#Astringent Market Trends

[pocketvenuslux]

Since I've been doing some throwback lingerie reviews, here's a review of Ex Idolo's Thirty Three, a typical Western-style oud that was released in 2013, right at the peak of the rose-oud craze in niche fragrance. It was the first fragrance released by this UK house, helmed by a self-taught Canadian, Matthew Zhuk.

Thirty Three was one of the first rose-ouds I tried. Even though I kind of imprinted on it in this way, I eventually came to find it to be a largely unremarkable take on the rose-oud trend. At the time, there were so many rose-forward fragrances shaded in with a defanged oud darkness absent any suggestion of the barnyard, of the ripe blue cheese, the creamy skank and more difficult notes that came with more challenging ouds like Dusita's discontinued Oudh Infini. To Thirty Three's credit, it did have a curious and unusual, almost piercing note in its opening and it definitely lacked the scratchy, raspy texture that was so common in many of the cheaper ouds being released at the time. Overall, I found it to be on par with the smooth, velvety and imminently wearable Kilian ouds, although Thirty Three was more affordable - now much more so given that a Kilian oud currently retails for $565/50 ml.

Recently, I saw Thirty Three on sale at Etiket and a pang of nostalgia came over me. 2013 was a different time for niche perfume, a brief window in perfume history when unusual scents and creativity were returning to the market and becoming more readily available, but multinational conglomerates had not yet gobbled up the landscape. It was also a moment when erudite perfume criticism could be easily found on personal blogs and vlogging influencers were still years away.

Alas, that time is over, but now I have Thirty Three to remind me of those heady, exciting years. What does that time smell like to me?

Thirty Three opens with a giant whoosh of plush, jammy roses and tangy mandarin. The latter becomes more astringent and candied until it is sharpened into a high pitched wood polish that, if you read the fragrance copy, is what I think is meant to be "Damascus steel." There is also a hint of that familiar, slightly plasticky smoky darkness that is coded "oud." Thirty Three is described as using "a significant amount of wild-harvested Chinese oud oil" including a "vintage oud" aged 33 years. Honestly, if this is the case, I'm not smelling it. Given that Thirty Three continues to be widely distributed over a decade and two bottle re-designs later, I would imagine suppliers for Thirty Three's ouds as well as the formula have changed over the years while the back story remains the same.

Up close, the scent feels a little discordant. There's velvety rose petals, the bracing varnish, sweet patchouli and "oud". Yet from afar, say twelve inches away, it all somehow works, particularly as the scent develops and softens up.

Overall, a scent very much of its time and sort of a personal collector's item for me. I don't see myself wearing this regularly but I'm glad to own this one for the memories alone.

[norexflavours]

The Rise of Natural Ingredients: The Role of Lemon Oil Manufacturers

In recent years, there has been a significant shift in consumer preferences toward natural, organic, and sustainable products. This rise in demand for natural ingredients has led to the growing prominence of essential oils, with lemon oil manufacturers playing a crucial role in providing high-quality oils for various industries. From skincare and aromatherapy to cleaning and food products, lemon oil has become a versatile and much-sought-after ingredient due to its refreshing scent, therapeutic properties, and eco-friendly production.

In this article, we will explore the growing importance of lemon oil in modern industries, how lemon oil manufacturers meet the demand for high-quality, natural oils, and the key trends that are shaping the future of this essential oil.

The Natural Ingredient Revolution

As consumers become more aware of the potential health risks associated with synthetic chemicals in products, there has been an increasing preference for natural alternatives. The demand for organic and cruelty-free products has grown significantly, with many consumers opting for goods that are ethically sourced, environmentally friendly, and free from harmful chemicals. In particular, the beauty and wellness industry has witnessed a surge in interest for natural oils, including lemon oil, due to their purity and therapeutic benefits.

Lemon oil is extracted from the peel of fresh lemons through a process called cold pressing or steam distillation. This essential oil is known for its uplifting citrus fragrance and a wide range of benefits, such as its ability to promote mental clarity, improve mood, and act as a natural disinfectant. As more people seek out natural solutions for their daily routines, lemon oil has emerged as one of the most popular essential oils on the market.

Lemon Oil in Skincare and Wellness

One of the primary drivers of the rise in demand for lemon oil is its widespread use in skincare and wellness products. As part of the broader trend toward natural beauty products, consumers are increasingly turning to lemon oil for its cleansing, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Lemon oil manufacturers have responded to this demand by producing high-quality oils that are used in a variety of skincare formulations, including cleansers, moisturizers, and toners.

Lemon oil is especially popular for its ability to brighten and rejuvenate the skin. Its natural astringent properties help reduce excess oil and tighten the skin, making it an excellent addition to products designed for acne-prone skin. Additionally, lemon oil is rich in vitamin C, which can help fight the signs of aging by stimulating collagen production and brightening dark spots. As a result, many consumers now view lemon oil as a staple ingredient in their skincare routines.

Beyond skincare, lemon oil is also a favorite ingredient in wellness products like diffusers, bath oils, and massage oils. Its uplifting aroma is known to boost mood and improve focus, making it a popular choice for those seeking to enhance their mental clarity and overall well-being. Aromatherapists often recommend lemon oil for its energizing and refreshing properties, which can help combat stress and anxiety.

The Importance of Quality in Lemon Oil Production

The quality of lemon oil is paramount, especially as demand for this essential oil continues to rise. The process of sourcing, producing, and refining lemon oil requires strict adherence to quality control standards, as the purity of the oil directly affects its aroma and therapeutic properties. Lemon oil manufacturers play a vital role in ensuring that the final product is free from contaminants and meets the expectations of consumers.

When choosing lemon oil, it is essential to select oils that are 100% pure and free from additives or fillers. High-quality lemon oil manufacturers ensure that their oils are cold-pressed or steam distilled from fresh, organic lemons, without the use of chemicals or solvents. This ensures that the oil retains its natural properties and provides the full spectrum of benefits that consumers expect.

To maintain consistency and quality, reputable lemon oil manufacturers implement rigorous testing protocols. These may include testing for pesticide residues, heavy metals, and other harmful substances that could affect the quality and safety of the oil. Additionally, top lemon oil manufacturers often conduct tests to verify the oil's chemical composition, ensuring that it meets industry standards for purity and effectiveness.

Sustainability and Ethical Sourcing

Sustainability is a growing concern for both consumers and producers, and lemon oil manufacturers are increasingly prioritizing environmentally friendly and ethical practices. The production of lemon oil, like many other agricultural products, relies heavily on the cultivation of lemons, which can have a significant environmental impact. As demand for lemon oil grows, it is essential that manufacturers adopt sustainable farming practices to ensure the long-term availability of high-quality lemons without harming the environment.

Sustainable sourcing of lemon oil involves selecting suppliers who use eco-friendly farming methods, such as organic farming, that avoid the use of harmful pesticides and synthetic fertilizers. Additionally, some manufacturers work directly with local farmers to ensure fair wages and ethical labor practices, promoting a positive social impact in the regions where the lemons are grown.

Many leading lemon oil manufacturers are also exploring innovative ways to reduce their environmental footprint. This includes using renewable energy sources in their production facilities, reducing water usage, and minimizing packaging waste. By choosing to support manufacturers who prioritize sustainability and ethical sourcing, consumers can contribute to the protection of the planet while enjoying the benefits of natural products like lemon oil.

The Future of Lemon Oil and Its Growing Market

As the popularity of natural ingredients continues to rise, the market for lemon oil is expected to grow significantly. According to industry reports, the global demand for essential oils is projected to increase, driven by their use in personal care, wellness, and cleaning products. Lemon oil manufacturers are well-positioned to meet this demand by developing new and innovative products that align with consumer preferences for purity, sustainability, and effectiveness.

One of the most significant trends shaping the future of lemon oil is the continued shift toward natural and organic products. With growing awareness about the harmful effects of synthetic chemicals, consumers are increasingly opting for lemon oil and other essential oils as safe, effective, and environmentally friendly alternatives. In response, lemon oil manufacturers are focusing on producing high-quality, organic lemon oil to cater to this expanding market.

Another trend that will impact the future of lemon oil is the rise of e-commerce and direct-to-consumer sales. Online retailers and specialty stores are making it easier for consumers to access premium-quality lemon oil products, giving lemon oil manufacturers the opportunity to reach a global audience. As more consumers turn to online shopping for their essential oil needs, the demand for transparent, reliable, and high-quality lemon oil is expected to rise.

[sepengg]

Zinc Oxide Furnace Manufacturers in India: Pioneers of Industrial Innovation

In the dynamic world of industrial manufacturing, zinc oxide plays a crucial role in various sectors, including automotive, rubber, ceramics, and pharmaceuticals. This versatile compound is produced through sophisticated processes involving zinc oxide furnaces. India, with its burgeoning industrial sector, is home to several leading manufacturers of zinc oxide furnaces, each contributing to the country's technological advancements and economic growth.

The Role of Zinc Oxide in Industry

Zinc oxide, a white, powdery substance, is integral to numerous industrial applications:

Rubber Industry: Enhances the durability and performance of rubber products.

Ceramics: Used in glazes and pigments to produce high-quality ceramics.

Pharmaceuticals: Acts as an astringent and skin protectant in ointments and creams.

Paints and Coatings: Provides protective and decorative qualities in paints.

The production of high-quality zinc oxide relies heavily on advanced furnace technologies, underscoring the importance of sophisticated manufacturing equipment.

Key Players in the Indian Market

India boasts several prominent Zinc Oxide Furnace Manufacturers India known for their technological expertise and innovation. Here are a few of the leading names in the industry:

Hindustan Zinc Ltd.: A major player in the zinc industry, Hindustan Zinc is renowned for its state-of-the-art furnaces and commitment to sustainable practices.

Kothari Industrial Corporation: Specializes in designing and manufacturing efficient zinc oxide furnaces with a focus on energy savings and high output.

Mohan Metal Corporation: Known for their custom-built furnaces, Mohan Metal Corporation excels in providing tailored solutions to meet specific industrial needs.

Siddharth Enterprises: Offers a range of furnaces designed for optimal performance and durability, catering to both small and large-scale operations.

Innovative Features of Modern Zinc Oxide Furnaces

The evolution of zinc oxide furnace technology has brought about several innovative features, enhancing efficiency and performance:

Advanced Control Systems: Modern furnaces are equipped with sophisticated control systems that ensure precise temperature regulation and process monitoring.

Energy Efficiency: New furnace designs focus on reducing energy consumption, helping manufacturers lower operational costs and environmental impact.

High Purity Production: Enhanced furnace technology allows for the production of zinc oxide with minimal impurities, meeting the stringent quality requirements of various industries.

Automated Operations: Automation in furnace operations reduces manual intervention, improving safety and consistency in the production process.

Challenges and Solutions in Furnace Manufacturing

Despite the advancements, manufacturers face several challenges in the zinc oxide furnace industry:

High Initial Investment: The cost of advanced furnace technology can be substantial. However, long-term savings in energy and operational efficiency often justify the investment.

Maintenance and Repairs: Regular maintenance is crucial to ensure the longevity and optimal performance of furnaces. Many manufacturers offer comprehensive service packages to address these needs.

Regulatory Compliance: Meeting environmental and safety regulations can be challenging. Leading manufacturers stay ahead by incorporating eco-friendly technologies and adhering to industry standards.

The Future of Zinc Oxide Furnace Technology

As industries continue to evolve, the demand for high-quality zinc oxide and advanced furnace technologies is expected to rise. Indian manufacturers are well-positioned to lead this transformation due to their commitment to innovation and quality. Key trends shaping the future include:

Sustainability: Increasing emphasis on sustainable practices is driving the development of more eco-friendly furnace technologies.

Digital Integration: The integration of digital technologies and IoT (Internet of Things) in furnace operations is set to enhance efficiency and data analytics capabilities.

Customization: Growing demand for customized solutions is prompting manufacturers to offer more tailored furnace designs.

Conclusion

Zinc oxide furnace manufacturers in India are at the forefront of technological innovation, contributing significantly to the country's industrial landscape. Their commitment to quality, efficiency, and sustainability ensures that India remains a key player in the global zinc oxide market. As technology continues to advance, these manufacturers are poised to meet the evolving needs of various industries, driving growth and setting new standards in furnace manufacturing.

In conclusion, the evolution of zinc oxide furnace technology reflects the broader trends of industrial advancement. Indian manufacturers, with their blend of traditional expertise and modern innovation, are well-equipped to tackle future challenges and seize emerging opportunities. The future looks promising as they continue to lead in producing high-quality, efficient, and sustainable zinc oxide furnaces.

[globalgrowthinsights]

GPS Watch Tracker Market Size, Share, Volume, Trends, Demand, Growth and Forecast Report 2024-2032

GPS Watch Tracker Market provides in-depth analysis of the market state of GPS Watch Tracker manufacturers, including best facts and figures, overview, definition, SWOT analysis, expert opinions, and the most current global developments. The research also calculates market size, price, revenue, cost structure, gross margin, sales, and market share, as well as forecasts and growth rates. The report assists in determining the revenue earned by the selling of this report and technology across different application areas.

Geographically, this report is segmented into several key regions, with sales, revenue, market share and growth Rate of GPS Watch Tracker in these regions till the forecast period

North America

Middle East and Africa

Asia-Pacific

South America

Europe

Key Attentions of GPS Watch Tracker Market Report:

The report offers a comprehensive and broad perspective on the global GPS Watch Tracker Market.

The market statistics represented in different GPS Watch Tracker segments offers complete industry picture.

Market growth drivers, challenges affecting the development of GPS Watch Tracker are analyzed in detail.

The report will help in the analysis of major competitive market scenario, market dynamics of GPS Watch Tracker.

Major stakeholders, key companies GPS Watch Tracker, investment feasibility and new market entrants study is offered.

Development scope of GPS Watch Tracker in each market segment is covered in this report. The macro and micro-economic factors affecting the GPS Watch Tracker Market

Advancement is elaborated in this report. The upstream and downstream components of GPS Watch Tracker and a comprehensive value chain are explained.

Browse More Details On This Report at @https://www.globalgrowthinsights.com/market-reports/gps-watch-tracker-market-100560

 Global Growth Insights

Web: https://www.globalgrowthinsights.com

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[themarketresearchreportnsight]

Gambir Extract Market Growing Popularity and Emerging Trends in the Industry

Gambir or gambier is an extract derived from the leaves of uncaria gambir, a climbing shrub native to tropical Southeast Asia. It is widely used to treat diarrhea, sore throat, dysentery, fever, and as an astringent medicine in Asian countries. Gambir extract is extracted from leaves and twig of gambir, which is rich in flavonoid components such as catechin.

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Latest released the research study on Global Gambir Extract Market, offers a detailed overview of the factors influencing the global business scope. Gambir Extract Market research report shows the latest market insights, current situation analysis with upcoming trends and breakdown of the products and services. The report provides key statistics on the market status, size, share, growth factors of the Gambir Extract The study covers emerging player’s data, including: competitive landscape, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are Organic Herb Inc. (China), KOEI KOGYO Co., Ltd. (Japan), Pt Seven Seas Agro (Indonesia), Shaanxi Hongda Phytochemistry Co., Ltd (China), SA Herbal Bioactives (India), RASDI & Co. (Indonesia), Silvateam S.p.A. (Italy),

Thanks for reading this article; you can also get individual chapter wise section or region wise report version like North America, Europe or Southeast Asia.

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[tritonmarketresearchamey]

Anti-acne Dermal Patch Market | Revolutionizing Skincare Solutions

Acne affects a large portion of the global population, with over 90% of people experiencing this skin condition. Studies show that nearly 85% of people aged 12 to 24 experience at least minor acne. Hence, the demand for effective acne treatments has spurred growth in the skin care industry, presenting unique opportunities for beauty brands. In fact, our research analysts predict that the Global Anti-acne Dermal Patch Market is set to advance at a CAGR of 7.25% over the forecast period 2024-2032.

Although acne is defined as a dermatological condition, it is also a source of psychological distress for many. This condition can persist into one’s 30s and beyond, affecting around 50 million people annually in the US alone. Evidently, the demand for anti-acne treatments is driven by the presence of key players such as Zitsticka, Peter Thomas Roth, and Hero Cosmetics. In this regard, our research report states that the North America Anti-acne Dermal Patch market is expected to witness the fastest growth with a CAGR of 7.45%.

Anti-Acne Dermal Patch Market - Emergence of New Products

Traditional acne treatments range from over-the-counter topical creams and oral medications to more advanced dermatological procedures. These patches for acne treatment and medication often include benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, and retinoid.

However, the development of anti-acne dermal patches marks a significant innovation in the field. These patches utilize hydrocolloid technology to protect affected skin areas and promote healing. They contain active ingredients such as tea tree oil and hyaluronic acid, offering both herbal-based and chemical-based anti-acne dermal patch to cater to diverse consumer preferences.

Rise of Herbal-based Anti-acne Dermal Patches

Herbal-based acne patches offer a natural approach to skincare, aligning with the growing consumer preference for products that are both effective and gentle. Unlike chemical-based patches, these patches use natural ingredients that promote healing without irritation.

The popularity of organic and Ayurveda products creates a demand for anti-acne treatments. For instance, Urban Yog is an Indian brand in derma patches that offers hydrocolloid acne patches made with 100% natural ingredients.

The most effective herbal acne patches often contain a blend of several natural ingredients:

Tea Tree Oil: Offers antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, reducing acne severity.

Calendula: Known for its healing and anti-inflammatory effects.

Aloe Vera: Soothes skin and reduces redness and swelling.

Hyaluronic Acid: Though not herbal, it is often included for its skin hydrating properties.

Witch Hazel: Acts as an astringent to remove excess oil.

Several brands have capitalized on the trend toward natural skin care products by offering herbal-based acne patches in various markets. Beauty companies like COSRX, Peace Out, and Avarelle are recognized for their herbal acne solutions.

Analyzing this growth trend, our research estimates that the anti-acne dermal patch market for herbal-based is expected to grow at a CAGR of 7.77%. Notably, social media channels and beauty influencers play a pivotal role in the popularity of herbal acne patches. Influencers often share before-and-after results of using these patches, showcasing their effectiveness in real-time scenarios.

This endorsement helps validate the benefits of herbal patches to a broad audience, increasing consumer trust and interest. Brands leverage platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube to engage with potential customers, often sending samples to influencers to increase visibility.

E-Commerce: A Catalyst for Market Growth

The trend of purchasing beauty products through e-commerce channels has seen exponential growth. Shopify predicts that by 2026, the online sales of cosmetics and beauty products in the US are anticipated to represent nearly one-third of the category’s total retail sales.

When it comes to purchasing a patch for acne scars, the ability to read customer reviews and see user-generated content becomes pivotal. Online platforms have made it easier for brands to reach a global audience, providing consumers with easy access to a wide range of products that might not be available locally. In fact, campaigns featuring before-and-after results of using anti-acne patches have become particularly persuasive, with brands reporting a 30% increase in sales following such promotions.

In Conclusion,

The anti-acne dermal patch industry is a dynamic segment in the beauty sector, shaped significantly by technological advancements, e-commerce, and influencer marketing. As brands continue to expand their product ranges and leverage digital platforms for outreach, the demand for these innovative acne solutions is expected to grow. This trend reflects a broader movement towards personalized and effective skincare treatment, thereby creating opportunities within the anti-acne dermal patch market.

Grab a Quick Read to Understand the Global Analysis of the Anti-acne Dermal Patch Market : https://www.tritonmarketresearch.com/pressrelease-details/anti-acne-dermal-patch-market-global-analysis

 

FAQs:

Q.1) Are pimple patches bad for your skin?

While anti-acne dermal patches offer a convenient and effective method for treating blemishes and pimples. However, certain patches may lead to skin irritation in the case of sensitive skin.

Q.2) How big is the anti-acne dermal patch market?

As per Triton’s analysis, the global anti-acne dermal patch market reached a value of $498.25 million in 2023 and is projected to achieve $938.47 million by 2032.

[globalinsightblog]

"Masking Magic: The Art of Flavor Transformation in the Food Industry" 🎭

The Flavor Masking Agents Market is undergoing a flavorful revolution as food and beverage manufacturers seek innovative solutions to enhance taste profiles and improve consumer satisfaction.

Flavor masking agents, which are substances used to mask or modify undesirable tastes and aromas in food and beverage products, play a crucial role in creating enjoyable and palatable culinary experiences. From bitter blockers and sweet enhancers to aroma modifiers and texture improvers, flavor masking agents enable manufacturers to overcome challenges such as bitterness, astringency, and off-notes, allowing them to deliver delicious and consistent products that keep consumers coming back for more.

#FlavorMasking #TasteTransformation #FlavorEnhancement #CulinaryInnovation #FoodScience #SensoryExperience #PalatePleaser #TasteModifiers #FoodTech #TrendyTastes #GourmetEats #FoodieFinds #FoodAndDrink #FlavorfulCreations #TasteMakers

In the Flavor Masking Agents Market, creativity and ingenuity are driving growth and differentiation as manufacturers develop cutting-edge solutions to address evolving consumer preferences and dietary trends. With an increasing focus on health and wellness, there is a growing demand for natural and clean-label flavor masking agents made from plant-based ingredients and free from artificial additives. Additionally, as consumers become more adventurous in their culinary explorations, there is a rising interest in exotic and global flavors, prompting manufacturers to develop innovative masking agents that can accommodate a diverse range of taste profiles and cultural preferences. As the flavor masking agents market continues to evolve, fueled by advancements in food science and technology, it is poised to play a pivotal role in shaping the future of the food industry, delivering delightful and satisfying flavor experiences to consumers worldwide. 🌟

[endrusmithreal]

Navigating the Formic Acid Market: Price Trends and Insights

Formic Acid (HCOOH) is a chemical compound comprising a carboxylic acid group attached to its base atom. It is also known as methanoic acid, which is the simplest acid that occurs naturally and is commonly found in ant stings or the venom of bees.

The boiling and melting point of methanoic acid measures around 100.8° C and 8.6° C, respectively. It is a fluid with a pungent odor and is soluble in water, ethyl alcohol, and benzene. It is also slightly corrosive in nature and is an organic synthetic reagent that is efficiently used as an intermediate in several chemical synthesis processes.

Request for Real-Time Formic Acid Prices: https://procurementresource.com/resource-center/formic-acid-price-trends/pricerequest

The key importing countries that import Formic Acid are India, the Netherlands, and Brazil. On the other hand, the key exporting countries for the same are Germany, Belgium, and China.

Key Details About the Formic Acid Price Trends:

Procurement Resource does an in-depth analysis of the price trend to bring forth the monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, and yearly information on the Formic Acid price in its latest pricing dashboard. The detailed assessment deeply explores the facts about the product, price change over the weeks, months, and years, key players, industrial uses, and drivers propelling the market and price trends.

Each price record is linked to an easy-to-use graphing device dated back to 2014, which offers a series of functionalities; customization of price currencies and units and downloading of price information as excel files that can be used offline.

The Formic Acid Price Trends, including India Formic Acid price, USA formic acid prices, pricing database, and analysis can prove valuable for procurement managers, directors, and decision-makers to build up their strongly backed-up strategic insights to attain progress and profitability in the business.

Industrial Uses Impacting Formic Acid Price Trends:

Formic Acid, which is also known as methanoic acid, acts as a crucial intermediate in several chemical synthesis processes. It is primarily used as an antibacterial and preservative agent for producing livestock feeds. Due to its antibacterial properties, it is sprayed over fresh hays or silage, which helps the feed retain its nutritional values for longer.

Moreover, the pharmaceutical industry uses Formic Acid as foaming paste, local stimulation drugs, and astringent. It is also used as a raw material in manufacturing chemicals like camphor, caffeine, analgin, aminophylline, toluene imidazole drugs, vitamin B1, carbamazepine, and aminopyrin drugs. In the leather industry, Formic Acid is used as a leather depilation, ash removal, and soft and expansion agent, which is used in disinfection and dyeing.

Formic Acid is used in various applications, where it is used as a raw material in textile, chemical, pharmaceutical, medical, agricultural, electroplating, and leather industries.

Key Players:

BASF SE

Feicheng Acid Chemicals Co. Ltd

Taminco Corporation

Perstorp AB

News & Recent Development

Date: May 12, 2023- A study conducted by Tobias Erb, resulted in the development of an artificial metabolic pathway to produce formaldehyde, which is an intermediary product for artificial photosynthesis, using Formic Acid.

About Us:

Procurement Resource offers in-depth research on product pricing and market insights for more than 500 chemicals, commodities, and utilities updated daily, weekly, monthly, and annually. It is a cost-effective, one-stop solution for all your market research requirements, irrespective of which part of the value chain you represent.

We have a team of highly experienced analysts who perform comprehensive research to deliver our clients the newest and most up-to-date market reports, cost models, price analysis, benchmarking, and category insights, which help in streamlining the procurement process for our clientele. Our team tracks the prices and production costs of a wide variety of goods and commodities, hence, providing you with the latest and consistent data.

To get real-time facts and insights to help our customers, we work with a varied range of procurement teams across industries. At Procurement Resource, we support our clients, with up-to-date and pioneering practices in the industry, to understand procurement methods, supply chain, and industry trends, so that they can build strategies to achieve maximum growth.

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[themarketinsights]

Gallnuts Acid Market to Witness Revolutionary Growth by 2028

Latest released the research study on Global Gallnuts Acid Market, offers a detailed overview of the factors influencing the global business scope. Gallnuts Acid Market research report shows the latest market insights, current situation analysis with upcoming trends and breakdown of the products and services. The report provides key statistics on the market status, size, share, growth factors of the Gallnuts Acid The study covers emerging player’s data, including: competitive landscape, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are Jiurui Biology (China), Bei Yuan Chemical (China), Chicheng Biotech (China), JPN Pharma (India), Hunan Linong (China), Xiangxi Gaoyuan (China), WENZHOU OUHAI (China), Wufeng Chicheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd.  (China)

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Gallnuts Acid Market Definition:

Gallnuts Acid is a type of organic acid, founded ingallnuts,sumac,with  hazel tea leaves, oak bark, and other plant. Gallnuts are a group of very special natural products characterized as the plant-insect symbiont. They are formed as the pathological excrescences on the young branches or twigs of plants because of the insect attack and deposition of the eggs. Historically, gallnuts have been used by both Western and Eastern cultures as a traditional medicine for various body disorders, as an astringent in painful hemorrhoids, anantiphlogistic for inflammatory conditions, a treatment for diarrhea and dysentery, and a remedy for toothache and dental care

Market Trend:

Exponential growth of the pharmaceutical industry worldwide

Market Drivers:

Increasing use of gallnuts acid in the food industry

Market Opportunities:

Availability of raw material and shift in consumption

The Global Gallnuts Acid Market segments and Market Data Break Down are illuminated below:

by Type (Industrial Grade, Pharmaceutical Grade, Food Grade), Application (Antioxidants, Biological Activity, Medical applications, Other), Extract (Gallnuts, Sumac, Witch hazel, Tea leaves, Aak bark, Other plants)

Region Included are: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Oceania, South America, Middle East & Africa

Country Level Break-Up: United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, South Africa, Nigeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Germany, United Kingdom (UK), the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Austria, Turkey, Russia, France, Poland, Israel, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, China, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, India, Australia and New Zealand etc.

Enquire for customization in Report @: https://www.advancemarketanalytics.com/enquiry-before-buy/114737-global-gallnuts-acid-market

Strategic Points Covered in Table of Content of Global Gallnuts Acid Market:

Chapter 1: Introduction, market driving force product Objective of Study and Research Scope the Gallnuts Acid market

Chapter 2: Exclusive Summary – the basic information of the Gallnuts Acid Market.

Chapter 3: Displayingthe Market Dynamics- Drivers, Trends and Challenges of the Gallnuts Acid

Chapter 4: Presenting the Gallnuts Acid Market Factor Analysis Porters Five Forces, Supply/Value Chain, PESTEL analysis, Market Entropy, Patent/Trademark Analysis.

Chapter 5: Displaying market size by Type, End User and Region 2015-2020

Chapter 6: Evaluating the leading manufacturers of the Gallnuts Acid market which consists of its Competitive Landscape, Peer Group Analysis, BCG Matrix & Company Profile

Chapter 7: To evaluate the market by segments, by countries and by manufacturers with revenue share and sales by key countries (2021-2026).

Chapter 8 & 9: Displaying the Appendix, Methodology and Data Source

Finally, Gallnuts Acid Market is a valuable source of guidance for individuals and companies in decision framework.

Data Sources & Methodology The primary sources involves the industry experts from the Global Gallnuts Acid Market including the management organizations, processing organizations, analytics service providers of the industry’s value chain. All primary sources were interviewed to gather and authenticate qualitative & quantitative information and determine the future prospects.

In the extensive primary research process undertaken for this study, the primary sources – Postal Surveys, telephone, Online & Face-to-Face Survey were considered to obtain and verify both qualitative and quantitative aspects of this research study. When it comes to secondary sources Company's Annual reports, press Releases, Websites, Investor Presentation, Conference Call transcripts, Webinar, Journals, Regulators, National Customs and Industry Associations were given primary weight-age.

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[techninja]

The ACE Inhibitors Market: A Global Perspective on Cardiovascular Disease Management

Introduction

The global aluminum chloride hexahydrate market has witnessed significant growth over the past few years, driven by its versatile applications across various industries. This compound, with the chemical formula AlCl3·6H2O, is a hydrated form of aluminum chloride and plays a crucial role in numerous industrial processes. In this article, we will explore the current state of the aluminum chloride hexahydrate market, its applications, key players, and emerging trends.

Market Overview

Aluminum chloride hexahydrate, commonly known as aluminum hexahydrate, is a white crystalline substance that is highly soluble in water. It is used as a coagulant in water treatment processes, as a catalyst in chemical reactions, and as an antiperspirant in personal care products. The market for aluminum chloride hexahydrate has been expanding due to its wide range of applications, coupled with growing industrialization and urbanization worldwide.

Applications

1. Water Treatment: One of the primary applications of aluminum chloride hexahydrate is in water treatment. It is widely used as a coagulant to remove impurities and turbidity from drinking water and wastewater. The compound forms flocs that can easily settle, making it an effective solution for clarifying water.

2. Chemical Industry: Aluminum chloride hexahydrate is a crucial catalyst in various chemical reactions, including Friedel-Crafts reactions and polymerization processes. Its ability to enhance reaction rates and yield makes it indispensable in the production of pharmaceuticals, fragrances, and plastics.

3. Personal Care Products: This compound is a key ingredient in many antiperspirant and deodorant products. Its astringent properties help reduce sweat and odor by blocking sweat glands, making it a popular choice in the personal care industry.

4. Food Industry: Aluminum chloride hexahydrate is sometimes used as a food additive to firm up vegetables, pickles, and seafood. However, its use in food is subject to strict regulatory controls to ensure safety.

Key Players

The global aluminum chloride hexahydrate market is highly competitive and includes several prominent players. Some of the key players in the market include:

1. Gulbrandsen: A leading manufacturer and supplier of aluminum chloride hexahydrate, Gulbrandsen provides high-quality products for various industrial applications.

2. GFS Chemicals: GFS Chemicals is known for its expertise in producing a range of chemical products, including aluminum chloride hexahydrate, which is used in pharmaceuticals, research, and other industries.

3. Anmol Chemicals: Anmol Chemicals is a reliable supplier of aluminum chloride hexahydrate with a global customer base, serving industries like water treatment and chemicals.

4. Chemtex Speciality Limited: This company offers a comprehensive range of water treatment chemicals, including aluminum chloride hexahydrate, for efficient purification and coagulation processes.

Market Trends

1. Sustainable Water Treatment: Growing environmental concerns have led to an increased focus on sustainable and eco-friendly water treatment solutions. Manufacturers are developing aluminum chloride hexahydrate products that are more environmentally responsible, with reduced environmental impact.

2. R&D and Product Innovation: Ongoing research and development efforts are resulting in improved formulations of aluminum chloride hexahydrate for various applications. These innovations aim to enhance product performance and reduce health and environmental risks.

3. Regulatory Compliance: With increasing scrutiny on chemical substances, adherence to regulatory standards and guidelines is crucial. Companies are investing in compliance measures to ensure the safety and efficacy of their products.

4. Emerging Markets: The demand for aluminum chloride hexahydrate is on the rise in emerging markets, especially in Asia-Pacific and Latin America, due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. This presents opportunities for market expansion.

Conclusion

The aluminum chloride hexahydrate market is poised for continued growth, driven by its diverse applications across industries. With a focus on sustainability, innovation, and regulatory compliance, the market is evolving to meet the demands of a changing world. As industrial and environmental challenges persist, aluminum chloride hexahydrate remains a versatile and indispensable compound for various industrial and consumer applications.

[celmade10]

Unlocking the Secrets of Korean Beauty: A Journey into the World of K-Beauty

In recent years, the global beauty industry has witnessed a remarkable phenomenon known as "Korean Beauty" or "K-Beauty." This trend has taken the world by storm, captivating the hearts and skincare routines of individuals from all corners of the globe. With its innovative products, meticulous routines, and emphasis on radiant, flawless skin, K-Beauty has become more than just a trend; it's a beauty revolution.

The Essence of K-Beauty

Korean Beauty, often abbreviated as K-Beauty, is not merely about cosmetics; it's a holistic approach to skincare and self-care deeply rooted in Korean culture. At the heart of K-Beauty lies the pursuit of the "glass skin" ideal—a complexion so luminous and clear that it resembles a sheet of glass. Achieving this radiant skin is not limited to makeup but rather begins with a dedicated skincare regimen that emphasizes prevention, hydration, and long-term skin health.

The K-Beauty Routine

One of the standout features of K-Beauty is its multi-step skincare routine, which has become iconic. While Western skincare routines often consist of cleansing, moisturizing, and the occasional sunscreen, K-Beauty's regimen can comprise up to ten steps

Cleansing: Double cleansing is a key element, involving an oil-based cleanser followed by a water-based cleanser to remove makeup, sunscreen, and impurities.

Exfoliation: Exfoliating products, often gentle chemical exfoliants, help remove dead skin cells and promote skin renewal.

Toning: Toners in K-Beauty are not astringent but rather hydrating and pH-balancing, preparing the skin for further products.

Essence: Essence is a lightweight, hydrating product that prepares the skin to absorb subsequent products more effectively.

Serums and Ampoules: These concentrated treatments target specific skin concerns like acne, hyperpigmentation, or hydration.

Sheet Masks: Sheet masks are a favorite K-Beauty indulgence, delivering intense hydration and active ingredients in a fun and relaxing way.

Eye Cream: Gentle eye creams help address concerns like dark circles and puffiness.

Moisturizer: Moisturizers lock in hydration and create a protective barrier for the skin.

Sunscreen: Sun protection is essential in K-Beauty to prevent premature aging and skin damage.

Sleeping Masks: These overnight treatments provide extra hydration and nourishment, leaving the skin rejuvenated by morning.

Innovation and Natural Ingredients

K-Beauty products are renowned for their innovative formulas and natural ingredients. Many brands prioritize research and development, constantly pushing the boundaries of skincare technology. Ingredients like snail mucin, green tea extract, ginseng, and propolis are commonly found in K-Beauty products, reflecting the industry's commitment to harnessing the power of nature for healthier skin.

Global Impact

The appeal of K-Beauty is not confined to Korea; it has transcended borders and gained a devoted following worldwide. Korean beauty brands are now readily available in international markets, both online and in physical stores. This globalization has led to greater diversity in product offerings and increased accessibility for consumers worldwide.

For more info:-

korean skin care

korean cosmetics

[rohans18]

U.S. Dermatology Drugs Market Size, Reports, Demands, Share - Forecast 2028

Global U.S. Dermatology Drugs Market, By Dermatological Diseases (Acne, Dermatitis, Psoriasis, Skin Cancer, Others), Prescription mode  (Prescription Based Drugs, Over Counter Drugs), Drug Classification (Corticosteroids, Astringents, Anti-Inflammatory & Antipruritic Drugs, Anti-Infective/Antibacterial Drugs, Antifungal Drugs), Route Of Administration (Topical, Oral, Parenteral Administration), Distribution Channel (Hospital Pharmacies, Retail Pharmacies, Online Pharmacies), End User (Hospitals, Speciality Clinics, Cosmetic Centres) – Industry Trends and Forecast to 2029

An expert team performs systematic, object-oriented and complete market research study to provide the facts associated with any subject in the field of marketing via U.S. Dermatology Drugs marketing report. The report has a lot to offer to both established and new players in the U.S. Dermatology Drugs industry with which they can completely understand the market. SWOT analysis and Porter’s Five Forces analysis methods are used wherever applicable, while generating this report. One of the most important parts of an international U.S. Dermatology Drugs market report is competitor analysis with which businesses can estimate or analyse the strengths and weaknesses of the competitors.

Key Players

Abbott (U.S.)

Wondfo (China)

OraSure Technologies, Inc. (U.S.)

Quest Diagnostics Incorporated. (U.S.)

NEOGEN CORPORATION (U.S.)

Oranoxis Inc. (U.S.)

Premier Biotech, Inc. (U.S.)

(U.S.)

AccuBioTech Co., Ltd (China)

MEDACX Ltd. (U.K.)

Oasis Diagnostics Corporation (U.S.)

Porex (U.S.)

Salimetrics, LLC (U.S.)

Browse More Info @ https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/us-dermatology-drugs-market

With the help of credible U.S. Dermatology Drugs market analysis report, businesses can make out the reaction of the consumers to an already existing product in the market. The report includes estimations of recent state of the market, CAGR values, market size and market share, revenue generation, and necessary changes required in the future products. A wide-ranging competitor analysis helps build superior strategies of production, improvement in certain product, its advertising or marketing and promotion for the business. Exhaustive and comprehensive market study performed in the wide ranging U.S. Dermatology Drugs market report offers current and forthcoming opportunities that put light on the future market investment.

Key questions answered in the report:

Which product segment will grab a lion’s share?

Which regional market will emerge as a frontrunner in coming years?

Which application segment will grow at a robust rate?

Report provides insights on the following pointers:

Market Penetration: Comprehensive information on the product portfolios of the top players in the U.S. Dermatology Drugs Market.

Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on the upcoming technologies, R&D activities, and product launches in the market.

Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of the market strategies, geographic and business segments of the leading players in the market.

Table Of Content

Part 01: Executive Summary

Part 02: Scope Of The Report

Part 03:  Global Market

Part 04: Global Market Size

Part 05: Global Market Segmentation By Product

Part 06: Five Forces Analysis

 More Reports:

Diuretic Drugs Market

Patient Engagement Technology Market

Healthcare Business Intelligence Market

Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO) Market

Anti-cancer Drug Market

About Us:

Data Bridge Market Research set forth itself as an unconventional and neoteric Market research and consulting firm with unparalleled level of resilience and integrated approaches. We are determined to unearth the best market opportunities and foster efficient information for your business to thrive in the market

[researchanalystsblog]

Specialty Malt Market Supply and Demand with Size (Value and Volume) by 2026

According to a new report published by Allied Market Research, titled, " Specialty Malt Market by Source, Form, Application and Product: Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2019-2026," The specialty malt market size was valued at $3.3 billion in 2018 and is projected to reach $4.8 billion by 2026, growing at a CAGR of 4.7% from 2019 to 2026. Europe is one of the prominent regions in the market that accounted for approximately half of the total specialty malt market share in 2018.

In 2015, 22 million tons of malt was produced; out of which 90% of the malt was derived from barley. The economics of the malting industry critically depends upon barley selection, protein composition, plumpness, and moisture content. Large brewing companies are not completely integrated in terms of sourcing malt. Some companies such as Anheuser-Busch have their own malting facilities, but also purchase malt from independent maltsters. Over the years, the malt industry has evolved and has come up with specialty ingredient. Specialty malt is one such ingredient that has been gaining traction among its target customers specifically from the brewing and the food industry. Specialty malts range in flavor from the light and sweet carapils to the astringent, carbon-like black malt.

Some of the key players operating in the global specialty malt industry are Cargill Inc., Malteurop Groupe, GrainCorp Ltd., Soufflet Group, Barrett Burston Malting Company Wa Pty Ltd., Rahr Corporation, Simpsons Malt, Crisp Malting, Muntons PLC, and Axereal Group

Explore More @ https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/specialty-malt-market 

Considering the large scale applications of specialty malt in the food and beverages industry, the malt has been witnessing high demand in the global market. However, over the past couple of years, uncertain climatic conditions of crop sources have resulted in irregularities in the supply-demand trend for the specialty malt market. For instance, the U.S. is known for excellent growing conditions for barley crop. However, in 2014, the region reported poor rainfalls condition, which resulted in a negative impact on the overall yield of the crop. Thus, barley derived specialty malts incurred higher marginal prices, which affected the overall sales for that particular season.

According to the specialty malt market analysis in 2018, barley segment accounted for the maximum share in the global specialty malt market while the rye segment is expected to experience rapid growth during the forecast period.

Based on specialty malt market forecast, the alcoholic beverages segment had the maximum contribution in the global specialty malt market share in 2018 and is expected to remain dominant throughout the forecast period. However, the dairy & frozen products segment is expected to witness the fastest CAGR through the forecast period

Europe and North America were the prominent markets in 2018 and accounted for the maximum share in the global specialty market. Asia-Pacific is expected to witness robust specialty malt market growth throughout the forecast period. Major players in the specialty malt market focused on business expansion to improve their stance in the global market and overcome competition.

Key Findings of the Specialty Malt Market :

Based on region, Europe was the highest contributor to the global market in 2018 and is estimated to reach $1.9 billion by 2026.

Based on source, the barley segment was the highest contributor to the market in 2018 and is estimated to reach $3.9 million by 2026.

Based on form, the dry segment was the highest contributor to the market in 2018 and is estimated to grow at a moderate CAGR during the forecast period.

Based on application, the alcoholic beverages segment was the highest contributor to the market and is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 4.5% during the forecast period.

Based on product, the caramelized malt segment is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.8% throughout the forecast period

[dodoskin]

How To Choose The Best BB Cream For Your Skin Type

The multipurpose beauty balm known as BB creams has beyond the realm of skin care trends. These wonder balms have combined skincare and makeup in recent years to offer us skin that looks lovely. There are many different types of BB creams and foundations on the market, and today we'll glance at what is BB creams and foundations?

And, afterward, we will move to the section where we will make you matey with the things you should consider while buying BB cream or foundation. 

What Is Foundation? 

A liquid, cream, or powder foundation is used on the face and neck to conceal defects, balance out the skin tone, and occasionally alter the natural skin tone. Some foundations can also serve as a substrate for more sophisticated cosmetics or as a moisturizer, sunscreen, or astringent. 

What Exactly Is BB Cream?

BB cream, often known as 'blemish balm' cream, is a multifunctional product combination. It combines a primer, moisturizer, foundation, sunscreen, and concealer. It's a one-stop shop product that was famous in Asia but has now expanded all over the world because employing it is easy. And also because of its capacity to beautify skin in seconds. Using this all-in-one cream will drastically reduce your skincare and makeup regimen, as well as your product arsenal. If you haven't made an effort yet, you should absolutely do so. Not sure where to begin? Here are a few tips to take into account before buying them.

Skin Color

Distinct skin types have different requirements. While BB cream and foundation may complement and improve the appearance of all skin types. It is critical that you pick the perfect one for you. If you have dry skin, search for a BB cream with nourishing and moisturizing formulations. A good BB cream for your skin would contain humectants or ceramides to restore moisture.

For Oily Skin

People with oily skin also struggle to discover the finest BB creams and foundations that suit their skin type. But it doesn't imply people can't attain and benefit from the product's applications. While many BB creams are excessively thick, certain products are appropriate for this skin type. Further, matte finishes, lightweight, and oil-free solutions are suitable for such skin types. Therefore, ensure that you receive a product that meets this requirement.  

For Combination Skin

Finding a cream that works for your mixed complexion might be difficult. You'll need to locate one that balances oil and dryness on your skin. A BB cream or foundation that adds extra oiliness to your face or causes it to dry out may not be your best choice. Therefore, using a cream that absorbs oil without leaving you dry is preferable. Formulas containing antioxidants like vitamin E are also desirable in cream for brightening effects.

For Hyperpigmentation

Choosing a cream for hyperpigmentation is also tricky. Because hyperpigmentation darkens the skin, it can range from tiny spots to bigger ones. Some people use a heavy concealer over the top when dealing with this. To eliminate dark spots and even out your skin tone, seek a cream that includes arbutin.

SPF

Most BB creams and foundations contain SPF, making them an extremely useful component in your skincare routine. For this reason, it is not of the essence to apply sunscreen and makeup separately when using BB cream. This is because they are combined into one simple product. It shields your skin from the sun and might assist you in avoiding sun damage throughout the year. If you are fair, use sunscreen with a high SPF. SPF 15 is a good starting point, but you may go higher if necessary. Daily skin protection is essential because the sun can cause up to 90% of premature skin aging.

Shade

You naturally want a cream that complements your skin tone. You should choose a cream that matches your skin tone because they come in a number of hues. BB cream may adjust to your skin type and offers immediate coverage and correction. Thus, choose the appropriate shade before purchasing to ensure that your skin always looks healthy and radiant.

Keep Your Age In Mind

Before making a purchase, you must take into account your age and make an appropriate decision. People in their forties can use BB cream, which has anti-aging qualities and gives more coverage. Choose those that decrease wrinkles and make you seem younger. Further, young folks might use BB and foundation creams that offer them a shine and a dewy look.

Make The Right Choice

To sum up, applying BB cream or foundation is not only your makeup routine but also a skincare routine if chosen the right one. Therefore, pick the creams incorporating the tips mentioned above. Apart from choosing the suitable cream, choosing the brand is also essential. Do not worry if you rely on none, as you can visit the website of DoDo Skin. Don't give second thoughts to their products. They offer the finest quality products that are free from harmful chemicals. Moreover, every skin type can find something suitable with a medley of products, ranging from the best CC cream for oily skin to the best BB cream. 

So, what next? 

Hook to their website, scroll through the products, and purchase the best suited!

[tommyplum]

- the midlands | tommy/alfie for @boundinshallows’ sholomons prompt fest 2019

May Carleton leaves Birmingham; Alfie Solomons stays. There's no need to let a perfectly good hotel reservation go to waste.

notes: I have a fondness for Alfie bottoming (which is not on trend for this fandom lol) so whoever left this prompt, thank you for the excuse to write this. content warning for sex. - maggie

"As it so happens, Alfie," Tommy said. Just like that, an addendum, a drop into the still that his compatriot in the business could lift to his nose and inhale, or could let evaporate into the ether, as he showed Alfie Solomons out of his distillery after the tour, the critiques, the introductions. "As it so happens, I've a suite at The Midlands booked that's going to go to waste if nobody occupies it, tonight. You don't have to make the trip back to London right away, if you don't need to." 

Tommy took a long, dry pull from his cigarette, and Alfie watched as he looked up, away, at a starling whose little toe-claws were skittering along a ceiling pipe. "If you don't want to, that is."

And then Tommy held out his hand, and they pressed flesh, Alfie's middle finger still tingling slightly under his nail from the aid for incurable sadness he'd dipped it in.

Birmingham was still rank with swine flesh when they trundled back out to the car, and Alfie stood in the heavy, grey air for a few moments. The smell of juniper was still high up in his nose, dry, not sweet enough for some quarters and prospective interests, but it did, at least, cut through the trayf. 

That was something worth pondering on.

"Ishmael," Alfie said, finally starting towards the car properly and opening his door, bundling himself in and shutting it with a yank of his cane, "find out where the fuck in this dismal shit hole there is what the natives optimistically refer to as a hotel." Ishmael, accustomed by now to his boss giving orders that ran perpendicular, adjacent, or downright contrary to everything that had come before, merely nodded and collared a couple of Small Heathians who were passing as Alfie took the time to not settle himself in for a long ride back to Camden Town.

The Midlands. You couldn't have asked for a more fitting name for this, Tommy my dove, he thought, and lifted his anointed hand to his nose as the car lurched into motion.

---

Tommy Shelby, it seemed, then had the ever-loving fucking effrontery to make Alfie wait -- yet again -- for his hallowed arrival.

"Right, I'm on the verge of taking whatever car you've got for yourself outside and driving me own way out of this facking pustule of a town, Tommy, so you'd best get out of my way." Alfie gestured with his cane, a couple inches away from thwacking Tommy's knee with it, his hands knotting and sprawling to express the full range of his annoyance with this day's being inconvenienced by one tightly-wound Peaky bastard. 

"I do apologize, Alfie," Tommy said, unbuttoning his suit jacket as he continued in the same vein of airy nonchalance that he'd cultivated at some point in his fledgling gangster career, Alfie surmised, to sound unflappable and unmoved and just a touch arrogant. It did have a certain charm, if you weren't currently aggravated out of your bloody mind. 

Although he couldn't sort out why Tommy also saw fit to unbutton his waistcoat and take off his glasses, placing them very carefully on the sideboard, until Tommy came over, close. Close enough for Alfie to pick out the scent of mint and ginger on his breath, the astringency of his skin. He'd shaved, recently. "There was a bit of last-minute business that delayed me, couldn't be avoided," Tommy continued. "I plan to make it up to you, though. The inconvenience."

Tommy put his thumb briefly against Alfie's throat, to the side of his adam's apple. And then he sank down to his knees.

"This is one hell of an apology, mate," Alfie began, instantly wary, his fingers re-wrapping themselves around the handle of his cane. Just in case. "Not saying it isn't warranted, given the bad manners of both yourself and your festering city--"

"I'd tell you to shut up," Tommy said, almost conversationally. He turned his head, and his nose and mouth and chin pressed against the front of Alfie's trousers, warm, insistent, interested. "But you wouldn't listen."

Tommy raised an unhurried look at Alfie, through the dark spikes of his eyelashes. "And I think hearing yourself talk is what gets you hard, anyways."

Alfie grunted. Half in surprise, half in agreement; and, fuck, it was the fucking Midlands, wasn't it? He'd not been entirely unaware of what this meeting in this for-some-reason unoccupied suite might involve. He was only a little rumbled because Tommy'd presumed that Alfie would wait for him, yet again.

But here he was, having waited. And here was Tommy, undoing Alfie's trousers and reaching inside for his cock, hands considerately warm for a change as he cupped Alfie's balls, rolling, fondling, and grasped his stiffening length to take stock. Finding that Alfie possibly would prefer some encouragement, Tommy took his paw back, licked the palm, and then replaced it, neat as a cat as he kneaded Alfie's sac and tugged at his cock.

"Keep talking, then," Tommy said. Alfie brought the hooked handle of his cane around to the back of Tommy's clipped head, pulling him in as he settled his feet into a wider stance. Obliging of him, that was, and Tommy must have agreed because he slipped both his hands in further past the unfolding material of Alfie's trousers. Helping himself to what he found there, thickening at his touch.

"The secret to great oratory, posy, is to never capitulate to the pressure for a command performance. No matter how enticing the compensation might seem at first glance--" Alfie's words gave way to a low sigh, breath heating up his tongue on the way past his parted lips as Tommy bobbed forward to take the head of Alfie's terribly eager prick into his mouth. Tommy's lips were wet, slicked up with his own spit as he sank right on down without a care as to keeping things tidy, none of the mannered propriety that Alfie occasionally found so ridiculous.

His cane skidded down, to the back of Tommy's neck, but Alfie left it there loose. Tommy was doing all the work already and needed no guidance or encouragement and Alfie rested his other hand on Tommy's face, the heel of his palm against that hollow, hollowing cheek, pressing in now and again to feel the bulbous push of his own cockhead. Onanism as translated through the mouth of Thomas Shelby, Alfie thought, but he let that one go as soon as it formed, nebulous and mocking and perhaps entirely too potent to be part of having his cock swallowed in a shit Birmingham hotel.

Tommy cupped Alfie's balls as he pulled back with wetness dripping in rivulets down the shaft of Alfie's cock, off the ruddied pink of Tommy's lips, saliva and precum both in a bubbling cocktail that brined the air with its scent. "Get me there, eh, Tom," Alfie murmured, "and it'll be apology accepted. Providing that you never again ask that I insult my preferred cobblers by setting shoe leather a step into your wank-stain of a city, yeah?"

Alfie grunted as Tommy -- in reply, he supposed -- pinched the soft skin of his sac, otherwise ignoring the barbs aimed at his family seat of operations, and instead dove the tip of his tongue into Alfie's slit. Poking in, fucking the sensitive orifice, and the handle of Alfie's cane rose to rub against the crease at the base of Tommy's skull as its wielder blinked at the ceiling and its shabby crown mouldings, feeling showers of sparks going off in the corners of his eyes. His cock pulsed, thumping for attention against the roof of Tommy's mouth when the warm wet heat of it thankfully returned en toto, and Tommy's hand slid further back, behind Alfie's balls, the calloused drag of a thumb-pad chasing the push of his middle fingertip. Sticky, and slippery, and when Tommy's finger forced its way into Alfie's hole his whole body jerked, galvanized.

His cane clattered to the floor and Alfie grabbed Tommy's head with both hands, rumpling his raven hair as he strained and bucked forward and came, hugely, incandescently, with a groan that ran circles through his chest before it hit the air and became fully-realized sound. Tommy stayed in tight, and Alfie -- fingers splayed all down Tommy's throat, all over his face, everywhere -- for a moment thought he might black out at the feel and sound of him swallowing all the seed Alfie had to give.

They stayed there for a few long yawning moments, Alfie's blood thumping in his ears, before Tommy moved back. Detaching himself and getting to his feet, drawing the back of one hand over his sloppy, used mouth. Alfie glanced down at his cane -- fuck it, he'd give himself the luxury of tucking back in and doing up his clothes first before he attempted to bend and retrieve it -- and said through a slightly heavy tongue, "Right, then. Make it sweet like that for the Americans, Tommy, and you'll have no trouble finding yourself a market."

He started to fold himself back together, material of his trousers hopelessly creased and possibly somewhat stained, but Alfie found his movements stopped by Tommy's hand on his wrist. "Hmmm?" he thrummed, thinking of the pistol under his coat, but Tommy didn't make any untoward movements.

Instead, he jutted his jaw to one side as he pinned Alfie with a level stare and said, clear and hard as a nail dropping on brick, "Oh, no, Alfie. Not yet. You're in Birmingham now, son, and that's not how we leave things."

And then Tommy was on him. Peeling back layers and layers of clothes, Alfie's coat, his jacket, his waistcoat and prayer shawl and shirt, discarding them all across the reproduction chaise longue that sat foolishly at the foot of the bed. "I'm gonna fuck you," Tommy breathed against Alfie's mouth, chasing him down with his nose and his shoulders and chest as he let go of Alfie to attend to his own clothes, stripping them off with far less care and letting them fall to the floor. "You think that might bring on some fucking oratory? Ay? Is that the kind of command performance you'll agree to?"

He hunched his shoulders forward, and Alfie was by no means a small man in terms of built-up muscle but Tommy was bulling ahead, compact and strong, a goddamn clay-kicker, wasn't he, and Alfie found himself -- body already drunk on the force of his climax -- unbalanced. He dropped back onto the bed with a slight bounce that met with Tommy's body coming down on his, and from there off came the shoes and trousers and shorts and it was the two of them naked, hard, against each other in The fucking Midlands.

Alfie shoved himself up higher on the mattress, at a curved diagonal, and watched as Tommy had the audacity to reach down into the pocket of his discarded jacket and bring out a vial of oil. Catching Alfie's incredulous look, Tommy tipped his chin to the side briefly with a smirk, lips twitching up at the corner. "Yeah, that's right, Alfie," he said, voice down to a husky tease, "that's how sure I was that you'd end up on your back for me. Everyone who comes to Birmingham does, one way or another."

"Hrrrmm." Alfie went up on his elbows, his cock still half-hard, sloped heavily against his thigh as he spread his legs, letting Tommy in between them with one knee on the mattress. "Is that generally before or after you get on your knees for them, then, love?"

Tommy gave a chuffing laugh, rust-clogged like he'd long since forgotten how that particular expression of emotion worked, and for a distinct moment the air of the hotel suite went still and they looked at each other, blue-grey and gin-blue, and Tommy might have taken that opportunity to close the distance between them and press his mouth against Alfie's.

The moment passed. The air moved again. Stirred by the wings of starlings and kestrels, of jackdaws.

Reaching past Alfie, Tommy clawed up the sheets and coverlet and bunched them roughly behind Alfie's back, down to his hips, and Alfie obligingly raised himself for the bolstering. His thighs parted more easily at that angle, Tommy reaching down between them to slide his oiled-up fingers between the heft of Alfie's arsecheeks, to the tight furl of his hole. Tighter than might be expected, from the flicker of Tommy's eyebrow as he pressed one fingertip in, then two, twisting. 

"Been, ah -- a while, right, since I was tended to in that particular fashion," Alfie said mildly, still up on his elbows because he'd be damned if he was going to miss the sight of this, Tommy Shelby pouring oil into the open palm of the hand that currently had two fingers wedged into Alfie's arse. "Circumstances being as they are, as in nobody generally has the fucking wherewithal to attempt to sodomize me." Alfie uncurled and re-curled his fingers, allowing, "--at least, not in the literal sense."

Tommy tilted his hand and the oil ran down the trough of his fingers, funnelling into Alfie's clutching hole, and he shoved his fingers in deep with a satisfied flicker in his eyes as Alfie's breath hitched. "I've been told," he said seriously, "that I have a tendency towards an over-abundance of ambition. Good or bad, Alfie, d'you think? Is that tendency?"

"Fuckin' good , Tommy," Alfie growled, finally sinking back into the crumpled sheets as Tommy followed him, climbing up onto the bed and positioning himself where he could do the most damage. Alfie's gaze dotted over the line of his shoulders, the circle of his tattoo, the various thin lines and ranges of scars, but never alighted in one place too long. This wasn't the first time they'd clinched like this, groping at each other, learning each other's bodies; it was, though, the first time they'd been entirely undressed. Laid out available to see and be seen, to map, to catalogue, to discern the various key components and be dissected in turn. 

It was, Alfie found, entirely too much to be dealt with at the moment. Let it wait. 

He focused instead on the feel of Tommy's cock, the blunt sticky head of it rubbing along the tender skin between Alfie's legs, circling the over-sensitized thin slick of his hole, the tip of Tommy's thumb pushing in for a moment before he withdrew it and grasped himself anew. Guiding that fat tip to Alfie's hole and pushing, pressing, and then driving in with a lunge, a shout, a tremble that went through his entire body.

Alfie's mouth panted wetly open, his lips feeling swollen despite going unassaulted by kisses, and he rubbed the back of his head against the sheets to bruise out the smell of himself, treacly rum and oven-bricked bread and Portugal water, making it rise to wreath them both. "Fuck," he breathed, and "-- fuck ," Tommy echoed, fitting his hand under Alfie's arm and around his back as he got himself adjusted, other hand pushing Alfie's thigh open so he could get in closer, sink in deeper. Alfie's head was swimming, a peppermint-electric spiderwebbing of sensation through his groin and arse and belly as Tommy's thick cock drove in further and further without mercy, Tommy's breath rasping above him.

"Is it good," Tommy insisted again, then moved back, only a little, and shoved forward again to make a long, desperate groan clamber its way up through Alfie's chest and pour from his mouth. " Tell me how fucking good it is, Alfie. I want it. I want to hear it."

"Then bloody well fuck me, Tommy!" Alfie roared, lifting his head as he reached out to splat his hands haphazardly against Tommy's side, his back, and damned if that wasn't exactly what his mule-stubborn cunt of a partner was waiting for because Tommy snarled back, leaving off holding Alfie's thighs apart to grab his hip and thrust forward, impaling him in one go and then sliding directly into a punishing pounding rhythm. The slap of their skin, oil and sweat, macerating the grunts and moans they punctuated the air with, Tommy's intense single-minded muttered yeah yeah yes fuck yeah and Alfie's pouchy gusts of articulated encouragement on each in-thrust.

The sheets under him bunched tighter as they fucked, Tommy's arse rising and falling with his galloping pace and snorted breath, the whinny of his oncoming release, and as much as Alfie wanted it, his body clutching and clenching in remembered desire as Tommy's cock dragged into that sweet spot inside him, he knew he'd be laid up the next day, more likely than not. Thoughtful sheet-bundle under his hips or not. "Come on, then, Tommy, yeah, that's my boy," Alfie rumbled through gritted teeth, pushing up until he could grind his bearded chin against Tommy's shoulder, rub it against the freshly-shaved skin of his neck. "Give it to me, since you're in a giving mood, that's it, because we are who we are, hmmm?" Alfie wrapped his hand around the back of Tommy's neck, bearing down on the hammering thrusts that were beating him open, demanding, not to be denied. 

"We do all our killing at close range, don't we, Tommy, we do it personal ."

Tommy grabbed Alfie tighter, colliding with him, bowling him over as he drilled Alfie into the mattress until his thrusts, increasingly erratic and impassioned, stopped short. He dropped his head forward and bit into Alfie's shoulder, blood tipping the ends of his teeth yellow-red when he removed them from torn flesh, throwing his head back in a short, anguished howl. And Alfie watched, committing it all to memory, jotting it all down in the box of his brain and the meat of his body, soaking up Tommy's spunk as it spurted deep inside him.

"Jesus," Tommy muttered when it seemed he could breathe normally again, and Alfie murmured, "--not the right Jew, darling, but I'll take it as a compliment."

Tommy made an explosive little sound that could have been a laugh, and eased out and rolled off, causing the bed to dip to one side before Tommy got to his feet. Turning his back on Alfie and reaching down to his coat again to get his cigarette case and lighter, as Alfie blinked up at the crown mouldings and felt cum trickling out of him and the little oil bottle bumping against his thigh, realizing that Tommy'd let all the oil they hadn't used spill and soak into the mattress. How many of his erstwhile paramours, Alfie wondered as Tommy's smoke started to make trails, did Mr. Shelby of Watery Lane rent this suite for? How many ruined bedclothes left in his wake?

Alfie rubbed the heels of his hands against his eyes as he stretched experimentally; the ache in his lower back was making its long approach, yet, for which he was grateful as he pushed himself up on his elbow -- only to see Tommy fastening up his trousers, shouldering into his shirt. Everything about the way he was moving, the way he was holding himself -- finger-combing his blue-black hair into place, his stare retreating into that remote still sky-blue -- telegraphing what the next move was. The next move that this suite at The fucking Midlands had seen a dozen times over, a score of times.

And so Alfie let himself sink back down into the bed, gingerly bringing his legs up onto it properly and twitching the covers to lie in a damp twist over his hips, trailing down the backs of his thighs as he turned to face the window. "Yeah, go on then, get out of here," he said, waving Tommy off as if he were no more than a pestering maître d'. "I'm sorted and from what I hear, this suite's unoccupied and therefore mine for the night, and I'd like to get some rest before I make the long trip back to civilization in the morning."

The slight patter of Tommy's lips blowing out smoke sounded loud in the room. That was the only sound he made, save one: the gentle tik of Alfie's cane, when Tommy picked it up from the floor and leaned it upright against the bloody chaise longue. The door didn't even make much of a noise when he opened it to leave, shut it behind him.

"Come to Birmingham," Alfie said to himself, letting his eyes drift shut. "Be damned for breathing. Go to The Midlands ... and find a way to damn yourself even further, is that it? Ahhrrnn . Eradicate your incurable fucking sadness, yeah." His sore, strained body slumped into the mattress, too worn from the drive and the day's events and the unexpected fucking it had taken to sustain awakeness any longer, and Alfie sighed, letting himself go under, letting go of the thought that had been circulating in his head for days. Weeks.

Big fucks small. 

He'd come back to that, when the time was right.

/end

[juniperpublishers-ttsr]

Study the Physico-Chemical Properties of Sapota (Achras Sapota L.) - Juniper publishers

Journal of Trends in Technical and Scientific Research

Abstract

In the present work, the physical and chemical properties of fresh sapota fruits (Achras sapota L). And the Physical Properties studies such as moisture content (%), length (mm), width (mm), thickness (mm), volume (cc), Sphericity , weight of fruits (g), Bulk density (g/cc), True density (g/cc) and Porosity (g/cc). Chemical properties is TSS °(B), Acidity (%), pH, Reducing sugar (%), Total Sugar (%), Protein (%), Fat (%), Carbohydrate (%), Fiber (%), Color L, a and b.

Moisture content of sapota found to be in the range of 73.07 % wet basis (280.283 % db), the results showed that The length, width and thickness is sapota fruits was found to vary in the ranges from 44.08 to 60.19,37.00 to 49.34 and 41.06 to 52.91 mm, respectively, The volume of the sapota fruits range is 20 to 70 cm3, Sphericity of sapota fruits range is found to be 0.842 to 0.990, average weight of sapota fruits was 52.99±7.the weight of sapota fruits are recorded the range 41.15 to 74.99 (g), Sapota fruits are bulk density was in the range of found 0.341 to 0.414 g/cc, True density of sapota fruits was in the range of found 0.952 to 2.1095 g/cc, The porosity is calculated by the sapota fruits was found in the range of 16.62 to 42.22. chemical properties results shows the The fresh sapota fruits the TSS range is found 17 to 23, Titratable acidity of sapota fruits was in the of range 0.2 to 0.25, pH of sapota fruits range was observed in the range 5.5 to 6.0, Reducing sugar of fresh sapota fruits range was 15 to 17.3, Total sugars of fresh sapota are range between 46 to 52.2.

The fresh Sapota fruit protein is range is 0.6 to 0.80, The carbohydrate of sapota fresh fruits range is 14.3 to 28.31. The fat of Sapota fresh fruits range 0.4 to 1.25, Fibre of sapota was range of 0.42 to 28.31, Colour L values of fresh sapota fruits are range are 57.70 to 72.10, Colour a value of sapota fruits are range found 7.10 to 10.42 and b value of colour in sapota fruits are range comes in 37.26 to 41.91.

Keywords: Sapota fruit, Dimensions, Physical properties, Post-harvest processing.

   Introduction

  Sapodilla, (Manilkara Zapota L.) which belongs to the family sapotaceae, is underutilized tropical fruits commonly known as “sapota” in India and “chiku” in Malaysia. Immature fruits are hard, gummy and rich in tannin (astringent), while the ripe fruits are soft and juicy, with a sweet taste an attractive range colour, which makes them wonderful dessert fruit [1]. In India it is grown in an area of 82000 ha with 8 tones production at 14.19 tonnes per hectors productivity. Sapota is grown on a commercial basis in India, the Philippines, Srilanka, Malaysia, Mexico, Venezuela, Guatemala and other central American countries [2]. In Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamilnadu and Karnataka states sapota is grown commercially [3]. Raw fruits of sapota are astringed, while ripe fruits are sweet. It is mainly used as dessert fruits bedside many processed products are prepared from sapota namely Halwa, Juice, Milk Shake, Shrikhand, fruit Jam. Mature fruits are used for making mixed fruits jams and provide a valuable source of raw materials for manufacture of industrial glucose, protein and natural fruits jellies. They also are canned as slices [4]. Sapota is a small fruit, generally with a diameter range from 5 to 9 cm with round to egg shaped appearance, and 75- 200 g weight. It consists of a rough brown skin, which enclosed a soft, sweet, light brown to reddish brown flesh. The flesh is often gritty, much like a pear, and which holds three to four flat, smooth black seeds, although some fruits are seedless. Figure 1 shows the sapota fruits and cut sapota fruits. Superior strains have a time smooth texture with a slight fragrant and sweet flavour [5].

Sapota fruits is reported to contain sugar, acids, protein, amino acid, phenolics viz, galic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, leucodelphinidin, and leucodelargonidin and Leucopelargonidin, carotenoids, ascorbic acids, and minerals like potassium, calcium and iron (Selvaraj and Pal) [6-9]. Fruits contains carbohydrate (50.49 g-100 g), protein (0.7 g – 100g), fat (1.1 g – 100g), fibre (2.6g -100g), and minerals nutrient viz. calcium (28mg -100g), iron (2.0mg -100g), phosphorus (27mg -100g), ascorbic acid (6.0mg -100g), Golpalan et al., Size and shape are most often used when describing grains, seeds, fruits and vegetables. Shapes and physical dimensions are important in sorting and sizing of fruits and determination how many fruits can be placed in shipping containers or plastic bags of a given size. Quality difference in fruits, vegetables, grains and seeds can often be detected by differences in density. When fruits and vegetables are transported hydraulically, the design fluid velocities are related to both density and shape [10]. Quality is defined as the absence of defects or degree of excellence and it includes appearance, color, shape, injuries, flavor, taste, aroma, nutritional value and being safe for the consumer [11]. Due to a higher market exigency as for high quality products, the juice and pulp industries have been looking for fruits with better internal and external features, including fruit length and width; fruit weight; pulp, seed and peel percentages per fruit; number of seeds per fruit; seed size and peel diameter; soluble solids (ºBrix); Titratable acidity (%); vitamin C content (mg/100g of fresh fruit); pulp pH and soluble solids/ Titratable acidity ratio. The physical properties affect conveying characteristics of solid materials by air of any sample. Size, shape and physical dimensions of sapota are important in sizing, sorting and other separation processes. Bulk and true densities of sapota are necessary to design the equipment for processing and storing. The porosity of fruits is the most important for packing, pH is used to determine the acidity and alkalinity of the fruits, and TSS is used to determine the amount of sugar concentration. Many studies have been reported on physical properties of fruits such as Apple, Apricot, Banana, Olive, Pomegranate and grape by the researches [12-17]. The literature on physico-chemical properties of sapota is scarce. The present work was undertaken to study the physico-chemical properties of sapota fruits.

Materials and Methods

Moisture content

The moisture content of sapota kalipatti variety fruits was used for the experiments. The moisture content was determined by using a standard hot air oven method [18]. The sapota was cut into slices around 10 to 15 g and slices were kept in pre weighed moisture boxes by using electronic balance of 300 g capacity having the least count of 0.001 g. These samples were kept in hot air oven for 105ºC ± 1ºC for 24 hours. The moisture content (wb%) was determined as equation (1)

2 3 2 1 ( %) 100 w w MoistureContent db w w − = × − ---(1)

Where,

W1 = mass of empty box with lid, g

W2 = mass of box, lid with sample, g

W3= mass of box, lid with sample after 24 hours, g

Dimensions (L, B, T)

The three principal dimensions namely length, width (Diameter) and thickness was measured for each individual sapota along X, Y, and Z axis with the help of Vernier caliper (least count of 0.01mm). The spatial dimensions were measured for 50 fruits and average value has been reported. Geometric mean diameter was calculated by following equation (2)

1 ( ) 3 [( )] g DL B T = × × ---(2)

Where,

Dg = Geometric Mean Diameter in mm

L = Length, mm

B = Breadth, mm

T = Thickness, mm

Sphericity

It is defined as ratio of surface area of sphere having same volume as that of the sapota to the surface area of the sapota [19]. This criterion was used to describe the shape of the sapota. Sphericity of sapota fruit was determined by using equation (3).

13 ()L B T Sphericity L × × = ---(3)

Fruit weight

Samples of sapota were taken and their weights were measured on an electronic weighing machine with the 0.001 kg least count. The maximum, minimum, and average values of these parameters were recorded and standard deviation of the mean values was tabulated.

Fruit volume

A 1000 ml measuring cylinder was used for measurement of fruit volume. Measuring cylinder was filled with water up to 500 ml. the fruit is dropped in the measuring cylinder. The initial volume before placed was recorded for fruit. The volume change after dropping the fruit in to the cylinder was recorded. The measurement was repeated 10 times the change in volume was reported as the volume of fruit. The average of 10 measurement were reported as a fruits volume using equation,

v FB A = − ---(4)

 Where,

Fv = fruit volume,

A = Initial level of water in the measuring cylinder, ml

B= final level of water in the measuring cylinder, ml

Bulk density

The bulk density was determined by using the mass/volume relationship. Sapota were filled in gunny bag having volume (100cm×60cm×30cm). Total mass of the sapota were measured with the electronic balance with accuracy of 0.01 g. Fruit density (kg/m3) was calculated by using the following equation (5). The experiments were repeated with five times and average value was reported. The bulk density of sapota fruit was determined by using following formula as suggested by Mohasnin.

b M P V = ---(5)

Where,

Pb= bulk density (kg/m3),

M = bulk mass of fruit (kg), and

V = volume of Gunny bag (100cm×60cm ×30cm).

True density

The true density of sapota fruit was determined by using toluene displacement method. Weight of single sapota fruit was taken with electronic precision balance with least count 0.001 g and fruit was immersed carefully into measuring cylinder partially filled with toluene. The volume of toluene displaced by the fruit was noted down. The true density was calculated by using following equation (6).

t td W P V = ---(6)

Where,

Pt = True density g/cc,

Vtd= volume of cylinder content (cc).

W= Wight of sapota fruits

Porosity

The porosity of sapota was computed from the value of bulk density and true density using relationship.

100 Truedensity Bulk density Porosity Truedensity − = × ---(7)

Total Soluble Solids⁰ (BRIX)

Total soluble solids sapota pulps were determined using Refractometer (M/s. Atago, Japan) at atmospheric temperature. The equipment was calibrated with distilled water and the TSS of the Sapota juice was determined. The experiment was replicated three times. The total soluble solid content of fruit samples was determined by a digital Refractometer (Kyoto Company, Kyoto, Japan).

Titratable Acidity

The Titratable acidity of sapota fruit pulp was determined as per the procedure Ranganna. A known quantity of sample was blended in mortar and pestle with 20-25 ml distilled water. It was then transferred to 100 ml volumetric flask, made up the volume and filtered. A known volume of aliquot (10ml) was titrated against 0.1N sodium hydroxide (NAOH) solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator (Ranganna). The acidity was calculated as given below and the results were expressed as percent anhydrous citric acid. The three replications were carried out and the average readings were reported.

(%) 10 1000 N T E Titratableacidity W V× × = × × × ---(8)

Where,

N = normality of alkali

T = titrate reading

E = equivalent mass of acid, g

W = weight of the sample, g

V = total volume of the sample, g

pH

pH of sapota was measured using digital pH meter. The digital pH meter is firstly calibrated by using 4 pH and 7 pH buffer solution. The electrode was washed with distilled water and blot led with tissue paper. 10 ml of sapota juice was taken in beaker, and then the tip of electrode and temperature probe was then submerged in to the sample. The pH reading display on the primary LCD and temperature on secondary one. The pH of fresh sapota was determined for three replications. The chemical properties such as pH of meddler fruit were determined according to the methods presented by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists.

Reducing Sugar

The reducing sugar of sapota pulp was estimated by using Lane and Eynon Method with modifications reported by Ranganna. A known weight of Sapota slices were crushed with distilled water using lead acetate (45%) for precipitation of extraneous material and potassium oxalate (22%) to de-lead the solution. This lead free extract was used to estimate reducing sugars titrating against standard Fehling mixture (Fehling ‘A’ and ‘B’ in equal proportion) using methylene blue as an indicator to brick red end point. The three replication were carried out and the average reading was reported.

100 % ' volume prepared Reducing sugar GV of fehling s solution burette reading initial volume = × --- (9)

Where,

GV= Glucose value

Total Sugar

Total sugars of sapota pulp estimated by same procedure of reducing sugar after acid hydrolysis of an aliquot of deleaded sample with 50 percent of hydrochloric acid followed by neutralization with sodium hydroxide (40%) and calculated as below. The experiment was repeated three times to get the replication.

(%) 100 Factor Dilution Total sugar Titre reading Weight of sample × = × × ---(10)

Colour

The fresh sapota fruit pulp was used to measure the colour value by using colorimeter (Konica minotta, Japan model-Meter CR-400). The equipment was calibrated against standard white tile. Around 20 g pulp of sapota was taken in the glass cup; the cup was placed on the aperture of the instrument. The colour was recorded in terms of L= lightness (100) to darkness (0); a = Redness (+60) to Greeness (-60); b= yellowness (+60) to blueness (-60).

Protein

The protein content of fresh sapota fruits was determined by Lowry’s Method (Lowry et al.,) using spectrophotometer (Make: Systronics- UV Visible spectrophotometer; Ahmadabad; Model No: 106). In this method, 1 g sapota pulp was mixed with 5 ml of alkaline solution which was prepared from 50 ml of Part one (2% sodium carbonate in 0.1 N NaOH) solution and 1 ml of part two (0.5% copper sulphate in 1% sodium potassium tartarate) solution. Mixed solution i.e. part one and part two was rapidly diluted with folin-ciocalteu reagent. After 30 min, sample was loaded in the cuvet of spectrophotometer upto >3/4 of its level. The absorbance was read against standard protein solution at 750nm. Absorbance is recorded as protein content.

Fat

Fat of sapota fresh fruit pulp was determined using soxhlet fat extraction system (AOAC) by using Soxhlet apparatus (Make: Elico, Hyderabad). In this method, initially weight of empty flask was weighed. 2 g sapota pulp wrapped in filter paper was siphoned for 9-12 times with the petroleum ether in soxhlet apparatus. After removing assembly, evaporation of petroleum ether was allowed by heating. Residue remained at the bottom of the flask and was reweighed with flask. The quantity of residue was determined as fat content of sapota pulp.

Carbohydrate

The carbohydrate from sapota pulp was estimated by anthrone method in which prepared a series of Glucose solution and distilled water in the ratio (0:1; 0.2:0.8; 0.4:0.6; 0.6:0.4; 0.8:0.2; and 1:0) by using spectrophotometer. One gram ground sapota pulp was mixed with 5 ml of 2.5 N HCL and then heated for 3 h in water bath. The mixture was allowed to cool for 1.3 h, and it is added with sodium carbonate till effervescence stops. It is seen by naked eyes. After filtration, anthrone reagent (2 g anthrone powder 100 ml H2SO4) was added in filtered solution. The mixture was heated for 8 min and allowed to cool. The solution was taken in the cuvette of spectrophotometer, and absorbance was recorded at 630 nm. A graph was plotted, i.e., absorbance versus concentration (glucose stock: distilled water), and concentration of unknown sample was measured by using formula,

% Absorbanceof unknown Concentrationof standard Concentration Absorbanceof standard − = ---(11)

Results and Discussion

Table 1 shows the physical properties of sapota fruits & Table 2 shows the chemical properties of sapota fruits

Moisture content

Moisture content of sapota found to be in the range of 73.07 % wet basis (280.283 % db). The result was in general agreement with the result obtained for fresh sapota fruits by pawar et al., which having range is 69.80% to 75.80 % (wb) for kalipatti and Athmaselvi et al., reported the moisture content of sapota verity kalipatti 77.93% (wb).

Dimension

The length, width and thickness is sapota fruits was found to vary in the ranges from 44.08 to 60.19, 37.00 to 49.34 and 41.06 to 52.91 mm, respectively. The Average values of dimension in terms of length, width and thickness were found to be 50.29±4.15, 42.78±3.12 and 46.53±3.130 mm, respectively. The shape of sapota fruit may be classified as Eleptical as per classification given by Mohsenin [19]. The result were in general agreement with the result obtained for fresh sapota fruits by Gupta et al., 50.10 to 62.19, 31.90 to 42.16 and 27.40 to 41.42. And Athmaselvi et al., 41.51, 42.16 and 40.3.

Fruit volume

The volume of the sapota fruits range is 20 to 70 cm3 and average volume are found of sapota is 43.2±15.19cm3.). The result was in general agreement with the result obtained for fresh sapota fruits by Gupta et al., is 408.3 to 587.7 (cc).

Sphericity

The Sphericity of sapota fruits range is found to be 0.842 to 0.990 and average value is 0.908±0.052 .and the shape of sapota fruit may be classified as elliptical as per classification given by Mohsenin [19]. The results were in general agreement with the result obtained for fresh sapota fruits by Athmaselvi et al., is 0.957.

Fruits weight

The average weight of sapota fruits was 52.99±7.the weight of sapota fruits are recorded the range 41.15 to 74.99 (g). The result reported in literature for fresh sapota fruits by Gupta et al., range of 38.20 to 55.50 (g) verities in sapota kalipatti and Athmaselvi et al., was 48.42 kalipatti [20] reported average fruits weight of sapota was 55.6 verities cricket boll (g). And pawar et al., reported the sapota fruits weight range of 60.66 to 85.42 (g) for kalipatti.

Bulk density

Sapota fruits are bulk density was in the range of found0.341 to 0.414g/cc and the average value of the bulk density of sapota was 0.384±0.0321g/cc [21]. The result were in general agreement with the result obtained for fresh sapota fruits by Gupta et al., and Athmaselvi et al., range is 0.891 to 0.912 g/cc, 0.61 g/cm3.

True density

True density of sapota fruits was in the range of found 0.952 to 2.1095 g/cc. and average true density is sapota 1.323±0.40 g/cc [22]. The result were in general agreement with the result obtained for fresh sapota fruits by Gupta et al., for kalipatti and Athmaselvi et al., range is 1.013 to 1.055 g/cc and 1.12 g/cm3.

Porosity

The porosity is calculated by the sapota fruits was found in the range of 16.62 to 42.22 and average value of porosity is31.492±8.45 [23]. The result were in general agreement with the result obtained for fresh sapota fruits by Gupta et al., and Athmaselvi et al., range is 12.82 to 13.62. And 0.35 g/cm3.

TSS

The fresh sapota fruits the TSS range is found 17 to 23 and average value of sapota fruits is 19.45±1.40. The result were in general agreement with the result obtained for fresh sapota fruits by Pawar et al., which having range is 19.00°B to 23.60°B reported TSS of sapota average 24°B. Gupta et al., reported TSS of sapota average range 17°B to 22°B [20].

Titratable Acidity

The Titratable acidity of sapota fruits was in the of range 0.2 to 0.25, the average Titratable acidity is 0.16±0.14. The result were in general agreement with the result obtained for fresh sapota fruits by Pawar et al., which having range is 0.10 % to 0.23%.

pH

The pH of sapota fruits range was observed in the range 5.5 to 6.0 and average pH is 5.72 ± 0.14. The result were in general agreement with the result obtained for fresh sapota fruits by Pawar et al., which having range is 5.30 to 6.30. Gupta et al., range 5.2 to 5.7 [24].

Reducing sugar

Reducing sugar of fresh sapota fruits range was 15 to 17.3, average reducing sugar are 16.3±1.23. The reducing sugar reported for fresh sapota fruits by Pawar et al., was in the range of 8.90 % to 11.08 %. And Take et al., average 8.91 %. Sawant reported the reducing sugar content of sapota at ripe stage was 8.28-13.86%.

Total sugar

Total sugars of fresh sapota are range between 46 to 52.2 and average total sugar of fresh sapota fruits 48.50±1.58. The result were in general agreement with the result obtained for fresh sapota fruits by Pawar et al., which having range is 14.40% to 18.20% verities kalipatti [20] reported average total sugar 17.57% evaluated ten cultivar of sapota and noticed variation from 7.0 to 12.3 per cent in total sugar [7]. Rao et al., observed that in sapota fruit contained 12.0 per cent total sugar.

Protein

The fresh Sapota fruit protein is range is 0.6 to 0.80 and average value of protein is 0.48±0.13. The Protein content reported in literature for sapota fruits was 0.70 and 0.67. Ganjyal et al., 0.70 And Swaminathan is 0.70 average 0.6 [20].

Fat

The fat of Sapota fresh fruits range 0.4 to 1.25 and average fat value is 0.49±0.44. The fat content of sapota fruits reported in literature was 1.10, 1.13 and 1.25 (Ganjyal et al., Swaminathan) [20].

Carbohydrate

The carbohydrate of sapota fresh fruits range is 14.3 to 28.31 and average carbohydrate is 19.50±3.47. The result were in general agreement with the result obtained for fresh sapota fruits by Ganjyal et al., 21.40. average 28.31 [20].

Fibre

Fibre of sapota was range of 0.42 to 28.31 and average fibre is 2.50±0.92. The result were in general agreement with the result obtained for fresh sapota fruits by Kumari et al., 2.60.

Colour

Colour L values of fresh sapota fruits are range are 57.70 to 72.10 and average L value is 71.10±2.43. Sapota a value of sapota fruits are range found 7.10 to 10.42 and average a value of sapota is 7.14±0.02. And b value of colour in sapota fruits are range comes in 37.26 to 41.91 and average value is b is 40.50±0.03 [25].

Conclusion

Moisture content of sapota found to be in the range of 73.07 % wet basis (280.283 % db). And the length, width and thickness is sapota fruits was found to vary in the ranges from 44.08 to 60.19, 37.00 to 49.34 and 41.06 to 52.91 mm, respectively, The volume of the sapota fruits range is 20 to 70 cm3and average volume are found of sapota is 43.2±15.19cm3.The Sphericity of sapota fruits range is found to be 0.842 to 0.990 and average value is 0.908±0.052. The average weight of sapota fruits was 52.99±7. the weight of sapota fruits are recorded the range 41.15 to 74.99 (g). Sapota fruits are bulk density was in the range of found 0.341 to 0.414 g/cc and the average value of the bulk density of sapota was 0.384±0.0321 g/cc. True density of sapota fruits was in the range of found 0.952 to 2.1095 g/cc. and average true density is sapota1.323±0.40 g/cc. The porosity is calculated by the sapota fruits was found in the range of 16.62 to 42.22 and average value of porosity is 31.492±8.45. And some chemical properties of sapota fruits are the fresh sapota fruits the TSS range is found 17 to 23. The Titratable acidity of sapota fruits was in the of range 0.2 to 0.25, The pH of sapota fruits range was observed in the range 5.5 to 6.0, Reducing sugar of fresh sapota fruits range was 15 to 17.3, Total sugars of fresh sapota are range between 46 to 52.2, The fresh Sapota fruit protein is range is 0.6 to 0.80. and the fat of Sapota fresh fruits range 0.4 to 1.25, The carbohydrate of sapota fresh fruits range is 14.3 to 28.31 and Fibre of sapota was range of 0.42 to 28.31, Colour L values of fresh sapota fruits are range are 57.70 to 72.10 and a value of sapota fruits are range found 7.10 to 10.42.

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