#Ancient technology

[this-is-cool]

The sublime and beautiful sci-fi-themed creations of Derek Jones - https://www.this-is-cool.co.uk/the-sublime-and-beautiful-sci-fi-creations-of-derek-jones/

[holycosmolo9y]

Earliest evidence of dental implants, adorned by Pharoahs

[reality-detective]

The Vases that defy time

How could the Ancient Egyptians possibly carve these one piece, hard, igneous, granite stone vases with simple, rudimentary technology? 🤔

[pocketseizure]

Something that bothers me about the backstory of Tears of the Kingdom is that the fall of Zonai civilization is never explained. Even before the war with the Demon King, the Zonai already seemed to be in severe decline. During his formal surrender, Ganondorf taunts Rauru by claiming that he and his sister Mineru are the only two remaining Zonai, and there seems to be no evidence to the contrary.

As Rauru guides Link through the Gardens of Time, he explains that the Zonai used their technology to build a civilization that "flourished for many, many years," presumably before the founding of Hyrule. In Breath of the Wild, ancient technology was somewhat sinister, as demonstrated by the disasters precipitated by the malfunctions of the Divine Beasts. Was the decline of the Zonai also connected to their technology, somehow?

I'm intrigued by the implications of Rauru's meditations on the Temple of Time, which he claims was originally on the surface. I wonder how the islands floating over Hyrule came to exist, and whether their creation was perhaps an unintended consequence of Zonai technology. This is just a theory, but such disruptions to the natural environment might be a result of the use of the secret stones in particular, which might explain why Hyrule Castle suddenly rose into the sky as soon as the seal on the stones it was built to protect was broken.

[elimaybeafish]

WELCOME BACK TO EVEN MORE CRACK POT ONE PIECE THEORIES WITH ME ELI

Every devil fruit awakening is slightly different between user of the same fruit

Emet (egg head robot) was joyboys franky (suuuppper) and zou was his chopper

Brook knows of islands that have been erased and some erased history and will (unintentionally) foil a government plot by revealing this info

Someone has a copy of the Vegapunk recording

Vegapunk put together that Luffy was Nika fruit users and the return of joyboy and his importance to the one piece (thus more people want to join and stop Luffy and probably massive bounty increases)

The ancient technology was lost because both sides destroyed it, to slow the other down

[galeriacontici]

Pre-Columbian civilizations across the Americas developed various adhesives used in everyday applications and ceremonial contexts. These adhesives were crafted from natural materials, such as plant resins, tree gums, and animal-based glues, with their use spanning numerous cultural groups, including the Maya, Aztec, Inca, and Moche. By understanding the properties of their surrounding environment, these cultures could create adhesives suitable for tool-making, repairing objects, crafting jewelry, and producing artwork.

This article will focus on the adhesives used by these ancient cultures, how they were made, and the specific applications seen in archaeological findings.

Moche Wood Scepter c. 400-800 AD. closeup view

Moche wood scepter w/ inlaid Shell and Stones

Materials Used in Pre-Columbian Adhesives

Pre-Columbian adhesives were primarily sourced from plant resins, tree gums, and animal derivatives. Each civilization developed unique techniques to harvest and process these natural materials to suit their environmental and cultural needs.

Plant Resins and Tree Gums

Plant resin was one of pre-Columbian cultures’ most widely used adhesive materials. Resins such as copal, commonly used by the Maya and other Mesoamerican civilizations, were derived from trees in the Burseraceae family. The Maya used copal resin for both ritual and practical purposes. It was often burned as incense in religious ceremonies, but in a solid form, it was an adhesive for binding materials such as stone and wood.

The Aztecs also exploited natural resins, particularly pine resin. Pine resin was commonly mixed with natural powders like ash or powdered stone to enhance its adhesive properties. This combination was often applied to tools, pottery repairs, or affixing feathers and stones to wooden or clay artifacts.

Animal-Based Adhesives

In some pre-Columbian cultures, animal-based adhesives were also used, although these were less documented than plant resins. These adhesives were typically made by boiling animal hides, bones, or tendons to produce gelatinous substances that, when cooled, formed a strong bond. Andean civilizations, such as the Inca, likely employed these adhesives, though less direct evidence survives than their Mesoamerican counterparts.

For example, animal-based glues may have been used in textile production to attach decorative elements such as feathers to ceremonial garments or headpieces. However, animal-based adhesives’ exact prevalence and variety are not as well-documented as resin-based adhesives.

Methods of Production and Application

The production of adhesives in the pre-Columbian Americas required an understanding of local materials and their properties. Though methods varied between cultures, specific techniques were standard across regions.

Resin Extraction and Processing

Plant resins like copal were often harvested by cutting into the bark of resin-producing trees. The resin would ooze out and harden upon exposure to air, after which it could be collected and stored. When needed, the hardened resin was heated over a fire or other heat source until it became a thick liquid. Once liquefied, it could be applied to objects as an adhesive.

For specific applications, additives like powdered stone or pigments were mixed into the resin to adjust its texture or increase its durability. For example, this practice was common in affixing decorative stones to jewelry or securing blade heads to wooden shafts for tools and weapons.

Paracas Wood, Stone and Feather Club for Sale

Paracas wooden club w/inlaid Stone

Application Techniques

Adhesives were applied directly to the surfaces that needed bonding, often in thin layers. When used to repair pottery, artisans would apply the glue to the broken edges and carefully press the pieces together, holding them in place until the resin hardened. In some cases, additional adhesive was applied over the joints to reinforce the bond.

For weaponry and tools, adhesives were often used with other fastening techniques. For example, in Mesoamerican cultures, resin might have been used to help secure stone blades to wooden handles, followed by wrapping the joint with plant fibers for additional strength.

Cultural Examples of Adhesive Use

Several archaeological findings highlight the importance of adhesives in pre-Columbian material culture. Below are examples of how various civilizations across the Americas used adhesives.

Maya Copal Resin

The Maya extensively used copal resin for ceremonial incense and as an adhesive for repairing ceramics and affixing small decorative stones or shells to larger objects. For instance, archaeologists have found examples of jade and shell inlays on wooden objects in Maya tombs held in place by hardened copal resin.

Aztec Featherwork

Featherwork, a vital art form in Aztec and Maya civilizations, required adhesives to attach vibrant bird feathers to textiles, shields, and headdresses. In Aztec society, feather artisans, known as amantecas, used a combination of plant-based resins, such as pine resin, to bind the feathers in place. The featherwork pieces served decorative and religious purposes, demonstrating the adhesive’s role in crafting items of cultural significance.

Inca Wood and Stone Artifacts

In the Andean regions, particularly within the Inca Empire, adhesives were employed in various woodworking and stone-carving techniques. For example, adhesives were used to fasten metal or stone inlays into wooden objects, such as ceremonial staffs or chicha cups. Additionally, using resin-based adhesives for pottery repair has been suggested by analyzing broken and mended artifacts found in Inca archaeological sites.

Moche Metalworking

The Moche civilization of northern Peru is known for its advanced metallurgy and intricate artwork. Moche artisans likely used plant-based adhesives in their fine metalworking to affix precious stones or inlays into metal pieces. Some surviving Moche metal objects, such as ornamental plaques and jewelry, show evidence of adhered stone inlays using organic adhesives.

Moche Pututu Trumpet Shell Horn front side view

Moche Pututu Shell – Waylla Kepa w/ inlaid Silver Mouth Piece

Wari Mask Product for Sale

Wari False Head w/inlaid Shells

Conclusion

Pre-Columbian adhesives played a crucial role in the daily and ceremonial lives of the Maya, Aztecs, Inca, and other ancient civilizations. By utilizing plant resins like copal and pine and possibly animal-derived glues, these cultures produced durable and versatile adhesives for repairing ceramics, crafting tools, and creating intricate works of art. The widespread use of these adhesives, as demonstrated by surviving artifacts, provides insight into the technological sophistication of these pre-Columbian societies. Their understanding of natural resources allowed them to create functional and integral materials for their cultural and artistic practices, ensuring that these innovations would endure through the ages.

How to Determine Cotton Fabric from Camelid Fibers Accurately?

Research Academic Papers and News Articles

[dielukedie]

My ancient Dell laptop fired up for the first time in almost 2 decades like it was yesterday!

I mainly used it for making beats on early FL Studio and Sound Forge software. I can still edit these, insane. What a time capsule! Finally found the power cord so I just had to see if it still worked.

Look how many sexy ports, 8 just on the back! Fuck new laptops, I have 4 on my new Surface!

[hell0-winghead]

Nooooooooooo!!!! It's finally happened, my ancient iPad can no longer update any browser windows to access Ao3 after their latest update 😭😭😭😭😭 I had kept the rust bucket purely for browsing/downloading all my stony fics so they were all on one device and the dream is over.

[0xkuyajay]

Where sands speak and ruins brood, a shadow looms vast and unknowable—its form a riddle etched in the scorched whispers of the ancient.

[thesilicontribesman]

Reconstructed Prehistoric Fishing Net, Hull and East Riding Museum, Hull, Yorkshire

[cyberegypt]

Cyberpunk Aesthetic + Ancient Egypt = Inside a Data Pyramid

[historical-schemata]

The Incan Technosphere

“In the techno-sphere of the Andes people solved basic engineering problems through the manipulation of fibers, not by creating and joining hard wooden or metal objects. To make boats, Andean Cultures wove together reeds rather than cutting trees into planks and nailing them together. Although smaller than big European ships, these vessels were not puddle-mufflers; Europeans first encountered Tawantinsuyu in the form of an Inka ship sailing near the equator… it had a crew of twenty and was easily the size of a Spanish cavaralle. Famously the Inka used foot thick cables to make suspension bridges across the mountain gorges. And although Andean troops carried bows, javelins, maces, and clubs, their most fearsome weapon, the sling, was made of cloth. A sling is a woven pouch attached to two strings. The slinger puts a stone or slug in the pouch, picks up the strings by the free ends, spins them around a few times, and releases one of the strings at the proper moment. Expert users could hurl a stone with such force that it would kill a horse.” - 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus

[ana-the-bot]

[theinnermostsanctum]

the grimm aswang episode when theyre taking photos and the old iphone camera shutter animation thing is there

[cricketcat9]

Who can cook

on this stove? I can. Let me know, just curious

[greekmythcomix]

Check out my new tablet!

Even comes with a stylus, and doesn’t need charging 😁