#2020 supra

[distribuidoraejeo]

Atención:

Excelente día estén pasando, regresamos a las novedades de productos independientes de las colecciones que distribuimos y en está ocasión tiene que ver con el anime de "Robotech".

Tenemos a la venta el 2020 Toyota Supra con Roy Focker en escala 1/24.

Las medidas aproximadas son:

Largo:20 a 22 cm

Ancho7 a 8 cm

Alto 6 a 7 cm

De $1,100 queda en $550.

¿Qué esperas para coleccionarlo?, es una pieza 100% de Metal, no puede faltar en tú colección.

#DistribuidoraEjeo #Robotech #RoyFocker #ToyotaSupra

(PRODUCTO SUJETO A DISPONIBILIDAD)

[dreamcars-fan]

2020 Toyota Supra GR [1080x1350]

[420katsu]

Here is a 4 house "apartment" complex with a community shared gym. This build is on a 50 x 40 lot and costs a whopping $412,519 (Half of the budget is the fake cars from LorySims). I use this build with the For Rent pack and create 4 units for different households to rent.

CC used for this build are listed here + links:

LorySims Toyota Supra 2020

LorySims Nissan GTR 2011

LorySims Nissan Juke 2020

Yuka_Tanga Mazda MX5 1994

Harrie Octave Part 2

Pralinesims Bathroom Tiles

Vesta livingroom furniture by Severinka – TSR

WondyMoon Sodium Tabletop Plant

[zyx] Random Paintings

Felixandre x Harrie BAYSIC

Ung999 Bathroom Pisces - Folded Towel V2

House of Harlix - JARDANE

[WondyMoon] Rhenium Plant

RedHeadSims - Nintendo Switch

SIXAM CC - Kessler Kitchen

Pierisim MCM part 1,2,4 & 5

Pierisim DAVID APARTMENT part 1 & 2

SIMcredible - Dexter Backpack

House of Harlix - BAFROOM

[Onyxium] Lisbon Toy Box

House of Harlix - LIVIN' RUM

WondyMoon Sauveli Bathroom Decorations

HARRIE - Coastal part 3

Police Office Decor  by soloriya

Sims House - Wall Art Abstract Leaves

Severinka - Virgina Hallway

illogicalsims DHD Mini Addon

Maxsus Store - Dining Room Kit

House of Harlix - TINY TWAVELLERS

Harrie - Coastal part 1

Bathroom Pack by Max20

littledica - The Sims 4 Rise&Grind Coffee House

Harrie - Coastal part 4

Harrie - Brutalist Bathroom

BuffSumm -The Laundry - Decoration - Towel v4

Shoutout to all the CC creators!

Packs used listed here (there's a lot sorry): If you don't have some/all of these packs I downloaded all mine for free, so shout out to Anadius!

For Rent

Horse Ranch

Growing Together

Highschool Years

Snowy Escape

Eco Lifestyle

Discover University

Island Living

Get Famous

Cats & Dogs

City Living

Get Together

Get To Work

My Wedding Stories

Dream Home Decorator

Journey To Batuu

Strangerville

Jungle Adventure

Parenthood

Vampires

Dine Out

Spa Day

Outdoor Retreat

Home Chef Hustle

Tiny Living

Moschino

Laundry Day

Fitness

Bowling Night

Vintage Glamour

Backyard Stuff

Romantic Garden

Cool Kitchen

Perfect Patio

Party Essentials

Modern Luxe

Book Nook

Basement Treasures

Bathroom Clutter

Everyday Clutter

Pastel Pop

Desert Luxe

Décor To The Max

Blooming Rooms

Industrial Loft

Download is available on my patreon! <333

[bryan360]

Once again, No “On This Day” or throwback post share as of now. However, It’s now time that I’d waited for so long since our friend @shadowredfeline give me from last year’s Christmas. Yup, it’s for the fifth installment of the Forza Horizon series itself!

Originally, I would’ve saving it after I’d planned of finishing up FH3; which I know it’ll be a long ways to go. That being said, I couldn’t hold much longer til last night (Aug. 24th, 2024) where I’d finally boosted up the game. Sometimes it’s okay to keep moving forward than waiting longer. Just a peak experience where this taking place in Mexico. I had some fun driving around like from two previous Forza titles I’d been through from before. Still it was nice nonetheless as taking some snapshots I got. I also gotten my first picked car of an 2020 Toyota GR Supra where starting my career.

There’s more to come, but I won’t leave my Forza Horizon 3’s progress behind as well. I’ll remember that. 😉 Hope you guys enjoy it. 👍

Tagged: @murumokirby360 @shadowredfeline @alexander1301 @sammirthebear2k4 @coda-archive

[argyrocratie]

"100 years of Interpol: Why there’s no reason to celebrate"

(...)

"Following several inconclusive conferences like the “International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists” in 1898, the follow-up in 1904 in St. Petersburg, as well as the “First International Criminal Police Congress” in Monaco 1914, another conference took place in September 1923 following the initiative of Viennese chief of police Johann Schober. The conference was concluded with the founding of the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC), direct predecessor of today’s Interpol, with Johann Schober as its president. As Viennese police president he forced reforms towards a “modernization” of investigation methods and information exchange systems, making the Austrian police internationally renowned. He established an intelligence service that compiled a register of persons as well as indexes through surveillance and informants. The focus was not only set on general criminality but with regards to the politicaly active, like anarchists, communists and social revolutionaries. Regarding the personnel, he worked towards removing social democrats from the agency and employed antimarxists and later nazis.

In 1938 the ICPCs leadership was taken over by the National Socialists and its headquarter was moved to Berlin-Wannsee, where it shared its rooms and lead with the Gestapo. The ICPCs records, that were transferred to Berlin, like the so called “Internationales Zigeunerregistratur (international gypsy registry)”, as well as the records concerning counterfeiting of money and passports, helped the National Socialists prosecuting certain groups and in their mass production of counterfeit money and fake passports in the KZ Sachsenhausen.

The ICPC was dissolved in 1945 but newly formed as the International Criminal Police Organization, Interpol – probably also to distance itself from the ICPC of the inter- and poastwar period. However, certain continuities are observable in its 100 year history, even though it was probably only a coincidence that in 1968 Paul Dickopf, a sworn SS-policeman, was elected president and the prosecution of nazi criminals did not start before the 1980s…

_

Interpol, as it exists today, is, contrary to the popular medial representations, not a supra-national police agency with the authority to arrest, but more an association that functions as network of law enforcement agencies of its member states. As an organization, it offers administrative support in the fields of communication and data banks/information exchange, as well as support in investigations, expertise, and trainings for the various law enforcement agencies.

(...)

Besides its headquarters in Lyon, France, and seven regional bureaus, the organization has bureaus in each of the 195 member states with more than 1000 employees, making her the largest police organization. The budget of 140 million euros is comprised of the member states’ contributions and, additionally, separate contributions from EU, several repression agencies of the member states (FBI) and the Interpol Foundation. But Interpol also receives donations from NGOs, the private sector (Philipp Morris, FIFA, IOC, Quatar 2022, etc.) and other international organizations (UNICEF, FRONTEX, etc.). One of the organizations central tasks is the maintenance of 19 data banks, that contain entries on missing and wanted persons, fingerprints, DNA samples, and stolen (travel) documents. According to its own accounts, the data banks contain 125 million police files that are queried 187 times per second. In 2022 alone this results in 5.9 billion queries with 1.4 million hits. In Austria 32 million wanted person searches were queried through, or for, Interpol in 2020, additionally there were 900.000 car inquiries, as well as 7.4 million inquiries on stolen documents.

(...)

Transnational repression

Arguably the most important instrument for repression by Interpol is the sending out of so-called “Notices”. These are calls for support requested for by Interpol member states and subsequently being sent out to law enforcement agencies globally. These Notices are divided into colours depending on their respective purpose. A Black Notice is a call for support in finding or identifying a body, while a Blue Notice is a request for information regarding the whereabouts of an individual. The by far most frequent Notices are Red Notices, i.e. the request for information of whereabout and the arrest with subsequent extradition of a person.

These Red Notices are very popular in autocracies like Turkey, China, Russia and some of the Arab states as tool for the international persecution and repression of dissidents or other politically persecuted individuals. The perfidious thing here is that affected are not informed about their international labeling, or can only lose them after long-lasting and expensive juridical processes. The president of the Uighur World Congress, now living in Germany, was searched for, by these means, for 21 years after China issued such a warrant.

When labeled with a Red Notice, people do not only have to live in fear of repression by the original persecuting state but also in fear of the cops of the other 194 member states. Apart from the ever present danger of being arbitrarily arrested and extradited, it can impossible for affected individuals to open bank accounts, move across borders or find a job. Red Notices are thus not only issued as means of political persecution and extradition, for some states it is enough to simply make the life of dissidents abroad as hard as possible.

According to the Interpol statutes, Red Notices cannot be issued out of political or religious reasons but it is only since very recently that requests – though, of course, by Interpol itself and only lapidary – are being controlled; though, rather, such a control can be easily circumvented by issuing the Notice on a wrong warrant. This happened to the nephew of the former opposition leader Fethullah Gülen. He was arrested and extradited from Kenya to Turkey on basis of a fake warrant for child abuse, in Turkey, however, he was wrongly convicted for being part of a terrorist organization for which he is still serving time in Turkish prison.

The Bahraini dissident and human rights activist Ahmed Jafaar Muhammad Ali was, on his flight from Bahraini authorities, extradited from his Serbian exile on base of a Red Notice from Interpol, deported to Bahrains capital Manama where he was directly turned over to the local repression agencies. This happened despite intervention by the European Court of Justice and its demand towards the Serbian state to annul the undertaking, since Muhammad was facing possible torture and execution in Bahrain for his political work. He actually was even held captive and tortured prior to his flight for taking part in anti-government protests. In his absence he was sentenced for life. In 2017 two of his co-convicts were, after two years of inhumane captivity, executed by the Bahraini state. All this was known to Interpol and the Serbian authorities, yet neither were the extradition cancelled nor the Red Notice at Interpol annulled.

Interpol thus becomes a tool of repression by autocracies and dictatorships, and the supposedly “democratic” states their henchmen. This transnational contempt for mankind puts a spotlight on the fact that no single state, may it be ever so “democratically legitimized” or appeal ever so much to respecting human rights, can be trusted. As long as this world is trashed with an internationally connected body of pigs, the politically or religiously persecuted or individuals persecuted for their race, have nowhere to be safe."

...

[redsamuraiii]

Robotech Toyota Supra 2020 (Miriya Sterling & Max Sterling)

Went Toys R Us during work lunch and came across these cool cars.

I had the impulse to buy it just like Koshiba Fuka's struggle in Tokusatsu Gagaga (2019). I've seen "toys" that I was tempted to buy but manage to forget it, but this one has that nostalgic allure!

Never thought I'd end up in the same situation as her today when I went back to the store to find it again during work lunch after resisting it yesterday, telling myself "it's a waste of money".

So happy to report that I finally got the red car!

Things that make you happy is not a waste of money! It's a good return on investment on your mental wellbeing! Even when you get tired of it one day, you can sell it and get your money back!

[cukengcc]

Mod thesims4 car toyota supra2020

Downloadhere

[masoncarr2244]

2020 Formula Drift #151 Toyota GR Supra

[crappymixtape]

❤ tarot readings

i've been drawn to tarot for a long time, probably started in college, but because i was raised catholic i wouldn't let myself explore it at all. i'm no longer practicing / part of the catholic church or any kind of organized religion and finally in 2019 i allowed myself to bend a little. pick a deck up in a store and look through the cards. felt them speaking to me and that was when i bought my first deck.

cue COVID 😵‍💫

as horrible as 2020 was, it was a huge breakthrough for me. i felt moved and called to by this practice ( tarot ) and i started reading for myself with the guidance of lindsay mack and her podcast and damn. it was life-changing.

flash forward to now and i'm reading for others and it is is so rewarding 😩 when i say i love doing this for people, i mean it. wholeheartedly. and i would love to offer this to you too :) please read more on how to request a reading under the cut! xoxo

🂠 TAROT READING GUIDELINES 🂠

you can request a reading from me, but please read the following on what i need from you before you submit an ask:

WHAT DECK DO I USE? i normally gravitate toward uusi's pagan otherworlds deck, but also have their supra oracle, alba balesta gonzalez's white numen tarot, the stranger things tarot, and kim krans' wild unknown tarot!

HOW TO SUBMIT -> please submit your ask / inquiry through the "ASK" button on my page! just like you would for a fic. i do ask you don't submit under anon ( or via DM! ) so that i can send it to you privately and respect your information!

INVESTMENT -> this part always feels funny to me because i just genuinely love helping people and providing reassurance and guidance, but payment helps me to support myself and my family too! in general, pay-what-you-can is wonderful, but a minimum of $20 is so appreciated ♥️

WHAT TO INCLUDE IN YOUR FORM: + WHAT ARE YOU INQUIRING ABOUT? past / present / future? an upcoming decision or big shift / change in your life? guidance from an ancestor or spirit? give me as much ( or little! ) detail as you can – anything is wonderful. + WHAT DECK WOULD YOU LIKE USED? select from the decks outlined above ( pagan otherworlds, supra oracle, white numen tarot or wild unknown tarot ) and be sure to listen to what your gut is telling you – which one is speaking to you? + PLEASE SUBMIT PAYMENT AFTER YOU SUBMIT YOUR FORM and please use my kofi account for payment! thank you! you'll receive your reading package after your payment comes through.

HOW WILL I GET MY READING BACK? a great question! i put a lot of time and effort into making your reading and message from spirit look beautiful and easy to digest. please find a few sample pages below! i have three different spread options and each reading ( no matter which spread you choose! ) will come with a secondary in-depth write-up page and images of the cards pulled. please ask if you have any questions about this! happy to answer them.

QUESTIONS / CONCERNS? please don't hesitate to DM me on this! i welcome conversation and i know we can talk through whatever it is you're hesitant or wondering about.

okay! i think that's it! i appreciate each and every single one of you for being here and love the community i found on this silly little platform. y'all are my favorites, xoxo.

DISCLAIMER -> ANYONE RECIEVING A READING FROM ME SHALL AGREE TO THE FOLLOWING : tarot readings are subject to interpretation and should not be taken as absolute! a tarot reading is never 100% accurate. all tarot readings given by me are for pleasure / interest purposes only, and no guarantee can be given as to the accuracy of a reading. a tarot reading does not replace professional medical/legal/business opinion and/or advice. it will not force you to follow a particular course of action, or attempt to exert any form of control over your free-will and common sense. the contents of a tarot reading are not legally binding. any decisions made, or actions taken by you as a result of your reading are your sole responsibility and have not been forced upon you, by me, your tarot reader. i assume no legal liability for any damages, losses, or other consequences of any client decisions, subsequent to, or based on, my tarot readings.  please use your own common sense and judgement at all times! it is only with the complete understanding and acceptance of the above that your reading will take place – thank you!

[distribuidoraejeo]

Atención:

Excelente día estén pasando, regresamos a las novedades de productos independientes de las colecciones que distribuimos y en está ocasión tiene que ver con el anime de "Robotech".

Tenemos a la venta el 2020 Toyota Supra con Rick Hunter en escala 1/24.

Las medidas aproximadas son:

Largo:20 a 22 cm

Ancho7 a 8 cm

Alto 6 a 7 cm

De $1,100 queda en $550.

¿Qué esperas para coleccionarlo?, es una pieza 100% de Metal, no puede faltar en tú colección.

DistribuidoraEjeo #Robotech #RickHunter #ToyotaSupra

(PRODUCTO SUJETO A DISPONIBILIDAD)

[thena0315]

The Vehicles Han Drove/Owned

Fast & Furious - 1967 Chevrolet C-10

Fast Five - 1971 Ford Maverick

Fast Five - 2011 Subaru Impreza WRX STI

Fast Five - Dodge Charger Police Cruiser

Fast Five - 2011 Lexus LFA Fast

Fast & Furious 6 - 2010 BMW M5 E60

Fast & Furious 6 - 2013 Harley Davidson XR 1200 X

Fast & Furious 6 - Dodge Charger SRT-8

Tokyo Drift - 2001 Nissan Silvia S15 Spec-S

Tokyo Drift - 1997 Mazda RX-7 FD

F9: The Fast Saga - 2020 Toyota Supra

Fast X - 1974 Alfa Romeo 2000 GT

Others seen in his garage in Tokyo Drift (not including the green one)

He gave Sean the 2006 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution IX

[tarasthesauceboss]

2020 Toyota Supra GR

[hersey69]

SUPRAAAA!

Toyota Supra MK4, 1993 ile 2002 yılları arasında üretilmiş efsanevi bir spor otomobildir. İşte bazı önemli noktalar:

Motor Seçenekleri: Supra MK4, 2JZ motoruyla ünlüdür. İki versiyonu vardır: 3.0L atmosferik 2JZ-GE ve çift turbolu 3.0L 2JZ-GTE. Turbo versiyonu, 320 beygir güç üretirken, modifiye edilerek çok daha yüksek güçlere ulaşabilir.

Performans: Hızlanma ve performansıyla tanınır. Çift turbolu versiyon, 0-100 km/s hızlanmasını 4.6 saniyede tamamlar. Hatta bazı modifiye edilmiş versiyonları, drag yarışlarında dünya rekorları kırmıştır.

Stil: Göz alıcı tasarımı ve ikonik farlarıyla tanınır. Ayrıca arka kanat seçeneğiyle de dikkat çeker.

Drift Kültürü: Drift yarışlarında sıkça kullanılan bir otomobildir. Arka tekerlekten çekişli yapısı ve güçlü motoru, drift için idealdir.

Filmlerde ve Oyunlarda: "The Fast and the Furious" serisi gibi filmlerde ve video oyunlarında sıkça görünür. Bu da popülerliğini artırmıştır.

Kıymetli ve Nadir: Üretimi sona erdiğinde, Supra MK4'un fiyatı yükselmiş ve nadir bulunmaya başlamıştır. Özellikle iyi korunmuş veya modifiye edilmemiş örnekler oldukça değerlidir.

Yeniden Canlanma: 2020'de Toyota, Supra'nın modern versiyonu olan GR Supra'yı piyasaya sürdü. Bu, Supra hayranlarının uzun zamandır beklediği bir geri dönüş oldu

Supra MK4, otomobil dünyasında efsanevi bir yere sahiptir ve hala birçok otomobil tutkunu tarafından çok sevilir.

[sims4cars-breezemotors]

“Starter” July - Preview

Here we go! Preview of June "Starter"!

These 9 cars available for Patrons!

Cars will be available since July 1'st.

1964 Ford Fairlane 500

2009 Volvo C30 R-Design

2015 Porsche 918 Spyder

2020 Toyota GR Supra

1999 Dodge Viper GTS 

2023 Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing 

2015 Audi TT S

 2021 Porsche 718 Boxster S

2017 Infiniti QX80

Go and join my Patreon!

[toyota-supra]

Forza Horizon 5 Fate Liveries that I found so far

Subaru STI 2019 by Kaiju 5106

Subaru WRX STI 2015 by Kaiju 5106

Ferrari FXX-K Evo 2018 by MWHF | Spartan

Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X GSR 2008 “Welcome Pack” by MWHF | Spartan

Ford Escort RS Turbo 1986 by Lylari

Honda Civic Type R 2018 by KurohaYushi

Honda Civic Type R 1997 by NosveratuExE3

Mazda RX-7 Spirit R Type-A (what kinda fucking car name is that?) by Wakki

Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X GSR 2008 by PinkChicken6225

Toyota GR Supra 2020 by Zutessu

pretty neat, huh ^^ I’m sure Forza Horizon 4 must have had some of these too but that game’s online is down as far as I know

[aboutanancientenquiry]

"Chronique des activités scientifiques

Revue des livres

Comptes rendus et notices bibliographiques

Le Polythéisme grec à l’épreuve d’Hérodote

Theodora Suk Fong Jim

p. 290-293

Référence(s) :

Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge, Le Polythéisme grec à l’épreuve d’Hérodote, Paris, Les Belles Lettres / Collège de France, 2020. 1 vol. 13,5 × 21 cm, 251 p. (Docet Omnia, 6). ISBN : 978-3-515-12809-4.

Texte intégral

1 The last half century has seen a dazzling array of new approaches in the study of Greek polytheism. Moving away from a polis-centred model into which every student of Greek religion was once initiated, scholars have now advocated alternative frameworks ranging from ‘personal’ and ‘lived’ religion, to ‘network’ analyses, comparative perspectives, and the application of cognitive theories. Pirenne-Delforge’s latest book is a nuanced response to recent shifts in scholarly trends, and a critical reflection on current debates on the character of Greek polytheism. While revisiting old issues central and fundamental to the study of Greek religion, it offers a whole host of new insights into the analysis of Greek gods, the tension between unity and diversity, and the choice of conceptual tools by ancient historians.

2 The author confronts the thorny question of terminology from the outset: can we speak of Greek ‘religion’ when studying the ancient Mediterranean? Carefully tracing the history of the terms ‘religion’ and ‘polytheism’, she demonstrates that neither represents the ancient Greeks’ own use of word, and that their subsequent use is closely bound up with Christian polemics. Nevertheless, she reminds us, in historians’ attempt to avoid or get rid of terms with Christian associations, not only will we leave ourselves with no interpretive tool, we will also be perpetuating, consciously or unconsciously, the prejudice that Christianity is the true religion. In fact this ‘purge’ in terminology can go on: what about ‘religious’, ‘piety’, ‘thanks-giving’, ‘miracle’, and so on? Whether or not modern historians can give credence to the relations between the ancient Greeks and their gods, what is important is that they are recognized by the Greeks themselves. The definition of ‘religion’ chosen by the author aptly emphasizes this: its key element consists in ‘les relations avec la sphère supra-humaine dont cette culture postule l’existence’ (p. 55).

3 A central issue threaded through the whole book is the constant, and seemingly unreconcilable, tension between unity and diversity, the general and the particular, inherent in Greek polytheism. The question of ‘one or many’ has attracted scholarly attention in recent theoretical analyses of Greek cult epithets: to what extent is Zeus Meilichios the same as Zeus Ktesios? How much difference is there between the innumerable Zeuses bearing different epithets? Pirenne-Delforge shows, significantly, that the plurality (poly-) in the word ‘polytheism’ is not restricted to divine figures but is manifest at every level of Greek religion, from sacrificial and other ritual practices, to cult places and sanctuaries, divine names and epithets, and conceptions of the divine: these might vary between different levels of organization (Panhellenic, regional, polis, sub-polis, and so on), from place to place, from one individual to another, and across different time periods. So overwhelmingly diverse is every aspect of Greek polytheism that the singular ‘religion’, one may object, can hardly capture its diversity. Pirenne-Delforge categorically emphasizes the plurality and multiplicity inherent in Greek polytheism on the one hand, but on the other reaffirms the value and validity of Greek ‘religion’ in the singular. To speak of Greek ‘religion’ (rather than ‘religions’), in her view, is not to obscure or obliterate the bewildering plurality in Greek polytheism, but to recognize that ‘une certaine unité sous-tend les relations que les Grecs entretenaient avec leurs dieux’ (p. 95).

4 To demonstrate that this unity is not a construct invented by the historian, Pirenne-Delforge puts her arguments to the test by using Herodotus, who best documents the diversity of religious customs (nomoi) across and within ancient Mediterranean cultures. Close analysis of his Histories and other sources reveals that ‘Greek gods’ and ‘Greek sacrifice’ existed in the ancient Greeks’ own representation of theia pragmata. Such categories tend to lie ‘dormant’ in the Greeks’ perception of religious matters, but come to the surface when a contrast is made with non-Greek phenomena or in a foreign milieu. A question nevertheless remains: in the absence of a centralized religious authority, what gives unity to Greek polytheism? How far can regional, local, and personal variations go before any element loses its ‘Greekness’? Other eminent scholars have conceptualized aspects of this tension using the symbolism of a concertina (capable of expansion and contraction) or kaleidoscope (capable of changing from one to many varied visions),1 whereas Pirenne-Delforge stresses that both unity and diversity are constitutive of our understanding of Greek polytheism, and have to be studied together at every level of analysis. These two forces, the unifying and diversifying, the centripetal and centrifugal,2 hold each other in check, so that there was a limit to how far variations could go.

5 The analysis of the Greek gods has undergone various important shifts in paradigms over the last few decades. The ‘structuralist’ approach associated with Vernant and Detienne emphasizes that Greek gods were divine powers rather than persons, and that they need to be defined in relation to other powers in the pantheon. Versnel in Coping with the Gods (2011) is similarly preoccupied with the question of ‘one or many’, but he is anti-structuralist in stressing the inconsistencies in the Greeks’ perception of the gods and their ability to entertain multiple conceptions of a divine figure. Pirenne-Delforge’s present volume builds on what one might call the ‘neo-structuralist’ approach which she has developed in collaboration with Pironti. While recognizing the anthropomorphic tendencies in the Greeks’ perception of their gods, she follows Vernant in stressing that a god is not a ‘person’, but a divine power with a broad spectrum of competences (technai). Despite the potential plurality of each divine figure, she argues, ‘quelque chose de stable paraît transcender la polyonymie de chaque figure divine’ (p. 128). She uses the symbolism of a ‘network’ (réseau) to capture the dynamic powers and different attributes of each god. Nevertheless, it is unclear if the concept of a network necessarily leads to ‘quelque chose de stable’: all that it emphasizes is the interconnected nature of a god’s different powers, but that was already the assumption underlying what Parker calls the ‘snowball theory’ of polytheism.3

6 After almost two decades of lively debates on the relevance of ‘belief’ in the study of Greek polytheism, most historians now recognize that ‘belief’ existed among the Greeks in a broad sense without Christian overtones, that a plurality of different ‘beliefs’ coexisted, and that ‘belief’ is indispensable in making sense of the Greeks’ relations with their gods. Nevertheless, beyond these broad consensuses, progress in the investigation of ‘belief’ seems to have reached an impasse. Pirenne-Delforge takes the subject further by taking a fresh look at the closest Greek equivalent nomizein. The two aspects of its meaning—the ritualistic sense of ‘to practice and observe as a custom’, and the cognitive sense of ‘to believe’, ‘to recognize as gods’—have often been considered separately, whereas Pirenne-Delforge emphasizes that they are two sides of the same coin. To recognize a certain figure as god, in her view, implies a whole series of rituals and cultic actions rendered to the god concerned, and therefore nomizein tous theous in effect means to integrate the gods in the nomoi of the society. The cognitive recognition of a god in one’s mental sphere is expressed in religious customs, and so we should no longer prioritize ritual as primary or more important than belief. Even for phenomena such as divination and sacrifice, which seem manifestly ritualistic, Pirenne-Delforge demonstrates that these practices are in fact closely linked with the Greeks’ representation of the gods.

7 Other key issues arising from the book include the relations between gods in literature and gods in lived religion, the boundary between ‘public’ and ‘private’ religion, and the relations between the Panhellenic and the local. Each side of these dichotomies tends to form a separate object of analysis in existing studies and is rarely brought together or considered on the same plane in any given analysis. Yet Pirenne-Delforge almost effortlessly brings together different aspects, reminding us that the boundary in these polarities is fluid, permeable, and often ill-defined. In fact hardly any phenomenon in Greek religion can be studied solely from the perspective of either the polis or the individual, the literary or the cultic, the general or the particular, when both aspects are complementary to each other.

8 Forcefully argued and remarkably well-informed, this profoundly thoughtful book beautifully brings together a great deal of valuable insights and an impressive amount of learning resulting from many years of reflection on this subject. It challenges future generations of students and scholars in Greek religion to aspire to a new standard: to study Greek polytheism in its different manifestations and in its totality, and to deploy a multiplicity of perspectives for understanding the complexity of what can justifiably be called Greek religion.

Haut de page

Notes

1 R. Parker, On Greek Religion, Cornell, 2011, p. 87; H. Versnel, Coping with the Gods, Leiden, 2011, p. 212; M.S. Smith, Where the Gods Are, New Haven, 2016, p. 57.

2 E. Kearns, “Archaic and Classical Greek Religion”, in M.A. Aweeney, M.R. Salzman, E. Adler (eds.), The Cambridge History of Religions in the Ancient World, Cambridge, 2013, p. 281–284.

3 R. Parker, On Greek Religion, Cornell, 2011, p. 86.Haut de page

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Theodora Suk Fong Jim, « Le Polythéisme grec à l’épreuve d’Hérodote », Kernos, 34 | 2021, 290-293.

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Theodora Suk Fong Jim, « Le Polythéisme grec à l’épreuve d’Hérodote », Kernos [En ligne], 34 | 2021, mis en ligne le 31 décembre 2021, consulté le 03 octobre 2023. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/kernos/3913 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/kernos.3913Haut de page

Auteur

Theodora Suk Fong Jim

University of Nottingham

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