wasteful. In other words, it’s not that it’s unfair that Fresno can’t afford to outbid Alabama, it’s actually economically rational for Fresno to let Alabama pay more for talent, because it would cost Fresno more than Fresno would benefit, while the reverse is true for Alabama. It’s win-win for Fresno not to overpay and for Alabama to get the ability to commercialize the athletes’ value. Allowing the money to flow to the athletes instead of the Waterfall Construction Industry just ensures the value reaches those who generate it.

c. Purported Fear that NIL rights will involve too much time away from school

This is somewhat perplexing, for several reasons. The first reason is that shooting a commercial or lending some pre-existing video to a sponsor is not a very time-consuming activity, certainly not compared to the time it takes for a college sport team to travel to a road game (or several) over the course of a week. College Basketball athletes miss something like 40 days of class a year. Suddenly now we’re worried about an afternoon photo shoot?

The second reason is that, of course, activity of this sort can be focused on the summer.

But the third is that the prior goal of making sure athletes aren’t “overpaid” for their NIL goes firmly against the goal of ensuring athletes do not focus on NIL activity too much. If an athlete needs, say, $100,000 to help pay of his mother’s mortgage, wouldn’t it be easier on his time to let him film one lucrative endorsement for $100,000, than to declare that level “too much” and thus force him into doing twenty $5,000 deals? Not everyone has a dollar goal like this, but the best way to ensure anyone who needs money will not do too many side-jobs is to make the first side-job pay enough to cover the financial need.

d. Unsavory advertisers.

This is not as ridiculously as the other concerns. Every sports employer imposes these sorts of terms on their athletes, whether it is a requirement not to endorse a competitor of the team’s official sponsor, or not to advertise for illegal products, or gambling (given that it may be perceived as lowering the integrity of the sports contests themselves, etc.) But the difference here is that these terms are all negotiated as part of an employment contract. If a team wants to tell an athlete s/he can’t advertise for a beer brand, that is baked into the salary they settle on for his/her services, and generally, the salary will rise as the endorsements are more restricted.

In contrast, the NCAA wants to impose these sorts of restrictions, but not compensate the athlete for them. They want to treat the athlete like an employee in terms of imposing rules of employment, but it does not want to grant the athlete all of the benefits of employment, whether it be workers comp, the right to unionize, or even social security matching. To the extent the NCAA needs to control what products an athlete can endorse (which I question), they should be forced to bargain for those concessions, not allowed to simply assert an artificial right to declare them forbidden by fiat.

3) It will involve some mandatory “tether” to education, such as requiring an endorser to offer a summer internship as part of the contract.

By itself, working to get athletes more exposure to the business side of sports is a fine goal. But (a) it contradicts the goal of limiting the impact of the NIL work on school time, and (b) it may force an athlete into internships ill-suited to his/her career aspirations. Take the example of Bryce Love, a recent star at Stanford who also plans to become a medical doctor. He was the runner-up for the Heisman Trophy in his penultimate season at Stanford and he could have easily gotten lucrative endorsement deals from any number of advertisers. But would forcing him to do a summer internship at adidas have helped him get ready for medical school?

So yes, let’s encourage endorsers to offer these sorts of internships, but let’s not allow the NCAA to impose a one-size-fits-all mandate on athletes. There is also ( c) the question of how to handle the star with multiple offers. If the total amount is going to be capped, and if then an internship is also required, an athlete will find his/her ability to do more than one or two sponsorships curtailed as well, which effectively would impose a cap on total earnings on top of individual deal earnings.

4) This will all be done in an effort to maintain a “line of demarcation” between college and pro sports.

Of course, there is, and always will be, a strong demarcation between pro sports and college sports, which is that to play college sports, the athlete must be a student at the college. As long as that “tether” is maintained, no one will confuse the two. It's simple guys: College Athletics = The Athletes Attends College.

Beyond that, further demarcation is unnecessary from the point of view of avoiding consumer confusion. If a real college student is wearing Nike shoes because his school is being paid for him to do so, and suddenly that changes so that he is wearing Nike shoes because his school AND he himself are both being paid, it’s hard to see this as blurring the line. The only way the line between pro and college would be blurred, is if consumer questioned whether the college athlete’s education was genuine. As long as it is, the availability of endorsements, and true access to an open market for those endorsements, will not change that fundamental distinction where College Athletics = The Athletes Attends College.

If the NCAA is worried that endorsements blur this line, it is really a signal they are not confident that college athletes really DO attend college in the same sense as a normal college student. This should be a sign to California to push back and tell the NCAA to focus on fixing that problem, rather than limiting athletes’ economic opportunities to cover up for the NCAA’s failure to ensure all athletes are receiving a true college education.

Conclusion

This ends my prognostication of what we’re going to see from the NCAA. Almost surely, the NCAA plan will seek to override the market assessment of athlete NIL value with the express goal of lowering their income and controlling their efforts to commercialize their image. Whatever the NCAA plan is, it will almost certainly reject the best method of determining fair market value, which is to let transactions in a fair market set value. It will arrogate to the NCAA the athlete's right to determine who he/she endorses, how much he/she can bargain for, and how much time he/she wants to devote to this, in a way that schools do not do for any other student. At core, it will not accept that this is about the athletes’ rights as adults in society, and instead will consider that doling out a slightly higher level of compensation, but denying the fundamental right of market access, should suffice. It is a “how much cash will you need us to dole out to stop insisting on athletes’ getting all their rights” kind of deal.

This is the key. The purpose of ensuring athletes recover their NIL rights is because, well, rights are fundamental. Athletes’ are not second-class citizens – and we should not be fooled by “well, this is less exploitative than before” when the real standard should be “this is no longer exploitative at all.”

This is why my work with the HBL is so vital to my efforts to try to restore college athletes’ full sets of rights. Even when a state passes a law restoring a limited subset of college athletes’ full rights, the NCAA is ready to go to court to use the full weight of our legal system to make sure this doesn’t happen. The NCAA is never going to be on board with the simple concept that College Athletes have equal rights to College Coaches. And so, no matter what the legal question, the fact is we will not see the NCAA pay athletes their full market worth unless and until someone else enters the market and forces them to do so. That someone is going to be the HBL.

The HBL will be the first professional college basketball league. We’re not worried that consumers will be confused; rather we’re confident that when we put teams on the court with the bulk of the elite collegiate talent, fans will be excited to watch, sponsors will be excited to be associated with our league, etc. The league is run by Ricky Volante and NBA legend David West, and you can learn more about us at HBLeague.com.

Remember #AmateurismIsACon

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ihavethewordsforthat · 8 years

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Things I'm Sick of Hearing

"If you hate it in America so much, then leave" When your toilet breaks, you don't buy a new house. You fix the toilet. When your child misbehaves, you discipline and teach them. When your friend hurts your feelings, you speak to them about it. How is living in America any different? "If you want to go to school so bad, pay for it. Asking for free education is absurd. You just don't want to put the money into it" It's not about free schooling. It's about finding balance. We're not sitting on our butts asking for handouts. We're asking for more sensible pricing to match the economy for our age group. Sure, our European neighbors don't all provide free schooling but their pricing is ridiculously more realistic. They have various caps + benefits for students which provides incentive to go to college and move out. Would you pay $20,000+ to sit in a classroom with 300+ students 5 hours a week? "If you can't afford school, that's what loans and scholarships are for! Get good grades and get yourself a scholarship" Scholarships and loans shouldn't be there for you to afford school. The original intent of scholarships was to be used like coupons, or a store holding a sale. You can probably afford that TV at Best Buy, but we wait to get in on sale to save a few bucks here and there. An all C student should be able to go to school, but the scholarships should be incentive to do better, not the difference between getting an education at all. As for loans... 18 year olds can't pay for a drink but they can legally take a $10,000 loan? Would you feel comfortable with that? Loans should be optional, not a necessity. "Islamic Terrorism is a serious threat to this country" Please compare the number of Muslim terrorist attacks in the last ten years to the number of daughters sexually assaulted by their fathers. What we really need to focus on, by that logic, is anti-dad policies. Seriously though, compare Muslim terrorist acts to any other crime statistic. It's not that its not a problem, but there's definitely other issues we seem to ignore. "I shouldn't have to pay for abortions" Don't worry, you don't. "You think you have it bad here, you should see how (insert group or demograph) are treated in (insert country)" If your significant other cheated on you, saying that there are people in other relationships being hit doesn't magically make the cheating ok. This logic is pointless, and shuts up people trying to discuss an issue. "Christians are persecuted in America" I'm sorry, but you're really not. You may be mistreated. You may feel you are losing your voice in a rapidly diversifying country. You may not be able to impose your beliefs in certain settings. But I promise you, you are not being persecuted by our government. "Women shouldn't be able to get abortions. If they didn't want to have a baby, they shouldn't have gotten pregnant" This literally eliminates and responsibility from the male who impregnated her. The man could have messed up just as easily as the woman. And don't even get me started on rape. "All Democrats/liberals are ___" Or "All Republicans/conservatives are ___" Generalization closes down discussion and debate, and forces people into a box. Maybe you're Democrat, but feel strongly about a few Republican issues, or vice versa. Maybe you're in neither party, and are a free thinker. Who knows.

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find-tutor · 4 years

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Indian School of Robotics: Your Child's Date with Intelligent Fun

Original Post is here : https://www.tutortot.com/blog/Indian-School-of-Robotics-Introduction-To-The-Future

Robotics is an upcoming field of science and technology which has the potential to influence almost all the events of daily life. In this article we cover an amazing institute which is a pioneer in bringing the Robotics Education to Tricity.

Our little ones in their growing years have the sharpest brain which has the power to learn everything if taught in a proper manner. Robotics is a branch of science which is based on practical ideas and implementation and can catch the interest of children easily, creating a budding engineer in them. Indian School of Robotics is the perfect platform for children to learn fundamentals of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence.

About ISR – MISSION AND MOTTO

ISR is a leading institute in the domain of Artificial intelligence and Robotics education for ages 3-25 years. The motto at ISR is “Learning By Doing” which goes hand-in-hand aptly with the Skill India Programme. The team of ISR is working towards a mission to redefine mundane teaching methods into creative and innovative learning. Along with Basic training, ISR offers a certified course of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence for all the age groups. The journey at ISR starts early, toddlers as young as 3 years are engaged in learning concept based education with Lego. Studies prove that an early start on scientitically created curriculum creates inquisitive, successful and focussed individuals.

ISR Faculty :

The faculty at ISR is specialised and trained on various aspects of child behaviour and psychological development of toddlers as well as older chidren which helps them understand and teach the students better through the latest methodologies, equipments and technology. We noticed that for toddlers and liitle kids, the focus is on developing creative skills through fun techniques.

This encourages them to explore Science and builds interest in Robotics and futuristic technologies. For older kids, the curriculum is geared towards topics to build on their existing capabilities and introduce them to latest advancements in Engineering and Robotic Education. Our interaction with faculty gave us a fresh perspective and a great sense of satisfaction that ours kids are in good hands.

ISR has a network of well informed and experienced consultants to provide extended support to students in their journey of Robotics. We found the environment at ISR to be very positive and intended towards the development of students and teachers alike. The faculty is also trained towards Research based teaching pedagogy and provides a platform to develop the habit of asking scientific enquires to encourage them to reach their full potential.

Courses Offered :

ISR offers a wide range of learning modules which are updated every year according to the advancements in Science and Engineering:

LEGO® Education

Artificial Intelligence: AI has become an integral part of technology and is being integrated in all upcoming technology. It is a developing field offering adventurous opportunities with great revenue streams.

Introduction and mechanisms of Robots

Certified Robotics Pro.

Machine Learning

Coding in C++

Coding in Python

3D Printing

The courses offered help in creating simple motherboards, electrical circuit designing, Significance and application of Aurduino Board, Data Analysis and much more. All the above programmes are based on age based learning. The courses are offered in both Online and Offline Mode.

The courses offered at ISR aim to:

To increase the problem solving ability

Developing habit of Brainstorming

Increasing Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Applying science in real life

Increasing Concentration

Developing Communication skills are a few to name

In coherance with the values listed above, the learning of Robotics helps students to learn concepts in Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science, Literature, Humanities and Social Studies

Scholarships by ISR: On our jouney to ISR, we learnt that to give added opportunities to students, ISR provides Scholarship for enrollment into the course. The scholarship test is also free of cost and is a great initiative by ISR to reach masses. They organize Scientific Events round the year, conducted by Professionals on various interesting topics like Drone Making, Building Smart Cars, LEGO league, Techno Camps and Python Workshops. The workshops involve small batches to promote better student – teacher interaction and fun based learning.

Summer and Winter Camps are another feather in the cap for ISR. The students witness the glimpses of courses offered and encourage self learning and better utilisation of summer and winter holidays.

ISR'S Journey To Tricity: The journey of ISR has been the result of hardwork of the founder of ISR – Ms.Priyanka Saklani . Along with managing a small kid, she spearheads the ISR initiatives with a great deal of energy and enthusiasm. Under her able leadership, the students of ISR have participated and won many National and World level Championships. ISR have won the World Robot Olympaid India 2019 and Robomania 2019 in both junior and senior levels.

The In -School programme of Robotics by ISR has been running successfully in the leading schools of tricity. Some of the schools being Vivek High School - Chandigarh, Bhawan Vidyalaya - Sec 27, Chandigarh , Hallmark Public School - Panchkula , Smart Wonders Public School - Mohali.

Words From The Founder: The founder of ISR, Ms.Priyanka Saklani enthusiastically explains the need of Robotics and Robot based learning techniques, “ Artificial intelligence and use of Robotics is a revolutionary field in the 21st century. It can help us to minimise human effort and work with better precision. If a child is taught the basics of these techniques in the initial stages, it will help them become creatively intelligent and more developed than the children of their own age.”

As quoted by DR. A.P.J Abdul Kalam, “One of the very important characteristic of Science is to make you ask question”. Ms Saklani emphasis, "We at ISR help children to ask, grow and bloom with love and care of professionals". and we whole heartedly agree with her thoughts.

ISR Branches AND Contact Information:

ISR has 3 Branches in Tricity –

ISR Chandigarh – FF 5, First floor, City emporium hall.

Contact at : 8289075108

ISR Mohali – SCF -56 , Phase 10,Mohali

Contact at : 8284098598

ISR Panchkula – SCO - 239, 2nd Floor, Sector 20, Panchkula

Contact at : 8289004108 For more information on ISR, visit http://www.isrrobotics.com

We learnt a lot on our journey to ISR. As the world progresses to future, we encourage all to explore the amazing education imparted in field of Robotics. Childhood is the right time to encourage the kids in positive direction and for that right training is of outmost need. Keep exploring and keep learning, until then, love from "Tricity Bits & Bytes". WhatsApp us at 82890 92379, we are all ears for your thoughts.

#best kids classes mohali #kids classes in panchkula #find a tutor in chandigarh #kids activity classes chandigarh #find accounts tutor in panchkula #summer camp for kids in chandigarh #find a tutor in panchkula

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kansascityhappenings · 5 years

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Final goodbye: Recalling influential people who died in 2019

A lauded writer who brought to light stories overshadowed by prejudice. An actress and singer who helped embody the manufactured innocence of the 1950s. A self-made billionaire who rose from a childhood of Depression-era poverty and twice ran for president.

This year saw the deaths of people who shifted culture through prose, pragmatism and persistence. It also witnessed tragedy, in talent struck down in its prime.

In 2019, the political world lost a giant in U.S. Rep. Elijah E. Cummings. He was born the son of a sharecropper, became a lawyer, then an influential congressman and champion of civil rights.

Cummings, who died in October, was chairman of one of the U.S. House committees that led an impeachment inquiry of President Donald Trump and was a formidable advocate for the poor in his Maryland district.

Another influential political figure, U.S. Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens, died in July. Stevens was appointed to the high court as a Republican but became the leader of its liberal wing and a proponent of abortion rights and consumer protections.

Wealth, fame and a confident prescription for the nation’s economic ills propelled H. Ross Perot ’s 1992 campaign against President George H.W. Bush and Democratic challenger Bill Clinton. He recorded the highest percentage for an independent or third-party candidate since 1912. He died in July.

The death of Toni Morrison in August left a chasm in the publishing world, where she was a “literary mother” to countless writers. She helped elevate multiculturalism to the world stage and unearthed the lives of the unknown and unwanted. She became the first black woman to receive the Nobel literature prize for “Beloved” and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2012.

Among those in the scientific world who died in 2019 was Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, the first person to walk in space. Leonov died in October. Others include scientist Wallace Smith Broecker, who died in February and popularized the term “global warming” as he raised early alarms about climate change.

In April, Hollywood lost director John Singleton, whose 1991 film “Boyz N the Hood” was praised as a realistic and compassionate take on race, class, peer pressure and family. He became the first black director to receive an Oscar nomination and the youngest at 24.

Doris Day, a top box-office draw and recording artist who died in May, stood for the 1950s ideal of innocence and G-rated love, a parallel world to her contemporary Marilyn Monroe. She received a Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2004.

The year also saw the untimely deaths of two young rappers, leaving a feeling of accomplishments unfulfilled. Grammy-nominated Nipsey Hussle was killed in a shooting in Los Angeles in March. Juice WRLD, who launched his career on SoundCloud before becoming a streaming juggernaut, died in December after being treated for opioid use during a police search.

Here is a roll call of some influential figures who died in 2019 (cause of death cited for younger people, if available):

JANUARY

Eugene “Mean Gene” Okerlund, 76. His deadpan interviews of pro wrestling superstars like “Macho Man” Randy Savage, the Ultimate Warrior and Hulk Hogan made him a ringside fixture in his own right. Jan. 2.

Bob Einstein, 76. The veteran comedy writer and performer known for “The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour,” “Curb Your Enthusiasm” and his spoof daredevil character Super Dave Osborne. Jan. 2.

Daryl Dragon, 76. The cap-wearing “Captain” of Captain & Tennille who teamed with then-wife Toni Tennille on such easy listening hits as “Love Will Keep Us Together” and “Muskrat Love.” Jan. 2.

Harold Brown, 91. As defense secretary in the Carter administration, he championed cutting-edge fighting technology during a tenure that included the failed rescue of hostages in Iran. Jan 4.

Jakiw Palij, 95. A former Nazi concentration camp guard who spent decades leading an unassuming life in New York City until his past was revealed. Jan. 9.

Carol Channing, 97. The ebullient musical comedy star who delighted American audiences in almost 5,000 performances as the scheming Dolly Levi in “Hello, Dolly!” on Broadway and beyond. Jan. 15.

John C. Bogle, 89. He simplified investing for the masses by launching the first index mutual fund and founded Vanguard Group. Jan. 16.

Lamia al-Gailani, 80. An Iraqi archaeologist who lent her expertise to rebuilding the National Museum’s collection after it was looted in 2003. Jan. 18.

Nathan Glazer, 95. A prominent sociologist and intellectual who assisted on a classic study of conformity, “The Lonely Crowd,” and co-authored a groundbreaking document of non-conformity, “Beyond the Melting Pot.” Jan. 19.

Antonio Mendez, 78. A former CIA technical operations officer who helped rescue six U.S. diplomats from Iran in 1980 and was portrayed by Ben Affleck in the film “Argo.” Jan. 19.

Harris Wofford, 92. A former U.S. senator from Pennsylvania and longtime civil rights activist who helped persuade John F. Kennedy to make a crucial phone call to the wife of Martin Luther King Jr. during the 1960 presidential campaign. Jan. 21.

Russell Baker, 93. The genial but sharp-witted writer who won Pulitzer Prizes for his humorous columns in The New York Times and a moving autobiography of his impoverished Baltimore childhood. He later hosted television’s “Masterpiece Theatre” on PBS. Jan 21. Complications after a fall.

Michel Legrand, 86. An Oscar-winning composer and pianist whose hits included the score for the ’60s romance “The Umbrellas of Cherbourg” and the song “The Windmills of Your Mind” and who worked with some of biggest singers of the 20th century. Jan. 26.

Kim Bok-dong, 92. A South Korean woman who was forced as a girl into a brothel and sexually enslaved by the Japanese military during World War II, becoming a vocal leader at rallies that were held every Wednesday in Seoul for nearly 30 years. Jan. 28.

James Ingram, 66. The Grammy-winning singer who launched multiple hits on the R&B and pop charts and earned two Oscar nominations for his songwriting. Jan. 29.

Donald S. Smith, 94. He produced the controversial anti-abortion film “The Silent Scream” and, with help from Ronald Reagan’s White House, distributed copies to every member of Congress and the Supreme Court. Jan. 30.

Harold Bradley, 93. A Country Music Hall of Fame guitarist who played on hundreds of hit country records and along with his brother, famed producer Owen Bradley, helped craft “The Nashville Sound.” Jan. 31.

FEBRUARY

Kristoff St. John, 52. An actor best known for playing Neil Winters on the CBS soap opera “The Young and the Restless.” Feb. 4. Heart disease.

Anne Firor Scott, 97. A prize-winning historian and esteemed professor who upended the male-dominated field of Southern scholarship by pioneering the study of Southern women. Feb. 5.

Frank Robinson, 83. The Hall of Famer was the first black manager in Major League Baseball and the only player to win the MVP award in both leagues. Feb. 7.

John Dingell, 92. The former congressman was the longest-serving member of Congress in American history at 59 years and a master of legislative deal-making who was fiercely protective of Detroit’s auto industry. Feb. 7.

Albert Finney, 82. The British actor was the Academy Award-nominated star of films from “Tom Jones” to “Skyfall.” Feb. 8.

Jan-Michael Vincent, 73. The “Airwolf” television star whose sleek good looks belied a troubled personal life. Feb. 10.

Gordon Banks, 81. The World Cup-winning England goalkeeper who was also known for blocking a header from Pele that many consider the greatest save in soccer history. Feb. 12.

Betty Ballantine, 99. She was half of a groundbreaking husband-and-wife publishing team that helped invent the modern paperback and vastly expand the market for science fiction and other genres through such blockbusters as “The Hobbit” and “Fahrenheit 451.” Feb. 12.

Lyndon LaRouche Jr., 96. The political extremist who ran for president in every election from 1976 to 2004, including a campaign waged from federal prison. Feb. 12.

Andrea Levy, 62. A prize-winning novelist who chronicled the hopes and horrors experienced by the post-World War II generation of Jamaican immigrants in Britain. Feb. 14.

Lee Radziwill, 85. She was the stylish jet setter and socialite who found friends, lovers and other adventures worldwide while bonding and competing with her sister Jacqueline Kennedy. Feb. 15.

Armando M. Rodriguez, 97. A Mexican immigrant and World War II veteran who served in the administrations of four U.S. presidents while pressing for civil rights and education reforms. Feb. 17.

Wallace Smith Broecker, 87. A scientist who raised early alarms about climate change and popularized the term “global warming.” Feb. 18.

Karl Lagerfeld, 85. Chanel’s iconic couturier whose accomplished designs and trademark white ponytail, high starched collars and dark enigmatic glasses dominated high fashion for the past 50 years. Feb. 19.

David Horowitz, 81. His “Fight Back!” syndicated program made him perhaps the best-known consumer reporter in the U.S. Feb. 21.

Peter Tork, 77. A talented singer-songwriter and instrumentalist whose musical skills were often overshadowed by his role as the goofy, lovable bass guitarist in the made-for-television rock band The Monkees. Feb. 21.

Stanley Donen, 94. A giant of the Hollywood musical who, through such classics as “Singin’ in the Rain” and “Funny Face,” helped provide some of the most joyous sounds and images in movie history. Feb. 21.

Jackie Shane, 78. A black transgender soul singer who became a pioneering musician in Toronto where she packed nightclubs in the 1960s. Feb. 21.

Katherine Helmond, 89. An Emmy-nominated and Golden Globe-winning actress who played two very different matriarchs on the ABC sitcoms “Who’s the Boss?” and “Soap.” Feb. 23.

Charles McCarry, 88. An admired and prescient spy novelist who foresaw passenger jets as terrorist weapons in “The Better Angels” and devised a compelling theory for JFK’s assassination in “The Tears of Autumn.” Feb. 26.

Jerry Merryman, 86. He was one of the inventors of the handheld electronic calculator. Feb. 27. Complications of heart and kidney failure.

Ed Nixon, 88. The youngest brother of President Richard Nixon who was a Navy aviator and geologist and spent years promoting his brother’s legacy. Feb. 27.

Andre Previn, 89. The pianist, composer and conductor whose broad reach took in the worlds of Hollywood, jazz and classical music. Feb. 28.

MARCH

John Shafer, 94. The legendary Northern California vintner was part of a generation that helped elevate sleepy Napa Valley into the international wine powerhouse it is today. March 2.

Keith Flint, 49. The fiery frontman of British dance-electronic band The Prodigy. March 4. Found dead by hanging in his home.

Luke Perry, 52. He gained instant heartthrob status as wealthy rebel Dylan McKay on “Beverly Hills, 90210.” March 4. Stroke.

Juan Corona, 85. He gained the nickname “The Machete Murderer” for hacking to death dozens of migrant farm laborers in California in the early 1970s. March 4.

Ralph Hall, 95. The former Texas congressman was the oldest-ever member of the U.S. House and a man who claimed to have once sold cigarettes and Coca-Cola to the bank-robbing duo of Bonnie and Clyde in Dallas. March 7.

Carmine “the Snake” Persico, 85. The longtime boss of the infamous Colombo crime family. March 7.

Vera Bila, 64. A Czech singer dubbed the Ella Fitzgerald of Gypsy music or the Queen of Romany. March 12. Heart attack.

Birch Bayh, 91. A former U.S. senator who championed the federal law banning discrimination against women in college admissions and sports. March 14.

Dick Dale, 83. His pounding, blaringly loud power-chord instrumentals on songs like “Miserlou” and “Let’s Go Trippin’” earned him the title King of the Surf Guitar. March 16.

Jerrie Cobb, 88. America’s first female astronaut candidate, the pilot pushed for equality in space but never reached its heights. March 18.

Scott Walker, 76. An influential singer, songwriter and producer whose hits with the Walker Brothers in the 1960s included “The Sun Ain’t Gonna Shine Anymore.” March 22.

Rafi Eitan, 92. A legendary Israeli Mossad spy who led the capture of Holocaust mastermind Adolf Eichmann. March 23.

Larry Cohen, 77. The maverick B-movie director of cult horror films “It’s Alive” and “God Told Me To.” March 23.

Michel Bacos, 95. A French pilot who’s remembered as a hero for his actions in the 1976 hijacking of an Air France plane to Uganda’s Entebbe airport. March 26.

Valery Bykovsky, 84. A pioneering Soviet-era cosmonaut who made the first of his three flights to space in 1963. March 27.

Agnes Varda, 90. The French New Wave pioneer who for decades beguiled, challenged and charmed moviegoers in films that inspired generations of filmmakers. March 29. Cancer.

Ken Gibson, 86. He became the first black mayor of a major Northeast city when he ascended to power in riot-torn Newark, New Jersey, about five decades ago. March 29.

Billy Adams, 79. A Rockabilly Hall of Famer who wrote and recorded the rockabilly staple “Rock, Pretty Mama.” March 30.

Nipsey Hussle, 33. A Grammy-nominated rapper. March 31. Killed in a shooting.

APRIL

Sydney Brenner, 92. A Nobel Prize-winning biologist who helped decipher the genetic code and whose research on a roundworm sparked a new field of human disease research. April 5.

Ernest F. “Fritz” Hollings, 97. The silver-haired Democrat who helped shepherd South Carolina through desegregation as governor and went on to serve six terms in the U.S. Senate. April 6.

Cho Yang-ho, 70. Korean Air’s chairman, whose leadership included scandals such as his daughter’s infamous incident of “nut rage.” April 7.

Marilynn Smith, 89. One of the 13 founders of the LPGA Tour whose 21 victories, two majors and endless support of her tour led to her induction into the World Golf Hall of Fame. April 9.

Richard “Dick” Cole, 103. The last of the 80 Doolittle Tokyo Raiders who carried out the daring U.S. attack on Japan during World War II. April 9.

Charles Van Doren, 93. The dashing young academic whose meteoric rise and fall as a corrupt game show contestant in the 1950s inspired the movie “Quiz Show” and served as a cautionary tale about the staged competitions of early television. April 9.

Monkey Punch, 81. A cartoonist best known as the creator of the Japanese megahit comic series Lupin III. April 11.

Georgia Engel, 70. She played the charmingly innocent, small-voiced Georgette on “The Mary Tyler Moore Show” and amassed a string of other TV and stage credits. April 12.

Bibi Andersson, 83. The Swedish actress who starred in classic films by compatriot Ingmar Bergman, including “The Seventh Seal” and “Persona.” April 14.

Owen Garriott, 88. A former astronaut who flew on America’s first space station, Skylab, and whose son followed him into orbit. April 15.

Alan García, 69. A former Peruvian president whose first term in the 1980s was marred by financial chaos and rebel violence and who was recently targeted in Latin America’s biggest corruption scandal. April 17. Apparent suicide.

Lorraine Warren, 92. A world-wide paranormal investigator and author whose decades of ghost-hunting cases with her late husband inspired such frightening films as “The Conjuring” series and “The Amityville Horror.” April 18.

Mark Medoff, 79. A provocative playwright whose “Children of a Lesser God” won Tony and Olivier awards and whose screen adaptation of his play earned an Oscar nomination. April 23.

John Havlicek, 79. The Boston Celtics great whose steal of Hal Greer’s inbounds pass in the final seconds of the 1965 Eastern Conference final against the Philadelphia 76ers remains one of the most famous plays in NBA history. April 25.

Damon J. Keith, 96. A grandson of slaves and figure in the civil rights movement who as a federal judge was sued by President Richard Nixon over a ruling against warrantless wiretaps. April 28.

Richard Lugar, 87. A former U.S. senator and foreign policy sage known for leading efforts to help the former Soviet states dismantle and secure much of their nuclear arsenal but whose reputation for working with Democrats cost him his final campaign. April 28.

John Singleton, 51. A director who made one of Hollywood’s most memorable debuts with the Oscar-nominated “Boyz N the Hood” and continued over the following decades to probe the lives of black communities in his native Los Angeles and beyond. April 29. Taken off life support after a stroke.

Ellen Tauscher, 67. A trailblazer for women in the world of finance who served in Congress for more than a decade before joining the Obama administration. April 29. Complications from pneumonia.

Peter Mayhew, 74. The towering actor who donned a huge, furry costume to give life to the rugged-and-beloved character of Chewbacca in the original “Star Wars” trilogy and two other films. April 30.

MAY

John Lukacs, 95. The Hungarian-born historian and iconoclast who brooded over the future of Western civilization, wrote a best-selling tribute to Winston Churchill, and produced a substantial and often despairing body of writings on the politics and culture of Europe and the United States. May 6.

Peggy Lipton, 72. A star of the groundbreaking late 1960s TV show “The Mod Squad” and the 1990s show “Twin Peaks.” May 11. Cancer.

Leonard Bailey, 76. The doctor who in 1984 transplanted a baboon heart into a tiny newborn dubbed “Baby Fae” in a pioneering operation that sparked both worldwide acclaim and condemnation. May 12.

Cardinal Nasrallah Butros Sfeir, 98. The former patriarch of Lebanon’s Maronite Christian church who served as spiritual leader of Lebanon’s largest Christian community through some of the worst days of the country’s 1975-1990 civil war. May 12.

Doris Day, 97. The sunny blond actress and singer whose frothy comedic roles opposite the likes of Rock Hudson and Cary Grant made her one of Hollywood’s biggest stars in the 1950s and ’60s and a symbol of wholesome American womanhood. May 13.

Tim Conway, 85. The impish second banana to Carol Burnett who won four Emmy Awards on her TV variety show, starred in “McHale’s Navy” and later voiced the role of Barnacle Boy for “Spongebob Squarepants.” May 14.

I.M. Pei, 102. The versatile, globe-trotting architect who revived the Louvre with a giant glass pyramid and captured the spirit of rebellion at the multi-shaped Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. May 16.

Niki Lauda, 70. A Formula One great who won two of his world titles after a horrific crash that left him with serious burns and went on to become a prominent figure in the aviation industry. May 20.

Binyavanga Wainaina, 48. One of Africa’s best-known authors and gay rights activists. May 21. Illness.

Judith Kerr, 95. A refugee from Nazi Germany who wrote and illustrated the best-selling “The Tiger Who Came to Tea” and other beloved children’s books. May 22.

Murray Gell-Mann, 89. The Nobel Prize-winning physicist who brought order to the universe by helping discover and classify subatomic particles. May 24.

Claus von Bulow, 92. A Danish-born socialite who was convicted but later acquitted of trying to kill his wealthy wife in two trials that drew intense international attention in the 1980s. May 25.

Prem Tinsulanonda, 98. As an army commander, prime minister and adviser to the royal palace, he was one of Thailand’s most influential political figures over four decades. May 26.

Richard Matsch, 88. A federal judge who ruled his courtroom with a firm gavel and a short temper and gained national respect in the 1990s for his handling of the Oklahoma City bombing trials. May 26.

Bill Buckner, 69. A star hitter who made one of the biggest blunders in baseball history when he let Mookie Wilson’s trickler roll through his legs in the 1986 World Series. May 27.

Thad Cochran, 81. A former U.S. senator who served 45 years in Washington and used seniority to steer billions of dollars to his home state of Mississippi. May 30.

Patricia Bath, 76. A pioneering ophthalmologist who became the first African American female doctor to receive a medical patent after she invented a more precise treatment of cataracts. May 30. Complications of cancer.

Leon Redbone, 69. The blues and jazz artist whose growly voice, Panama hat and cultivated air of mystery made him seem like a character out of the ragtime era or the Depression-era Mississippi Delta. May 30.

Frank Lucas, 88. The former Harlem drug kingpin whose life and lore inspired the 2007 film “American Gangster.” May 30.

JUNE

Leah Chase, 96. A New Orleans chef and civil rights icon who created the city’s first white-tablecloth restaurant for black patrons, broke the city’s segregation laws by seating white and black customers, and introduced countless tourists to Southern Louisiana Creole cooking. June 1.

Dr. John, 77. The New Orleans singer and piano player who blended black and white musical styles with a hoodoo-infused stage persona and gravelly bayou drawl. June 6.

John Gunther Dean, 93. A veteran American diplomat and five-time ambassador forever haunted by his role in the evacuation of the U.S. Embassy in Cambodia during the dying days of the Khmer Republic. June 6.

Sylvia Miles, 94. An actress and Manhattan socialite whose brief, scene-stealing appearances in the films “Midnight Cowboy” and “Farewell, My Lovely” earned her two Academy Award nominations. June 12.

Lew Klein, 91. A broadcast pioneer who helped create “American Bandstand” and launched the careers of Dick Clark and Bob Saget. June 12.

Pat Bowlen, 75. The Denver Broncos owner who transformed the team from also-rans into NFL champions and helped the league usher in billion-dollar television deals. June 13.

Charles Reich, 91. The author and Ivy League academic whose “The Greening of America” blessed the counterculture of the 1960s and became a million-selling manifesto for a new and euphoric way of life. June 15.

Gloria Vanderbilt, 95. The intrepid heiress, artist and romantic who began her extraordinary life as the “poor little rich girl” of the Great Depression, survived family tragedy and multiple marriages and reigned during the 1970s and ’80s as a designer jeans pioneer. June 17.

Jim Taricani, 69. An award-winning TV reporter who exposed corruption and served a federal sentence for refusing to disclose a source. June 21. Kidney failure.

Judith Krantz, 91. A writer whose million-selling novels such as “Scruples” and “Princess Daisy” engrossed readers worldwide with their steamy tales of the rich and beautiful. June 22.

Dave Bartholomew, 100. A giant of New Orleans music and a rock n’ roll pioneer who, with Fats Domino, co-wrote and produced such classics as “Ain’t That a Shame,” “I’m Walkin’” and “Let the Four Winds Blow.” June 23.

Beth Chapman, 51. The wife and co-star of “Dog the Bounty Hunter” reality TV star Duane “Dog” Chapman. June 26.

JULY

Tyler Skaggs, 27. The left-handed pitcher who was a regular in the Los Angeles Angels’ starting rotation since late 2016 and struggled with injuries repeatedly in that time. July 1. Choked on his own vomit and had a toxic mix of alcohol and painkillers fentanyl and oxycodone in his system.

Lee Iacocca, 94. The auto executive and master pitchman who put the Mustang in Ford’s lineup in the 1960s and became a corporate folk hero when he resurrected Chrysler 20 years later. July 2.

Eva Kor, 85. A Holocaust survivor who championed forgiveness even for those who carried out the Holocaust atrocities. July 4.

Joao Gilberto, 88. A Brazilian singer, guitarist and songwriter considered one of the fathers of the bossa nova genre that gained global popularity in the 1960s and became an iconic sound of the South American nation. July 6.

Cameron Boyce, 20. An actor best known for his role as the teenage son of Cruella de Vil in the Disney Channel franchise “Descendants.” July 6. Seizure.

Martin Charnin, 84. He made his Broadway debut playing a Jet in the original “West Side Story” and went on to become a Broadway director and a lyricist who won a Tony Award for the score of the eternal hit “Annie.” July 6.

Artur Brauner, 100. A Polish-born Holocaust survivor who became one of post-World War II Germany’s most prominent film producers. July 7.

Rosie Ruiz, 66. The Boston Marathon course-cutter who was stripped of her victory in the 1980 race and went on to become an enduring symbol of cheating in sports. July 8. Cancer.

H. Ross Perot, 89. The colorful, self-made Texas billionaire who rose from delivering newspapers as a boy to building his own information technology company and twice mounted outsider campaigns for president. July 9. Leukemia.

Rip Torn, 88. The free-spirited Texan who overcame his quirky name to become a distinguished actor in television, theater and movies, such as “Men in Black,” and win an Emmy in his 60s for “The Larry Sanders Show.” July 9.

Fernando De la Rúa, 81. A former Argentine president who attracted voters with his image as an honest statesman and later left as the country plunged into its worst economic crisis. July 9.

Johnny Kitagawa, 87. Better known as Johnny-san, he was a kingpin of Japan’s entertainment industry for more than half a century who produced famous boy bands including Arashi, Tokio and SMAP. July 9.

Jim Bouton, 80. The former New York Yankees pitcher who shocked and angered the conservative baseball world with the tell-all book “Ball Four.” July 10.

Jerry Lawson, 75. For four decades, he was the lead singer of the eclectic cult favorite a cappella group the Persuasions. July 10.

Pernell Whitaker, 55. An Olympic gold medalist and four-division boxing champion who was regarded as one of the greatest defensive fighters ever. July 14. Hit by a car.

L. Bruce Laingen, 96. The top American diplomat at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran when it was overrun by Iranian protesters in 1979 and one of 52 Americans held hostage for more than a year. July 15.

Edith Irby Jones, 91. The first black student to enroll at an all-white medical school in the South and later the first female president of the National Medical Association. July 15.

John Paul Stevens, 99. The bow-tied, independent-thinking, Republican-nominated justice who unexpectedly emerged as the Supreme Court’s leading liberal. July 16.

Johnny Clegg, 66. A South African musician who performed in defiance of racial barriers imposed under the country’s apartheid system decades ago and celebrated its new democracy under Nelson Mandela. July 16.

Elijah “Pumpsie” Green, 85. The former Boston Red Sox infielder was the first black player on the last major league team to field one. July 17.

Rutger Hauer, 75. A Dutch film actor who specialized in menacing roles, including a memorable turn as a murderous android in “Blade Runner” opposite Harrison Ford. July 19.

Paul Krassner, 87. The publisher, author and radical political activist on the front lines of 1960s counterculture who helped tie together his loose-knit prankster group by naming them the Yippies. July 21.

Robert M. Morgenthau, 99. A former Manhattan district attorney who spent more than three decades jailing criminals from mob kingpins and drug-dealing killers to a tax-dodging Harvard dean. July 21.

Li Peng, 90. A former hard-line Chinese premier best known for announcing martial law during the 1989 Tiananmen Square pro-democracy protests that ended with a bloody crackdown by troops. July 22.

Art Neville, 81. A member of one of New Orleans’ storied musical families, the Neville Brothers, and a founding member of the groundbreaking funk band The Meters. July 22.

Chris Kraft, 95. The founder of NASA’s mission control. July 22.

Mike Moulin, 70. A former Los Angeles police lieutenant who came under fire for failing to quell the first outbreak of rioting after the Rodney King beating verdict. July 30.

Harold Prince, 91. A Broadway director and producer who pushed the boundaries of musical theater with such groundbreaking shows as “The Phantom of the Opera,” “Cabaret,” “Company” and “Sweeney Todd” and won a staggering 21 Tony Awards. July 31.

AUGUST

D.A. Pennebaker, 94. The Oscar-winning documentary maker whose historic contributions to American culture and politics included immortalizing a young Bob Dylan in “Don’t Look Back” and capturing the spin behind Bill Clinton’s 1992 presidential campaign in “The War Room.” Aug. 1.

Henri Belolo, 82. He co-founded the Village People and co-wrote their classic hits “YMCA,” “Macho Man” and “In the Navy.” Aug. 3.

Nuon Chea, 93. The chief ideologue of the communist Khmer Rouge regime that destroyed a generation of Cambodians. Aug. 4.

Toni Morrison, 88. A pioneer and reigning giant of modern literature whose imaginative power in “Beloved,” “Song of Solomon” and other works transformed American letters by dramatizing the pursuit of freedom within the boundaries of race. Aug. 5.

Sushma Swaraj, 67. She was India’s former external affairs minister and a leader of the ruling Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party. Aug. 6.

Peter Fonda, 79. The actor was the son of a Hollywood legend who became a movie star in his own right after both writing and starring in the counterculture classic “Easy Rider.” Aug. 16.

Richard Williams, 86. A Canadian-British animator whose work on the bouncing cartoon bunny in “Who Framed Roger Rabbit” helped blur the boundaries between the animated world and our own. Aug. 16. Cancer.

Cedric Benson, 36. A former NFL running back who was one of the most prolific rushers in NCAA and University of Texas history. Aug. 17. Motorcycle crash.

Kathleen Blanco, 76. She became Louisiana’s first female elected governor only to see her political career derailed by the devastation of Hurricane Katrina. Aug. 18.

David H. Koch, 79. A billionaire industrialist who, with his older brother Charles, was both celebrated and demonized for transforming American politics by pouring their riches into conservative causes. Aug. 23.

Ferdinand Piech, 82. The German auto industry power broker was the longtime patriarch of Volkswagen AG and the key engineer of its takeover of Porsche. Aug. 25.

Baxter Leach, 79. A prominent member of the Memphis, Tennessee, sanitation workers union whose historic strike drew the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. to the city where he was assassinated. Aug. 27.

Jim Leavelle, 99. The longtime Dallas lawman who was captured in one of history’s most iconic photographs escorting President John F. Kennedy’s assassin as he was fatally shot. Aug. 29.

Valerie Harper, 80. She scored guffaws, stole hearts and busted TV taboos as the brash, self-deprecating Rhoda Morgenstern on back-to-back hit sitcoms in the 1970s. Aug. 30.

SEPTEMBER

Jimmy Johnson, 76. A founder of the Muscle Shoals Sound Studios and guitarist with the famed studio musicians “The Swampers.” Sept. 5.

Robert Mugabe, 95. The former Zimbabwean leader was an ex-guerrilla chief who took power when the African country shook off white minority rule and presided for decades while economic turmoil and human rights violations eroded its early promise. Sept. 6.

Robert Frank, 94. A giant of 20th-century photography whose seminal book “The Americans” captured singular, candid moments of the 1950s and helped free picture-taking from the boundaries of clean lighting and linear composition. Sept. 9.

T. Boone Pickens, 91. A brash and quotable oil tycoon who grew even wealthier through corporate takeover attempts. Sept. 11.

Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, 83. A former Indonesian president who allowed democratic reforms and an independence referendum for East Timor following the ouster of the dictator Suharto. Sept. 11.

Eddie Money, 70. The rock star known for such hits as “Two Tickets to Paradise” and “Take Me Home Tonight.” Sept. 13. Esophageal cancer.

Phyllis Newman, 86. A Tony Award-winning Broadway veteran who became the first woman to host “The Tonight Show” before turning her attention to fight for women’s health. Sept. 15.

Ric Ocasek, 75. The Cars frontman whose deadpan vocal delivery and lanky, sunglassed look defined a rock era with chart-topping hits like “Just What I Needed.” Sept. 15.

Cokie Roberts, 75. The daughter of politicians and a pioneering journalist who chronicled Washington from Jimmy Carter to Donald Trump for NPR and ABC News. Sept. 17. Complications from breast cancer.

David A. Jones Sr., 88. He invested $1,000 to start a nursing home company that eventually became the $37 billion health insurance giant Humana Inc. Sept. 18.

Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, 83. The former Tunisian president was an autocrat who led his small North African country for 23 years before being toppled by nationwide protests that unleashed revolt across the Arab world. Sept. 19.

John Keenan, 99. He was the police official who led New York City’s manhunt for the “Son of Sam” killer and eventually took a case-solving confession from David Berkowitz. Sept. 19.

Barron Hilton, 91. A hotel magnate who expanded his father’s chain and became a founding owner in the American Football League. Sept. 19.

Howard “Hopalong” Cassady, 85. The 1955 Heisman Trophy winner at Ohio State and running back for the Detroit Lions. Sept. 20.

Karl Muenter, 96. A former SS soldier who was convicted in France of a wartime massacre but who never served any time for his crimes. Sept. 20.

Sigmund Jaehn, 82. He became the first German in space at the height of the Cold War during the 1970s and was promoted as a hero by communist authorities in East Germany. Sept. 21.

Jacques Chirac, 86. A two-term French president who was the first leader to acknowledge France’s role in the Holocaust and defiantly opposed the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003. Sept. 26.

Joseph Wilson, 69. The former ambassador who set off a political firestorm by disputing U.S. intelligence used to justify the 2003 Iraq invasion. Sept. 27.

José José, 71. The Mexican crooner was an elegant dresser who moved audiences to tears with melancholic love ballads and was known as the “Prince of Song.” Sept. 28.

Jessye Norman, 74. The renowned international opera star whose passionate soprano voice won her four Grammy Awards, the National Medal of Arts and the Kennedy Center Honor. Sept. 30.

Samuel Mayerson, 97. The prosecutor who took newspaper heiress Patty Hearst to court for shooting up a Southern California sporting goods store in 1974 and then successfully argued for probation, not prison, for the kidnapping victim-turned terrorist. Sept. 30.

OCTOBER

Karel Gott, 80. A Czech pop singer who became a star behind the Iron Curtain. Oct. 1.

Diogo Freitas do Amaral, 78. A conservative Portuguese politician who played a leading role in cementing the country’s democracy after its 1974 Carnation Revolution and later became president of the U.N. General Assembly. Oct. 3.

Diahann Carroll, 84. The Oscar-nominated actress and singer who won critical acclaim as the first black woman to star in a non-servant role in a TV series as “Julia.” Oct. 4. Cancer.

Ginger Baker, 80. The volatile and propulsive drummer for Cream and other bands who wielded blues power and jazz finesse and helped shatter boundaries of time, tempo and style in popular music. Oct. 6.

Rip Taylor, 88. The madcap, mustached comedian with a fondness for confetti-throwing who became a television game show mainstay in the 1970s. Oct. 6.

Robert Forster, 78. The handsome and omnipresent character actor who got a career resurgence and Oscar nomination for playing bail bondsman Max Cherry in “Jackie Brown.” Oct. 11. Brain cancer.

James Stern, 55. A black activist who took control of one of the nation’s largest neo-Nazi groups — and vowed to dismantle it. Oct. 11. Cancer.

Alexei Leonov, 85. The legendary Soviet cosmonaut who became the first person to walk in space. Oct. 11.

Scotty Bowers, 96. A self-described Hollywood “fixer” whose memoir offered sensational accounts of the sex lives of such celebrities as Katharine Hepburn, Cary Grant and the Duke and Duchess of Windsor. Oct. 13.

Harold Bloom, 89. The eminent critic and Yale professor whose seminal “The Anxiety of Influence” and melancholy regard for literature’s old masters made him a popular author and standard-bearer of Western civilization amid modern trends. Oct. 14.

Elijah E. Cummings, 68. A sharecropper’s son who rose to become a civil rights champion and the chairman of one of the U.S. House committees leading an impeachment inquiry of President Donald Trump. Oct. 17. Complications from longstanding health problems.

Alicia Alonso, 98. The revered ballerina and choreographer whose nearly 75-year career made her an icon of artistic loyalty to Cuba’s socialist system. Oct. 17.

Bill Macy, 97. The character actor whose hangdog expression was a perfect match for his role as the long-suffering foil to Bea Arthur’s unyielding feminist on the daring 1970s sitcom “Maude.” Oct. 17.

Marieke Vervoort, 40. A Paralympian who won gold and silver medals in 2012 at the London Paralympics in wheelchair racing and two more medals in Rio de Janeiro. Oct. 22. Took her own life after living with pain from a degenerative spinal disease.

Sadako Ogata, 92. She led the U.N. refugee agency for a decade and became one of the first Japanese to hold a top job at an international organization. Oct. 22.

Kathryn Johnson, 93. A trailblazing reporter for The Associated Press whose intrepid coverage of the civil rights movement and other major stories led to a string of legendary scoops. Oct. 23.

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, believed to be 48. He sought to establish an Islamic “caliphate” across Syria and Iraq, but he might be remembered more as the ruthless leader of the Islamic State group who brought terror to the heart of Europe. Oct. 26. Detonated a suicide vest during a raid by U.S. forces.

John Conyers, 90. The former congressman was one of the longest-serving members of Congress whose resolutely liberal stance on civil rights made him a political institution in Washington and back home in Detroit despite several scandals. Oct. 27.

Ivan Milat, 74. His grisly serial killings of seven European and Australian backpackers horrified Australia in the early ’90s. Oct. 27.

Vladimir Bukovsky, 76. A prominent Soviet-era dissident who became internationally known for exposing Soviet abuse of psychiatry. Oct. 27.

Kay Hagan, 66. A former bank executive who rose from a budget writer in the North Carolina Legislature to a seat in the U.S. Senate. Oct. 28. Illness.

John Walker, 82. An Arkansas lawmaker and civil rights attorney who represented black students in a long-running court fight over the desegregation of Little Rock-area schools. Oct. 28.

John Witherspoon, 77. An actor-comedian who memorably played Ice Cube’s father in the “Friday” films. Oct. 29.

NOVEMBER

Walter Mercado, 88. A television astrologer whose glamorous persona made him a star in Latin media and a cherished icon for gay people in most of the Spanish-speaking world. Nov. 2. Kidney failure.

Gert Boyle, 95. The colorful chairwoman of Oregon-based Columbia Sportswear Co. who starred in ads proclaiming her “One Tough Mother.” Nov. 3.

Ernest J. Gaines, 86. A novelist whose poor childhood on a small Louisiana plantation germinated stories of black struggles that grew into universal tales of grace and beauty. Nov. 5.

Werner Gustav Doehner, 90. He was the last remaining survivor of the Hindenburg disaster, who suffered severe burns to his face, arms and legs before his mother managed to toss him and his brother from the burning airship. Nov. 8.

Charles Rogers, 38. The former Michigan State star and Detroit Lions receiver was an All-American wide receiver who was the school’s all-time leader in touchdown catches. Nov. 11.

Raymond Poulidor, 83. The “eternal runner-up” whose repeated failure to win the Tour de France helped him conquer French hearts and become the country’s all-time favorite cyclist. Nov. 13.

Walter J. Minton, 96. A publishing scion and risk taker with a self-described “nasty streak” who as head of G.P. Putnam’s Sons released works by Norman Mailer and Terry Southern, among others, and signed up Vladimir Nabokov’s scandalous “Lolita.” Nov. 19.

Jake Burton Carpenter, 65. The man who changed the game on the mountain by fulfilling a grand vision of what a snowboard could be. Nov. 20. Complications stemming from a relapse of testicular cancer.

Gahan Wilson, 89. His humorous and often macabre cartoons were a mainstay in magazines including Playboy, the New Yorker and National Lampoon. Nov. 21.

Cathy Long, 95. A Louisiana Democrat who won her husband’s U.S. House seat after his sudden death in 1985 and served one term. Nov. 23.

John Simon, 94. A theater and film critic known for his lacerating reviews and often withering assessment of performers’ physical appearance. Nov. 24.

William Doyle Ruckelshaus, 87. He famously quit his job in the Justice Department rather than carry out President Richard Nixon’s order to fire the special prosecutor investigating the Watergate scandal. Nov. 27.

Yasuhiro Nakasone, 101. The former Japanese prime minister was a giant of his country’s post-World War II politics who pushed for a more assertive Japan while strengthening military ties with the United States. Nov. 29.

Irving Burgie, 95. A composer who helped popularize Caribbean music and co-wrote the enduring Harry Belafonte hit “Day-O (The Banana Boat Song).” Nov. 29.

DECEMBER

Allan Gerson, 74. A lawyer who pursued Nazi war criminals and pioneered the practice of suing foreign governments in U.S. courts for complicity to terrorism. Dec. 1.

Juice WRLD, 21. A rapper who launched his career on SoundCloud before becoming a streaming juggernaut and rose to the top of the charts with the Sting-sampled hit “Lucid Dreams.” Dec. 8. Died after being treated for opioid use during a police search.

René Auberjonois, 79. A prolific actor best known for his roles on the television shows “Benson” and “Star Trek: Deep Space Nine” and his part in the 1970 film “M.A.S.H.” playing Father Mulcahy. Dec. 8.

Caroll Spinney, 85. He gave Big Bird his warmth and Oscar the Grouch his growl for nearly 50 years on “Sesame Street.” Dec. 8.

Paul Volcker, 92. The former Federal Reserve chairman who in the early 1980s raised interest rates to historic highs and triggered a recession as the price of quashing double-digit inflation. Dec. 8.

Pete Frates, 34. A former college baseball player whose battle with Lou Gehrig’s disease helped inspire the ALS ice bucket challenge that has raised more than $200 million worldwide. Dec. 9.

Marie Fredriksson, 61. The female half of the Swedish pop duo Roxette that achieve international success in the late 1980s and 1990s. Dec. 9.

Kim Woo-choong, 82. The disgraced founder of the now-collapsed Daewoo business group whose rise and fall symbolized South Korea’s turbulent rapid economic growth in the 1970s. Dec. 9. Pneumonia.

Danny Aiello, 86. The blue-collar character actor whose long career playing tough guys included roles in “Fort Apache, the Bronx,” “Moonstruck” and “Once Upon a Time in America” and his Oscar-nominated performance as a pizza man in Spike Lee’s “Do the Right Thing.” Dec. 12.

Robert Glenn “Junior” Johnson, 88. The moonshine runner turned NASCAR driver who won 50 races as a driver and 132 as an owner and was part of the inaugural class inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame in 2010. Dec. 20.

Elizabeth Spencer, 98. A grande dame of Southern literature who bravely navigated between the Jim Crow past and open-ended present in her novels and stories, including the celebrated novella “Light In the Piazza.” Dec. 22.

Lee Mendelson, 86. The producer who changed the face of the holidays when he brought “A Charlie Brown Christmas” to television in 1965 and wrote the lyrics to its signature song, “Christmas Time Is Here.” Dec. 25. Congestive heart failure.

Jerry Herman, 88. The Tony Award-winning composer who wrote the cheerful, good-natured music and lyrics for such classic shows as “Mame,” “Hello, Dolly!” and “La Cage aux Folles.” Dec. 26.

Don Imus, 79. The disc jockey whose career was made and then undone by his acid tongue during a decadeslong rise to radio stardom and abrupt plunge after a nationally broadcast racial slur. Dec. 27. Complications from lung disease.

from FOX 4 Kansas City WDAF-TV | News, Weather, Sports https://fox4kc.com/2019/12/31/final-goodbye-recalling-influential-people-who-died-in-2019-2/

from Kansas City Happenings https://kansascityhappenings.wordpress.com/2019/12/31/final-goodbye-recalling-influential-people-who-died-in-2019-2/

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fthbarlingtontx · 5 years

Link

Interest Free Loans For Veterans

Contents

Home loan program

Interest rate reduction refinance loan (irrrl

Monthly mortgage payment

Military personal loan

Long term loans.

Disabled veterans can get some great benefits when getting a VA loan that can help with their finances when purchasing a home and in the future. VA loans have some amazing features as it is – no down payment, no private mortgage insurance and low interest rates. But the potential of other benefits for those with disabilities take it over the top.

The Montana Veterans home loan program provides first mortgage funds to. The financing interest rate is 1% lower than market and assists veterans in.

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Financial Aid for Veterans and their Dependents. MOAA offers several educational assistance programs, including interest-free loans, grants and the American Patriot Scholarship. Other organizations that offer educational assistance to military personnel, veterans and their dependents include.

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Do Disabled Veterans Have To Pay Closing Costs Do Veterans Have To Pay Closing Costs? There are closing costs associated with any mortgage that have to be paid by the client. VA loans are no exception, but the VA seller concessions policy allows the seller to pay for a larger amount of these costs then they could on many other loans.

Check out the current interest rates for VA loan mortgages and see whether it makes sense to apply now. Our analysis of VA loans includes a day-to-day overview of current loan offers available for your neighborhood and includes both purchase and refinancing data across the nation. Read on to find the current VA interest rate for today.

This is a 90-day interest -free military personal loan, with guaranteed. receive the deceased veteran's VA compensation or pension benefit, for the month of the .

Vincent C Bevly, 57, is charged with two counts of first-degree murder in the death of Cory Rhinehart (pictured) Provided A man in Zion is accused of murdering a veteran who was. strapped Chicago.

O’Rourke, a former Texas congressman, supported President Obama’s “College Promise” proposal that would have made community college tuition free. loan debt for college graduates who work in certain.

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sportsgeekonomics · 3 years

Text

My notes/loose transcription of the NCAA v. Alston Supreme Court hearing, March 31, 2021

I am going to try to keep my SCOTUS commentary in this thread and try to be factual (albeit sarcastic, when warranted). Stay tuned.

And we're up with Roberts introducing the case and asking Seth Waxman to start. Bang... we're off.

Waxman begins with a myth, that college sports have always been amateur. he says 2 errors: lower courts redefined amateurs too narrowly. Then allowed cash payments. This would make college sports professional, he says. He argues the NCAA rules are so clearly good that subjecting them to a full rule of reason is a nightmare. Roberts asks: SO you want Quick Look? Waxman, yes, but we also realize it's a little weird to say we lost at trial but we were so clean there's no way we should have been asked to defend ourselves. Roberts says we've never used Quick Look to dismiss a case. Waxman agrees in a "look over here" way by pivoting to other cases outside of SCOTUS. Roberts interrupts. Asks "pay for play" question WHICH I DID NOT EXPECT. A factual question about amateurism. This bodes well for athletes, I think Thomas up -- says he is curious why coaches aren't also paid less than pro coaches. Waxman explains Law v. NCAA prevents them from doing this. Claims that Law says Amateurism is good but capping coaches pay is wage fixing. Will be interesting what Thomas responds Thomas says it's odd to him coaches pay has ballooned. Now he turns to Board of Regents. Thomas asks if SCOTUS did a quick look re: amateurism in BoR. Waxman has to explain BoR was unrelated to amateurism, but rather TV. He explains the TV restraint was explored under FULL rule of reason. Then he tries to explain the way you get from that to the Quick Look, and cites American Needle "twinkling of an eye"/ Breyer is up. Breyer asks "what are you complaining about?" The injunction? Breyer than says "that could be VERY expensive" (sounds like Breyer is pro-Amateurism, sadly) is that what you are attacking? Waxman says antitrust courts lack the ability to judge amateurism. Breyer is like "what is the line in the injunction that allows the [dreamed of craziness]" Waxman lists some "pay for play" things in the injunction Waxman focuses on the schools' ability to essentially label as educational thing that are not "necessary or reasonably limited" to education Waxman says -- look at college coaches salaries -- they went through the roof. Alito up. Alito lists some of the amici who explain how everything other than college athlete spay is outrageously professional.

Waxman embraces the State Law NIL stuff -- look this will allow them to be paid, so they will ignore academics and focus on money. List the 35 hour rule (is it 35?) Says only 24-25 schools make money. We have an Everybody's Broke moment!

Alito is going on on the statistical shenanigans of NCAa grad rates., Asks what the P5 FB grad rate is -- Alito understand those #s are padded with crew and fencing teams. Surprising! omg, Alito paraphrases Schwarz saying Athletes are already paid. Scholarships are a form of pay. Waxman says "not under our definition of pay" Will Alito come back with the idea that the definition game is circular logic? [SPOILER ALERT -- Kavanaugh did just this later!]

Alito says his time is up. Sotomayor up. Why aren't the conferences, which remain allowed to enforce amateurism, still able to to enforce? Waxman claims its a prisoner's dilemma, but the prisoner's dilemma was rejected in this case record. Ken Elzinga explicitly claimed Prisoner's dilemma. Roger Noll demolished the argument. Elzinga dropped it at trial. Waxman answers Sotomayor with slippery slopes, OMG to much judicial supervision. It will be a parade of law suits, with people who were harmed asking for justice. (why is that bad?)

Elena Kagan brings the FIRE: Isn't amateurism just a price fixing cartel? Why not think of this as competitors getting together with total market power and fixing prices?

Waxman says the product is not a new thing ( think he's implying this is not a sham). Kagan interrupts. Things have change since 100 years ago. Says she's unmoved. Says "competitors as to labor combining to fix prices" I'm thinking I may propose to J. Kagan. Kagan continues, "Why does there need to be coordination on the cost of labor?" Waxman says "b/c we define the product" by price-fixing. Kagan says that might work except isn't the court's evidence that "lack of pay to play" was not what drives demand. Waxman disputes. Says 10% of people would watch less if $10K grants were given. Then he says this is about product differentiation. She thanks him. Gorsuch up.

Gorsuch gives a long preamble on how he loves loose JV rules. But then Gorsuch says the same thing as Kagan: Here we have Monopsony control over labor price. That's not the usual JV situation. Why isn't Monopsony control over labor, at least, enough to get to a full rule of reason

<OMG FREUDIAN SLIP>Waxman says the NCAA is defined as the reduction of COMPETITION. Then corrects himself to Compensation.

He says as long as you accept the NCAA is defined by capped pay, then all you need is abbreviated review. Points to pro-NCAA cases in other circuits. Gorsuch says Waxman did not answer his question.

Gorsuch asks "does the monopsony status matter for level of rule of reason scrutiny?" Waxman: What level of inquiry rests in step 3. (But I think that admits Rule of Reason, no?)

Kavanaugh turns to the baseball exemption, as having not been replicated. Suggests Board of reasons is dicta (first "dicta" quote I think). Kavanaugh says it seems "schools are conspiring ... to pay no salaries" He calls NCAA's logic circular Kavanaugh comes close to asking the Schwarz question (the Schwarz question is: if school all hate "pay for play," why do you need a rule against it? Who's going to pay?)

Waxman say the NCAA is the most successful product in the history of America. Or he said something close to that. wow. I'd go with the automobile, maybe.

Waxman says EVEN IF CONSUMERS WERE TOTALLY FINE WITH PAID COLLEGE ATHLETES, we still should be allowed to price fix.

Kavanaugh says if consumers are ok what's wrong with $6K? (btw, I think focusing on the amount is the wrong approach, but the fact that Kavanaugh is doing that strikes me a good sign for athletes).

Coney Barrett up. She asks "why does the NCAA get to define what pay is?" She suggests a lot of people play college sports explicitly for the compensation -- getting to go to college.

Waxman says "well producers get to define their products" So we get to define what we think not-pay is, and so we can say "you aren't being paid" C-B asks "is it procompetitive to say people like to watch unpaid people playing sports?" Very unexpected from her!

Coney Barrett asks about the effect if NCAA loses. If we rule against you, what's the impact on Title IX. Waxman admits that schools still have to follow Title IX. (which is correct)

Then Waxman claims evidence in the case shows that schools would cut other sports, men and women. (I believe that is a false statement of the evidence in this case. The only evidence I know shows the money would come from coaches and facilities.)

Waxman summarizing his argument again. Dogs and Cats will live together. Focuses hard on Our Product is Wage-Fixed Sports.

Jeffrey Kessler up. He must be nervous b/c I think he said "lawful" when he meant "unlawful"

He is focused on the quick look vs. full rule of reason as his opening statement. Kessler list off all the past times the NCAA has claimed if they had to relax their cartel rules, college sports would die. Each time, the Courts struck the rule down, college sports did not die. "this is more of the same" Roberts interrupts. Roberts asks a question about whether it was wrong to look at a single rule or if the rules should be viewed in their totality. Likens it to Jenga, suggesting there might be a rule-by-rule approach that eventually leads to it all tumbling down. Kessler says the court didn't do that -- rather it started with ALL rules and then looked at the individual rules after. Roberts passes to Thomas. Thomas asks "what if consumers are shown to be fine with $20K, are we back in Court?" Kessler points to the "Patently and Inexplicably" language (in O’Bannon) and says incrementalism of that sort won't happen. Kessler explain that it was the NCAA that said the $5,980. Thomas asks a very knowledgeable sports question: "won't schools cherry pick athletes from the portal" Kessler explains the NCAA did not assert competitive balance b/c that argument was demolished prior to trial. he explains the Patriot league is not competing with the SEC. [This is true, the NCAA lost their competitive balance argument at summary judgment, meaning it was so weak it didn’t even earn the right to be trotted out at trial] Breyer up. Breyer says it is tough for him. he says it's only partly economic. he sounds VERY much to be in the White dissent camp. He lays out that it could be that the way of viewing the case aren’t really economics. Kessler explains the Society of Engineers case says antitrust is about economics. if you want to go outside of economics, that's Congress, not the court. He then pushes back to Breyer that this would change the sport. Alito tosses Kessler a softball: what is the distinction b/w P5 sports and pro sports. Kessler: The differentiation is that they are students. The educational payments.= may even help that Alito asks whether the NCAA can set *any* educational limits. Kessler says the injunction already does. Quotes Emmert saying it was a good thing. Alito: Is this case the outer limit, or do antitrust laws allow athletes to bargain for things like guaranteed scholarships? Kessler says if they have a restriction that prevents guaranteed scholarships, that might lose. But he emphasizes it would NOT mandate guarantees -- it's about market competition.

Sotomayor offers Kessler a chance to ask for a better injunction. He declines (I would have taken it, but maybe that's why I am tweeting and he's arguing in Court) Sotomayor asks: isn't the $5,980 just judicial price setting? Kessler answers the Court didn't pick that number. the NCAA did. Kagan up. Kagan offers Kessler the same chance to ask for more again. Kessler takes it this time, says We advocated for Conference competition. Essentially asks for the clean injunction. Kagan focuses on the amount. Kessler explains survey showing $10K was ok. Mentions $50K insurance Kagan follows up, asking whether $5,980 is too arbitrary. Kessler focused on the words of the injunction.

Gorsuch now comes back to his love of JV law. Mentions the "new product that otherwise would not exist" standard. He asks, about law (not facts). What makes a searching inquiry into the JV appropriate?

Kessler says, the easier standard IS the Rule of Reason.

Gorsuch begs Kessler to say the Monopsony power of the NCAA makes JV scrutiny important.

Kessler takes the bait, explains that unlike other JVs, there's no market test of whether the JV is picking a pro-comp. Points to FN7 of AmNeedle. Kavanaugh asks whether Kessler agrees athletes must be enrolled student in good standing. Then says we need to ask what the NEXT case would be. What is the end game for athlete litigation? Kavanaugh echoes Breyer saying he is concerned. Kessler focuses on antitrust. Says the end game is the NCAA to be subject to rule of reason. Says facts would have to change in the future but today they are no different than yesterday.

Coney Barrett up, suggests both courts were concerned about doing too much. She thinks the lower Courts were being tepid (my word). Given all of that, how is the injunction is a substantially less restrictive? Kessler says these are life-changing benefits, hence substantial.

Kessler summarizing now: He turns to the rule of reason issue again -- they failed to show their rules were reasonable under rule of reason and rule of reasonable provides ample latitude (using NCAA's favorite). Mentions there will be no parade of horribles, and other pro-Defendant rules

Now the gov't is up.

Elizabeth Prelogar is acting Solicitor General.

She is arguing about the Monopsony Power & Rule of reasons things Roberts says the rules changes may be moderate but the legal concepts were not. Should Courts micromanage joint ventures. Prelogar says the Rule of Reason is the proper deference for JVs. She also says step 3 of RoR is not for marginal changes. Thomas up. Thomas says -- won't any NCAA rule be a litigation-palooza? Prelogar leans into the PCJ the NCAA advances. I am not feeling the love for Solicitor Prelogar for being so into amateurism. However, she redeems herself in my book by explaining that Amateurism is not an antitrust good in an of itself. Rather, it needs to be tied to consumer demand. Thomas asks about the $10K... $20K.. etc. if the facts change, Prelogar says, then yes, we should re-examine. She explains if NCAA continues to restraint trade, it SHOULD be subject to more litigation. [THIS IS THE RIGHT ANSWER --- if you want people to stop suing you for price fixing, stop fixing prices!] Breyer up. Asks, don't some JVs have non-economic goals? Prelogar explains that SCOTUS has said many times that Socially beneficial goals is not "cognizable" (allowed as a reason) under antitrust laws. Unless Congress carves out NCAA, the Court needs to think about economics.

Alito asks what is the NCAA's differentiation. Prelogar says Bona Fide Students but then adds And Not Paid beyond Education. Obviously I don't love the second half.

Alito asks: Let's say fans don't like highly paid PRO athletes either... these are not pro-NCAA questions.

Sotomayor asks "how can we be sure we won't destroy college sports?"

Instead of going Andy Schwarz an explaining how labor markets set pay vis-a-vis consumer demand, Prelogar just says the injunction was very narrow. Sotomayor asks about the $5,980. Prelogar focuses on how the amount was based on the athletic awards that don't ruin college sports, so academic rules are ok.

Kagan asks whether the $5,980 is arbitrary. Prelogar says it's not a requirement to give this amount. it's an allowance not requirement. She also focuses on how the NCAA can define restriction to make it bona fide. Kagan: Could the court have gone further? Prelogar: yes,

Gorsuch on "light look" for JV's that create new products again. he says "that assumes a competitive market." But here NCAA has Monoposny, and that justifies stricter look. Gorsuch channels Rascher & Schwarz (2000) saying that if conference set rules, this would be different.

Prelogar also goes all Rascher & Schwarz (2000) saying that no one conference had market power. Gorsuch says the same. This is like they read our paper! Gorsuch even says fans could root for more amateur teams if that what they want.

Kavanaugh asks Prelogar whether these are just sham payments.

She explains the injunction allows NCAA prevention of scams.

I am still reveling that Gorsuch and Prelogar essentially parrotted the paper @daniel_rascher and I wrote back in 1999 and published in 2000.

Coney Barrett is up. She is asking about whether cross-market balancing is good or bad. Prelogar says this is a bad case to consider that major issue b/c no one briefed it. She is like Don't GO Here.

Prelogar summarizes that the NCAA is wrong to say their rules must be immune from analysis b/c it is amateur. Instead they must show that amateurism itself is procompetitive. (more Rascher & Schwarz language). Waxman up on rebuttal. Waxman: Monopony power does NOT change the NCAA's right to define their product and receive deference for that definition. Waxman directly addresses Breyer, who was clearly the most pro-NCAA in his rhetoric. "Net consumer demand IS NOT the test." (wow) The test is whether a business can define its product definition. [I think if this is true, "Unpaid-Labor Produced Sneakers" would be legal] "once it is determined that 'no-pay amateurism'" differentiates the NCAA, that basically means they can't be questioned on those rules.] Then he whines about lots of litigation.

---end of hearing---

Ok, well that was NOT at all what I expected. I think Waxman should be glad for Justice Breyer. I was pleasantly surprised by the Kagan-Gorsuch-Coney Barrett axis focusing on the Rascher-Schwarz hypothesis. here's the paper I was referencing: Rascher and Schwarz Neither Reasonable nor Necessary.pdf

If you'd asked me beforehand what the odds are of it being a hourlong /barf session of paeans to Amateurism, I would said even odds or higher. So I am still a little in shock at how differently it went.

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parsippanyfocus · 6 years

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PARSIPPANY — Parsippany Hills High School held their annual Senior Awards Ceremony on Monday, June 4.

The evening began with the Parsippany Hills High School Jazz Band performing while guests were entering the auditorium. The flag salute was conducted by Preya Patel, President, National Honor Society and the National Anthem was performed by the 2018 Chamber Choir. Mr. Michael DiSanto, Principal welcomed the audience and Dr. Barbara Sargent, Superintendent of Schools started with opening remarks, followed by Mr. Carl Ordway, School Counselor and Scholarship Coordinator.

Below you will find the name of the winner of each scholarship that was presented.

SCHOLARSHIP AWARDED TO Aaron Lief/American Legion Post #249 Scholarship Steere, Emma Abe Wolkofsky Memorial Scholarship Ponnor, Janelle African American Cultural Club Service Award Leonard, Taylor Andrew J, Quinn Memorial Scholarship Warner, Adam Anthony Sun Memorial Scholarship Abad, Kaitlin Anthony Sun Memorial Scholarship Kao, Sanjay Asian American Club Tai, Hsin (Cindy) Asian American Club Yang, Samuel Band Service Awards Astor, Ryan Band Service Awards Desai, Kavan Band Service Awards Gaudio, Michael Band Service Awards Gurth, Justin Band Service Awards Juarez-Duran, Enrique Band Service Awards Kanthadai, Rakshay Band Service Awards Mansuria, Vishal Band Service Awards Prajapati, Krishna Band Service Awards Yagappan, Rishi Band Service Awards Yang, Samuel Bernard Packin Family Memorial Scholarship Grant, Katherine Bernard Packin Valedictorian Scholarship Xiong, Karoline Brian E. Mitchell Memorial Music Scholarship Pascale, Jacqueline Carl L. Ordway Memorial Scholarship Ostlin, Sherlyn Cedar Grove Elks Lodge #2237 Scholarship Tolosi, Megan Coaches’ Award for Cheerleading Ostlin, Sherlyn Coaches’ Award for Football Verducci, Nicholas Coaches’ Award for Marching Band Yang, Samuel Coccia Foundation Scholarship Chowatia, Ishani Coccia Foundation Scholarship Desai, Kavan David J. Moore Memorial Scholarship Weaver, Harrision Dora B. Stolfi Memorial Scholarship Pascale, Jacqueline Dorothy Davies Memorial Scholarhip Pascale, Jacqueline Dr. Frank Calabria Memorial Scholarship McLaughlin, Lauren Emil Johnson Vocational Award Mistry, Nirmohi Excellence in French Chauhan, Karan Faculty and Staff Awards Astor, Ryan Faculty and Staff Awards McLaughlin, Lauren Faculty and Staff Awards Sung, Kyle Female Athlete Award Xiong, Karoline Fine Arts Scholarship Lin, Ching Laam (Jaye) Fine Arts Scholarship Mann, Heather French Club Leadership Feng, Steven French Club Leadership Bard, Francesca Greg Puzio Memorial Scholarship Picado, Jack Hills of Troy Neighborhood Association Scholarship – HOTNA Sanford, Michael Indian Cultural Club Service Award Patel, Parth Indian Cultural Club Service Award Patel, Vritti Indian Cultural Club Service Award Shah, Yuti Intervale Leadership for the Future Scholarship Guevara, Kristine Jack Dolan Memorial Scholarship Tran, Crystal Janet Palatini Friendship Scholarship daSilva, Tyler Janet Palatini Friendship Scholarship Mitchell, Alicia Janet Palatini Friendship Scholarship Verducci, Nicholas Janet Palatini Friendship Scholarship Ververs, Hannah Joe Windish Parsippany Education Foundation Scholarship Chopra, Tanvi John Phillip Sousa Award Park, Andrew Kanai Lal & Charu Bala Memorial Scholarship Patel, Siddhanth Kanai Lal & Charu Bala Memorial Scholarship Ponnor, Janelle Kanai Lal & Charu Bala Memorial Scholarship Yang, William Kate Russell Memorial Scholarship Mitchell, Alicia Kiwanis Club of Greater Parsippany Scholarship Mansuria, Vishal Lake Parsippany School PTS Scholarship Grant, Katherine Lew Ludwig Memorial Scholarship Shah, Saloni Little Viking Football Award Verducci, Nicholas Littleton School Alumni Scholarship Kwan, Matthew Littleton School Alumni Scholarship Stearns, Kaitlyn Love Like Ashley Memoial Scholarship Acree, Mikayla Maria T. Santillan (’92) Memorial Scholarhip Ullman, Lawrence Montville UNICO Italian Studies Grant Vecchia, Brittani Morris County Administrators of Special Education Pascale, Sarah Morris County College Fair Scholarship 2 year Cuervo, Stephanie Morris County College Fair Scholarship 4 year Baldarrago, Emily Morris County Professional Counselor Association 4 year Ververs, Hannah Morristown Alumnae Chapter – Delta Sigma Theta Sorority Scholarship King, Korla Mount Tabor PTA Scholarship Ullman, Lawrence Mt. Tabor Music Camp Outstanding Musician Award Gurth, Justin National Merit – Commended Wang, Albert National Merit – Commended Chen, Ellen National Merit – Commended Kakkaramadam, Tara National Merit – Commended Kao, Sanjay National Merit – Commended Mukhamedjanova, Aleese National Merit – Commended Nagendran, Arjun National Merit – Commended Nibhanupudi, Saketh National Merit – Commended Patel, Siddhanth National Merit – Commended Ponnor, Janelle National Merit – Commended Prajapati, Krishna National Merit – Commended Shah, Priya National Merit – Commended Sudit, David National Merit – Commended Sung, Brandon National Merit – Commended Sung, Kyle National Merit – Commended Xiong, Karoline National Merit – Commended Yadav, Yash National Merit – Commended Yang, William National Merit – Finalist Chauhan, Karan National Merit – Finalist Kanthadai, Rakshay National Merit – James E. Casey Scholarship Astor, Ryan NJAC Outstanding Schoar Athletes McLaughlin, Lauren NJAC Outstanding Schoar Athletes Picado, Jack Northern NJ Chinese Association Scholarship Yang, William Outstanding Senior in French Mukhamedjanova, Aleese Par-Troy West Little League – Tom Cook Memorial Scholarship Davis, Corinne Par-Troy West Little League – Tom Cook Memorial Scholarship Picado, Jack Par-Troy West Little League – Tom Cook Memorial Scholarship Taylor, Kristen Par-Troy West Little League – Tom Cook Memorial Scholarship Verducci, Nicholas Par-Troy West Little League – Tom Cook Memorial Scholarship Ververs, Hannah Par-Hills Men’s Soccer Parents Association Scholarships Agostinho, Brian Par-Hills Men’s Soccer Parents Association Scholarships Holmstrom, Erik Par-Hills Men’s Soccer Parents Association Scholarships Picado, Jack Parsippany Area Chamber of Commerce Giovanelli, Adam Parsippany Police Benevolent Association #131 Scholarship Patel, Preya Parsippany Republican Club Scholarhsip Chopra, Tanvi Parsippany Rotary Club Scholarship Bellardino, Taylor Parsippany Soccer Club Scholarship Maurya, Suraj Parsippany-Troy Hills Senior Citzen Scholarhsip Castillo, Erika Patents’ of the Gifted and Talented Scholarship Sudit, David Paul Piccoli Memorial Scholarship Picado, Jack Paul Piccoli Memorial Scholarship Rodriguez, Andrea Pearls of Wisdom Scholarship Leonard, Taylor PHHS Boys’ Basketball Booster Club Scholarship Nagendran, Arjun PHHS Boys’ Basketball Booster Club Scholarship Parker, Jamaal PHHS Cheerleading Parents Association Scholarship Guevara, Kristine PHHS Cheerleading Parents Association Scholarship Ostlin, Sherlyn PHHS Choir Scholarships Campbell, Julia PHHS Choir Scholarships Kelly, Nicolette PHHS Choir Scholarships Acree, Mikayla PHHS Choir Scholarships Borino, Alyssa PHHS Choir Scholarships Gardner, Daniel PHHS Choir Scholarships Lally, Shauna PHHS Choir Scholarships Pascale, Jacqueline PHHS Choir Scholarships Zigman, Sarah PHHS Football Parents’ Association Scholarship Verducci, Nicholas PHHS Girls Basketball Booster Club Scholarship Chopra, Tanvi PHHS Girls Basketball Booster Club Scholarship Kao, Sanjay PHHS Girls Basketball Booster Club Scholarship King, Korla PHHS Girls Basketball Booster Club Scholarship Rogers, Jillian PHHS Girls Lacrosse Crease Club Scholarship Award Stearns, Kaitlyn PHHS Swim Team Booster Association Scholarships Maddox, Mark PHHS Swim Team Booster Association Scholarships Caccavale, Nick PHHS Swim Team Booster Association Scholarships Ciccarelli, Michelle PHHS Swim Team Booster Association Scholarships Gaudio, Michael PHHS Swim Team Booster Association Scholarships Giovanelli, Adam PHHS Swim Team Booster Association Scholarships Kwan, Matthew PHHS Swim Team Booster Association Scholarships Messina, Alicia PHHS Swim Team Booster Association Scholarships Patel, Krutharth PHHS Swim Team Booster Association Scholarships Rao, Abhigna PHHS Swim Team Booster Association Scholarships Vojta, Sarah PHHS Top 25 Students Feng, Steven PHHS Top 25 Students Bard, Francesca PHHS Top 25 Students Chauhan, Karan PHHS Top 25 Students Chen, Ellen PHHS Top 25 Students Kanthadai, Rakshay PHHS Top 25 Students McLaughlin, Lauren PHHS Top 25 Students Mukhamedjanova, Aleese PHHS Top 25 Students Nagendran, Arjun PHHS Top 25 Students Patel, Shivani PHHS Top 25 Students Pingle, Arijit PHHS Top 25 Students Ponnor, Janelle PHHS Top 25 Students Prajapati, Krishna PHHS Top 25 Students Shah, Priya PHHS Top 25 Students Shah, Sneh PHHS Top 25 Students Sudit, David PHHS Top 25 Students Sung, Brandon PHHS Top 25 Students Sung, Kyle PHHS Top 25 Students Tai, Hsin (Cindy) PHHS Top 25 Students Ullman, Lawrence PHHS Top 25 Students Urbis, Juliana PHHS Top 25 Students Vekaria, Ashil PHHS Top 25 Students Xiong, Karoline PHHS Top 25 Students Yagappan, Rishi PHHS Top 25 Students Yang, Samuel PHHS Top 25 Students Yang, William PHHS Volleyball Parents Association Scholarship King, Korla PHHS Volleyball Parents Association Scholarship Vecchia, Brittani Princess Anne Millard Scholarship King, Korla PTHEA “CAP” Award – In Memory of John Capsouras Patel, Shivani PTSA Scholarship Awards Giovanelli, Adam PTSA Scholarship Awards Grant, Katherine PTSA Scholarship Awards Patel, Preya PTSA Scholarship Awards Ullman, Lawrence PTSA Scholarship Awards Ververs, Hannah Richard C. Davis, Jr Scholarship Fund Pascale, Jacqueline Rocco A. Cerbo Memorial Scholarship Crellin, Gavyn Salutatorian Award Kanthadai, Rakshay Sons of Italy – Basil Ricci Memorial Scholarship Pascale, Stephanie Sons of Italy – Basil Ricci Memorial Scholarship Pascale, Jacqueline Sons of Italy – Basil Ricci Memorial Scholarship Verducci, Nicholas Spencer Savings Bank Scholarship Ullman, Lawrence Student Council Awards Chauhan, Karan Student Council Awards Patel, Preya Student Council Awards Singh, Prerana Student Council Awards Warner, Adam SunRise/ShopRite Continuing Education Grant Scholarship Giovanelli, Adam The Steadfast Viking Award Hsu, Yi-Hsuan Tom Ladas Memorial Scholarhip Pascale, Jacqueline United States Marine Corps Awards for Scholastic Excellence Chauhan, Karan United States Marine Corps Distinguished Athletic Award Rogers, Jillian United States Marine Corps Distinguished Athletic Award Verducci, Nicholas United States Marine Corps Patriotism Award Dunn, Dylan United States Marine Corps Patriotism Award Robleza, Jeric United States Marine Corps Patriotism Award Robleza, Joshua United States Marine Corps Semper Fidelis Band Award Desai, Kavan Vincent Lorenzo Male Athlete Award Gurth, Justin Wegmans Scholarships Simpson, Jordan Wegmans Scholarships Stearns, Kaitlyn William Lu Class of 1977 – Claire Pompei Parker, Lydia William Lu Class of 1977 – Edmund Heilmeier Proietto, Christina Women’s Club of Parsippany – Troy Hills Scholarship Chopra, Tanvi Women’s Club of Parsippany – Troy Hills Scholarship Grant, Katherine Women’s Club of Parsippany – Troy Hills Scholarship Ververs, Hannah

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PHHS Annual Senior Awards Ceremony PARSIPPANY — Parsippany Hills High School held their annual Senior Awards Ceremony on Monday, June 4.

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celebwiki001-blog · 7 years

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Samuel C. C. Ting Biography, Age, Weight, Height, Friend, Like, Affairs, Favourite, Birthdate & Other

This Biography is about one of the best Physicist Samuel C. C. Ting including his Height, weight,Age & Other Detail… Biography Of Samuel C. C. Ting Real Name Samuel C. C. Ting Profession Physicists Nick Name Samuel Chao Chung Ting Famous as Physicist Nationality American Personal Life of Samuel C. C. Ting Born on 07 January 1936 Birthday 7th January Age 81 Years Sun Sign Capricorn Born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States Family Background of Samuel C. C. Ting Father Kuan-hai Ting Mother Tsun-ying Jeanne Wang Spouses/Partners Kay Kuhne, Susan Carol Marks Children Jeanne Ting Chowning, Amy Ting, Christopher Education University of Michigan Awards Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award (1975) Nobel Prize for Physics (1976) Eringen Medal (1977) De Gasperi Award (1988) Personal Fact of Samuel C. C. Ting Samuel Chao Chung Ting is an American physicist of Chinese ethnicity who won the Nobel Prize for his discovery of J particle. His parents, who were university professors in China, had come to the U.S. on a visit, intending to return home before his birth. But he was born premature and thus became an American citizen by accident. Soon after that, the Tings went back to China, where they stayed until he was twelve and then shifted to Taiwan. When Ting turned twenty, he moved to the U.S with $100 in hand and little or no knowledge of English. Here he managed to enroll at University of Michigan on full scholarship. After receiving his PhD, he began his career as a Ford Foundation Fellow at CERN in Geneva and then taught for few years at Columbia University. His work, which earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics, was started at DESY, Hamburg, but was concluded at Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York City. Concurrently, he worked as a professor at MIT. Mounting of Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station is another feather in his cap; the project was completed entirely under his direction. This Biography Written By celebwiki.us Read the full article

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techxpandable-blog · 7 years

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BitDegree Review | Revolutionizing Education With Blockchain

New Post has been published on https://techexpandable.com/bitdegree-review-and-analysis/

BitDegree Review | Revolutionizing Education With Blockchain

Education System! Well, you are extensively aware of the current education system in India. Let’s have a glance at what we have been taught during various stages of education.

1. Primary Education [7 Years]

Environment, Basics of Maths(DMAS), Languages(SL)

2. Secondary Education [3 Years]

Mathematics(trigonometry,geometry etc.), Science, Languages(SL)

3. Higher Secondary Education [2 Years]

Advance Mathematics(Integration, Differentiation etc.), Chemistry, Physics, Biology

4. Graduation [Bachelor Degree- 4/5 Years]

Core subjects related to the field of graduation. Memorize + Pass…. (I really don’t know what i have been taught in spite of doing graduation.

5. Post Graduation [2/3 Years]

Advanced subjects exploring your particular filed only. Again Memorize + Pass…

Conventional Education Model

In India, if you are going to complete these five stages of education, you are going to become either doctor or engineer(or a family disappointment ;)) Under this era of education, we all are going to be explained similar things that have been there since 50-60 years. Understanding nature of all students will not be similar, right? Then why would we be expected to learn what we don’t want to? And we end up with wandering having the resume in our one hand and hope in another one. You seem offensive! Just follow me at least till next real example.

We will be studying Database Management, Computer languages such as C, C++, HTML, CSS, Java, PHP, Data Mining and a lot more in Computer Science Engineering. But what about On-Page SEO, Off-Page SEO, WordPress, Woocommerce, WP Customization, SMO, Adwords etc. which are the actual requirement of recruiting companies. And as a result, when a particular student is supposed to write CSS code for just adding a responsive button or adding/removing specific area within site, he will be confused and this is the fact. Under this course, we are not supposed to learn how to create a website even in wordpress. At the end of the course, we will be having theoretical knowledge of multiple languages aka coding without practical skills. Multinational companies want the best employees having real practical skills and here we are memorizing traditional languages. As a result, there exists a gap between educated labor supply and demand driven by business.

The Internet has enabled us to reach the universal knowledge pool, to interact directly and informally with the greatest minds of our age. However, the entire global education system has become frozen, using centuries-old methods that are virtually ineffective. It is not a surprise to anyone that higher education institutions are failing to fulfill their mission to transfer know-how and let students develop practical skills that are necessary to guarantee successful employment. The current education model faces many problems such as:

Extortionate

Missing innovation

Lack of ambition to become entrepreneur

Parochialism rather than global outlook

Uninspired and untalented educators

As a part of the solution to this conventional education, Coursera, Udemy, Skillshare, HackerRank etc. offered a centralized platform for tutors and students where any student with his/her area of interest can learn that particular skillset with the help of various categorized courses provided by tutors on these platforms. And Boom! this online education business is now worth around 1 billion. But as the world is now moving towards decentralized platform using blockchain technology, these online education platforms should have to be decentralized. A complete solution to this traditional education system and to decrease labor supply and demand gap, Bitdegree is developing online education platform powered by blockchain. BitDegree review and analysis, in brief, is described below:

What is BitDegree?

BitDegree Education Model

BitDegree is world’s first decentralized education platform powered by blockchain with token scholarships and tech talent acquisition. The bitdegree platform will offer students the best online courses with a clear and transparent blockchain based reward system and achievement tracking. It is also a unique tool for businesses to recruit tech talent and shape global education to their needs. Think of it as Coursera and HackerRank merged together, powered by the decentralized blockchain technology. For better understanding, give your few minutes to attached video.

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How Does BitDegree Work?

BitDegree is proposing a digital incentivized studying platform as a new tool to grow the global tech talent. It is the simple 3-step process as explained below:

1] Companies in need of tech talent will provide financial incentives to students willing to participate in training courses and to develop their skills.

2] People/Students looking for new opportunities will learn new technologies, develop practical skills in demand, and get familiar with existing technological solutions provided by solution providers. Students will be able to communicate with other students and course mentors, to pose questions, and seek for more detailed explanations.

3] Companies providing incentives will be able to get in touch with students enrolled in subsidized courses, and possibly offer employment positions for good performers.

In addition to this, each student showing learning progress will rewarded and get a scholarship in bitdegree tokens. The BitDegree platform will register progress of each student and will provide ways the students can prove they overcome the challenge of developing and applying skills to solve problems. BitDegree will rely on Ethereum Smart Contract to enable incentives scheme and to store a transparent record of all achievements made by students.

A smart incentive system is an Ethereum-based smart contract that provides the exchange of values (tokens) between the promoter (sponsor) and the recipient of the promotion (student).

Benefits of BitDegree Platform

Version 1 of the BitDegree platform will provide solutions to most of the problems we seek to solve:

It will match business and student incentives;

It will allow businesses to familiarize students with their offerings;

It will enable opportunistic, continuous learning for people striving to gain new desired skills and knowledge;

It will lower costs of sharing the knowledge and assessing knowledge/skills;

It will help motivate students to continue with their study efforts and will provide incentives to those progressing forward.

BitDegree Review & Analysis

Overview

Goal:

Provide students with the best online courses through a simple and transparent system

Companies with best tech talent using courses they have offered to students on bitdegree platform.

Benefits to Students/Job Seekers:

Can learn the latest technology that in current utilization.

Can get employment according to their learning progress report by world-changing companies.

Benefits to Companies:

Instead of hiring and training employees, companies can train people/students of their interest by directly offering training courses to develop the skills.

Can lead to their company to a higher degree of development and progress.

Country of Origin: Lithuania

Technology: Ethereum Blockchain

Idea & Possibility

Simple and interesting idea

The Solidity course material for programming smart contracts is ready

Solves the biggest problems of unemployment

Companies can directly recruit employees based on tech talent

Partnered with Hostinger and 000Webhost

It will fulfill the demand for tech talents and enhance the economy.

Website

bitdegree.org

Multiple language translations

Abstract nicely explained by whiteboard animation

Functional

Registered 4 months ago and expiring in 2023

Status of Prototype

The Solidity course material for programming smart contracts is ready.

The actual prototype is under development.

The team has been working for a quite long time.

Market and Audience

Unexplored market

Market accommodating a huge number of student

Online education platform worth $1B

High number of use cases

Hype and Interest

Telegram | 11,417 Members Facebook | 74,241 Followers Twitter | 7,742 Followers Youtube | 100k+ Views

Interest:

Former Coursera Senior Product Manager has joined Bitdegree

Google’s top-rated Futurist Speaker, Thomas Frey, has joined BitDegree

BitDegree makes “first of many appearances in Silicon Valley”

BitDegree WINS Moonrise 2017 blockchain startup competition!

Orca Alliance joins BitDegree

Project Type

Ethereum blockchain infrastructure

Cryptocurrency ERC20 tokens

Reward in form of scholarships

Tech companies

Trading and investment

Recruitment

Institution and organization

Others

Roadmap

Token Sale

Token Name BDG Maximum Form ERC20 Maximum Cap 30,000 ETH ~ $12.5 M Total Token Supply 660,000,000 Contribution Mode Ethereum BDG Crowdsale December 1st, 2017 Exchange Rate 1 ETH = 10,000 BDG

15% Bonus: 1st week

10% Bonus: 2nd week

5% Bonus: 3rd week

Referral Program

ICO Token Distribution

BitDegree Foundation 66 M (locked for 360 days) Scholarship Pool 165 M Public Allocation 3,336 M Team 66 M (locked for 720 days) Advisors/Partners 132 M (locked for 160 days) Bounties 132 M Total Tokens 660 M

Competition

Competition in blockchain space – NIL

Competition in real-world space – Udemy, Coursera, Skillshare etc. Online Education Platforms.

Team

Andrius Putna, CEO, Co-Founder

11 years in software engineering.

Blockchain advocate.

The person behind the success of 000webhost -world’s first and biggest free cloud hosting platform designed for learning, testing and experimenting.

Hostinger product architect.

Roberto Santana, Product and Strategy Advisor, Former Senior Manager at Coursera

Entrepreneur and Former Product Management Growth Lead at Coursera

Project and Business Development Manager at Zendesk

Senior Engineer at Shell where he led his team to $400m in refinery revenues.

Jeff Burton, Serial Entrepreneur, co-founder of Electronic Arts

Global technology executive, keynote speaker, and a Silicon Valley veteran

Jeff developed U C Berkeley’s Skydeck startup accelerator that is helping various startups to grow and scale in Silicon Valley

Highly experienced and dedicated contributor.

External Links:

Whitepaper Learn Smart Contract on BitDegree

Wrapping Up,

In order to revolutionize the conventional education system has to replaced by such ideas and as we have it then why don’t we support them! With strong development team, it is going to be great in 2018. Bitdegree review and analysis published here is neither any sort of promotion nor copied. DOYR before you take a dive.

#bitdegree ico #bitdegree review #ico

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oeocarley4646-blog · 7 years

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