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laraehrlich-blog · 5 years ago

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Original content owned & copyrighted by Green Global Travel.

Water collection and storage is nothing new. Humans have been harvesting rainwater for centuries… millennia, actually.

In fact, many of the Philippines—provide great models for rainwater harvesting systems.

Learning methods for harvesting rainwater could ultimately prove to be the key to future life on earth. Frighteningly, less than 1% of the world’s water can be used by humans for drinking, and the planet has been working with roughly the same amount of fresh water for millions of years.

But as the global population increases, so does the demand for water. Unfortunately, many of the natural water systems we’ve historically relied on for drinking water— aquifers, creeks, lakes, and fresh water is a really big deal, no matter where you live. But modified food production, and industrial waste, municipalities must use a slurry of chemicals to make water potable again.

Luckily, Mother Nature supplies us with plenty of fresh water right at home. This handy guide will teach you what rainwater harvesting is, how it benefits the environment, various water catchment methods, and how to make a DIY rainwater harvesting system of your own.

READ MORE: to Save Water: 15 Water Conservation Methods

TABLE OF CONTENTS

is Harvesting?

of Harvesting

Water Harvesting Benefits the Environment

Harvesting Methods

to Make a Tank

a Filter

Harvesting System

Machu Picchu Terraces image by skeeze from Pixabay

Is Harvesting?

harvesting is the simple act of collecting and storing rainwater when the getting is good so it can be used in times of drought.

With ancient times.

Even people who don’t need drinking water often use rainwater collection tanks to water their gardens. This is particularly true in regions where droughts or dry seasons are common, and access to municipal water is limited, unreliable, or expensive.

There are many different methods for rainwater harvesting: Every rooftop, hard surface, or sloped landscape provides the potential to capture and store rain rather than merely let it drain away.

Since we have to have shelters and READ MORE: 60 Going Green Tips You Can Use Every Day

Bret & Mary’s Water Catchment & Harvesting System

of Harvesting

While collecting rainwater is often seen as an environmental act, there are quite a few advantages of rainwater harvesting on a personal level:

Harvesting rainwater can reduce water bills significantly by supplying free water for READ MORE: is Permaculture Gardening?

“rain barrel kit” by bunnicula is licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0

Water Harvesting Benefits the Environment

collection systems can also do a lot to help the ecosystem and community in which we live. With a system of our own, we can start making a local and global difference right at home. Here are five examples of how harvesting water benefits the environment:

Rain harvesting reduces stormwater runoff, which means less of our fresh water is going into drainage/sewage treatment systems. That means less wildlife habitat

, drinking water, and bathing water. READ MORE: The Real Erin Brockovich Fights Water Pollution

Bret & Mary’s Harvesting System from a runoff drain pipe

Harvesting Methods

There are several different methods of harvesting rainwater. Some involve tanks or cisterns that hold the water for easy access, while others hold the water until it soaks into the earth.

Some models for the home are designed to be small-scale, holding as little as one 40- to 55-gallon drum at a time. More involved rain catchment systems, such as you might find on a rainwater gardens, that spread it and hold it until the earth is better able to absorb it.

This also eliminates the need to irrigate with municipal water. Rather than draining all that valuable rain away, water catchments keep some of it for the plants to enjoy. To help with replenishing groundwater, some people lead hard surface runoff to a recharge pit.

With acreage comes even more potential for rainwater harvesting. Earthworks can take advantage of natural drainage paths by disrupting them, spreading the water over sloped landscapes with swales that are attached to dams that hold water in bulk.

Ponds and READ MORE: The Ultimate DIY Aquaponics Beginner’s Guide

Bret & Mary’s Harvesting System with overflow drain

to Make a Tank

The common urban/suburban water catchment system collects rainwater from the roof and stores it in an attached tank, either above or below the ground.

One inch of rain on a 2000 square foot roof supplies over 1200 gallons of water, or around 13 bathtubs’ worth The average rainfall for the contiguous United States is over 30 inches a year, which is more than 36,000 gallons per roof! All of that water has to be held somewhere.

A rooftop rain harvesting system generally involves a tank ranging anywhere from 40 to hundreds of gallons. Sometimes these tanks are built underground our of concrete, which requires serious excavation and installation cost. On the positive side, they can be very large.

Above-ground metal tanks are less expensive and difficult to install, but they do tend to rust over time. Bladder tanks, like gigantic bags, are commonly used in tight spots, such as under a deck.

But food grade barrels, which are widely available and inexpensive. The rain barrels pictured in this post used to hold roasted red peppers and olives.

These are often connected in order to provide more rainwater storage space. Or they can be installed individually beneath each downspout to provide access to water in several locations. Similar, larger capacity systems can be built with repurposed IBC totes as well.

There are only a few steps to install a rain harvesting barrel”

A hose or pipe, the same size or larger than the gutter outlet, should connect the gutter to the top of the barrel. This involves cutting a small hole in the top of the barrel and making a rainwater filter for debris (which we’ll talk about in the next section).

The barrel should be set on a platform, lifting it up off the ground. We recommend using concrete blocks, stacking two to three pairs on top of each other.

A spigot should be connected to the side near the bottom of the barrel, so that all of the water inside can be accessed.

An overflow outlet, the same size as or slightly larger than the gutter outlet, should be put on the side near the top of the barrel. This outlet can involve a hose that leads the excess water to somewhere like a rain garden or recharge pit.

READ MORE: Permaculture Gardening Guide (12 Tips for a Productive Garden)

“nyc-travails-1080772” by jwilly is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

a Filter

Depending on the degree to which you hope to collect rainwater, there are different methods for rainwater harvesting. Similarly, the way in which we want to use the water– whether it be for irrigation, cleaning, or drinking– will determine the degree to which we filter the water.

For simple outdoor watering use, a rainwater filter made from everyday plumbing parts and around-the-house types of materials will suffice for collecting debris. A four-inch rubber boot or even an old plant pot can be plumbed to sit comfortably atop a rain barrel, with the gutter flow leading to it.

Inside the boot or pot, you can fit a piece of recycled hosiery or a paint sprayer filter to keep out any large debris that might be washed off the roof, such as leaves, twigs, or bugs. As long as the filter is cleaned regularly, collected rainwater will flow easily without it getting clogged up.

ever, if drinking the water is the ultimately goal, then some additional filtering is necessary. Though rainwater is very clean, having gone through the natural water cycle and debris filter, it does pick up unsavory stuff on the route from roof to tank.

Making water potable for drinking requires an extra purification system. For emergency situations, it’s good to have a basic water purifier such as a build a simple one with repurposed buckets. For a household water source, it’s better to bring in professionals.

READ MORE: 15 Ways to Reduce Waste & Move Towards Waste-Free Living

“water tank pics 2” by jwilly is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

Harvesting System

Any rooftop rainwater harvesting project has the same basic components: a roof to catch, guttering to collect, hoses to distribute, filters to clean, storage tanks to hold, and outlets to access rainwater.

It’s what happens beyond those outlets that determines the complexity of the rainwater harvesting system. Regardless of how complex we’d like to get with it, most of us have the capacity to harvest some rainwater.

A barrel-style rainwater collection system may be rudimentary, but the water would be perfectly fine for our lawn and garden use. If further purified a little at time by boiling, it can even become potable in a pinch. For a total cost of $50 to $60, this water-saving wonder can fulfill a lot of needs.

More complex rainwater harvesting systems– including underground cisterns, pumps, and purification– are completely possible, but require professionals to install and permits to use them.

But for those striving to CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

The post to Make a DIY Harvesting System appeared first on Green Global Travel.

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davehodgetts-blog · 5 years ago

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Off the coast of Mauban floats a small island, Cagbalete, which looks ordinary at first glance. However, a great scenery resides underneath its waters, which only reveals at low tide.

Cagbalete Island is one of the pride of Quezon province. It features wide coastlines and an ecologically diverse habitat. The verdant greens serves as a host to unique bird and plant species. Moreover, the waters surrounding it is a home to abundant marine life. Cagbalete is a total package for adventurers and nature-lovers who seek for a tranquil getaway.

If you are planning to see Cagbalete Island one of these days, this guide may help you.

A vast shoreline appears at low tide in Cagbalete

M/B Neneng and M/B Anthony have two daily Mauban-Cagbalete v/v trips. The boat to Cagbalete leaves Mauban every 10:00AM and 03:30PM while the return boat leaves the island every 07:00AM and 01:00PM. Travel time is 45 minutes, and the fare is ₱50 per person.

You can hire a private boat if the schedule is not amenable to your itinerary, or you just need your trip to be solitary. This will cost you or your group ₱1,200 per way. Major resorts in Cagbalete usually offers private boat transfer upon request.

Boat Ride to Cagbalete

The passenger boat will drop you off at Sabang port. From there, some kids will offer to guide you to your resort for a small fee.

Sabang – Cagbalete’s coastal residential area and port

On our case, we hired a carabao pull cart to get to Villa Cleofas. However, I refused to ride it. I just don’t advocate the use of animals for transport.

Island transpo

[email protected].

Villa Cleofas canoe

Villa Noe

Villa Noe is located along the same strip as Villa Cleofas but a little distant. As of their website, Villa Noe collects corkage fees for liquors which is a downside for hard party drinkers. Their cottages are bit pricey too. The room costs ₱4,000 for 10-12 individuals, ₱3,500 for 8-10 pax, ₱3,000 for 6-8 persons, etc. Pitching your own tent will require you to pay ₱200/tent.

If you don not want to cook, you can avail Villa Noe’s food catering at ₱800/person per day. This includes breakfast, lunch, snack, and dinner.

To secure your accommodation, visit their site: www.villanoe.com.

Doña Choleng

Doña Choleng offers an equally relaxing stay with a lot of activity offerings. Air-conditioned for 6 persons costs ₱4,500 while the non-A/C of the same capacity is ₱3,500.

For worry-free travel, they offer a food package for only ₱800 per head consisting of 3 meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) and 2 snacks per day.

For more info and reservations, see their website (www.cagbaletedonacholeng.com).

Cagbalete DIY Travel Guide appeared first on Freedom Wall.

#>How #008000;#>Where #0000ff;#ff6600;>Boat #ff00ff;>Tips

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evasjacks · 4 years ago

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WAIT ADA THAT GLITCH EFFECT HOW DID YOU DO IT I DIDN'T CLOCK THE FIRST TIME BUT FUCK THATS SMOOTH LOOKING

I can’t explain without ss so here’s a tutorial ig?

How to do this sexc glitch effect using Photoshop

edit in question

I’m using Adobe Photoshop 2020 but any version will do

Okay so,,, I’m going to assume you have basic Photoshop background.

Open a new canvas in Photoshop, using whatever size you perfer (I’m using 1100px x 1000px)

Start by selecting your person/place/thing (the effect works just as well on text, you would just need to rasterize the layer first)

This (minus the folders labeled ‘unimportant’) is what you should have:

Okay, now for the effect.

Go over to your layers panel and duplicate the person you want to glitch.

Now we have ‘norm’ and ‘norm copy’

Change the names so you can easily distinguish them.

Now, for my edit I changed up the glitch effect so it had devil wings and black eyes, but for a normal glitch the layer can stay the same, it’s all preference.

For the tutorial, I’ll leave him as is.

Now, close the visibility on the normal layer (the little eye on the left) so the only thing on our canvas is the ‘glitch effect’ so we can edit it.

Click on the glitch effect layer to select it.

take your rectangular marquee tool, found on the top left of the tools panel

click it.

Use it to make a bunch of different sized rectangles all over the object you want to glitch. This part is the most important and the most time consuming, so give it your focus.

Make some layers go right and other ones go left, a few ups and downs so it looks properly glitched.

It should look something like this:

Now we need to add in the red, green and blue bits to make it look like a real glitch.

Duplicate the glitch effect so you have this one in addition to three copies.

Rename the copies: red, green, and blue

Start with the red. Click on that layer.

Go to edit > fill

Change the opacity from 100% to 70%

Change the color to a bright red (#FF0000)

It should look like this. Move it lower, so it sits behind the original ‘glitch effect’

Then, shift the red layer a few pixels to the left so it’s just peeking out behind the first layer

Repeat this process with the blue ( #0000FF) and green (#008000)

Move the blue a few pixels to the left, opposite the red.

Move the green a few pixels up.

It should look like this:

(Note: my colors probably look dimmer because I have a psd layer over it)

Now, open your timeline. You should have just one frame there.

Add a second frame.

Open your first frame to make changes to it. Remove the visibility on all the glitch layers, so you’re only left with the normal.

It should look like this:

In the second frame, do the opposite. Open all the glitch layers, and leave off the Normal layer. Your second frame should look like this:

Now, still selecting your second frame, click the ‘tweens animation’ buttom at the bottom:

(Between the ‘add layer’ and the ‘skip frame’ buttons)

Tween it with the ‘previous frame’ and change the number of layers to ‘1′

Then click ok

You should now have a frame that blends both the ‘norm’ and the ‘glitch effect’ frames sitting between Your first and second.

Move the new blend layer so it sits AFTER the full glitch effect.

Now, adjust the timing.

Make the first frame (normal) 1.0 seconds.

Make the second frame (glitch effect) 0 seconds/no delay

Make the last frame (blend effect) 0 seconds/no delay

Play it. Make some adjustments if necessary.

Once you’re satisfied with how it looks, export.

I’m gonna assume you know how to do this

Export: File > Export > Save for Web (Legacy) > Save

You should now have a glitch effect:

Annnnd you’re done !!

#goD that took long #tutorials*#asks #harry tag #photoshop #the fuck do I put in the tags #glitch effect #userada #userharry #just rb it sjsksjk

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rpoli3 · 4 years ago

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There are a lot of apps out there to help with anxiety, depression, or mental health in general. A lot of these apps are like journals or they track your mood. These are things you can easily do in a notebook or a bullet journal, but apps normally track the patterns for you as well.

Calm isn’t necessarily one of those kinds of apps that is a journal or tracks your mood. It’s just as it sounds – calm.

What Calm can do

Okay, I kind of lied earlier. Calm does track your mood. I forgot it did that because I don’t use Calm for that. But, if you want, you can check-in with Calm. You can choose a mood and write about what’s going on and why you feel the way you do. However, you do need an account to do this.

There’s a free version of Calm and a paid version of it. I have the free version and it does just what I need it to do for now.

Calm has yoga and meditation as well as breathing exercises. There are also soothing music and bedtime stories. Most of this you need the paid version for. Which is why, eventually, I’ll probably pay for the app. For now, I mainly use the two free things I can: the breathing exercises and the scenes.

Breathing

Calm has a cool part of the app where it’ll guide you through a breathing session. You can choose how long you want to breathe for and it’ll show a bubble that will enlarge and tell you when to breathe in, then shrink and tell you when to breathe out. It’ll also ring a small charm when you’re supposed to begin breathing in or out if you need to sit and close your eyes for a couple of minutes.

I’ll admit, I haven’t used this feature too often. I sometimes forget it’s there so I get too wrapped up in something else to think about it. But it’s a good idea and it’s definitely helpful to have something to guide you through breathing exercises depending on what you need it for.

Scenes

This is what I mainly use the Calm app for. I use it when I work sometimes, when I read, when I’m doing a Sudoku puzzle or something, or just when I need to lie down for a few minutes, close my eyes, and relax.

These scenes create sounds on a loop such as rain on leaves, thunderstorms, a fireplace, ocean waves, and so much more.

The best part about this is that you can play the scenes with the app closed. So I typically have it on in the background on my iPad when I’m reading a book from the Kindle app.

I love the Calm app

I’ve had this app for years. I can’t even remember how I came across it or what made me want to download it in the first place. I use it all the time though and I won’t go back.

Calm is a great app for whenever you need to relax for a minute or an hour or longer. I highly recommend it to help with your mental health or just to have. I hope the get the paid version soon so I can talk about it even more.

Take care of yourself.

[su_button url=”https://books2read.com/sundaymorning/” target=”blank” background=”#008000″ size=”6″ center=”yes” icon=”icon: book”]Buy My Book[/su_button] [su_button url=”https://www.patreon.com/rachelpoli” target=”blank” background=”#f96855″ size=”6″ center=”yes” icon=”https://rachelpoli.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Patreon-Logo.jpg”%5DBecome A Patron[/su_button]

How I Use the Calm App [Mental Health Monday] There are a lot of apps out there to help with anxiety, depression, or mental health in general.

#mental health apps #mental health awareness #mental health matters #mental health monday #mental-health

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reborg-blog · 4 years ago

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Clojure transducers from the ground up: the practice

This is the second part of an article dedicated to Clojure transducers. In the first part we discussed transducers fundamentals and the functional abstraction they represent. In this article, we are going to explore how they are used in practice, including:

Composability

Reuse across transports with core.async

A logging stateless transducer example

An interleave stateful transducer example

Parallelisation

Composability

Transducers have the important property to isolate transforming reducing functions (like (map inc) or (filter odd?)) from the necessary sequential iteration. One interesting consequence of this design is that transducers can now compose like any other function. Have a look at the following example:

(def inc-and-filter (comp (map inc) (filter odd?))) (def special+ (inc-and-filter +)) (special+ 1 1) ;; 1 (special+ 1 2) ;; 4

(map inc) or (filter odd?) generates a function with the same interface: taking one item and returning a transformation of that item. We can compose them with comp to form a new function inc-and-filter which is the composition of the two.

We can also provide an argument + to inc-and-filter which returns a new function. We could call the new function special+ because it enhances normal + with two transformations. We can see the effect of incorporating inc and odd? into special+ by calling it with two arguments; the second argument is incremented and then conditionally added to the first depending on it being odd or even. We can use reduce with special+ as usual and compare it with the same version using a simple +:

(reduce special+ 0 (range 10)) ;; 25   (reduce + 0 (filter odd? (map inc (range 10)))) ;; 25

The two reduce appear the same on the surface, but the mechanics is completely different. In the first case, our special+ applies transformations while iterating through the input sequence. The second case produces an intermediate sequences for each transformation, plus one for the final reduction. More importantly, we can now isolate transformations from reduce. By using transduce we make that explicit in the arguments:

(transduce (comp (map inc) (filter odd?)) + (range 10)) ;; 25

How many transducers (our transforming reducing functions) can be composed this way? The answer is … as many as you like:

(def x-form (comp (map inc) (filter even?) (dedupe) (mapcat range) (partition-all 3) (partition-by #((apply + %) 7)) (mapcat flatten) (random-sample 1.0) (take-nth 1) (keep #(when (odd? %) (* % %))) (keep-indexed #(when (even? %1) (* %1 %2))) (replace {2 "two" 6 "six" 18 "eighteen"}) (take 11) (take-while #(not= 300 %)) (drop 1) (drop-while string?) (remove string?)))   (transduce x-form + (vec (interleave (range 18) (range 20)))) ;; 246

The example above is a famous gist created by Rich Hickey (the inventor of Clojure) to show off the available transducers in the standard library.

But there’s more: composition can be applied on top of additional composition, allowing programmers to isolate and name concepts accordingly. For example, we could group the previous, long chain of transducers into more manageable chunks giving each chunk a specific name:

(def x-clean (comp (map inc) (filter even?) (dedupe) (mapcat range)))   (def x-filter (comp (partition-all 3) (partition-by #((apply + %) 7)) (mapcat flatten) (random-sample 1.0)))   (def x-additional-info (comp (take-nth 1) (keep #(when (odd? %) (* % %))) (keep-indexed #(when (even? %1) (* %1 %2))) (replace {2 "two" 6 "six" 18 "eighteen"})))   (def x-calculate (comp (take 11) (take-while #(not= 300 %)) (drop 1) (drop-while string?) (remove string?)))   (def x-prepare (comp x-clean x-filter))   (def x-process (comp x-additional-info x-calculate))   (def x-form (comp x-prepare x-process))   (transduce x-form + data) ;; 246

As you can see, comp can be used several times to compose over already composed transducers, producing named computations that are now easy to read and reuse.

Note that, although there are structural similarities, the thread last macro ->> doesn't allow for a similar kind of composition. For example, the following expand-and-group composition is not possible:

(def coll (range 10)) (def expand (->> coll (map inc) (filter even?) (dedupe) (mapcat range))) (def group (->> coll (partition-all 3) (partition-by #((apply + %) 7)))) (def expand-and-group (comp expand group)) (expand-and-group) ;; Execution error (ClassCastException) ;; clojure.lang.LazySeq cannot be cast to clojure.lang.IFn

There are many things not working as expected in the example above. First of all, expand and group definitions already contain the result of the computation. Their composition is not the composition of their computational recipes but their results. comp works as expected, but trying to invoke it produces the non-sensical use of a lazy sequence as a function.

Reuse across transports

There is another important aspect of transducers that contributes to reuse (apart from composition). The composition of transducers happens without any knowledge of the input they will be applied to. As a consequence, we can reuse transducers with other transports.

A transport is essentially the way a collection of items is iterated. One of the most common transports in the standard library is sequential iteration (that is, using sequence functions like map, filter, etc.). But there are other examples of transports. The core.async library for instance, implements iteration through an abstraction called "channel" which behaves similarly to a blocking queue.

The following example shows the same transducers chain we have seen before to process incoming elements from a core.async channel:

(require '[clojure.core.async :refer [>! ] :as a])   (def xform (comp (filter odd?) (map inc)))   (defn process [items] (let [out (a/chan 1 xform) in (a/to-chan items)] (a/go-loop [] (if-some [item ( in)] (do (>! out item) (recur)) (a/close! out))) ( (a/reduce conj [] out))))   (process (range 10)) ;; [2 4 6 8 10]

The transducer xform is now applied to a channel out inside a go-loop. Every item pushed down the channel passes through the transducer chain. The input is a range of 10 numbers transformed into a channel, but items could be streamed asynchronously (and often are; for example, as server side events on a web page).

The go-loop works sequentially in this case, but core.async also contains facilities to apply the same transducers in parallel. A pipeline is an abstraction that supports multi-threaded access. It sits between an input and an output channel and it can be used with transducers:

(defn process [items] (let [out (a/chan (a/buffer 100))] (a/pipeline 4 out xform (a/to-chan items)) ( (a/reduce conj [] out))))   (process (range 10)) [2 4 6 8 10]

A pipeline construct accepts a max number of parallel threads (usually the same of the physical cores available in the system). Each incoming item from the input channel is processed in parallel through the transducer chain up to the max number of threads.

Custom transducers

The standard library provides some transducer-enabled functions, which cover most of the common scenarios. When those are not enough, you can create your own. However, a custom transducer needs to obey a few rules to play well with other transducers:

It must support a zero, one or two-arguments calls.

The zero-argument call defines the initial value for the reduction. This arity is not currently used by transducers, but it is recommended to implement it anyway by invoking the reducing function (usually abbreviated "rf") with no arguments. This is a conservative approach that plays well with the current behaviour of transduce just in case a future change to the standard library will require the zero-argument call.

The single-argument call defines the "tear-down" behaviour. This is especially useful if the transducer contains any state that needs deallocation. It will be called once with the final result of the reduction. After providing any custom logic (optional), the custom transducer is expected to call "rf" with the result, so other transducers in the chain can also have their chance for cleanup.

The two-arguments call represents the standard reduction step and should contain the business logic for the custom transducer. This is the typical reduce operation: the first argument represents the result so far, followed by the next item from the input. It is expected that the reducing function "rf" is invoked after applying any transformation, propagating the call to other transducers in the chain.

A transducer can decide to terminate reduction at any time by calling reduced on the results. Other transducers should pay attention to reduced elements and prevent unnecessary computation. This is, for example, what happens using transducers like take-while. When the predicate becomes false, no other items should be reduced and the computation should stop. If after take-while there are other computationally intensive transducers, they should also stop processing and allow the results through without doing anything else.

This set of rules describes the protocol to follow to execute a pipeline of transducers. The primary goal of the protocol is to give a fair chance to each transducer to execute (or stop) a computation, initialise internal state or perform cleanup logic.

Not surprisingly, transducers maintaining state are called "stateful" to distinguish them from "stateless" transducers. Maintaining state in a transducer is quite common and roughly half of transducers in the standard library do.

It is so common that a new concurrency primitive has been created called volatile!. A volatile! is a concurrency construct that allows multiple threads to promptly see a value as soon as it's updated. It's very different from the other concurrency primitives (var, atom, ref and agent) that instead "protect" state from concurrent access.

If you are wondering why volatile! is necessary, the answer is that with core.async pipelines the same transducer instance could run on multiple threads. A volatile! guarantees that the state inside the transducer is seen by all threads as soon as possible. So if the same transducer happens to run on a different thread, the thread will see the most recent internal state of the transducer. The reason why this might not be the case without a volatile! has to do with aggressive use of CPU registers as caches and instruction re-ordering, a common JVM optimisation.

A logging (stateless) transducer

So, let's get practical and create our first stateless transducer. In this example, we assume that we just created a complicated, but nicely composed, transducer chain for data processing (we are simulating it here with a much shorter and simpler one).

How would you go about debugging it? You might need to understand at which step in the chain things are not working as expected. Here's an idea for a logging transducer with a printing side effect. Other than printing on screen, the transducer is not altering the reduction:

(defn log [& [idx]] (fn [rf] (fn ([] (rf)) ([result] (rf result)) ([result el] (let [n-step (if idx (str "Step: " idx ". ") "")] (println (format "%sResult: %s, Item: %s" n-step result el))) (rf result el)))))   (sequence (log) [:a :b :c]) ;; Result: null, Item: :a ;; Result: null, Item: :b ;; Result: null, Item: :c ;; (:a :b :c)

In this example, log is a transducer accepting an optional single argument "idx". When "idx" is present, log additionally prints it, assuming "idx" is the position of the transducer in a composed chain (we'll see in a second how that information can be used). Before being composed via comp, transducers are just a list of functions. The idea is that we can interleave the list with the logging transducer ahead of comp and use a dynamic variable to control when to print to the console:

(def ^:dynamic *dbg?* false)   (defn comp* [& xforms] (apply comp (if *dbg?* (->> (range) (map log) (interleave xforms)) xforms)))   (transduce (comp* (filter odd?) (map inc)) + (range 5)) ;; 6   (binding [*dbg?* true] (transduce (comp* (filter odd?) (map inc)) + (range 5))) ;; Step: 0. Result: 0, Item: 1 ;; Step: 1. Result: 0, Item: 2 ;; Step: 0. Result: 2, Item: 3 ;; Step: 1. Result: 2, Item: 4 ;; 6

Here, comp* is a thin wrapper around the normal comp function in the standard library. It has the responsibility to check the *dbg?* dynamic variable. When *dbg?* is true, we interleave our logging transducer to an already existing chain of transducers passed as input. Otherwise we do nothing.

The first example invocation of transduce shows that comp* behaves like normal comp. When we bind *dbg*? to true though, the logging transducer starts printing. Several logging transducers instances are created — as many as necessary to interleave the input chain. Each logging transducer carries the "idx" information about its position in the chain, so it can print it. By looking at the source code, we know that ‘step 1’ corresponds to the transducer at index 1 in the (zero-indexed) list passed to comp* (which is filter). If we see some odd value of ‘Item’ or ‘Result’, we know which step is producing it and we can take action.

An interleave (stateful) transducer

Let's now see an example of stateful custom transducer. The following chain of sequential transformations shows a way to implement the egyptian multiplication algorithm. Egyptians didn't use time tables to multiply numbers, but they worked out the operation by decomposing numbers by powers of two:

(defn egypt-mult [x y] (->> (interleave (iterate #(quot % 2) x) (iterate #(* % 2) y)) (partition-all 2) (take-while #(pos? (first %))) (filter #(odd? (first %))) (map second) (reduce +)))   (egypt-mult 640 10) ;; 6400

We would like to express this algorithm with transducers but there is no interleave transducer in the standard library — just normal interleave. All other operations inside the thread last ->> form are available as transducers.

How should we design the interleave transducer to work with transduce? First of all, transduce does not support multiple collections as input. So, the idea is to use one sequence as the main input for transduce and the other as the sequence of interleaving elements. The sequence of interleaving elements lives inside the state of the interleave transducer, taking the first item to interleave at each reducing step. The remaining elements have to be stored as state inside the transducer while waiting for the next call. Without further ado, here's the interleave transducer:

(defn interleave-xform ; [coll] (fn [rf] (let [fillers (volatile! (seq coll))] ; (fn ([] (rf)) ([result] (rf result)) ([result input] (if-let [[filler] @fillers] ; (let [step (rf result input)] (if (reduced? step) ; step (do (vswap! fillers next) ; (rf step filler)))) (reduced result))))))) ;

interleave-xform is modeled on the same semantic of the interleave function in the standard library: it interleaves elements up to the end of the shortest sequence. interleave-xform contains all the required arities: no argument, single argument and two argument.

interleave-xform assumes the interleaving is coming from a collection passed while creating the transducer. We need to keep track of the remaining items in the sequence as we consume them, so the rest of are stored in a volatile! instance.

During the reducing step, we verify to have at least one more element to interleave before allowing the reduction. Note the use of if-let and destructuring on the first element of the content of the volatile! instance.

We need to check whether another transducer along the chain has required the end of the reduction. In that case, we obey without propagating any further reducing step.

If, instead, we are not at the end of the reduction and we have more elements to interleave, we can proceed to update our volatile! state and call the next transducer using the "filler" element coming from the internal state. Note that at this point, this is the second time we invoke "rf"; the first being for the normal reducing step, the second is an additional reducing step for the interleaving.

In case we don't have any more items to interleave, we end the reduction using reduced. This prevents nil elements from appearing in the final output — exactly the same as normal interleave.

With interleave-xform in place, we can express the egyptian multiplication method as follows:

(defn egypt-mult [x y] (transduce (comp (interleave-xform (iterate #(* % 2) y)) (partition-all 2) (take-while #(pos? (first %))) (filter #(odd? (first %))) (map second)) + (iterate #(quot % 2) x)))   (egypt-mult 4 5) ;; 20

The second iteration of increasingly doubling numbers is now considered the interleaving sequence that we pass when creating the transducer. The other iteration with increasingly halved numbers is instead the normal input for transduce. The two sequences are interleaved together and partitioned into vectors as part of the transducing step. Apart from the interleaving part, the rest of the processing is a mechanical refactoring from a sequence operation into the related transducer version.

Laziness

There are four main ways to apply transducers in the standard library: transduce, sequence, eduction and into. Up until now we've seen one of the most popular, transduce, which is designed to completely consume the input collection. Even when transduce is used to output a new sequence, it doesn't work lazily, as we can quickly verify by using a counter on the number of transformations happening on each item:

(def cnt (atom 0)) (take 10 (transduce (map #(do (swap! cnt inc) %)) conj () (range 1000))) ;; (999 998 997 996 995 994 993 992 991 990) @cnt ;; 1000

In the example above, you can see that transduce completely consumes a lazy sequence, despite the fact that we want just the first 10 elements (note that conj on a list is pre-pending element at the beginning of the current list). The counter shows that the transducer has been called on all of the items, fully evaluating the range. into uses transduce underneath and has the same behaviour. If you are interested in applying a transducer chain lazily by gradually consuming the input, sequence or eduction will do that:

(def cnt1 (atom 0)) (let [res (eduction (map #(do (swap! cnt1 inc) %)) (range 1000))] (doall (take 10 res)) @cnt1) ;; 33   (def cnt2 (atom 0)) (let [res (sequence (map #(do (swap! cnt2 inc) %)) (range 1000))] (doall (take 10 res)) @cnt2) ;; 33

The type of laziness in eduction and sequence is called "chunked". It means that they are lazy but not extremely lazy, by allowing some consumption of the input sequence ahead of the actual position in the iteration. New items are processed in chunks of 32 elements each: once the 32th element is reached, all others up to the 64th are processed, and so on. In our example, we consume 10 elements but process the whole first chunk of 32.

So, what’s the difference between eduction and sequence? eduction allows a variable number of transducers to be passed as argument without comp. More importantly, eduction does not cache results, which means potentially running all transducers again if necessary. Here's a way to demonstrate this behaviour:

(def cnt1 (atom 0)) (let [res (eduction (map #(do (swap! cnt1 inc) %)) (range 10))] (conj (rest res) (first res)) @cnt1) ;; 20   (def cnt2 (atom 0)) (let [res (sequence (map #(do (swap! cnt2 inc) %)) (range 10))] (conj (rest res) (first res)) ; (2) @cnt2) ;; 10

In our new examples, we are using both first and rest on the result of eduction and sequence, respectively. You can see that both first and rest forces eduction to scan the input sequence, as demonstrated by the counter printing "20", which is twice the amount of items in the input sequence. sequence caches results internally, so it doesn't execute transducers again. eduction approach has benefits on memory allocation at the price of multiple evaluations. A rule of thumb to pick the right choice would be:

Use sequence when you plan to use the produced output multiple times. For example, assigning it to a local binding and then proceed to further process it. Internal caching results in better performance overall. At the same time, it could consume more memory, as the entire sequence could load in memory if the last element is requested.

Use eduction when there is no plan to perform multiple scans of the output, saving on unnecessary caching. This is the case with transducer chains which depend on some user generated search parameters. In this scenario, the application needs to produce a one-off view of the system that is discarded as soon as the response is returned.

Parallelism

We have seen an elegant example of parallelism in transducers using core.async pipelines. There is also another option to parallelise transducible operations. fold is a function from the reducers namespace in the standard library. fold offers parallelism based on the "divide and conquer" model: chunks of work are created and computation happens in parallel while, at the same time, finished tasks are combined back into the final result.

The following example shows ptransduce, a function that works like a parallel transduce. Since reducers are based on the same functional abstraction, we can leverage fold without changing the transducers chain:

(require '[clojure.core.reducers :refer [fold]])   (def xform (comp (map inc) (filter odd?)))   (defn ptransduce [xform rf combinef coll] (fold combinef (xform rf) (into [] coll)))   (ptransduce xform + + (range 1000000)) ;; 250000000000

Note that the input collection needs to be a vector (or a map) in order for reducers to work in parallel. It also needs to be bigger than a certain size (512 items by default) to enable parallelism. Apart from this, the xform transducer chain is the same as before but we need to call it with (xform rf) because fold expects a reducing function, which is what xform returns (plus added transformations when invoked with a basic reducing function like +).

Both pipelines and fold parallelism work unless stateful transducers are involved. Observe the following:

(require '[clojure.core.async :refer [] :as a]) (require '[clojure.core.reducers :refer [fold]]) (def xform (comp (drop 100) (map inc) (filter odd?)))   (transduce xform + (range 10000)) ;; 24997500   (let [out (a/chan (a/buffer 100))] (a/pipeline 4 out xform (a/to-chan (range 10000))) ( (a/reduce + 0 out))) ;; 0   (distinct (for [ (range 100)] (fold + (xform +) (into [] (range 10000))))) ;; (24997500 24877997 24781126 24912310 ....

(drop 100) is now part of the transducers chain. We can see the expected result of 24997500 with a normal transduce; but both pipeline and fold are producing unexpected results. This is because there are multiple instances of the same stateful transducer.

In the case of pipeline, one transducer chain is instantiated for each item (so drop is always dropping the single element available). In the case of fold, there is one transducer chain each chunk, and the situation is additionally complicated by "work stealing", a feature in which threads that are currently not doing any work can "steal" items from other threads. When that happens, the stateful transducer is not initialised again with the result that the same state is suddenly shared across threads. That's why, to see the inconsistency, you need to run fold multiple times.

The problem of parallelism with stateful transducer is both technical and semantic. The drop operation, for instance, is well defined as sequential operation: the number of requested elements is skipped at the beginning of the collection. But this definition needs to be reformulated when parallel chunks are involved: should drop remove the same number of elements each chunk? In that case sequential drop would diverge from parallel drop.

Since a solution that produces consistent results does not exist in the standard library, the problem of parallel stateful transducers remains unsolved and they should be avoided with fold or pipeline. If you're interested, I provided a solution to this problem in the parallel library. The proposed solution is opinionated, but it provides a consistent model to execute stateful transducers in a parallel context.

Conclusions

As we’ve seen in the previous part of this article, transducers are, at their core, a simple but powerful functional abstraction. reduce encapsulates a pattern for recursion that can be adapted to many situations and, at the same time, it promotes the design of code in terms of a standard reducing interface. Since transducers’ building blocks conform to the same contract, they are easy to compose and reuse. Transducers were introduced late in Clojure, perhaps explaining some struggle in their initial adoption.

There are still some rough edges and room for improvement in transducers as they are today. A few libraries started to emerge to provide transducers version of other functions (most notably, Christophe Grand’s xforms), hinting at the fact that more could be added to the standard library. Transducers are also amenable for parallel computation; but there is no solid semantic for parallel stateful transducers, so they can’t be used with fold. This is somehow discouraging their parallel use as a whole.

On the positive side, transducers already cover a fair amount of common use cases and you should consider reaching them as the default for everyday programming.

Clojure The Essential Reference

Did you enjoy reading this article? You might find my book Clojure: The Essential Refence also interesting! The book has an entire chapter dedicated to all the functions related to both reducers and transducers. There you can find more examples and insights.

Resources

The blog post by Rich Hickey introducing transducers.

The official transducer reference.

Christophe’s Grand extended transducer library.

Timothy Baldrige’s screencast on transducers.

#clojure #transducers

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bitrust · 2 years ago

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firemama · 6 years ago

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Physical Character Chart

General Identity

Character’s full name: Koyol Bessmertnyy

Reason or meaning of name: in his culture, people are named for purpose. "Koyol" is his identifier to separate him from other "Bessmer", which means King, and a Bessmer "tnyy" is an "immortal king", denoting hes A, outlived his kingdom, B, has slain a large number of foes or an extremely powerful force and C, has lived an exceeding number of years, as well as D, lived through something that certainly should have been fatal- any of these would earn the tittle tnyy but koyol has achieved all of them (some of which a few times), so instead of "bessmer-tnyy" or 'king who is immortal, hes "bessmertnyy" which is "Immortal King" or "King of Immortals", detonating hes a legendary person before the death of the culture. Koyol means Snake, denoting his affiliation with the serpents as his Personal Identifier.

Character’s nicknames: Kyle, Kyle Haru, Kyle Moritaka, Kyle Kirishi, Kyle Serifine, Kyle (etc), Green #008000

Reason for nickname: Kyle is a nickname given to him primarily for those who cant pronounce Koyol easily, or a name used in English speaking worlds or modern worlds to blend in better than Koyol. the name was given to him by a long dead friend, and hes used ever since. last names vary, with the above being a few common ones hes used as of recently. #008000 is the hex code for "green" or "true green" and is his color identifier in the Color Squad. the title "Green" is also a nickname used by color squad or rainbow squad associates to refer to him as a coworker or in code rather than use his name or refer to him as their boss. hes refered to as Green or "eight" primarily by people in either of the color companies mostly by senior members or fresh recruits, especially by those who are aware that using actual names causes him some discomfort.

Birth date: koyol has no birth date. theres a variety of dates or holidays in which hes celebrated, though.

Physical appearance

Age: who knows. hes at least a couple eons old.

How does he/she appear: scary, usually. hes tall, thin, green, and has ominous eyes and no expression. hes known for looking... civil... but something is off about it. like something untamed with an air of knowing how to look tame, and trying to decieve you into thinking it is civilized. creepy, ominous, in most bodies- some seem far less scary or intimidating, but they all have a sort of air to them that whisper a caution that maybe its more feral than it appears.

Weight: varying by body, his usual one is described as weighty and heavy because of the double muscle system in his body. other times hes described as unusually light in a different body- attributed to the double bone structure. in his original body he clocks on at a good 200pds or more, despite his disturbingly skinny body.

Height: Your average koyol, including his original body, tops at an even 11ft. some bodies are much smaller- as short as 6ft- and sometimes taller, stretching to an even more ominous 13 ft 4 inches in one body.

Body build: skinny is the usual. hes commonly of a wirey, unhealthy looking thin-ness, particularly because of the proportion compared to his height. his version of carying extra weight is odd- he carries extra weight in his shoulders, or in his legs. the storage of fat on his mutant body is unproportional and poorly evolved, do koyol keeps off high fat diets in order to avoid the inhibitor of his legs carying the fat. most of the fat he carries as usual is stored on the shoulders and gives the trick appearance that they are broader than they appear when hes well fed. otherwise hes very stringy, with thicker arms and legs, due to the nature of the double bone structure.

sex/genitalia, body dimorphism, and associated gender: koyols society and people followed a 4 sex system rather than a binary. some people were born to carry, some people were born to give, some people born to receive, and other people could do all three or some combination. givers and receivers are similar to the idea of men and women respectively- not exactly sperm and egg, but close. the givers gave their equivalent of sperm to receivers in acts of sex with a penis, receivers kept it and genetically mixed it with their version of an egg. receivers found a carrier they liked and in a second act of sex, passed zygotes to carriers who had womb like organs, where the zygote could grow into an infant before birth. these children developed into the fourth kind of person who biologically could do all 3 other jobs in the breeding process, but rarely were children born that way. most often it was givers impregnating half zygotes directly into carriers/3jobs, which would make more givers; or receivers impregnating carriers/3jobs, who would make more receivers. these roles didnt actively have titles, although those who could do all three jobs of reproduction were venerated as "perfect". the people of his day were archaic and didnt understand that single job people were mutations from "half breeding", and attributed it to gods and kings and queens blessing unborn children. now, all of that said: koyol is the 4th archetype of sex to his people, capable of all "3 jobs", and thats what his concept of gender or sex is as apposed to male or female. biologically speaking in terms of what most societies believe of the binary system, though, koyol is considered intersex. in binary systems, though, koyol prefers the term "hermaphrodite" despite the average person using the term intersex- for selfish reasons. he likes that the phrase hermaphrodite contains "Aphrodite" which was a goddess of beauty and love in multiple universes hes been to. he doesn't mind the phrase intersex, though, despite the feeling that its misdirective in meaning, and considers himself of both sexes rather than in-between them. all that talk on gender and binaries aside- in terms of genitalia, koyol has both male and female, and then some; he can both fuck and be fucked, and is biologically capable of holding a child in pregnancy and impregnating another person who is capable of pregnancy in the average binary sex system. he is also capable of crossing his "egg" or "sperm" with another person's, and inseminating that child into a third party, in am inner outside of binary sexes. when blending into a system of binary sexes, if asked, koyol identifies as a man, in terms of gender; using he/him pronouns. of other dissimilarities, he also has developed mammary glands- which has been noted of oddity, as less than 30% of his genetic material is mammalian, and any milk he would produce following a pregnancy would be radioactive and poisonous as his mammary glands have direct connection to both the gland in his body that produces poison, and the part of his body that handles his own energy and radioactivity. Put shortly, it's a useless bodily function, and a crux of his mutated evolution.

Shape of face: fairly square jaw. he's known, particularly, for a lack of nose in his original body- instead having a very sensitive patch of skin that operates as the olfactory. other bodies come with wide, short noses. his eyes are almost always a little bit larger than one would expect to fit the face properly, and a bit rounder and wide set than a human’s usual almond shape. studies done on his eyes show that koyol also has a nictitating membrane-- a third, transparent eyelid. Koyol himself was unaware of this, and does not have active control over it; the only time its ever actively moved was on subconscious accord in response to a reflex to certain pollens. these pollens have shown not to harm him or his eyes, so why the reflex occurs, the purpose of the third eyelid, and much else about why he has it is unknown. do to the nature of the Second skin, his face cannot emote, but when the second skin is shed, the scaled First skin can emote just fine any expression. his teeth have been known to change from white to a deep purple when poison is active and pushed through small vein-like networks in his teeth to their tips, and in his original body, all his teeth were as sharp as canines. most bodies instead have one, two, or four sets of fangs, instead, that can turn from white to purple and inflict venom

Eye color: Koyol’s irises, sclera, and pupils are all a black color thats nearly identical. the pupil (which are far larger than one would expect), of course, processes light; but his irises contain specialized nerves that process heat and ultraviolet, alongside his olfactory sense which does the same. when experiencing stress or strong stimuli, his pupil produces what's theorized to be a ‘protective’ Calcium Disk; a bone-like layer- this looks like a thin, white, slitted pupil appearing over the actual pupil of his eye. the pupil is similar in build to bone, and up close, one can watch it raise from the depth of the black pupil like a bone coming closer to the surface. with more stress or stimuli, the calcium will build more so, and the pupil slit appears to expand until it engulfs the entire eye. at maximum stress levels, something similar to marrow or blood and red in color develops from strain. cause yet another, small, thin red pupil slit to appear. when the calcium eye has spread to a certain point, koyol cannot see at all aside from a vague heat signature processed from his olfactory organ. which is note reliable. the calcium eye is hard, and aside from scratching the surface of his eye, cannot be penetrated any easier than bone. the marrow eye, red pupil, is much easier to penetrate and theoretically could be lethal to do so. some human or animal forms will have green eyes. rarely, they have brown.

Skin tone: koyols second skin, top layer, is a pale, slightly greyed green shade, and the blood that circulates it is a darker, thicker red that borders approaching a brownish color do to the heavy oxidation of the second skin as a disposable, sheddable layer. blushing darkens this pale green to a darker earthen green. when under damage, or around damaged formations like around scars, the blood ceases flow to the area and the skin attaches less strongly to the scales underneath it, giving it an as described "ugly, sickly yellow" color tone. the same yellow tone effects the whole body when koyol is ill, or the second skin looses a lot of blood. this second skin is mostly deadened or numb in feeling, due to its extremely minimal use of nerve endings, and has a large lack of muscle to it, thus rendering facial emotion and some other minor movements null and non visible, such as inability to move ears or flair nostrils, or twitch visibly in areas of the back or legs or feet. the first skin, or "real" skin, is a layer of skin and scales underneath the second skin. his scales are a smooth obsidian like black with the slightest purple tone to their sharper edges. the first skin can be flexed to point outward, or tighten up together flat; exposing sharp edges or tightening into protective armour, respectively. when the scales flext outward, if the second skin is present, they will shred it- in what is considered a frothy, bloody, messy and gorey shedding process. the skin underneath the scales is a deeper black with no purple shading, and the blood that runs under his scales and in this skin is a bright cherry red- when injured, however, it appears a deeper purplish color as the skin is laced with a seperate pulsing network of his innate purple poison. this gives the blush of the first skin a more purple appearance, and gives scars a dulled purple color where the scales wont grow back. where the first skin has been damaged bad enough for scale deformation or to damage the under skin, the Second Skin wont grow back properly, leaving ugly yellow scars to grow over them. these loose edges must be stitched with black cord to keep the ends together. in more human bodies, koyol exhibits an olive skin tone!

Distinguishing marks: koyol exhibits many scars on most of his varying bodies that, as mentioned, are notoriously stitched with thick black stitch cords to hold the second skin together. these include a ring around one arm where he ince list and had it reattached, two thick scars through his stomach and back where he was once pierced, and an ugly lagged mark about one leg where it was almost shredded and completely lost. another distinguishing feature, known to one of his favored bodies, are marks known as the "Marks of Ownership." these are small circular seal tattoos, each meant for a specific person or group, denoting his loyalty to those specific people. other features of note come and go with the bodies hes inhabiting, most often mutant forms. they often include a piercing or tattoo or some other detail or change to the body itself.

Hair color: his hair almost always is a deep earthen green. there are some human forms where this may change, and is usually a very yellowed, straw blonde color. there are some cases, even, where the bodies natural hair color is yellow, but the hair appears to by dyed green, and the color will fade the longer koyol inhabits the body.

Hairstyle: his hair is thick, and usually kept short for the ease of it, given his busy lifestyle. some bodies do have longer hair when he inhabits them, and koyol will normally leave it that way or keep it trimmed to that length. his hair is usually of small waves or curls, and fairly unruly. koyol doesn't like to brush his hair outside of keeping out tangles, but you will never catch him with greasy hair- he can't stand the texture of oily or dirty hair. his hair style is of known as wild and untamed, but clean. in bodies like animal forms where there is fur, it's also usually very short, and either green or blond.

Voice: his voice is known for the unchanging monotone associated from the restraint of the second skin, but when its shed, his voice emotes as normal. its kniwn for being graveled with what is thought to be age, in many forms, but in others is smooth. in most bodies it is fairly deep and rasped, but others kighter in pitch or tone. he is known for speaking in two different patterns; on being overly polite, but associated with being at ease in a situation, speaking with few conjunctions and with longer words, and quickly. in tenser or uncertain situations he talks slower and purposely drawn out to negate his fast speech, and with more conjunctions and slang he thinks appropriate to who hes speaking with. he speaks more so only when necessary, and speaks in shorter and simpler sentences. he rarely says the names of other people while they're in his company, and even often then doesn't use names unless necessary, preferring nicknames, coded names, or even pet names. one very notable thing about Koyol is that his people did not laugh. the people he grew up with and around did not make the sound at all. and while he is capable of it, it was thought by the people of his day to be an animalistic noise, and he was taught and punished not to make that sound (the impulse to laugh is, in fact, not at all related to any sort of human-related genetic, or even an an actual instinct to laugh. the impulse is a deep breathy pant and a surge of energy, something many common animals experience, and koyols impulse his to push some of that energy into his pant, and thus makes a noise. when exhausted, but still impulsed to ‘laugh’, the sound is completely silent, merely an exhale.) because his laugh impulse was suppressed, often with traumatic event punishments, the noise is often strangles, and sounds more like- to quote a friend, once- like a “panting dog that's being choked, with the odd sound of grinding glass underneath.” the grinding sound, actually, is a pair of vertebrae from the double skeletal systems that click and grind together when the impulse occurs- the occurrence is, apparently, painless.

Physical disabilities: koyol is inflexible to a nearly debilitating level do to the nature and structure of his double skeleton system. with a lot of training, hes able to bend as much as his body will physically allow him, although its still not much and it does cause pain. for example, hunching forward at a 90 degree angle or close to it sends incredible pain up the length of his spine as several nerves are pinched by the “spinal ribs” even after years of training and endurance. the most he can do comfortably, with no pain, is about 20 degrees in the forward direction. he cannot bend backward from a straight angle at all, no matter what training occurs, and can only just barely put any arch into his back while laying flat.

Usual fashion of dress: koyol has an almost extreme preference for button up shirts. frankly, just because he likes them. its a minor obsession. usually this is couples with jeans and sneakers or boots. his shirts are usually long sleeve, and if short, are long enough to conceal the scar on his upper arm. he wears a variety of colors with a preference to wear specific colors for specific moods: if he wears darker colors its usually because hes not feeling particularly social or not very at ease today. good friends and colleagues are familiar with the patterns of what he wears and why. bright neon greens are the biggest warnings: hes feeling v e r y bad, and its dangerous. more thank likely this'll be the last time you see him for a few weeks. wearing all black means hes close to hibernation. wearing pinks means he's feeling better than usual and is good to touch and be hugged, but darker purples means hes not feeling up to a lot of contact today. this communicative dress pattern is more or less subconscious in Koyol’s behavior, actually.

Jewelry or accessories: koyol has a habit of wearing 6 metal, simple grey earrings; three in each ear. this is put on most bodies he uses frequently, and each ring in his ear is for one of his 5 children, and his grandchild. Koyol has a great distaste for body modifications that are meaningless, but a great respect for ones that have important meanings or symbolisms. one accessory koyol is known for is a large black bag that seems to change shape and form almost as much as he does in body. it has a variety of straps, randomly, and often carries his beloved partner Katrina Bessmer, a snake of incredible length. other than the bag, other accessories hes found with are usually various writing utensils and something to take notes in, often carried in a black satchel version of his “mysterious, endless black bag”.

#character design #koyol #koyol m #musings

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suzanneshannon · 5 years ago

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Ghost Buttons with Directional Awareness in CSS

It would surprise me if you'd never come across a ghost button 👻. You know the ones: they have a transparent background that fills with a solid color on hover. Smashing Magazine has a whole article going into the idea. In this article, we’re going to build a ghost button, but that will be the easy part. The fun and tricky part will be animating the fill of that ghost button such that the background fills up in the direction from which a cursor hovers over it.

Here’s a basic starter for a ghost button:

See the Pen Basic Ghost Button 👻 by Jhey (@jh3y) on CodePen.

In most cases, the background-color has a transition to a solid color. There are designs out there where the button might fill from left to right, top to bottom, etc., for some visual flair. For example, here’s left-to-right:

See the Pen Directional filling Ghost Button 👻 by Jhey (@jh3y) on CodePen.

There's a UX nitpick here. It feels off if you hover against the fill. Consider this example. The button fills from the left while you hover from the right.

Hover feels off 👎

It is better if the button fills from our initial hover point.

Hover feels good 👍

So, how can we give the button directional awareness? Your initial instinct might be to reach for a JavaScript solution, but we can create something with CSS and a little extra markup instead.

For those in camp TL;DR, here are some pure CSS ghost buttons with directional awareness!

See the Pen Pure CSS Ghost Buttons w/ Directional Awareness ✨👻😎 by Jhey (@jh3y) on CodePen.

Let’s build this thing step by step. All the code is available in this CodePen collection.

Creating a foundation

Let’s start by creating the foundations of our ghost button. The markup is straightforward.

Our CSS implementation will leverage CSS custom properties. These make maintenance easier. They also make for simple customization via inline properties.

button { --borderWidth: 5; --boxShadowDepth: 8; --buttonColor: #f00; --fontSize: 3; --horizontalPadding: 16; --verticalPadding: 8; background: transparent; border: calc(var(--borderWidth) * 1px) solid var(--buttonColor); box-shadow: calc(var(--boxShadowDepth) * 1px) calc(var(--boxShadowDepth) * 1px) 0 #888; color: var(--buttonColor); cursor: pointer; font-size: calc(var(--fontSize) * 1rem); font-weight: bold; outline: transparent; padding: calc(var(--verticalPadding) * 1px) calc(var(--horizontalPadding) * 1px); transition: box-shadow 0.15s ease; } button:hover { box-shadow: calc(var(--boxShadowDepth) / 2 * 1px) calc(var(--boxShadowDepth) / 2 * 1px) 0 #888; } button:active { box-shadow: 0 0 0 #888; }

Putting it all together gives us this:

See the Pen Ghost Button Foundation 👻 by Jhey (@jh3y) on CodePen.

Great! We have a button and a hover effect, but no fill to go with it. Let’s do that next.

Adding a fill

To do this, we create elements that show the filled state of our ghost button. The trick is to clip those elements with clip-path and hide them. We can reveal them when we hover over the button by transitioning the clip-path.

Child element with a 50% clip

They must line up with the parent button. Our CSS variables will help a lot here.

At first thought, we could have reached for pseudo-elements. There won't be enough pseudo-elements for every direction though. They will also interfere with accessibility... but more on this later.

Let's start by adding a basic fill from left to right on hover. First, let's add a div. That div will need the same text content as the button.

Now we need to line our div up with the button. Our CSS variables will do the heavy lifting here.

button div { background: var(--buttonColor); border: calc(var(--borderWidth) * 1px) solid var(--buttonColor); bottom: calc(var(--borderWidth) * -1px); color: var(--bg, #fafafa); left: calc(var(--borderWidth) * -1px); padding: calc(var(--verticalPadding) * 1px) calc(var(--horizontalPadding) * 1px); position: absolute; right: calc(var(--borderWidth) * -1px); top: calc(var(--borderWidth) * -1px); }

Finally, we clip the div out of view and add a rule that will reveal it on hover by updating the clip. Defining a transition will give it that cherry on top.

button div { --clip: inset(0 100% 0 0); -webkit-clip-path: var(--clip); clip-path: var(--clip); transition: clip-path 0.25s ease, -webkit-clip-path 0.25s ease; // ...Remaining div styles } button:hover div { --clip: inset(0 0 0 0); }

See the Pen Ghost Button w/ LTR fill 👻 by Jhey (@jh3y) on CodePen.

Adding directional awareness

So, how might we add directional awareness? We need four elements. Each element will be responsible for detecting a hover entry point. With clip-path, we can split the button area into four segments.

Four :hover segments

Let's add four spans to a button and position them to fill the button.

button span { background: var(--bg); bottom: calc(var(--borderWidth) * -1px); -webkit-clip-path: var(--clip); clip-path: var(--clip); left: calc(var(--borderWidth) * -1px); opacity: 0.5; position: absolute; right: calc(var(--borderWidth) * -1px); top: calc(var(--borderWidth) * -1px); z-index: 1; }

We can target each element and assign a clip and color with CSS variables.

button span:nth-of-type(1) { --bg: #00f; --clip: polygon(0 0, 100% 0, 50% 50%, 50% 50%); } button span:nth-of-type(2) { --bg: #f00; --clip: polygon(100% 0, 100% 100%, 50% 50%); } button span:nth-of-type(3) { --bg: #008000; --clip: polygon(0 100%, 100% 100%, 50% 50%); } button span:nth-of-type(4) { --bg: #800080; --clip: polygon(0 0, 0 100%, 50% 50%); }

Cool. To test this, let's change the opacity on hover.

button span:nth-of-type(1):hover, button span:nth-of-type(2):hover, button span:nth-of-type(3):hover, button span:nth-of-type(4):hover { opacity: 1; }

So close

Uh-oh. There's an issue here. If we enter and hover one segment but then hover over another, the fill direction would change. That's going to look off. To fix this, we can set a z-index and clip-path on hover so that a segment fills the space.

button span:nth-of-type(1):hover, button span:nth-of-type(2):hover, button span:nth-of-type(3):hover, button span:nth-of-type(4):hover { --clip: polygon(0 0, 100% 0, 100% 100%, 0 100%); opacity: 1; z-index: 2; }

See the Pen Pure CSS Directional Awareness w/ clip-path 👻 by Jhey (@jh3y) on CodePen.

Putting it all together

We know how to create the fill animation, and we know how to detect direction. How can we put the two together? Use the sibling combinator!

Doing so means when we hover a directional segment, we can reveal a particular fill element.

First, let's update the markup.

Now, we can update the CSS. Referring to our left-to-right fill, we can reuse the div styling. We only need to set a specific clip-path for each div. I've approached the ordering the same as some property values. The first child is top, the second is right, and so on.

button div:nth-of-type(1) { --clip: inset(0 0 100% 0); } button div:nth-of-type(2) { --clip: inset(0 0 0 100%); } button div:nth-of-type(3) { --clip: inset(100% 0 0 0); } button div:nth-of-type(4) { --clip: inset(0 100% 0 0); }

The last piece is to update the clip-path for the relevant div when hovering the paired segment.

button span:nth-of-type(1):hover ~ div:nth-of-type(1), button span:nth-of-type(2):hover ~ div:nth-of-type(2), button span:nth-of-type(3):hover ~ div:nth-of-type(3), button span:nth-of-type(4):hover ~ div:nth-of-type(4) { --clip: inset(0 0 0 0); }

Tada! We have a pure CSS ghost button with directional awareness.

See the Pen Pure CSS Ghost Button w/ Directional Awareness 👻 by Jhey (@jh3y) on CodePen.

Accessibility

In its current state, the button isn't accessible.

The extra markup is read by VoiceOver.

Those extra elements aren't helping much as a screen reader will repeat the content four times. We need to hide those elements from a screen reader.

No more repeated content.

See the Pen Accessible Pure CSS Ghost Button w/ Directional Awareness 👻 by Jhey (@jh3y) on CodePen.

That’s it!

With a little extra markup and some CSS trickery, we can create ghost buttons with directional awareness. Use a preprocessor or put together a component in your app and you won't need to write out all the HTML, too.

Here's a demo making use of inline CSS variables to control the button color.

See the Pen Pure CSS Ghost Buttons w/ Directional Awareness ✨👻😎 by Jhey (@jh3y) on CodePen.

The post Ghost Buttons with Directional Awareness in CSS appeared first on CSS-Tricks.

Ghost Buttons with Directional Awareness in CSS published first on https://deskbysnafu.tumblr.com/

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wherethestoryhasimagination · 7 years ago

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Little extension involving some Hue Stuff from This, since Tumblr seems to be working weird & I don’t want all this work to go to waste :P

HexCode Color can be used for the different parts of the Spectrum, with some variations in hue/intensity to make things more natural; (pure saturated colors being rare or mutant)

I know it’s been posted before, But it’s worth Posting again in this new context;

to reach 48 equally divided Signs, we need 4 different versions of each of the 12 main blood castes.

for HexCode Colors, the digits go, RRGGBB; determining how much Red, Green, & Blue is in a color.

Low blood; 16 unique hues are needed for pure signs, 4 of them already being provided; They contain No BLUE in them at all(for the purposes of the fully saturated color). (Hue 0-79)

Mid blood; 16 unique hues are needed for pure signs, 4 of them already being provided; They contain no RED in them at all(for the purposes of the fully saturated color). (Hue 80-159)

High blood; 16 unique hues are needed for pure signs, 4 of them already being provided; They contain no GREEN in them at all(for the purposes of the fully saturated color). (Hue 160-239)

there are 2 main ways to divide this out; take the averages of color range from 0-255 for each available variation, (which would get messy with lum and relative saturation going all over the place,) or to use Hue

Hue can be used to automatically adjust Color, and it goes from 0-239. to get 48 unique colors from it, we take every ‘5th’ Hue, treating 0 as the 1st;

Lum will be set at 60, since canon Blood seems to fluctuate around ‘Half-Lum’;

4 hue levels will be set for each blood caste, Hexcodes below;

Rust(0-15): #800000, #801000, #802000, #803000 (canon:0)

Bronze(20-35): #804000, #805000, #806000, #807000 (canon:20)

Gold(40-55): #808000, #708000, #608000, #508000 (canon:40)

Lime(60-75): #408000, #308000, #208000, #108000 ~~~~

Olive(80-95): #008000, #008010, #008020, #008030 (canon:55?)

Jade(100-115): #008040, #008050, #008060, #008070 (canon:100)

Teal(120-135): #008080, #007080, #006080, #005080 (canon:120)

Blue(140-155): #004080, #003080, #002080, #001080 (canon:134?)

Indigo(160-175): #000080, #100080, #200080, #300080 (canon:160)

Purple(180-195): #400080, #500080, #600080, #700080 (canon:180)

Violet(200-215): #800080, #800070, #800060, #800050 (canon:200)

Fuchsia(220-239): #800040, #800030, #800020, #800010 (canon:220)

‘Canon’ all seem to be at the lowest range of hue, with the bizarre exceptions of Leo & Scorpio; who really knows what’s up with that; even going to the trouble of centering a range about each canon being a range of colors, (Rust, 231-10, Bronze 11-30, ext...), they don’t match up. So there isn’t any nice & easy way of figuring things out w/o issue; 60, 80, & 140 match close enough, & will be treated as ‘Canon’, until a means of evenly dividing w/o ending up sticking any Canon into the same Caste can be figured.

having 48 colors is the important part here;

#hiveswap #homestuck #extended zodiac #extended extended zodiac #BluH #:P this took far to long for what I got out of it

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roxysbeachlife · 7 years ago

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20 DIY Bath and Shower Bombs

It’s time to stock up on inexpensive “giving” containers at your local discount store. These spa creations are sure-fire hits for your holiday gift giving and inexpensive as well. Make, package and gift! Presto!!!

1. Uplifting Shower BombsPopSugar gives us the scoop on making simple, uplifting shower bombs.

2. Citrus + Lavender Bath BombsEvermine made homemade bath fizzles with a combination of citrus and lavender. Great for your evening soak!

3. Peppermint Shower BombsIf you like minty aromas check out Pink When for the recipe.

4. Grapefruit Bath BombHappiness is Homemade shows us critic acid and baking soda as the foundation for these grapefruit bath bombs.

5. Sinus Shower BombsLove & Marriage gives us a wonderful DIY for stuffy noses .

6. Lemon Bath Bombs

If you’re a fan of lemon, you’ll want to stop by A Pumpkin And A Princess . Great for summertime.

7. Rose + Milk Bath Bombs

Nourish your skin and feel like you’ve walked into a rose garden. A Pumpkin And A Princess impresses with this one!

8. Essential Oil Shower Bombs Young Living essential oils place these babies from Amanda Brunngraeber at the top of the list. Made with pure, therapeutic grade, ORGANIC essential oils. The only oils I recommend are Young Living.

9. Lavender Bath Bombs

She Knows makes beautifully simple bath bombs with lavender. Who doesn’t love Lavender!

10. Blended Shower BombsAimlessly Elegant shows us several aromatherapy blended shower bombs helpful for a number of maladies.

11. Candy Cane Bath BombsThese candy cane bath bombs are perfect all year round but particularly during the holidays. Great gifts and stocking stuffers. A Mom’s Take has all the details.

12. Jelly Shower BombsElle Sees made these adorable jelly bombs. Looks like a fun shower gel for the kids .

13. Colorful Bath BombsIdlewife shows us how to make simple, colorful bath bombs.

14. De-Stress Shower BombsPerfect de-stress and relax with this DIY from Hello Glow. This one uses lavender and chamomile blossoms.

15. Cupcake + Hearts Bath BombsMake in fun shapes. Wayfair shows us how easy they are to create.

16. Green Tea Bath Bombs

Bloomi shows us how to make green tea bath bombs. Have you ever heard of Matcha?

17. Oatmeal Bath Bombs

My Frugal Adventures shows us soothing oatmeal bath bombs that will nourish your skin

18. White Tea + Coconut Oil Bath Bombs

Check out these beautiful white tea and coconut oil bath bombs from Bakingdom. We’re loving the colors and shapes of these cuties!

19. Midas Touch Bath Bombs

Soap Queen made these “Midas Touch” bath bombs. We won’t divulge all the details but will say that champagne fragrances are included!

20. Pink Hearts + Silver Sparkles

The Gunny Sack made these adorable pink heart bath bombs that easily double as gifts or party favors.

Young Living Essential Oils, LC, is the world leader in essential oils, with a strict Seed to Seal® process that produces pure essential oil products for every individual, family, and lifestyle. This process ensures that all products are genuine, free of synthetic chemicals, and pure. This commitment stems from the company’s more than 20 years of stewardship toward the earth and its people. If you would like to sign up to buy oils at a discount click here.

Filed under: DIY Tagged: aromatherapy, bath, Bath bombs, cheap, de-stress, detox, DIY, energize, gifts, Healing, Health, holiday, relax, shower, soothing, stuffy nose, Wellness from WordPress http://ift.tt/2Ardz24 via IFTTT

#IFTTT #WordPress

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laraehrlich-blog · 5 years ago

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Original content owned & copyrighted by Green Global Travel.

Located off the coast of Teide National Park in the center. In the north, you’ll find the capital, Santa Cruz. The island’s south side is more popular with travelers because it’s both sunnier and warmer, with quite a few RED MORE: The 30 Best Exotic Islands to Visit

is Tenerife?

to Get to Tenerife

Brief History of Tenerife

Best Things to Do in North Tenerife

Best Things to Do in South Tenerife

Tenerife Mountains image by Monique Stokman from Pixabay

is Tenerife?

The volcanic Canary Islands are located in the North tlantic Ocean off the coast of frica. But where exactly is Tenerife?

The Spanish-owned archipelago is located around 60 miles west of Morocco, and Tenerife sits right in the center of the group of seven islands.

You’ll find Tenerife just west of Gran Canaria, which is the third largest island in the Canaries at 600 square miles. bit further to the east lies Fuerteventura, the second largest island at 640 square miles.

Flights from the RED MORE: 10 Eco-Friendly European Islands (World Travel Bucket List)

Image by Hans Braxmeier from Pixabay

to Get to Tenerife

Tenerife is the only Canary Island blessed with two airports, making air travel the easiest and fastest way to get there.

Most international visitors come via flights to Tenerife south, which is serviced by Reina Sofía. This is the more modern of the island’s two airports, located just outside of Costa deje.

Flights to Tenerife north land at Los Rodeos irport, which is located near La Laguna and Santa Cruz. This airport primarily receives traffic from mainland RED MORE: The 20 Best Caribbean Islands to Visit

Brief History of Tenerife

You can date Tenerife’s recorded history back to around 200 BC. t this time the Canary Islands were home to aboriginal inhabitants, known as the Guanches. who were of North frican origin.

They were said to have an almost King Juan Carlos I took the Spanish throne. He and his wife, Queen Sofia, reigned as King and Queen of Spain from 1975 until the king’s abdication in 2014.

Southern Tenerife’s airport is still named after Queen Sofia. nd today, tourism is back in full swing and stands as the island’s largest and most profitable industry.

RED MORE: Things to Do in Portugal for Nature Lovers

Things to Do in Northern Tenerife

Loro Parque Parrot, image by marbus79 from Pixabay

1. Loro Parque

Widely recognized as one of the finest Loro Parque began as something of a giant aviary for exotic Parrots. It has since been expanded to house rare and merican Humane has given Loro Parque its seal of approval for its commitment to animal safety and well-being. It’s the first time the 100-year-old NGO has ever given approval for a standard zoo in Europe.

The zoo is also a member of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Loro Parque has been involved with over 80 conservation projects, contributing more than $10 million towards wildlife conservation.

RED MORE: The Best Environmental & nimal Charities to Donate To

Mount Teide image by Jordi Martos from Pixabay

2. Teide National Park

Teide National Park is one of Tenerife’s two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, so it’s no surprise that it’s one of the island’s most visited natural wonders. The park is home to Spain’s tallest peak, Mount Teide, an RED MORE: 20 Tallest Mountains in the World

San Cristóbal de La Laguna image by nina056 from Pixabay

3. San Cristóbal de La Laguna

Tenerife’s second UNESCO World Heritage Site is the historical center of San Cristóbal de La Laguna. Considered to be the island’s cultural capital, it was at one time the actual capital before that role was taken over by Santa Cruz.

La Laguna was founded in the 15th century and is home to many important early buildings, including several beautiful churches.

One example is the Roman Catholic Cathedral of La Laguna, which houses the remains of the city’s founder, lonso Fernandez de Luga. La Laguna also plays host to the largest Holy Week festival in the Canary Islands.

The city is home to the Canary Islands’ oldest university, University of La Laguna, which was founded in the early 1700s. Due to the presence of college students, there’s a great deal of energetic nightlife options available in the city.

RED MORE: The 20 Best Festivals in the World

Museum of Nature and Man image by neufal54 from Pixabay

4. The Museum of Nature and Man

Paying a visit to the Museum of Nature and Man in Santa Cruz allows you to dive deeper into the history of Tenerife and the other Canary Islands.

Housed in the Old Civil Hospital, the RED MORE: 10 ncient rchaeological Sites (World Travel Bucket List)

Image by Noelia Secret from Pixabay

5. Jardín Botánico of Puerto de la Cruz

lso known as the La Orotava cclimatisation Gardens, the botanical garden (or Jardín Botánico) of Puerto de la Cruz was conceived by King Charles III of Spain.

It was his desire to introduce exotic plants from regions like RED MORE: What is Permaculture Gardening? n Intro to Permaculture Design

Pyramids of Guimar, Tenerife image by M W from Pixabay

6. The Pyramids of Guimar

series of six pyramids on Tenerife have created a lot of debate over the years as to when they were constructed, and by whom. Built from lava stone, they share a resemblance to the pyramids found in RED MORE: The 16 Best Mayan Ruins to Explore

Trail image by Hans Braxmeier from Pixabay

7. Bosque de Esperanza

One of the island’s largest forested areas, Bosque de Esperanza offers wonderful hiking and mountain biking opportunities.

There are also narrow mountain roads that lack the copious traffic often found in southern Tenerife.

The hiking trails are well marked, and some will take you to viewpoints where you can enjoy stunning views of Mount Teide, the coastline, and La Laguna below.

The forest itself offers a robust mixture of endemic pines, cypress, and eucalyptus trees, which stay lusg and green all year round.

RED MORE: 20 Biggest Forests in the World

Masca Trail, by Hans Braxmeier from Pixabay

8. Masca Valley

The Masca Valley is home to another one of Tenerife’s most notable hikes.

The Masca Trail hike, from Masca Village to the sea, takes around three hours to complete. It leads you through a volcanic landscape of strange rock formations and caves.

When you reach the end of the trail you can return the way you came. But many hikers choose to catch a boat transfer to the nearby resort town of Los Gigantes. The town is known for its towering cliffs, which reach heights of atound 2,800 feet.

If you choose this option and you’re traveling during peak summer season, make sure to pre-book your boat transfer. This assures your spot, so you aren’t forced to hike all the way back to Masca Village!

RED MORE: The World’s Best Hiking Trails (World Travel Bucket List)

Cueva del Viento or Cave of the Wind by Eladio nxo Fernández Manso via CC-2.0

9. Cueva del Viento

Cueva del Viento (or Cave of the Wind) is Europe’s most grand lava tube system. It’s also one of the world’s most complex.

Reaching over 10 miles into the earth, the cave system is said to have been created from Pico Viejo volcanic eruptions. Visitors outfitted with sturdy RED MORE: 10 Famous Underground Caves (World Travel Bucket List)

Best Things to Do in Southern Tenerife

Siam Park in Southern Tenerife by stephen jones via CC BY 2.0

10. Siam Park

Located in the Southern Tenerife town of Costa deje, Siam Park is one of Europe’s grandest water parks.

The water park is home to the world’s longest lazy RED MORE: The 13 Most Beautiful National Parks in Thailand

Playa de las méricas by Brian Mullender via CC 2.0

11. Playa de las méricas

Southern Tenerife’s largest tourist resort, Playa de las méricas is where all the area’s action and nightlife can be found.

Head to Veronica’s Strip for a wide array of nightclubs and bars, or soak up the sun at one of the area’s numerous beaches.

Some of the beaches are natural, featuring the iconic black volcanic sand Tenerife is known for, while others are man made and use sand imported from frica. The most notable beaches include Playa de El Bobo, Playa Honda, and of course Playa de las méricas.

lso on offer are water activities like jet-skiing, RED MORE: The Ultimate Beach Vacation Packing List

Playa del Duque User: Mulleflupp at wikivoyage shared via CC BY-S 3.0

12. Playa del Duque

Located in Costa deje, Playa del Duque is a man made beach that offers imported golden Sahara sand.

Its westward facing position makes this a perfect location to catch a Canary Island sunset. The seaside promenade makes for lovely early morning or evening walks.

During the day, plenty of sun loungers and umbrellas are available to rent. Just off the beach you’ll find an array of fine dining restaurants and a luxury shopping center.

Playa del Duque is easily one of Tenerife’s most beautiful and most visited beaches, but be aware that it can get crowded during peak season.

RED MORE: The 50 Best Travel Shoes

Kite Surfing in Southern Tenerife, image by Erdmann-Crew from Pixabay

13. El Medáno

Home to less touristy beaches, the town of El Medáno ranks alongside places like kitesurfing championships.

Near the center of the town, you’ll find beaches that are a little more suitable for swimming. Some of Tenerife’s largest natural beaches, including Playa Grande and Playa La Tejita, are also farily close by.

More popular with locals rather than tourists, Playa Grande is best visited during low tide.

RED MORE: The Beautiful Beaches of Coron, Palawan

14. Reserva mbiental

One of the top-rated natural attractions in southern Tenerife, this quiet little nature reserve is located in San Miguel de bona.

The morning guided hikes are best booked in advance, and take you on a one-hour journey through a pristine slice of Tenerife as it might have looked before the Spanish arrived. The boat ride across the small lake is as tranquil and serene as it is picturesque.

Departing from the Sandos San Blas Hotel, the tour also includes an excellent museum with an overview of the island’s past, including a cool “time tunnel.” long the way you’ll meet costumed actors who bring the RED MORE: 10 Living History Museums in the US

Southern Grey Shrike Per-nders Olsson (used with permission) via CC BY-S 3.0

15. Montaña de Ifara y Los Riscos

Those really looking to get off the beaten path and escape the tourist crowds can try a bit of hiking in the Ifara and Los Riscos

Megan Jerrard is an ustralian Journalist and the founder and Senior Editor of Mapping Megan, an award-winning travel blog bringing you the latest in adventure travel from all over the globe. Her husband Mike is the merican naturalist and wildlife photographer behind Waking Up Wild, a website dedicated to opening your eyes to the wild & natural world.

The post 15 Things to Do in Tenerife (Canary Islands) appeared first on Green Global Travel.

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